DOCSLIB.ORG

The Question of Western Hungary / Burgenland 1918-1923

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Question of Western Hungary / Burgenland 1918-1923 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 90 Mari Vares The Question of Western Hungary/Burgenland, 19181923 A Territorial Question in the Context of National and International Policy JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Copyright © , by University of Jyväskylä ABSTRACT Vares, Mari The Question of Western Hungary/Burgenland, 1918-1923. A Territorial Question in the Context of National and International Policy Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2008, 328 p. (Jyväskylä Studies on Humanities ISSN 1459-4331; 90) ISBN 978-951-39-3099-8 (PDF), 978-951-39-3074-5 (nid.) Finnish Summary Diss. The thesis discusses the decision-making of the new border between Austria and Hungary, the question of Western Hungary/Burgenland, 1918-1923. The purpose is to study the effect international relations and nation-state politics had on the question. The dispute did not only concern Austria and Hungary, but was part of the First World War peace process led by the Allies. This research explores the national and international decision-making level motives. It begins with the assumption that central political themes were channelled into the border question. The study focuses on the convergence of political ideas. The study shows how realism met idealism: how the ideals of nation, democracy, and ethnicity met the interests of power politics. The discussion foregrounds the way the arguments strengthened each other rather than operated separately. The aim has been to ponder the converging of national and international politics as accountable for the case of Western Hungary: how international politics affected this part of the peace settlement and, on the other hand, what was the role of national Austrian-Hungarian politics? To this border dispute between two losing sides of the war, the Allies could apply different methods than to politically more sensitive questions between the victors and the losers. In contradictory situations it was possible to act in accordance to the policy of concessions. Crises on the local and national level could be addressed by delegating some of the problem-solving authority to the national level. These methods could not, however, be allowed to evolve into a dangerous precedent for the opening up of other border questions. It was essential, then, for the Allies to emphasize the permanence of the peace treaties. Keywords: Austria, Hungary, territorial questions, borders, international relations Author’s address Mari Vares Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä FINLAND [email protected] Supervisor Professor Seppo Zetterberg Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä FINLAND Reviewers Professor Max Engman Åbo Akademi University Historieämnet vid Åbo Akademi Fabriksgatan 2 FIN-20500 Åbo FINLAND Professor Kalervo Hovi Department of History FIN-20014 University of Turku FINLAND Opponent Professor Kalervo Hovi Department of History FIN-20014 University of Turku FINLAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Long time ago, clichés of Habsburgian Central Europe inspired my interest towards Austrian and Hungarian history. Later I was happy for being able to combine my interests towards history and international relations with the history of Austria and Hungary, even though a post-Empress Elisabeth- one. I feel privileged to be able to carry out my studies and work in the academic field. Professor Jorma Ahvenainen and professor Jorma O. Tiainen encouraged me to pursue my studies further at the beginning of my doctoral studies. Over the years professor Seppo Zetterberg has patiently supervised my thesis. I am very grateful for his continuous support and encouragement. I would also like to thank docent Anssi Halmesvirta, who has shared his experiences in studying Hungarian history and professor Toivo Nygård for his support along the way. It is my pleasure to thank professor Arnold Suppan and professor Horst Haselsteiner from the University of Vienna, who guided me during the early phase of my studies in Vienna. In Budapest, professor Péter Sipos helped me to cope with the labyrinths of the archives. I would also thank professor Attila Pók and the Hungarian Academy of Science for the opportunity of studying in Budapest. I thank my reviewers professor Kalervo Hovi and professor Max Engman for offering their time to my manuscript and for their valuable advice. I also thank professor Hovi for accepting the duty of the opponent. The research work – either at home or in Paris or London – does not come without financial costs. I am most grateful for the financial support I have received from the University of Jyväskylä and its Faculty of Humanities and the Department of History and Ehnology, the Alfred Kordelin Foundation, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and the Ellen and Artturi Nyyssönen Foundation. Centre for International Mobility (CIMO), Austrian Exchange Service (ÖAD) and Hungarian Ministry of Education helped me to realize my research plans in the Central European archives and libraries. I am also grateful for the opportunity to continue and develop my research on borders, nations and ‘Otherness’ as a member of the Academy of Finland project (2007-2009) led by professor Heino Nyyssönen. Hannu Tervaharju, Tina Parke-Sutherland and Sini Paronen deserve special thanks for their hard work with the English manuscript. Marjo Meriluoto-Jaakkola also spent evenings consulting my questions about the English language. The map of Western Hungarian borders is drawn by Mika Rissanen. Responsibility for the study rests with me, but without networks, circles of colleagues and friends the long way to the doctorate would have been much more difficult. I have had a long distance relationship with the Department of History and Ethnology of the University of Jyväskylä, but have also been able to enjoy the inspiring working environment and discussions with the colleagues and students. Networks can be established both at the home campus and far away from it. I would like to thank Emilia Palonen for sharing the Central – or Eastern – European experiences. To Susanna Niiranen I could say “we shall always have Paris”. Maari Kallberg, Monika Lüthje and Jukka Nyyssönen have witnessed my long term engagement with history and we have shared the experiences of secondary school class rooms as well as the experiences of doctoral studies. I thank Aija Lehtinen, Tuuli Kurkipää and Lotta Rinkinen for coffee breaks and rewarding discussions. I began my doctoral studies devoting myself almost solely to the problems of Western Hungary and Burgenland. I end up finishing my thesis as mom of two daughters, Vilma and Hanna, and also giving my time for other research and teaching tasks. I am grateful to my parents Kaija and Seppo Uotinen for their patience and support, especially as grandparents. Above all, my deepest thanks go to my husband Vesa Vares for sharing the interests to history and research work and moreover, for sharing everything else than work and history. Tampere, Tahmela, 8 December 2007 Mari Vares CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................11 1.1 Research topic and contextualization of border dispute ....................11 1.2 Conceptual and methodological framework........................................15 1.3 “Civitas Fidellissima” or “Du jüngstes Land”? Histories of Western Hungary and Burgenland ..................................24 1.4 Political and ideological framework for post-war international relations..............................................................................42 2 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AS POST-WAR POLICY-MAKER AND STATE-BUILDER.....................................................................................48 2.1 Old and New Diplomacy: Conferences and Organizations...............48 2.2 New international order in terms of Wilsonism ..................................55 2.3 Building the French system of alliances ................................................60 2.4 Peace without conflicts – the British policy of compromise...............64 2.5 Italy – from margin to a decisive role ....................................................70 2.6 How to define the German post-Habsburg Austria? ..........................76 2.7 The politics of historical Hungary..........................................................83 3 AUSTRIA AS PART OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN ORDER 1918-1919 ......94 3.1 Raising the question: including German Western Hungary in the idea of German Austria.................................................................94 3.2 American investigations into Western Hungary .................................98 3.3 Could Austria be independent? British and French views on the viability and territoriality of Austria.............................................105 4 DEFINING THE NEW BORDER AT THE PEACE CONFERENCE 1919 .......................................................................................115 4.1 Opening the discussion in Paris – “Pourquoi changer l’ancienne frontière?” .......................................115 4.2 Austria defends its right to Western Hungary ..................................124 4.3 Re-opening the discussion with the Peace Conference ....................129 4.4 “La question qui se présente est assez simple” .................................133 4.5 Czechoslovakia’s importance reflects on the question of Western Hungary ..................................................................................136 4.6 The Supreme Council and the Central European
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BURGENLAND Than Samplinglocal and Youhave Region
    © Lonely Planet Publications 188 Burgenland Often given a wide berth by tourists, Burgenland is all but the typical Austria you hear of or read about. It has neither bombastic architecture nor deep lakes and soaring mountains. On the contrary, it is small and sleepy, and in large sections a flat province situated on the border with Hungary. Even the jewel in its crown – Neusiedler See – has dried up and disappeared several times in its natural history – most recently in the mid-19th century. This is the kind of place where everyday life takes precedence, but it is precisely this ‘every- day’ aspect that makes it interesting. The province receives a reputed 300 days of sunshine a year; couple this with a rich soil base and a wine history dating back to pre-Roman times, and you have Austria’s best wine-producing region. What better way to spend an afternoon than sampling local Weine (wines) in a Heuriger (wine tavern) under a warm sun? Throw in the shallow Neusiedler See and a section of it that is now the Neusiedler See-Seewinkel National Park, tack on a bike path that leads into the park and through Hungary before re- emerging in Austria, and add a swampy, medieval town such as Rust, and you might find yourself fascinated by Burgenland’s charms. Stork-spotters will be in their element here in summer, when feathered friends populate the roofs of several towns near the lake – including Rust, one of the nicest places to observe BURGENLAND BURGENLAND them. Although it does have a handful of interesting cultural sights, such as Schloss Ester- házy in Eisenstadt, the province’s small capital, Burgenland is more a place where people are content to enjoy good wine and food, and relax in the great outdoors.
    [Show full text]
  • On Burgenland Croatian Isoglosses Peter
    Dutch Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists, Ohrid: Linguistics (SSGL 34), Amsterdam – New York, Rodopi, 293-331. ON BURGENLAND CROATIAN ISOGLOSSES PETER HOUTZAGERS 1. Introduction Among the Croatian dialects spoken in the Austrian province of Burgenland and the adjoining areas1 all three main dialect groups of central South Slavic2 are represented. However, the dialects have a considerable number of characteris- tics in common.3 The usual explanation for this is (1) the fact that they have been neighbours from the 16th century, when the Ot- toman invasions caused mass migrations from Croatia, Slavonia and Bos- nia; (2) the assumption that at least most of them were already neighbours before that. Ad (1) Map 14 shows the present-day and past situation in the Burgenland. The different varieties of Burgenland Croatian (henceforth “BC groups”) that are spoken nowadays and from which linguistic material is available each have their own icon. 5 1 For the sake of brevity the term “Burgenland” in this paper will include the adjoining areas inside and outside Austria where speakers of Croatian dialects can or could be found: the prov- ince of Niederösterreich, the region around Bratislava in Slovakia, a small area in the south of Moravia (Czech Republic), the Hungarian side of the Austrian-Hungarian border and an area somewhat deeper into Hungary east of Sopron and between Bratislava and Gyǡr. As can be seen from Map 1, many locations are very far from the Burgenland in the administrative sense. 2 With this term I refer to the dialect continuum formerly known as “Serbo-Croatian”.
    [Show full text]
  • Und Abwasserverband – Lockenhaus Und Umgebung –
    WASSER- UND ABWASSERVERBAND – LOCKENHAUS UND UMGEBUNG – WASSER- UND ABWASSERVERBAND – LOCKENHAUS UND UMGEBUNG – WASSER- UND ABWASSERVERBAND LOCKENHAUS UND UMGEBUNG Vorwort Landeshauptmann Hans Peter Doskozil er 1959 aus der Pla- Gemeinden unter Nutzung der re- nung einer Ringwas- gionalen Ressourcen sein. Nur ein serleitung hervor- gesundes Wachstum kann das Bur- gegangene Wasser- genland voranbringen. Der Wasser- Dund Abwasserverband und Abwasserverband trägt ent- Lockenhaus und Umgebung hat sich scheidend zur hohen Lebensqualität in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten der Menschen bei und hat auch für als verlässlicher Partner in der eine erfolgreiche wirtschaftliche Wasserversorgung und der Aufberei- und touristische Entwicklung der tung von Abwasser etabliert. Mit Region eine wichtige Funktion. der Errichtung seiner vollbiologi- schen Zentralkläranlage in Klos- Ich danke dem Wasser- und Abwas- termarienberg 1976 nahm der Ver- serverband Lockenhaus für seine band bereits damals eine Vorrei- Leistung für die Region, gratuliere terrolle in Sachen Nachhaltigkeit herzlich zum 60-jährigen Bestands- ein – und dient in Zeiten, in denen jubiläum und wünsche alles Gute wir uns ernsthafte Gedanken um für die Zukunft! Klimaschutz machen müssen, als leuchtendes Beispiel. Der Wasser- und Abwasserverband Lockenhaus und Umgebung hat we- sentlich dazu beigetragen, das wirt- schaftliche Wachstum der Region mit einer intakten Natur in Einklang zu bringen. Das ist der Weg, den auch das Burgenland gehen will: Das Ziel muss eine nachhaltige Hans Peter Doskozil Entwicklung des Landes und der Landeshauptmann des Burgenlandes 4 WASSER- UND ABWASSERVERBAND LOCKENHAUS UND UMGEBUNG Vorwort Landesrat Heinrich Dorner auberes Wasser – wie gestellt, dass das Trinkwasser für wir es im Burgenland die Menschen in der Region den haben - ist in vielen strengen Qualitätsrichtlinien ent- Teilen Europas und der spricht und leistbar ist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Empire in the Provinces: the Case of Carinthia
    religions Article The Empire in the Provinces: The Case of Carinthia Helmut Konrad Institut für Geschichte, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Attemsgasse 8/II, [505] 8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected] Academic Editors: Malachi Hacohen and Peter Iver Kaufman Received: 16 May 2016; Accepted: 1 August 2016; Published: 5 August 2016 Abstract: This article examines the legacy of the Habsburg Monarchy in the First Austrian Republic, both in the capital, Vienna, and in the province of Carinthia. It concludes that Social Democracy, often cited as one of the six ingredients that held the old Empire together, took on distinct forms in the Republic’s different federal states. The scholarly literature on the post-1918 “heritage” of the Monarchy therefore needs to move beyond monolithic generalizations and toward regionally focused comparative studies. Keywords: empire; socialism; Jews; Habsburg Monarchy; Austria; Vienna; Carinthia; German Nationalism; Sprachenkampf 1. Introduction Which forms did the ideas take that allowed the Habsburg monarchy to persist, despite the diversity of nationalisms present in the small Republic of German-Austria, for so long after the end of the First World War? What was the “glue” that held this multiethnic empire together, when its collapse had been predicted since 1848, and which of its elements continued to exist beyond 1918? How was this heritage expressed in the different regions of the new republic? At least six factors can be identified as ingredients of the “glue” that held the monarchy together: first, the Emperor, a figure who symbolized the fusion of the complex linguistic, ethnic and religious components of the Habsburg state; second, the administrative officials, who were loyal to the Emperor and worked in the ubiquitous and even architecturally similar buildings of the Monarchy’s district authorities and train stations; third, the army, whose members promoted the imperial ideals through their long terms of service and acknowledged linguistic diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Gemeindesanitätskreisvo Anlage
    Anlage Verwaltungsbezirk Gemeindeverband Berufssitz der Sitz des (Sanitätskreis) Kreisärzte Gemeindeverbandes EISENSTADT - 1. Donnerskirchen Donnerskirchen Donnerskirchen UMGEBUNG Schützen am Gebirge 2. Hornstein Hornstein Hornstein Wimpassing an der Leitha 3. Purbach Purbach Purbach am Neusiedler See am Neusiedler See am Neusiedler See Breitenbrunn 4. Siegendorf Siegendorf Siegendorf Klingenbach 5. Steinbrunn Steinbrunn Steinbrunn Müllendorf Zillingtal 6. Wulkaprodersdorf Wulkaprodersdorf Wulkaprodersdorf Zagersdorf GÜSSING 1. Strem Strem Strem Heiligenbrunn 2. Großmürbisch Güssing Güssing Inzenhof Kleinmürbisch Neustift bei Güssing Tobaj Tschanigraben 3. Güttenbach Güttenbach Güttenbach Neuberg im Burgenland 4. Kukmirn Kukmirn Kukmirn Gerersdorf-Sulz 5. Sankt Michael Sankt Michael Sankt Michael im Burgenland im Burgenland im Burgenland Rauchwart 6. Stinatz Stinatz Stinatz Hackerberg Ollersdorf im Burgenland Wörterberg JENNERSDORF 1. Eltendorf Eltendorf Eltendorf Königsdorf 2. Minihof -Liebau Minihof -Liebau Minhof -Liebau Sankt Martin an der Raab 3. Mogersdorf Mogersdorf Mogersdorf Weichselbaum 4. Neuhaus Neuhaus Neuhaus am Klausenbach am Klausenbach am Klausenbach Mühlgraben MATTERSBURG 1. Antau Antau Antau Hirm Pöttelsdorf Zemendorf-Stöttera 2. Draßburg Draßburg Draßburg Baumgarten 3. Pöttsching Pöttsching Pöttsching Krensdorf Sigleß 4. Schattendorf Schattendorf Schattendorf Loipersbach im Burgenland NEUSIEDL 1. Kittsee Kittsee Kittsee AM SEE Edelstal 2. Pama Pama Pama Deutsch Jahrndorf 3. Gattendorf Gattendorf Gattendorf Zurndorf
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • Burgenland-Roma
    Data » Ethnology and Groups » Roma in Austria » Burgenland-Roma http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase Burgenland-Roma Romani-Project The Roma residing in present Burgenland, which is the furthest east of the nine Austrian federal states, and borders with Hungary, belong to the group whose members are called Ungrian Roma, → Ungrika-Roma or Romungri in older literature. This group living in the western region of Hungarian influence, ranging from southern Slovakia to northern Slovenia, are characterised by their long-term settlement and, consequently, by a strong Hungarian influence in their culture. History At the end of the 14th century, Roma are first mentioned in western Hungary, to which today’s Burgenland belonged at that time. From the beginning of the 15th century, larger Roma groups started entering the Pannonic border area of western Hungary. Most likely due to the fact that they served in the war as soldiers and blacksmiths, the Roma were at first tolerated and to a certain extent even supported by some of the Hungarian nobility. This favourable condition lead to the first settlements: in the second half of the 17th century, there is documentary evidence of the founding of villages under Christoph Batthyány. In contrast to the liberal Battyány, who controlled southern Burgenland, the Esterházy of northern Burgenland expelled the Roma from their area of influence. This contrast characterises the situation of the Roma at that time as one situated somewhere between acceptance and discrimination. After the end of the Osmanic Reign in 1688, the situation of the Roma living in western Hungary changed. The law was laid down that they were to be banned from the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Expressway M 86, Szombathely - Csorna Section Environmental Performance Assessment
    Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary EXPRESSWAY M 86, SZOMBATHELY - CSORNA SECTION ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Made by: „UTIBER – UNITEF ’83” Consortium Employer: 2013. 1 Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary SENIOR DESIGNER Szakály Krisztina 13 -12295 Certified Environmental Engineer Environmental Expert UTIBER Kft. DESIGNERS: Design preliminaries, base technical data Coordination, documentation UTIBER Kft. UTIBER Kft. Protection of groundwaters and sub-surface waters Protection of surface waters Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina 13-1908 13 -12295 13-1908 13 -12295 UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. Air protection Noise control Silló Szabolcs 13-13573 Silló Szabolcs 13-13573 COACHING TEAM Kft. COACHING TEAM Kft. Wildlife protection Landscape protection Tölgyesi Magdolna Mogyorós Péter Mogyorós Péter SZ-015/2012. 13-13547 SZ-015/2012. MOTT MACDONALD MAGYARORSZÁG Kft. MOTT MACDONALD MAGYARORSZÁG Kft. Built environment Waste management Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina 13-1908 13 -12295 13-1908 13 -12295 UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. 2 Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Centrope Location Marketing Brochure
    Invest in opportunities. Invest in centrope. Central European Region Located at the heart of the European Union, centrope is a booming intersection of four countries, crossing the borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The unique mixture of sustained economic growth and high quality of life in this area offers tremendous opportunities for investors looking for solid business. A stable, predictable political and economic situation. Attractive corporate tax rates. A highly qualified workforce at reasonable labour costs. World-class infrastruc- ture. A rich cultural life based on shared history. Beautiful landscapes including several national parks. And much more. The centrope region meets all expectations. meet opportunities. meet centrope. Vibrant Region Roughly six and a half million people live in the Central European Region centrope. The position of this region at the intersection of four countries and four languages is reflected in the great variety of its constituent sub-regions and cities. The two capitals Bratislava and Vienna, whose agglomerations – the “twin cities” – are situated at only 60 kilometres from each other, Brno and Győr as additional cities of supra-regional importance as well as numerous other towns are the driving forces of an economically and culturally expanding European region. In combination with attractive landscapes and outdoor leisure opportunities, centrope is one of Europe’s most vibrant areas to live and work in. Population (in thousands) Area (in sq km) Absolute % of centrope Absolute % of centrope South Moravia 1,151.7 17.4 7,196 16.2 Győr-Moson-Sopron 448.4 6.8 4,208 9.5 Vas 259.4 3.9 3,336 7.5 Burgenland 284.0 4.3 3,965 8.9 Lower Austria 1,608.0 24.3 19,178 43.1 Vienna 1,698.8 25.5 414 0.9 Bratislava Region 622.7 9.3 2,053 4.6 Trnava Region 561.5 8.5 4,147 9.3 centrope 6,634.5 44,500 EU-27 501,104.2 4,403,357 Source: Eurostat, population data of 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Name:Elisabeth Koestinger Again Austrian Minister
    Voluntary Report – Voluntary - Public Distribution Date: January 31,2020 Report Number: AU2020-0001 Report Name: Elisabeth Koestinger Again Austrian Minister Responsible for Agriculture Country: Austria Post: Vienna Report Category: Agricultural Situation, Agriculture in the News Prepared By: Roswitha Krautgartner Approved By: Emily Scott Report Highlights: On January 7, 2020, Elisabeth Köstinger from the Austrian Peoples’ Party (ÖVP) was sworn in as Minister responsible for the agriculture portfolio in the newly formed ÖVP - Greens Party coalition government. Köstinger is heading the Ministry of Agriculture, Regions, and Tourism. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY New “Old” Austrian Minister Responsible for Agriculture Köstinger Elisabeth Köstinger, Minister for Agriculture, Regions, and Tourism Elisabeth (“Elli”) Köstinger from the Austrian Peoples’ Party (ÖVP) again took over the agricultural agenda in the new government as Minister of Agriculture, Regions, and Tourism. (NOTE: Austria changes the name - and portfolio - of their ministries with every new government). The Ministry of Agriculture is now officially the Ministry of Agriculture, Regions, and Tourism, where it was previously known as the Ministry of Sustainability and Tourism.) Köstinger previously served Minister of Sustainability and Tourism also covering for agriculture during the ÖVP - Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) government 2017-2018. Köstinger was the first Austrian female Agriculture Minister. She is a well-known expert in Austrian and European agricultural and environmental policy. Before her position as Agriculture Minister she was a member of the European parliament. Köstinger is a close confidant of head of the ÖVP, Sebastian Kurz, and played a major role during the coalition negotiations.
    [Show full text]
  • Yvon Delbos and Anthony Eden: Anglo-French Cooperation, 1936-38
    1 YVON DELBOS AND ANTHONY EDEN: ANGLO-FRENCH COOPERATION, 1936-38 Glyn Stone Anthony Eden was appointed foreign secretary at the end of 1935 following the dismissal of Sir Samuel Hoare for his part in the infamous Hoare-Laval Pact. Yvon Delbos, a member of the Radical party, became French foreign minister six months later as a result of the victory of the Popular Front in the May 1936 elections. Eden resigned as foreign secretary on 20 February 1938. Delbos followed suit less than four weeks later on 14 March 1938. When he became foreign secretary at the age of thirty eight, Eden was already the ambitious, rising star of the Conservative party and had accumulated an impressive degree of experience in foreign affairs having been parliamentary private secretary to foreign secretary Austen Chamberlain between 1926 and 1929, under secretary of state for foreign affairs from September 1931 until January 1934 when he became lord privy seal, and then in June 1935 minister of league of nations affairs (without portfolio). In comparison, Delbos was far less experienced, as Robert Young has observed: Yvon Delbos went to the Quai d’Orsay in his early fifties, equipped with a respectable if unspectacular reputation as a competent member of the Chamber and as a journalist with special interest in foreign affairs. A quiet, moderate man of modest political ambitions…Significantly, in a political world renowned for its gastronomic and alcoholic excesses, here was one, a curiosity, who did not suffer from liver complaints. But he was not the sort of man from whom one could expect either brilliance or novelty in foreign policy.1 Yet, the two foreign ministers developed a good working relationship and contributed much to the improvement in Anglo-French relations after the Abyssinian debacle and the mutual recrimination of the Rhineland crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of the Protestant Church: Estimates for Austria and for the Provinces of Burgenland, Carinthia and Vienna
    WWW.OEAW.AC.AT VIENNA INSTITUTE OF DEMOGRAPHY WORKING PAPERS 02/2020 THE FUTURE OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH: ESTIMATES FOR AUSTRIA AND FOR THE PROVINCES OF BURGENLAND, CARINTHIA AND VIENNA ANNE GOUJON AND CLAUDIA REITER DEMOGRAPHY OF INSTITUTE Vienna Institute of Demography Austrian Academy of Sciences VIENNA – Vordere Zollamtsstraße 3| 1030 Vienna, Austria [email protected] | www.oeaw.ac.at/vid VID Abstract Secularization and migration have substantially affected the place of the Protestant Church in the Austrian society in the last decades. The number of members has been shrinking markedly from 447 thousand members in 1971 to 278 thousand in 2018. The trend is visible across all provinces, although the magnitude is stronger in Vienna where both disaffiliation and international migration are stronger: In the capital city, the Protestant population diminished from 126 thousand to 47 thousand over the 1971-2018 period. Using population projections of membership to the Protestant Church, we look at the potential future of affiliation to the Protestant Church in Austria, and in three provinces: Burgenland, Carinthia, and Vienna from 2018 to 2048, considering different paths of fertility and disaffiliation. We also look at the impact of different scenarios regarding the composition of international migration flows on affiliation to the Protestant Church. Our findings suggest that in the absence of compensatory flows, the Protestant Church will keep shrinking unless it manages to stop disaffiliation. The projections also show that migrants, especially within mobile Europe, are a potential source of members that is at present not properly contributing to membership in Austria. According to the TREND EUROPE scenario, which is – seen from today – the most likely scenario with a continuation of declining entries and increased exits, the Protestant population in Austria would still decline from 283 thousand in 2018 to 144 thousand in 2048 (-49%).
    [Show full text]