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University of Alberta Drying and Storage Study on Ech

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University of Alberta Drying and Storage Study on Ech UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA DRYING AND STORAGE STUDY ON ECH'ACEA ANGUSTIFOLLQ ROOTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH M PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE EDMONTON, ALBERTA SPRING, 2001 National Liirary Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliogrâphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exciusive licence allowing the exclusive pemettant à la National ZllIbrary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distriiute or sel reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thése sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownershq of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substanttial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT The suitability of forced air thin-layer dryer and fluidized-bed dryer for the dehydration of E. angustifolia roots was investigated by examining the drying characteristics of the roots. and evaluating the quality of dehydrated roots with echinacoside as a reference compound. Suitable storage conditions for presenring the echinacoside in ground dehydrated roots were aiso deterrnined over a six- month storage study. Two drying temperatures (50' and 30°C), air velocities (0.7 and 1.1 m/s for forced-air thin layer dryer, 3.3 and 4.8 mis for fluidized bed dryer) and root sizes (small and medium) were examined in the drying expenments. Under similar drying conditions, the fluidized-bed dryer exhibited a higher drying rate than the thin-layer dryer at the initial drying stage. An extremely low drying rate was observed at the late stage of fluidized-bed drying, which might be attributed to the case hardening of the roots. Drying air temperature and root size were found to be important parameters affecting the drying rate in both thin-layer drying and fluidized-bed drying. Page equation appeared to fit the entue experimental data (R2>0.96). Within the experimental range, equations comlating the experimental drying constants to air temperature, air velocity and size of roots were established. Thin-layer drying was better (pe0.05) able to preserve the echinacoside in the mots as compared to fluidized-bed drying- No àgnificant (pXl.05) diffaence in echinacoside loss was observed between the two drying temperatures or air velocities specified in this study. Echinacoside was satisfactory maintained in vacuum-packaged roots over 5 months of storage; however, a significant echinacoside decline was observed in the air-packaged roots af€erthe 3" month of storage. The effect of storage temperature on echinacoside change was rninor @>O.OS). There fore, room temperature storage might be acceptable for Echinacea products with respect to echinacoside preservation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Buncha Ooraikul, my supe~sor,for his supe~sion,encouragement, untiring patience and endless support through the course of the study. Dr. Feral Temelli, Dr. Lope Tabil and Dr. Monica Palcic, for their advice, guidance and their service as memben of my supervisory cornmittee. Special appreciation is extended to Dr. Yumiko Hoyano and Mr. Robert Cume, the Agri-Food Laboratory of Alberta Agricultural Food and Rural Development, for their help in chernical andysis and their dedication to this research from the beginning to the end, 1 also owe a debt of gratitude to Stephanie Shum, for her lab assistance and helpful advice throughout my study. Her fiiendship has made this expenence even more rewarding. The author also would like to aclmowledge Mr. John Chang, and other staff memben of the Agricultural Value-added Engineering Centre for their technical assistance and support. Finally, the author wish to thank al1 my family and fnends for their encouragement and moral support. 1 thank my parents for giving me the appreciation of the value of education, and my wife, Mei, for haencouragement and endurance with me throughout the course of my studies. Many thanks to Hongfei and Guilin, my sister and bruther-in-law, for their great support and valuable suggestions throughout my graduate study. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVEIW ..................... 1.1. Genetal introduction...................................................... 1.2. Objective of this thesis ................................................... 1.3. Literature review .......................................................... 1.3.1. Echinacea ........................................................... 1.3.1.1. Botany. cultivation. and medicinal usage ............. 1.3.1.2. Chemical constituents in Echinacea ................... 1.3.2. Dryhg process ..................................................... 1.32.2. Drying of agriculturd crops ............................ 1.3.2.3. Effects of drying on chernical constituents in specidty mps............................................ 1.3.3. Post-drying storage of specialty cmps .......................... 1*4. Referenc es .............................. ....,. ............................. 2. DRYBIG STUDY ON E . ANGUSTIFOU ROOTS ...................... 2.1. Introduction ................................................................. 2.2. Experimental design...................................................... 23. Part A: Dryhg characteristics study on E. anpst@oo[ia mots ........ 2.3.1. Materiais and methods ............................................. 2.3.2. Experimental procedures ........................................ 46 2.3.3. Data anal ysis ...................................................... 50 2.3.4. Results and discussion........................................... 50 2.4. Part B: Study of drying effects on Echinacoside retention.......... 56 2.4.1. Materiak and rnethods ............................................ 56 2.4.2. Data analysis ....................................................... 58 2.4.3. Redts and discussion............................................. 59 2.5. Conclusion.................... ,.. .................................... 61 2.6. References................................................................... 63 3 . STORAGE STUDY ON DEHYDRATED E. ANGUSTIFOLIA ROOTS .... 96 3.1. Introduction .................................................................. 3.2. Experimental design........................................................ 3.3. Materials and Methods ..................................................... 3.4. Data andysis................................................................. 3 .5 . Results and discussion ...................................................... 3.6. Conclusion ..................... ............................................... 3.7. References..................................................................... 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............. 106 4.1. Summary of the nsearch findings .......................................... 106 4.2. Recomrnendations to Merstudies ........................................ 108 4.3. References ....................................................................... 111 Appendix i. .................... ........................................................ 112 Appendut II ................................................................................ 114 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1.1. Herbai supplement sales in health food stores. .............................. 34 2.1. Equilibnurn moisture (EM)content of Echinacea roots.. ................. 66 2.2. Drying constants in Page model(1949) of Echinacea roots . at various condr~ons............................................................ 67 3.1. Change in echinacoside content with two packages over 6-month storage (4' and 23OC) .......................................................................104 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE Chernical structure of echhacoside.. .. .. Drying rate for wet product under constant drying conditions.. .. Schematic diagram of the thh-layer dryer.. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. ..... Schematic diagram of fluidized-bed drycr.. .. Operation history of a typicd fluidized-bed drying process.. .. .. Operation history of a typical thin-layer drying process.. .. .... Drying rate variation with root moisture during thin-layer drying.. Drying rate variation with root moisture during fluidized-bed drying.. Effect of temperature on moisture change during thin-layer dyng of root.. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... Effect of temperature on moisture change during fluidized-bed drying of root.. .. .. Effect of root size on moisture change during thin-layer drying of root.. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Effect of root size on moishue change during fluidized-bed dryhg of root.. .. Effect of air velocity on moisture change during thin-layer drying of root.. .. Effect of air velocity on moisture change during fluidized-bed drytng of root ....................................................... 84 Comparison of moisture change in two drying methods (T=30°C. mal1 roots) .........................................................
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