DOCSLIB.ORG

WSSD and the Future of Renewable Energy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WSSD and the Future of Renewable Energy Promotion of Renewable Energy Globally Based on Johannesburg Follow-up Youn Chen, Stockholm Enivornment Institute (SEI) TemaNord 2004:531 Promotion of Renewable Energy Globally Based on Johannesburg Follow-up TemaNord 2004:531 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2004 ISBN 92-893-1019-7 ISSN 0908-6692 Print: Ekspressen Tryk & Kopicenter Copies: 150 Printed on paper approved by the Nordic Environmental Labelling. This publication may be purchased from any of the sales agents listed on the last page. Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org The Nordic Council of Ministers was established in 1971. It submits proposals on co-operation between the governments of the five Nordic countries to the Nordic Council, implements the Council's recommendations and reports on results, while directing the work carried out in the targeted areas. The Prime Ministers of the five Nordic countries assume overall responsibility for the co-operation measures, which are co-ordinated by the ministers for co-operation and the Nordic Co-operation committee. The composition of the Council of Ministers varies, depending on the nature of the issue to be treated. The Nordic Council was formed in 1952 to promote co-operation between the parliaments and governments of Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Finland joined in 1955. At the sessions held by the Council, representatives from the Faroe Islands and Greenland form part of the Danish delegation, while Åland is represented on the Finnish delegation. The Council consists of 87 elected members - all of whom are members of parliament. The Nordic Council takes initiatives, acts in a consultative capacity and monitors co-operation measures. The Council operates via its institutions: the Plenary Assembly, the Presidium and standing committees. Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................ 7 Summary ........................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Background and Purpose ............................................................................... 11 1.2 Outline and structure of the study.................................................................. 11 Chapter 2: Prospects of Renewable Energy ................................................................. 13 2.1 Renewables - from Rio to Johannesburg ....................................................... 13 2.2 Discussion on renewable energy targets at Johannesburg ............................. 13 The Brazilian Energy Initiative for the 2002 Summit .......................... 14 The European Union’s proposal for the 2002 Summit......................... 14 2.3 Follow-up initiatives after WSSD.................................................................. 16 Chapter 3: Definitions of Renewable Energy ............................................................... 19 3.1 Definitions in European Countries and by International Organisations ........ 20 National definitions .............................................................................. 21 Promotional schemes............................................................................ 21 Remarks................................................................................................ 21 The Definitions in the EU..................................................................... 27 Definitions in the Selected European Countries................................... 27 Definitions used by International Organisations .................................. 32 3.2 Controversial Issues in Definitions................................................................ 33 Hydroelectric sources ........................................................................... 33 Biomass use .......................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4: Possible implication on greenhouse gas emissions................................... 40 4.1 Global renewable energy adoption ................................................................ 40 Selected Renewable Energy Sources.................................................... 40 4.2 A brief analysis on CO2 emission reduction: based on the proposal of Coalition for Renewable Energy............................ 45 At the global level................................................................................. 45 At the EU level ..................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5: Nordic Role in the Promotion of Renewable Energy in Developing Countries ........................................... 47 5.1 Potential for adoption of renewable energy in developing countries ........... 47 Biomass ................................................................................................ 48 5.2 Barriers to adoption of renewable energy in developing countries .............. 51 Policy, Institutional and Legal Barriers................................................ 52 Financial Barriers ................................................................................. 52 Economic Barriers................................................................................ 53 Technical Barriers ................................................................................ 53 Information Barriers ............................................................................. 54 Capacity Barriers.................................................................................. 54 5.3 Experiences of Nordic countries.................................................................... 55 Biomass Energy--- Sweden .................................................................. 55 Wind Power - Denmark........................................................................ 56 Hydro Power and Other Renewables - Norway ................................... 57 Biomass CHP - Finland........................................................................ 58 Geothermal Energy - Iceland................................................................ 59 5.4 Potential role of Nordic Countries in facilitating uptake of renewable energy in developing countries..................................... 59 Possible policy options - selected examples......................................... 60 Nordic role............................................................................................ 62 Annex I Joint Declaration........................................................................................ 63 Annex II Geographical Coverage (IEA)................................................................... 64 Annex III Persons Contacted...................................................................................... 65 References: ...................................................................................................................... 66 6 Foreword Co-operation between energy and environmental division under the Nordic Council of Min- isters was established in 1996. The most important task of the Nordic group for Climate Change Issues is to look into international climate change policy issues linked to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the potential for co-operation between the Nordic countries in this field. The Swedish institute – Stockholm Environment Institute – has prepared this report “Pro- motion of Renewable Energy Globally - Based on Johannesburg Follow-up”. The report presents and compares the definition of renewable energy sources and highlights the com- plexity of the debate on renewable energy. It focuses on what Nordic experiences can con- tribute to removing existing barriers and promoting the use of modern renewable energy sources in developing countries. The Nordic group for Climate Change does not necessarily share the views and conclusions of the report, but look at is as a contribution to our knowl- edge about promotion of renewable energy globally. Stockholm, May 2004 Olle Björk Chairman 7 8 Summary Renewable energy sources made their first real entry onto the international energy scene in the 1970s when the two worldwide oil crises occurred. Contribution by renewable energy sources to the world energy supply has since progressively increased. The importance of renewable energy was discussed in for example the 1981’s Nairobi UN Conference, as a means of achieving a sustainable future for our planet. Particularly in recent years, with the pursuit of a sustainable global pattern of energy supply and use, it has been widely ac- knowledged that renewable energy sources must play a key role. Beyond the acknowledgement of the significance of using renewable energy sources, there is also a need for nations to reach an international consensus on achievable targets for re- newable energy. Extensive international discussions in this regard were made during the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg in 2002. At this Summit, all the Nordic Countries and Switzerland together attempted to get the gather- ing to adopt the goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the world’s to- tal primary energy supply (TPES) to 15% by the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Energy Sector in Sweden
    THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN Introduction to the market March 2020 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. The Swedish energy market ................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Different types of renewable sources ............................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Hydropower 6 3.2 Bioenergy 6 3.3 Nuclear power 7 3.4 Solar power 7 3.5 Wind power 8 3.6 Other sources 9 3.6.1 Wave power 9 3.6.2 Heat pumps 9 3.6.3 Body heat 9 4. Role of the government ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 carbon taxation 10 4.2 Green electricity certification 11 4.3 The Swedish Energy Agency 11 5. Long term goals ............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's Draft Integrated National
    Ministry of the Environment and Energy Sweden’s draft integrated national energy and climate plan According to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action Content 1 Overview and process for establishing the plan ............................ 3 1.1 Executive Summary................................................................. 3 1.2 Overview of current policy situation ....................................... 3 1.3 Consultations and involvement of national and EU entities and their outcome .................................................................... 5 1.4 Regional cooperation in preparing the plan ............................. 6 2 National objectives and targets ....................................................... 8 2.1 Dimension Decarbonisation .................................................... 8 2.2 Dimension Renewable energy ............................................... 10 2.3 Dimension Energy efficiency (2030 Framework target) ....... 11 2.4 Dimension Energy security ................................................... 12 2.5 Dimension Internal energy market ........................................ 13 2.6 Dimension Research, innovation and competitiveness .......... 14 3 Policies and measures .................................................................... 15 3.1 Dimension Decarbonisation .................................................. 15 3.2 Dimension Energy efficiency (2030 Framework target) ....... 34 3.3 Dimension Energy security
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Sustainable Cities in Sweden
    DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE CITIES IN SWEDEN ABOUT THE BOOKLET This booklet has been developed within the Sida-funded ITP-programme: »Towards Sustainable Development and Local Democracy through the SymbioCity Approach« through the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR ), SKL International and the Swedish International Centre for Democracy (ICLD ). The purpose of the booklet is to introduce the reader to Sweden and Swedish experiences in the field of sustainable urban development, with special emphasis on regional and local government levels. Starting with a brief historical exposition of the development of the Swedish welfare state and introducing democracy and national government in Sweden of today, the main focus of the booklet is on sustainable planning from a local governance perspective. The booklet also presents practical examples and case studies from different municipalities in Sweden. These examples are often unique, and show the broad spectrum of approaches and innovative solutions being applied across the country. EDITORIAL NOTES MANUSCRIPT Gunnar Andersson, Bengt Carlson, Sixten Larsson, Ordbildarna AB GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATIONS Viera Larsson, Ordbidarna AB ENGLISH EDITING John Roux, Ordbildarna AB EDITORIAL SUPPORT Anki Dellnäs, ICLD, and Paul Dixelius, Klas Groth, Lena Nilsson, SKL International PHOTOS WHEN NOT STATED Gunnar Andersson, Bengt Carlsson, Sixten Larsson, Viera Larsson COVER PHOTOS Anders Berg, Vattenfall image bank, Sixten Larsson, SKL © Copyright for the final product is shared by ICLD and SKL International, 2011 CONTACT INFORMATION ICLD, Visby, Sweden WEBSITE www.icld.se E-MAIL [email protected] PHONE +46 498 29 91 80 SKL International, Stockholm, Sweden WEBSITE www.sklinternational.se E-MAIL [email protected] PHONE +46 8 452 70 00 ISBN 978-91-633-9773-8 CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Sources of the Future – an Explorative Scenario Analysis of Sweden’S Energy Security in Regard to Present Energy Policy
    Master thesis in Sustainable Development 2019/8 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Energy sources of the future – an explorative scenario analysis of Sweden’s energy security in regard to present energy policy Axel Ehrling DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 2019/8 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Energy sources of the future – an explorative scenario analysis of Sweden’s energy security in regard to present energy policy Axel Ehrling Supervisor: Mikael Höök Subject Reviewer: Kjell Aleklett Copyright © Axel Ehrling and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2019 Content 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Question ............................................................................................................... 2 2. Theoretical Background ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Aspects of Energy Security ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Strengths and Weakness of Different Energy Types..................................................... 6 2.1.3. Energy Policy in Sweden
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Sweden 2003 Fpreface
    Energy in Sweden 2003 FPreface Publications can be ordered from the Swedish Energy Agency Publications Department: Box 310, SE-631 04 Eskilstuna Fax: +46 16-544 22 59 Telepone: +46 16 544 20 00 E-mail: [email protected] © Statens energimyndighet Print run: 1500 copies ET 22:2003 artnr 1572 Graphic design: Anna Lagerman/ETC Printing: Multitryck i Eskilstuna AB, 2004 Photos: Per Westergård Preface Conditions in the energy markets change rapidly, reflecting not only energy and environmental policy in Sweden, but also wider changes in the rest of the world. In recent years, Swedish energy and environmental policy has been in- creasingly concentrated on establishing or improving the long-term condi- tions for efficient energy markets. Restructuring of the Swedish electricity market, greater internationalisation and the effects of the energy system on the wider environment and on climate are important factors that influence the direction of energy policy and so also development of the energy markets. The line that was started by the 2002 Energy Policy Agreement, under the name of Working Together for a Reliable, Efficient and Environmentally Aware Energy Supply (Bill no. 2001/02:143), continues. The shift in taxation policy to encourage the move towards a sustainable energy system and re- duced environmental impact continues, as exemplified by the introduction of the green electricity certificate system on 1st May 2003. In 2002, the Government appointed a special negotiator to reach agree- ment with the nuclear power industry on the long-term phase-out of nuclear power production. One of the starting points for these negotiations is the ’German model’, under which each reactor is assigned a particular overall production quantity of energy, instead of a specific closure date.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish National Energy Administration Energy in Sweden Is Published Annually, in Swedish and English, by the Swedish National Energy Administration
    Swedish National Energy Administration Energy in Sweden is published annually, in Swedish and English, by the Swedish National Energy Administration. A special version, containing only the tabular data, is also available. In addition, the diagrams can be ordered from the Energy Administration in the form of a set of overhead pictures. Energy in Sweden, together with a number of other publications of current interest, can be ordered from the Energy Administration. Further general information is available from the Energy Administration’s External Communications Department. Statistical information has been provided by, and is available from, the Department for Energy Policy Analysis. For general statistics, contact Becky Petsala: for information on the electricity market and the power production system, contact Anna Lagheim: for district heating and district cooling, contact Maria Stenkvist: for the biofuels market, contact Stefan Holm: for the oil and coal markets, contact Claes Aronsson: for energy gases, contact Agnes von Gersdorff: for the residential and service sectors, contact Caroline Hellberg: for industry, contact Niklas Johansson: for the transport sector, contact AsaLeander: for prices and taxes, contact Agnes von Gersdorff, and for environmental aspects, contact Stefan Sedin. ET 36:2000 Project leader: Karin Hermanson, e-mail: karin.hermanson@ stem.se Production: Ordfoi6det Beail Ortenstrand AB Translation: Angloscan Manuscript Ltd. Assistant project leader: Asa Leander, e-mail: [email protected] Winted by: Alfa-Piint AB, Sundbyberg Wint mn: 8 000 copies. Our telephone number is +46 16 544 20 00. December 2000 Further information on the Energy Administration and its publications is available at Photo page 40: Mikael Ull~nlOrange Cover photogaph Hasse Cedergran wwwstemse.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Sweden 2020 an Overview an Overview of Energy in Sweden
    Energy in Sweden 2020 An overview An overview of energy in Sweden The Swedish Energy Agency Energy statistics show an overall picture is responsible for the official of the energy system consisting of the energy statistics in Sweden. supply, transformation, distribution and We gather these statistics to consumption of energy. provide an overall picture of the energy system and the progress in the energy area in Sweden. This means we have access to timelines starting as early as 1970. Supplied primary Transformation and Final energy energy transmission consumption Biofuels, water, wind, sun, Electricity and heat Industrial, transport, coal, crude oil, natural gas generation and processing residential and and nuclear fuel of feedstocks service sectors In Sweden we use domestic renewable energy sources such as water, wind, sun and biofuels. We also import nuclear fuels, biofuels and fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. 2 A balanced energy system The energy system in Sweden can be divided into supply and consumption. The diagram illustrates energy system flows for 2018. The diagram includes the total quantity of fossil fuels supplied to the Swedish energy system, 394 TWh. Of these, 216 TWh are exported and 40 TWh go to bunkers in international maritime transport, leaving 137 TWh of fossil fuels for final use in Sweden. The exact figures in this publication may differ due to rounding. Energy system 2018 Supply Consumption Primary hydropower Losses Export of electricity 62 TWh 149 TWh 29 TWh Primary wind power Hydro, wind 17 TWh and solar power plants Primary solar power 0,4 TWh Nuclear fuel Nuclear power 194 TWh and CHP plants Industry 141 TWh Import of electricity 126 TWh 12 TWh Primary heat Heating plants 4 TWh 50 TWh Residential and service Biofuels 147 TWh 141 TWh 88 TWh Other fuels 6 TWh 14 TWh Transportation 103 TWh 84 TWh Fossil fuels 394 TWh and other processes Own use Non-energy 13 TWh purposes 25 TWh Export Bunkering 216 TWh 40 TWh 3 The energy balance of Sweden in 2018 The energy system is The amount of energy supplied always in balance.
    [Show full text]
  • SWEDEN an EXCERPT from the 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study a Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries
    CLIMATE CHANGE LEGISLATION IN SWEDEN AN EXCERPT FROM The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries Michal Nachmany, Sam Fankhauser, Jana Davidová, Nick Kingsmill, Tucker Landesman, Hitomi Roppongi, Philip Schleifer, Joana Setzer, Amelia Sharman, C. Stolle Singleton, Jayaraj Sundaresan and Terry Townshend www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/legislation/ 2 Climate Change Legislation – Sweden Sweden Legislative Process The Kingdom of Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with the Monarch serving as the head of State. In practice, however, it is a parliamentary democracy in which the government is constitutionally formed and led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the 349-member Parliament, which is, in turn, elected by popular vote. All members of the Parliament are elected to serve four-year terms and the most recent election was in September 2014. Sweden has had a unicameral parliament since 1971. Both the Government and private members of the Parliament have the authority to introduce legislation, which is first tabled by the Speaker of the Parliament and assigned to one of 15 Parliamentary Committees for consideration. The specific committee then studies and reports back to the Parliament regarding the legislation in question via a committee report. Following the committee report, the legislation may be subject to a plenary meeting, which involves member debate or debate is forgone in the event of unanimous approval. In order to be approved, legislation must be assented to by a majority of the members of the Parliament. Once approved, legislation is sent to the Government for implementation. Governmental ministries not only implement policies, but also serve as expert bodies throughout the legislative process.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Sweden 2000 X
    Energy in Sweden 2000 x Energy in Sweden is published annually, in Swedish and English, by the Swedish National Energy Administration. A special version, containing only the tabular data, is also available. In addition, the diagrams can be ordered from the Energy Administration in the form of a set of overhead pictures. Energy in Sweden, together with a number of other publications of current interest, can be ordered from the Energy Administration. Further general information is available from the Energy Administration’s External Communications Department. Statistical information has been provided by, and is available from, the Department for Energy Policy Analysis. For general statistics, contact Becky Petsala: for information on the electricity market and the power production system, contact Anna Lagheim: for district heating and district cooling, contact Maria Stenkvist: for the biofuels market, contact Stefan Holm: for the oil and coal markets, contact Claes Aronsson: for energy gases, contact Agnes von Gersdorff: for the residential and service sectors, contact Caroline Hellberg: for industry, contact Niklas Johansson: for the transport sector, contact Åsa Leander: for prices and taxes, contact Agnes von Gersdorff, and for environmental aspects, contact Stefan Sedin. ET 36:2000 Project leader: Karin Hermanson, e-mail: [email protected] Production: Ordförrådet Bertil Örtenstrand AB Translation: Angloscan Manuscript Ltd. Assistant project leader: Åsa Leander, e-mail: [email protected] Printed by: Alfa-Print AB, Sundbyberg Print run: 8 000 copies. Our telephone number is +46 16 544 20 00. December 2000 Further information on the Energy Administration and its publications is available at Photo page 40: Mikael Ullén/Orange Cover photograph: Hasse Cedergran www.stem.se.
    [Show full text]
  • The Energy Transition in Sweden
    Études de l’Ifri THE ENERGY TRANSITION IN SWEDEN Michel CRUCIANI June 2016 Center for Energy The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-623-6 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2016 Cover: © MrWhiterat/Shutterstock.com How to quote this document: Michel Cruciani, “The Energy Transition in Sweden”, Études de l’Ifri, June 2016. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email : [email protected] Ifri-Bruxelles Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 1000 – Bruxelles – BELGIQUE Tel.: +32 (0)2 238 51 10 – Fax: +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Michel Cruciani has been a Senior Advisor at the Centre of Geopolitics of Energy and Raw Materials (CGEMP), University Paris-Dauphine, since February 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Civic Orientation in English “About Sweden” Is a Civic Orientation Handbook for Newly Arrived
    About Sweden Civic orientation in English “About Sweden” is a civic orientation handbook for newly arrived. The purpose of the book is to provide fundamental information about Sweden to people who have recently arrived in the country, as well as to provide support to municipalities in their civic orientation efforts. An ordinance governing work relating to civic orientation for newly arrived. (2010:1138) has been in force since 1 December 2010. This ordinance states that that goal of civic orientation is for participants to learn about: • human rights and fundamental democratic values, • the other rights and responsibilities of the individual, • how Swedish society is organised, and • practical aspects regarding everyday life. The ordinance also stipulates what civic orientation is to consist of. The ordinance has been used as a basis for the production of this book. “About Sweden” has been translated into eleven languages. All of these translations are available from the county administrative boards’ information portal for newly arrived, www.informationsverige.se The first edition of "About Sweden" was produced by the City of Gothenburg in 2010. The Västra Götaland County Administrative Board and the City of Gothenburg carry out regular revisions of the book together. This year’s edition, which is the seventh since 2010, has been revised by Pia Severinsson from the Västra Götaland County Administrative Board and Jakob Sandahl from the City of Gothenburg. Helene Holmström Talieh Ashjari Department Director, Integration Diversity Director Social Welfare Resource Unit for Social Sustainability Administration County Administrative Board of City of Gothenburg Västra Götaland March 2018 March 2018 Copyright: City of Gothenburg and the County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland Graphic design: Maria Nobel, Västra Götaland County Administrative Board Cover photo: Johan Ljungberg Printing: ISBN 978-91-984845-3-3 Photo: Maria Nobel Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's Policy Framework for Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Under Directive 2014/94/EU
    Annex to Minutes II 8 of Government meeting held on 17 November 2016, N2016/07176/MRT, etc. Sweden’s policy framework for alternative fuels infrastructure under Directive 2014/94/EU Memorandum Appendix to Government Decision of 17 November 2016 Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications Sweden's policy framework for alternative fuels infrastructure under Directive 2014/94/EU Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Some national factors ....................................................................................................................... 3 3. National targets ................................................................................................................................. 4 4. The market for alternative fuels in Sweden ...................................................................................... 7 5. Estimation of future development ................................................................................................... 18 6. National targets for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure ............................................ 19 7. Policy instruments and other initiatives to meet set objectives ....................................................... 20 1. 1. Introduction 1.1 Directive 2014/94/EU Under Article 3 of Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure1
    [Show full text]