English and American Tool Builders
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'I i-^tAT-^'-^.-.J.-* ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TOOL BUILDERS Henry Maudslay English and American Tool Builders By JOSEPH WICKHAM ROE Museum of the Peaceful Arts, City of New York, Professor of Industrial Engineering, New York University First Printed in 1916 Reprinted in 1926 McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1926 l".f // ^^ Copyright, 1916 BY Joseph Wickham Roe First published May, 1916 Republished March, 1926 "Man is a Tool-using Animal. Weak in himself, and of small stature, he stands on a basis, at most for the flattest- soled, of some half-square foot, insecurely enough; has to straddle out his legs, lest the very wind supplant him. Feeblest of bipeds ! Three quintals are a crushing load for him ; the steer of the meadow tosses him aloft, like a waste rag. Nevertheless he can use Tools, can devise Tools: with these the granite mountain melts into light dust before him; seas are his smooth highway, winds and fire his unwearying steeds. Nowhere do you find him without Tools; without Tools he is nothing, with Tools he is all." Carlyle: "Sartor Resartus," Chap. IV. 12&4-I PREFACE The purpose of this book is to bring out the impor- tance of the work and influence of the great tool build- ers. Few realize that their art is fundamental to all modern industrial arts. Without machine tools modern machinery could not be built. Little is known by the general public as to who the great tool builders were, and less is known of their lives and work. History takes good care of soldiers, statesmen and authors. It is even kind to engineers like Watt, Fulton and Stephenson, who have conspicuously and directly affected society at large. But little is known, even among mechanics, of the men whose work was mainly within the engineering profession, and who served other engineers rather than the general public. The lives and the personalities of men like Maudslay, Nasmyth and Eli Whitney, can hardly fail of interest to the mechanic of today. They were busy men and modest, whose records are mainly in iron and steel, and in mechanical devices which are used daily with little thought of their origin. In following the history of English and American tool builders, the query arises as to whether there might not have been important contributions to tool building from other countries. Others have contributed to some degree, but practically all of the creative work in tool building has been done in these two countries. Although the French were pioneers in many mechanical improve- ments, they have always shown an aptitude for refine- ments and ingenious novelties rather than for com- mercial production on a large scale. They have viii PREFACE influenced other nations more through their ideas than through their machinery. The Swiss are clever arti- sans, particularly in fine work, but they have excelled in personal skill, operating on a small scale, rather than in manufacturing, Germany has, under the Empire, developed splendid mechanics, but the princi- pal machine tools had taken shape before 1870, when the Empire began. The history of English and Ameri- can tool building, therefore, covers substantially the entire history of the art. Almost the only book upon tool builders and their work is Samuel Smiles' "Industrial Biography," which is out of print and little known. It is an admirable and interesting book, and a mine of information upon the English tool builders down to about 1850. The writer has used it freely and would urge those who are inter- ested in the subject to go to it for further information on the early mechanics. It was written, however, over fifty years ago and contains nothing about modern developments or about the American tool builders who have contributed so much. The writer has tried to trace the origin and rise of tool building in America and to give something of its spread in recent years. The industrial life of the United States is so vast that a comiDrehensive history of even a single industry, such as tool building, would run far beyond the limits of one volume. This book, therefore, is confined to the main lines of influence in tool building and to the personalities and cities which have been most closely identified mth it. The later history of American tool building has never been written. For this the writer has had to rely largely upon personal information from those who are familiar with it, and who have had a part in it. PREFACE ix Part of the material contained in this book has appeared from time to time in the American Machinist, and the writer would acknowledge his indebtedness most of all to Mr. L. P. Alford, the editor of that jour- nal. His help and counsel have given these pages much of such value as they possess. So many have helped with information, corrections and suggestions that acknowledgments can be made only to a few. The writer would particularly thank Mr. L. D. Burlingame, Mr. Ned Lawrence, Mr. James Hartness, Mr. Coleman Sellers and Mr. Clarence Bement. If these pages serve to stimulate interest in the lives and work of the tool builders, to whom we owe much, they will fulfill the hope of the writer. Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, October, 1915. AUTHOR'S NOTE In reprinting this book certain minor corrections have been made. In the later chapters references occur here and there to the "present" condition of various plants and firms. After careful consideration, it seems wise to let these statements stand as they were written in 1915. Interest in this subject centers chiefly on the early history of the plants and firms rather than on recent changes. To revise the statements, bringing them up to date, would add little. With the ever shifting status of a live industry, the statements, so revised, would remain correct for only a short time. Therefore, when a reference is made to present condi- X AUTHOR'S NOTE tions it should be understood to cover those at the begin- ning of the World War, which is a natural dividing point in our industrial history. The general predictions made in the last two para- graphs of the book have been borne out by the develop- ments in American toolbuilding since that time. Museum of the Peaceful Arts, City of New York, February, 1926. Chapter LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Henry Maudslay Frontispiece Fig. 1. Smeaton's Boring Machine, Car- ron Iron Works, 1769 . Facing page 2 Fig. 2. French Lathes of about 1772 . Facing page 2 Fig. 3. French Slide-Rest, 1772 . Facing page 6 Fig. 4. French Lathe for Turning Ovals, 1772 Facing page 6 Fig. 5. Genealogy of the Early English Tool Builders page 7 Fig. 6. John "Wilkinson Facing page 14 Fig. 7. Wilkinson's Boring Machine . Facing page 14 Fig. 8. Eminent Men of Science Living in 1807-8 ....... Facing page 20 Fig. 9. Sir Samuel Bentham .... Facing page 22 Fig. 10. Sir Marc Isambard Brunei . Facing page 26 Fig. 11. Brunei's Mortising Machine . Facing page 30 Fig. 12. Brunei's Shaping Machine . Facing page 30 Fig. 13. French Screw-Cutting Lathe, Previous to 1569 .... page 37 Fig. 14. French Screw-Cutting Lathe, about 1740 page 37 Fig. 15. Maudslay 's Screw-Cutting Lathe, about 1797 Facing page 42 Fig. 16. Maudslay 's Screw-Cutting Lathe, about 1800 Facing page 42 Fig. 17. French Planing Machine by Nicholas Forq, 1751 . Facing page 50 Fig. 18. Matthew Murray Facing page 58 Fig. 19. Richard Roberts Facing page 58 Fig. 20. Roberts' Planer, Built in 1817 . Facing page 60 Fig. 21. Roberts' Back-Geared Lathe . Facing page 60 Fig. 22. James Nasmyth Facing page 82 xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 23. First Sketch of the Steam Ham- mer, November 24, 1839 . Facing page 94 Fig. 24. Model of the First Steam Ham- mer Facing page 94 Fig. 25. Sir Joseph Whitworth . Facing page 102 Fig. 26. Samuel Slater Facing page 122 Fig. 27. Genealogy of the New England Gun Makers page 139 Fig. 28. The First Milling Machine, Built by Eli Whitney about 1818 . Facing page 142 Fig. 29. Blanc hard "Gun-Stocking" Lathe, Built in 1818 for the Springfield Armory . Facing page 142 Fig. 30. Eli Whitney Facing page 152 Fig. 31. Samuel Colt Facing page 164 Fig. 32. The Colt Armory Facing page 168 Fig. 33. Root's Chucking Lathe, about 1855 Facing page 170 Fig. 34. Root's Splining Machine, about 1855 Facing page 170 Fig. 35. Francis A. Pratt Facing page 178 Fig. 36. Amos Whitney Facing page 178 Fig. 37. Genealogy of the Robbins & Law- rence Shop page 187 Fig. 38. Robbins & Lawrence Armory, Windsor, Vt Facing page 190 Fig. Frederick W. Howe .... Facing page 196 Richard S. Lawrence .... Facing page 196 James Hartness Facing page 198 Joseph R. Brown Facing page 202 First Universal Milling Machine, 1862 Facing page 208 Early Micrometer Calipers . Facing page 212 Genealogy of the Worcester Tool Builders page 223 Lucius W. Pond Facing page 228 Salmon W. Putnam .... Facing page 228 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv Fig. 48. Hiram "W. Hayden .... Facing page 232 Fig. 49. Israel Holmes Facing page 232 Fig. 50. Genealogy of the Naugatuck Brass Industry page 235 Fig. 51. William Sellers Facing page 248 Fig. 52. Coleman Sellers Facing page 252 Fig. 53. William B. Bement .... Facing page 252 Fig. 54. Worcester R. Warner .... Facing page 262 Fig. 55. Ambrose Swasey Facing page 262 Fig. 56. The " Mult-au-matic " Lathe, 1914 Facing page 276 Fig. 57.