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Ordu Ilinde Yetiştirilen Bazi Sebzelerde Bulunan Faydali Ve Zararli Akar Türlerinin Belirlenmesi Mete Soysal

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Ordu Ilinde Yetiştirilen Bazi Sebzelerde Bulunan Faydali Ve Zararli Akar Türlerinin Belirlenmesi Mete Soysal T.C. ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ORDU İLİNDE YETİŞTİRİLEN BAZI SEBZELERDE BULUNAN FAYDALI VE ZARARLI AKAR TÜRLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ METE SOYSAL YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ORDU 2017 TEZ ONAY Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü öğrencisi Mete SOYSAL tarafından hazırlanan ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rana AKYAZI danışmanlığında yürütülen “Ordu İlinde Yetiştirilen Bazı Sebzelerde Bulunan Faydalı ve Zararlı Akar Türlerinin Belirlenmesi” adlı bu tez, jürimiz tarafından 25.01.2017 tarihinde oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Danışman : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rana AKYAZI Başkan : Prof. Dr. Sultan ÇOBANOĞLU İmza : Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Ankara Üniversitesi Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rana AKYAZI İmza : Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Ordu Üniversitesi Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali GÜNCAN İmza : Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Ordu Üniversitesi ONAY: Bu tezin kabulü, Enstitü Yönetim Kurulu’nun…….….…….tarih ve …..………sayılı kararı ile onaylanmıştır. ....../....../20...... Enstitü Müdürü (Ünvanı, Adı Soyadı) Prof. Dr. KÜRŞAT KORKMAZ TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyulduğunu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, tezin içerdiği yenilik ve sonuçların başka bir yerden alınmadığını, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. İmza Mete SOYSAL Not: Bu tezde kullanılan özgün ve başka kaynaktan yapılan bildirişlerin, çizelge, şekil ve fotoğrafların kaynak gösterilmeden kullanımı, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunundaki hükümlere tabidir. I ÖZET ORDU İLİNDE YETİŞTİRİLEN BAZI SEBZELERDE BULUNAN FAYDALI VE ZARARLI AKAR TÜRLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ Mete SOYSAL Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, 2016 Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 257s. Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rana AKYAZI Bu araştırma, 2013-2015 yılları arasında, Ordu Merkez (Altınordu) ve Akkuş, Ünye, Fatsa, Ulubey, Gürgentepe, Perşembe, Gülyalı, Gölköy, Çamaş, Çatalpınar, Çaybaşı ve Kabadüz ilçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, bu bölgede yetiştirilen bazı sebze türlerindeki bitki zararlısı ve predatör akar türleri belirlenmiştir. Survey çalışmaları süresince 106 köyden, toplam 863 adet örnekleme yapılmıştır. Örneklemeler, fasulye, biber, patlıcan, kabak, domates, mısır, hıyar, karpuz, pırasa, soğan, marul, turp, patates olmak üzere 13 farklı sebze türünde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 4 takımdan, 18 familyaya ait 49 farklı akar türü tespit edilmiştir. Bunlardan, Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, 1958 (Pyhtoseiidae), Cunaxoides lootsi Den Heyer, 2013 (Cunaxidae), Abrolophus iraninejadi Saboori & Hajiqanbar, 2005 (Erythraeidae), Tydeus martae Kazmierski, 2013 (Tydeidae), Calvolia sp. (Winterschmidtiidae), Rubroscirus sp. (Cunaxidae), Speleorchestes sp. (Nanorchestidae) olmak üzere 3 cins ve 4 tür Türkiye için ilk kayıt niteliğindedir. Sonuçlar, en yaygın, bitki zararlısı akar türünün Tetranychus urticae Koch, (Tetranychidae), predatör akar türünün ise Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae) olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akar, Biyoçeşitlilik, Fauna, Ordu, Sebze II ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS AND PREDATORY MITE SPECIES ON CULTIVATED VEGETABLE IN ORDU PROVINCE Mete SOYSAL University of Ordu Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Technology Department of Plant Protection, 2016 MSc. Thesis, 257p. Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rana AKYAZI This study was carried out in Ordu Center (Altınordu), Akkuş, Ünye, Fatsa, Ulubey, Gürgentepe, Perşembe, Gülyalı, Gölköy, Çamaş, Çatalpınar, Çaybaşı and Kabadüz during 2013-2015. In the research, phytophagous and predatory mite species on cultivated vegetables in the area were determined. Total 863 samples from 106 villages were done during the survey. Samples were taken from on 13 different vegetables which are bean, pepper, eggplant, zucchini, tomato, corn, cucumber, watermelon, leek, onion, lettuce, radish and potato. 49 species belonging 18 families from 4 suborder were identified. Off those, Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, 1958 (Pyhtoseiidae), Cunaxoides lootsi Den Heyer, 2013 (Cunaxidae), Abrolophus iraninejadi Saboori & Hajiqanbar, 2005 (Erythraeidae), Tydeus martae Kazmierski, 2013 (Tydeidae), Calvolia sp. (Winterschmidtiidae), Rubroscirus sp. (Cunaxidae), Speleorchestes sp. (Nanorchestidae); 3 genus and 4 species are first records for Turkey. Among the determinated mites, the most common species are Tetranychus urticae Koch, (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) from pest mites and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) from predator mites. Key words: Biodiversity, Fauna, Mite, Ordu, Vegetable III TEŞEKKÜR Tezin her aşamasında yanımda olan ve desteğini esirgemeyerek en iyi şekilde rehberlik yapan hocam, tez danışmanım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rana AKYAZI (Ordu Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü)’ya içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Teşhislerde yardımcı olan başta Prof. Dr. Sultan ÇOBANOĞLU (Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü) ve Prof. Dr. Eddie A. UCKERMANN (North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management) olmak üzere Prof. Dr. Salih DOĞAN (Erzincan Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü), Prof. Dr. Andrzej KAZMIERSKI (Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Animal Morphology), Prof. Dr. Krzysztof SOLARZ (Medical University of Silesia, Department of Parasitology), Prof. Dr. Noeli Juarez FERLA (UNIVATE-Centro Universitario, Tecnovates, Laboratorio de Acarologia), Prof. Dr. Alireza SABOORI (University of Tehran, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection), Prof. Dr. Antonio C. LOFEGO (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Zoologia e Botanica) ve Dr. Tea ARABULI (Agricultural University of Georgia, Institute of Entomology)’ye teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışma Ordu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi TF- 1304 nolu proje ile desteklenmiş olup, proje çalışmaları süresince araştırmanın aksamadan yürümesi için verdikleri destek ve yardımlardan dolayı Ordu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi komisyon başkanı, koordinatörü ve çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Arazi çalışmalarımda yardımcı olan Ordu İl ve İlçe Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlükleri çalışanlarına ve laboratuvar çalışmalarım boyunca destek ve yardımlarını aldığım kuzenim Gökhan SOYSAL, değerli arkadaşlarım Duygu EMİNOĞLU, Yunus EMRE ALTUNÇ ve Anıl Fırat FELEK’e teşekkür ederim. Hem bu zorlu ve uzun süreçte hem de hayatım boyunca yanımda olan ve ideallerimi gerçekleştirmemi sağlayan değerli aileme ve akrabalarıma yürekten teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. IV İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa TEZ BİLDİRİMİ…….…………………..…………………………...…..................... I ÖZET………………………………………………………………………….............. II ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………............... III TEŞEKKÜR………………………………………………………….…….................. IV İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………………….................. V ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ……………………………........................................................ IX ÇİZELGELER LİSTESİ……….………………………….….................................... XVI SİMGELER ve KISALTMALAR…...……………………………………................. XXII 1. GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………...................... 1 2. ÖNCEKİ ÇALIŞMALAR………..........…………………..……................. 4 2.1. Yurtiçindeki çalışmalar….....……..........………......…………..…................. 4 2.2. Yurtdışındaki çalışmalar….....…..........…………......…………..…............... 10 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM…….......……………...…………..….............. 14 3.1. Materyal…………………………………………………………................... 14 3.1.1. Akarların Genel Özellikleri….....……………......…………..….................... 14 3.1.1.1. Akarların Sistematikteki Yerleri…….................……...………….................. 14 3.1.1.2. Akarlarda Morfoloji…….......……………...…………..…............................. 14 -Gnathosoma…….......…………….…………..….......................................... 16 -İdiosoma…….......……………...…………..…............................................. 17 -Bacaklar…….......……………...……..…...................................................... 18 3.1.2. Survey Yapılan Alanlar ve Survey Sayıları…….......…………….................. 20 3.1.3. Örneklenen Sebzeler ve Örnekleme Sayıları…….......……………................ 27 3.2. Yöntem…….......……………..………..…..................................................... 35 3.2.1. Survey Çalışmaları…….......…………….………..….................................... 35 3.2.2. Laboratuvar Çalışması…….......……………...…………..…......................... 35 3.2.2.1. Akarların Toplanması…….......……………...…………..….......................... 35 3.2.2.2. Akarların Saklanması…….......……………...…………..….......................... 36 V 3.2.2.3. Akarların Berraklaştırılması ve Preparatlarının Yapılması............................. 36 3.2.2.4. Akarların Teşhislerinin Yapılması…….......……………...……..................... 38 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI…….......……………...…..............………... 40 4.1. Ordu İli Sebze Alanlarında Teşhis Edilen Akar Türleri.................................. 40 4.2. ÜSTTAKIM: ACARIFORMES……............……...…………....................... 43 4.2.1. TAKIM: PROSTIGMATA……................…………….................................. 43 4.2.1.1. Tetranychidae Familyasından Belirlenen Akar Türleri................................... 43 -Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836…….......……………...……............…….. 47 4.2.1.2. Tenuipalpidae Familyasından
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