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Effects of At-Work Break Activities on Recovery Experiences

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Effects of At-Work Break Activities on Recovery Experiences ARE SOCIAL MEDIA BAD FOR YOUR EMPLOYEES? EFFECTS OF AT-WORK BREAK ACTIVITIES ON RECOVERY EXPERIENCES, JOB SATISFACTION, AND LIFE SATISFACTION A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by YI-SUNG CHENG Dr. Seonghee Cho, Dissertation Supervisor May 2019 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled ARE SOCIAL MEDIA BAD FOR YOUR EMPLOYEES? EFFECTS OF AT-WORK BREAK ACTIVITIES ON RECOVERY EXPERIENCES, JOB SATISFACTION, AND LIFE SATISFACTION presented by Yi-Sung Cheng, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Seonghee Cho, Ph.D., Department of Hospitality Management Dae-Young Kim, Ph.D., Department of Hospitality Management Pei Liu, Ph.D., Department of Hospitality Management KangJae Lee, Ph.D., Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair Dr. Seonghee Cho, for the patient guidance, support and encouragement she has provided throughout my time as her doctoral student. I have been very lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work and life. As my advisor and mentor, she has shaped who I am as a researcher and instructor. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Dae-Young Kim, Dr. Pei Liu, and Dr. KangJae Lee, for the valuable comments and suggestions they made on my dissertation to help me get results of better quality. In addition, I must express my gratitude to Szu-Hsuan Tseng, my lovely wife, for her continuous support and encouragement. More importantly, I would like to thank my parents for supporting me to pursue a doctoral degree in the United States. You are always there for me. Finally, I am grateful to my other family members, colleagues and friends who have supported me along the way. This dissertation would not have been done without the support and assistance of the above individuals. Thank you very much, everyone! ii TABLES OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... viii 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 11 1.3 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................ 12 1.4 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................... 13 1.5 Outline of Subsequent Chapters .......................................................................... 17 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 At-Work Break Activities .................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Non-Social Media Break Activities ............................................................. 18 2.2.2 Social Media Break Activities ..................................................................... 22 2.3 Job Characteristics ............................................................................................... 59 2.3.1 Job Demands................................................................................................ 60 2.3.2 The Application of JD-R Model to the Hospitality Industry ....................... 61 2.3.3 Job Characteristics Model ........................................................................... 63 2.3.4 Hospitality Job Characteristics .................................................................... 65 2.4 Job Demands and At-Work Break Activities ...................................................... 72 2.5 Effort-Recovery Model ....................................................................................... 74 2.6 Job Satisfaction .................................................................................................... 78 2.7 Life Satisfaction ................................................................................................... 81 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 84 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 84 3.2 Research Model and Hypotheses ......................................................................... 84 3.3 Measurement ....................................................................................................... 86 3.4 Pilot Study ........................................................................................................... 89 3.5 Sample and Data Collection ................................................................................ 93 3.6 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 95 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 97 4.1 Descriptive Analysis ............................................................................................ 97 4.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis .............................................................................. 101 iii 4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis ........................................................................... 103 4.4 T-Test ............................................................................................................. 105 4.5 Analysis of Variance ......................................................................................... 111 4.6 Structural Equation Model and Hypotheses Testing ......................................... 115 4.7 Multigroup Analysis .......................................................................................... 117 4.8 Mediating Effects .............................................................................................. 123 5 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................... 127 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 127 5.2 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 128 5.3 Theoretical Implications .................................................................................... 137 5.4 Practical Implications ........................................................................................ 142 5.5 Limitations and Directions for Future Research ............................................... 145 APPENDIX I: Questionnaire ..................................................................................... 146 APPENDIX II: Item-Sorting Procedure .................................................................... 153 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 162 VITA .......................................................................................................................... 198 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Common micro-break activities (Kim et al., 2018, p. 779) ............................... 21 2. Previous studies on impacts of social media use on mental health, emotions, and well-being ...................................................................................................... 28 3. Previous studies on social media use at work for professional purposes ........... 37 4. Previous studies on social media use at work for personal purposes ................. 44 5. Summary of prior U&G studies ......................................................................... 55 6. Summary of prior HJCs studies. ........................................................................ 69 7. Results of item-sorting procedure. ..................................................................... 91 8. Profile of respondents (n = 413) ......................................................................... 98 9. Preference and time spent on at-work break activities per workday (n = 413). ..................................................................................................................... 101 10. Factor analysis results of social media break activities .................................... 102 11. Factor analysis results of non-social media break activities ............................ 103 12. Reliability and validity of the measures ........................................................... 105 13. Results of t-test ................................................................................................
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