PHYTOCHEMICALS in NUTRITION and HEALTH TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page Ii PHYTOCHEMICALS in NUTRITION and HEALTH

TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page ii PHYTOCHEMICALS IN NUTRITION AND HEALTH TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page ii PHYTOCHEMICALS IN NUTRITION AND HEALTH Edited by Mark S. Meskin Wayne R. Bidlack Audra J. Davies Stanley T. Omaye CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page iv Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phytochemicals : their role in nutrition and health / edited by Mark S. Meskin ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58716-083-8 1. Phytochemicals—Physiological effect. I. Meskin, Mark S. QP144.V44 P494 2002 613.2—dc21 2001052997 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-58716-083-8/01/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for cre- ating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-58716-083-8 Library of Congress Card Number 2001052997 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page v Contents PREFACE . .vii EDITORS . .xi CONTRIBUTORS . .xv CHAPTER 1 Evidence-Based Herbalism . 1 EDZARD ERNST CHAPTER 2 Phytochemical Diversity and Biological Activity in Echinacea Phytomedicines: Challenges to Quality Control and Germplasm Improvement . 9 JOHN T. ARNASON, SHANNON E. BINNS, and BERNARD R. BAUM CHAPTER 3 Phytochemicals in the Vaccinium Family: Bilberries, Blueberries, and Cranberries . 19 MARY ELLEN CAMIRE CHAPTER 4 Wine Polyphenols and Protection from Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease: Drink to Your Health?. 41 MICHAEL A. DUBICK v TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page vi vi Contents CHAPTER 5 Beyond α-Tocopherol: The Role of the Other Tocopherols and Tocotrienols. 61 ANDREAS M. PAPAS CHAPTER 6 Phytochemical Pharmacokinetics . 79 HAROLD L. NEWMARK and CHUNG S.YANG CHAPTER 7 Dietary Isothiocyanates: Roles in Cancer Prevention and Metabolism in Rodents and Humans. 87 FUNG-LUNG CHUNG CHAPTER 8 Rationale for the Use of Soy Phytoestrogens for Neuroprotection . 105 HELEN KIM CHAPTER 9 Bioengineering and Breeding Approaches for Improving Nutrient and Phytochemical Content of Plants. 121 DAVID W. STILL CHAPTER 10 Phytochemicals in Oilseeds . 139 FEREIDOON SHAHIDI CHAPTER 11 Lycopene and Human Health. 157 BETTY JANE BURRI CHAPTER 12 Astaxanthin, ß-Cryptoxanthin, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin . 173 JOHN T. LANDRUM, RICHARD A. BONE, and CHRISTIAN HERRERO INDEX . 193 TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page vii Preface The contents of this book evolved from papers delivered at the Third International Phytochemical Conference, “Phytochemicals: From Harvest to Health,” held on the campus of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, on November 13 and 14, 2000. Three biennial conferences have been held since 1996. These conferences have taken place during a period of time that has seen an explosion of public interest in phytochemicals and a reinvigorated and expanded growth of scientific research on plant-based bioactive chemicals The focus of these conferences has been to highlight phytochemicals that have significant potential for promoting health or preventing disease supported by solid scientific research. The conferences have also included discussions of research methodology, strategies for identifying promising chemicals, and surveys of existing research. Data from epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are consistently associated with a decreased risk of chronic degenerative disease. The essential nutrient content alone of various plant foods cannot account for the health benefits associated with their consumption. Many researchers have correlated specific groups of phytochemicals with decreased incidence of a number of chronic degenerative disease states. The focus of current scientific inves- tigations in the field of phytochemistry centers on the unique mechanisms of action associated with beneficial phytochemical groups and their role in the promotion of optimal health and the treatment of disease. This third book adds new phytochemicals and foods to the list covered by the first two books, Phytochemicals: A New Paradigm (1998) and Phytochemicals As Bioactive Agents (2000) (Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 10). Topics addressed in the two previous books are also updated and expanded (Chapters 5, 7, 8, 11, and 12). Finally, several new and important topics have been added (Chapters 1, 6, and 9). vii TX838 FM 02/01/2002 1:19 PM Page viii viii Preface Herbal medicinal products are among the best selling nutrition-related products of our time. The public assumes these products are both safe and effective, but there is little basis for this assumption, especially in a regulatory environment in which these products are essentially unregulated. The ideal standard for determining the safety and efficacy of these plant products is the double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Such data are rarely available and when available, they are often con- tradictory. In Chapter 1, Ernst suggests that in the current situation the best evidence is provided by a systematic review or meta-analysis of existing data. A strong case for evidence-based herbalism is articulated and the results of systematic reviews of 11 herbal medicinal products are described. The approach described can identify herbal medicinal products that are currently safe and effective and highlight those herbs which require much more evidence prior to widespread use. A wide range of phytochemicals has been studied as potentially therapeutic. Many of these chemicals have been identified based on chemical structure, in vitro activity, epidemiological evidence, and bioactivity screening programs. The fact that a chemical has interesting properties or that it demonstrates bioactivity in a screening protocol does not necessarily indicate that the chemical will be effective in vivo in humans. If a chemical is not bioavailable or it is heavily metabolized in vivo, it will be ineffective. The pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals in humans have been largely ignored. In order to understand the potential therapeutic effectiveness of a phytochemical, researchers will have to study its pharmacokinetics. Newmark and Yang suggest guidelines for approaching studies of phytochemical pharmacokinetics in Chapter 6. The illustrations provided demonstrate a wide variation in phytochemical absorption and metabolism and emphasize the need for studies of phytochemical digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. As interest heightens in the use of therapeutically beneficial phytochemicals, researchers will be looking more closely at technologies for enhancing the phytochemical content of traditional foods and for methods that will maximize plant production of phytochemicals for extraction. In Chapter 9 Still compares and contrasts the two ways plant biologists can manipulate the concentration of a phytochemical in a plant: traditional plant breeding vs. biotechnology. The methodologies, advan- tages, and disadvantages of both strategies are covered in detail. Bioengineering technologies have been evolving rapidly and Still’s discussion clearly indicates that there is great promise in these technologies while significant challenges need to be addressed. Both novices and those already familiar with these technologies will be challenged and informed by this review. Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 10 cover phytochemicals or foods that have not been dis- cussed in our previous books. Echinacea-based phytomedicines are widely con- sumed around the world as cold and flu treatments, wound-healing agents, and immunostimulants. Many of the producers of these products and the majority of con- sumers do not understand or are unaware of the complex quality control issues that are inherent in the production of a phytomedicine. Arnason, Binns, and Baum in Chapter 2 point out that there are a wide number

Load more