Index

A Acanthoscelides obtectus, 4091 1A9, A431 and A549 cell lines, 3478 Acanthostrongylophora, 1293 12a,13a-Aziridinyl epothilone derivatives, 990 Acari, 4070, 4083 Aaptos ciliata, 1292 Acaricides, 4070, 4076, 4083 AATs. See Anthocyanin acyltransferases Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), 1017, (AATs) 2017, 2021–2023, 2032, 2037, 2111 Ab (1-42), 2287 p-Acceptors, 692 ABA biosynthesis, 1736 Accretion, 2405 Ab aggregation, 2286 Accumulation, 2321 Abdominal troubles, 3477 Acetaldehyde (ATL), 2902 Aberrant behavior, 1375 Acetaldehyde acid, 1783 Aberrant estrous cycles, 2421 Acetate, 50, 59 Abies alba, 2980 Acetate-mevalonate (Ac-MEV), 2943 Abietadiene synthase, 2725 Acetate pathway, 2314 Abiotic and biotic elicitors, 2783 Acetic acid (ACE), 851, 1608, 2884 Abiotic factor, 1697 Acetogenic bacteria, 2443 Abiotic stresses, 2930 Acetone, 3371 Ab neuropathology, 2285 Acetonitrile, 691, 1170, 1175 Ab oligomerization, 2285 3-Acetylaconitine, 1508 Ab oligomers, 2283 Acetyl-ACP, 963 Ab peptides, 1308, 2285 Acetyl-and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, Ab polymerization, 2287 3488 Abrin, 296 Acetylcholine (ACh), 1241, 1306, 1333, 1526, Abscisic acid (ABA), 2860, 3591 1527, 1529, 1530, 3710 Absolute configuration, 930, 3320 Acetylcholine esterase, 51, 52 Absolute configuration of monosaccharides, Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor activity, 2906 3319 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 41, 1246, 1308, Absorbance (A), 3334, 3380 1334, 1527, 1529–1533, 1535, 4097 Absorbance spectrum, 3929, 3933, 3934 Acetyl-CoA, 61, 584 Absorption, 1230, 2321, 2470–2476, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 1658, 1825 2478–2481, 3134, 3377, 3616, 4024 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3127, 3145 coefficient, 3380 15-Acetyl deoxynivalenol (15ADON), and metabolism, 1428 3127, 3145 wavelength, 4028 Acetylerucifoline, 1061 Abusive correlations, 2410 Acetylgaertneroside, 3054 Acacetin, 1830 60-O-Acetylgeniposide, 3058 Acacia, 865 8-O-Acetylharpagide, 3055 a2C adrenergic, 4124 Acetylintermedine, 1061 Acanthaceae, 801 Acetyllycopsamine, 1061

K.G. Ramawat, J.M. Me´rillon (eds.), Handbook of Natural Products, 4161 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 4162 Index

Acetyl/malonyl conjugates, 2391 Acute paw oedema in mice, 3217 Acetyl NIV, 3125, 3134, 3136, 3144, 3149 Acute rheumatism, 1507 10-Acetylpatrinoside, 3025 Acutissimin A, 1999 N-Acetylphenylethylamine (N-ACPEA), Acutissimins, 1993 28, 1208 Acyclic, 3369 13-O-Acetylplumieride, 3026 Acyclic bisbibenzyls, 1921 Acetyltransferase, 3131 Acyl carrier protein (ACP), 50, 61 N-Acetyltyramine (N-ACTYR), 28, 1208 Acyl-cholesterol O-acyltransferase 2 Acevaltrate, 3049 (ACAT-2), 3446 ACh. See Acetylcholine (ACh) Acyl halides, 1077 AChE. See Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Acyrthosiphon pisum, 4094 Achillea millefolium, 2988 AD. See Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Achnatherum inebrians, 165 Adaptive tolerance, 1373 a-Acid, 2343 Adaptogen, 3503 Acid anhydrides, 1077 Adaptogenic , 3648 Acid-butanol assay, 2074 ADAS–Cog. See Alzheimer’s disease Acidic potassium permanganate, 1087 Assessment Scale–Cognitive Acidity, 2109, 2111 Section (ADAS–Cog) Acidocalcisome, 1277 AD clinical trials, 1257 Acids (“necic acids”), 361 Addiction, 1207, 1375 Acids (AC), 2886, 2904, 2906 Additive, 3983, 3984 Ac-MEV. See Acetate-mevalonate (Ac-MEV) A-delta fibers, 1371 Acnistin, 3470, 3471 Adenocarcinoma, 2421 Acnistin ramiflorus, 3470 A2A , 2682, 4115 Acnistus, 3467 -activated protein Acnistus arborescens, 3478 kinase (AMPK), 1304 Aconine, 1517 , 946 Aconite, 1504 (ATP), 3706 Aconitine, 1170, 1188, 1506, 1508 Adenylation protein, 51 Aconitine-induced arrhythmia, 1511 Adenylyl cyclase, 3327 Aconitine type, 933 Adhatoda, 802 Aconitorientaline, 935 Adhatoda vasica, 4095 Aconitum, 1188, 1505 ADHD. See Attention deficit and hyperactivity A. carmichaelii, 1505 disorder (ADHD) A. columbianum, 1505 Adipocytes, 3812 A. ferox, 1505 Adipose tissues, 2420 A. karakolicum, 1512 Adiposity, 1444 A. lycoctonum, 1505 ADL. See Activities of daily living (ADL) A. napellus, 1505 Adlercreutzia, 2444 Acorus calamus, 4095 A-domain, 703 Acquired resistance, 3976 Adrenal hormones, 1374 Acridone, 717 Adrenergic, 3709 Acronychia, 723 Adrenergic receptors, 686 Acrosiphonia centralis (Acrosiphonia arcta), b-Adrenergic receptors, 1226 2901 a2-Adrenoceptor, 599 Acrylic acid (ACR), 2884, 2906 b Adrenoceptors, 3709 ACT. See Artemisinin-based combination a-Adrenoreceptors, 1516 therapy (ACT) b-Adrenoreceptors, 1516 Actinidine, 930 ADS. See Amorphadiene synthase (ADS) Actinomadura madurae, 986, 988 Adsorbents, 1699, 3329, 3376 Activated charcoal, 3329 Adsorption, 3331 Activities of daily living (ADL), 1253 AD1-8-tax, 2803 Acute pain, 1379 Adulteration, 294, 1084 Index 4163

Advantages/drawbacks, 2959 Ailanthone, 3778 Adventitious root cultures, 188 Airlift bioreactors, 2778 Adverse effects, 2410, 2417 Ajmalicine, 88, 94, 96, 98, 103–110, 576–578, Advertizing campaign, 2423 584, 587–588, 591–594, 596, 1126, Advise, 2416 2774 Aedes aegypti, 4071 Ajmaline, 94, 108 Aegle, 718 Ajoene, 3668, 3678, 3680, 3681, 3683 Aeration, 1702, 2776 Ajugol, 3017 Aeromonas salmonesida, 980 Ajulemic acid, 3429 Aescin, 2955 Akt, 2187 Aesculus hippocastanum, 2951 Akt/NF-kB/Bcl-2 pathway, 3485 Affinity, 2388, 2413, 2417 Akt phosphorylation, 2191 Aflatoxin, 4113 Alanine aminotransferase, 1387 AFP, 2417 Alariaceae, 2898 Afraegle, 732 Alaria crassifolia, 2898 Agaricus silvaticus, 979 Albertisia papuana, 1287 Agastache rugosa, 2982 Albomitomycin A, 985 Agathosma, 753 Alcaline phosphatase, 2405 Aged , AGE, 3666–3668, 3671, 3675, AlCl3 , 3653 3676, 3679, 3681, 3684 Alcohols (ALC), 2884, 2886, 4065, 4077 Ageladine, 270 Aldehydes (AL), 2884, 2886, 2904, 2907 Agelastatin, 268 Alectra, 3585 Ageliferins, 268 Alectrol, 3585 Agents, 978, 982, 984, 990, 994 Algae, 3252–3254, 3257, 3258, 3264, 3265 Ageotropism, 2950 Alkaline phosphate, 536 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), , 27, 41, 87–89, 92, 100, 103, 106, 3937–3941, 3943–3948 109, 123, 149–167, 215, 216, Age-related macular disease, 3933, 218–220, 224, 225, 228–233, 3940, 3941 235–240, 242, 243, 245, 416, Age-related maculopathy (ARM), 3939, 3941, 462–476, 977–1002, 1072, 1279, 3942, 3946, 3947 1289, 1527, 1529, 1530, 1532, Age-related maculopathy disease (ARMD), 1533, 1535 3930, 3939–3943, 3948 content, 323, 331, 527 Aging, 1471, 1485, 1490–1491, fingerprint, 386 2266, 2267, 2349, 3477, 3703, 3707, production, 215, 228–231, 236, 238, 242, 3711, 3712, 3722, 3727 243, 245 Aglycones, 2473, 2475, 2478, 2479, 2481, profiles, 202 3227 Alkannin, 1552 , 2404 Alkylaryquinolin, 834 Agriculture, 3978 Alkylboronates, 1057 Agrobacterium Alkylphosphocholine, 1275 A. rhizogenes, 189, 231, 918, 2774, 2948, 2955 Allamancin, 3027 A. tumefaciens, 2774 Allelochemical character, 1830 Agroclavine synthase, 701 Allelochemicals, 2925, 3533 Agrocybe, 526 Allelopathic, 965, 3509 Agronomic factors, 2645 Allelopathic effects, 4098 118A > G SNP, 1377 Allelopathy, 151, 154, 166, 1566, 3533 Ahnfeltia Allergens, 3295, 4008 A. paradoxa,29 Allergic reactions, 3686 A. plicata, 2887 Allethrin, 4063, 4065, 4077 Ahnfeltiaceae, 2887 Alliaceae, 979 Ahnfeltiales, 2887 , 3666–3668, 3670, 3671, 3674, 3675, AhR. See Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) 3677, 3681, 3683, 3684 4164 Index

Alliinase, 3666, 3677, 3684 Amidinotransferase, 61 Alliosterol, 3233 Amination, 416 Allium Amine (AM), 2884, 2886, 2904 A. cepa, 979 Amino, 412 A. sativum, 3664, 3665, 3678 Amino acids, 884, 979, 3665 Allodynia, 1374 Aminoalcohols (“necines”), 361 Allograft rejection, 1834 (E)-(S)-4-Amino-7-guanidino-hept-2-enoic Allomelanins, 1564 acid, 986, 987 Allophylus edulis, 4094 4-Amino-2H benzo[h]chromen-2-one (ABO), All-trans-b-carotene, 3588 3566 Almazolone (ALM), 29 (3S,4S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxy-6- ALM E,29 methylheptanoic acid, 986, 987 Almeidea, 731 4-Amino-hydroxyvaline, 988 ALM Z,29 Aminoisobutyric acid, 840 Alnus, 1553 4-Amino-3-oxo-guanidinoheptane, 61 Aloe-, 1554 4-Aminopyridine, 64 Alpha-cypermethrin, 4070 8-Aminoquinoline, 1277 Alpha-fetoprotein, 2208 4-Amino-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[h] Alpha-ionol, 4095 chromen 2-one analogues (ATBO), Alpha-pinene, 4098 3566 Alpha-secretase, 3714 Ammonium sulfate, 3333 Alteromonas, 788 Amnesic, 129 Alumina, 3331, 3332 Amniotic fluid, 2417 Aluminium, 3645 Amorphadiene, 3108 Aluminium oxide, 692 Amorphadiene synthase (ADS), 2832, Alyosia triphylla, 2982 3082, 3083 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 315, 332, 335, 337, AMPA/kainite receptors, 41 338, 510, 589, 848, 1244, 1307, AMPc, 4096 1333, 1471, 1475–1480, 1485, 1486, Ampelopsin, 2281 1526, 1527, 1529, 1531, 2283, 2313, Amphiroa anceps, 2889 2619, 2621, 2622, 3219, 3488, 3627, Amphotericin B (AmB), 1274, 1289 3646, 3713, 3967 AMPK. See Adenosine monophosphate- Alzheimer’s disease Assessment activated protein kinase (AMPK) Scale–Cognitive Amycolatopsis sulphurea, 988 Section (ADAS–Cog), 1256 a-Amylase, 1780 AM. See Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Amyloid, 2622, 2626 Amanita, 526 Amyloid beta (Ab), 2283, 3712–3716, 3220 Amanita muscaria, 1343 Amyloid plaques, 2283 Amaryllidaceae, 1335 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 3714, 3715 Amaryllidoideae, 481 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Parkinsonism Amaryllis, 480 dementia, 41 Amastigotes, 845, 1266 Amyris, 722 Amastigote-specific, 1291 Anabaena, 47, 58 Ambrosia maritima, 2782 A. circinalis,59 Amenorrhea, 1374 A. crassa,52 American method, 4043 A. flos-aquae, 42, 52 AMF. See Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi A. lemmermannii,52 (AMF) Anabaseine, 1347 AMH. See Anti-Mullerian Hormone Anaerobic conditions, 1609 (AMH) Anaerobic cultivation, 2443 Amide aziridine–2-carboxylic acid, 991 Analgesic, 1389, 4119, 4122, 4131, 4150 Amides (AD), 2884 and anesthetic activities, 1508 Amidinium groups, 1274 effect, 4122 Index 4165

Analipus japonicus, 2900 Anthocyanin(s), 1567, 1607, 1621, 1653, 1719, Analytical methods, 3125, 3144–3146, 3312, 1729, 1804, 1837, 2128, 2163, 2269, 3320, 4026 2367, 2437, 2465–2470, 2472–2482, , 3424 2570, 2584, 2588, 2589, 2591, 2600, Anarchic offer, 2411 2602 Anatoxin-a(s), 41–45, 49, 51, 52, 59 anthocyanidins, 2467, 2470, 2478 Anchor peptide, 1659 biosynthetic genes, 1631 Ancistrocladus color, 2467, 2468, 2470, 2480 A. congolensis, 1286 extracts, 2466 A. tanzaniensis, 1286 Anthocyanin acyltransferases (AATs), 1809 Andreadoxa, 731 Anthocyanin-flavanol, 1786 Androgen receptor (AR), 2195, 2404 Anthocyanin-flavan-3-ol copolymerization, 2269 Anesthetic, 4116, 4122, 4145 Anthocyanin- reactions, 2262 Anesthetic activity, 4122 Anthocyano-ellagitannin, 1998 Anethum graveolens, 2982, 4091 Anthocyanogens, 2335 Angelica archangelica, 4099 Anthonomus grandis, 1570 Angeloside, 3017 Anthranilic, 416 Angiogenesis, 2203, 2466, 2799, 3506, 3526, Anthranilic acid, 827 3864, 3965 , 1554, 2160 Angiogenic, 566 Anthriscifolcine F, 927 Angiogenic growth factors, 1455 Anthriscifolmine A, 928 Angiopoietins, 1443 Antiangiogenesis, 2401 Angiotensin-converting (ACE), Antiangiogenic, 600 3675 Antiangiogenic effects, 3216 Angostura, 767 Antianxiety, 3656 Angustifoline, 385, 1177 Anti-aromatase, 2401 Anhydrolycodoline, 1248 Antiarrhythmic, 3684 Anhydrovinblastine, 1123, 1129 Antiarrhythmic action, 1511 Animal disease models, 1593 Antiatherogenic, 3681 Anionic quinonoidal base, 2468 Antiatherosclerotic, 694, 3681 p-Anisaldehyde, 1548 Antibacterial, 978, 980, 985, 986, 988, 989, Anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent, 3328, 1002, 1211, 2906 3334, 3335, 3336 Antibacterial activity, 3429, 4007 Annonaceae, 850 Antibiotic FR-900482, 981 Annona foetida, 1284 Antibiotic resistance, 1628 Annotine, 1248 Antibiotics, 982–985, 987, 2440, 3182, 4116, Annotinine, 1248 4131 Anopheles, 846 Antibodies, 2803 Anopheles funestus, 4094 Anticancer, 457, 978, 985–987, 990, 999, 1685, Anorexia, 2906, 4079 1812, 2177, 3346, 3467, 3477, 3485, Anorgasmia, 599 3489, 3963 Antagonism, 3541 activity, 1511, 1835, 2673, Antagonistic, 3984 3626, 3653 Antagonist of d-opioid and NMDA, 1212 properties, 1737 Antagonists, 1369, 2404, 3642 Anticarcinogenic, 2466, 4007 Antarafacial 1,3-allylic rearrangement, Anticarcinogenic effects, 2295 2705 Anticholinergic effect, 1515 Anthelminthic/anthelmintic, 308, Anticonvulsive, 123 2906, 3792 Antidepressant, 129, 317, 3219 Anthelminthic/anthelmintic activity, 337, 985 activity, 3645 Anthocyanidin, 1854, 2119, 2260 effect, 1206 reductase, 1656 Antidiabetic, 1937, 3450, 3964 synthase, 1655–1656 Antidiabetic activity, 3624 4166 Index

Antidiarrheal activity, 1408 Antimitotic, 3187 Antidiarrheic, 2000 Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), 2418 Anti-DNA Topoisomerase II, 2422 Antimutagenic, 135, 848, 912, 1812, 3542, 4007 Anti-doping tests, 287 action, 1410 Antidote, 63 blocking agent, 2213 Antiepilepsirine, 1352 Antineoplastic, 2785, 2961 Antiepileptic activity, 1515 Antineovascularization, 3562 Antiestrogenic, 2408 Antinociceptive, 1211, 4127, 4131, 4148 action, 2400 activities, 945, 1508, 4115 effects, 2412 effects, 4119 Antifeedant, 3488 Antinutritional, 1755 Antifeedant effect, 4091 Antinutritional factors, 2391 Antifertility agents, 2388, 2417 Antioxidant(s), 123, 911, 1212, 1717, 1736, Antiflogistic, 2906 1755, 1822, 1860, 1934, 2063, Anti-forskolin monoclonal antibody, 3330 2158–2161, 2401, 2466, 2473, 2506, Antifungal, 994, 1211, 2388, 4113, 4125, 4126, 2510, 2511, 2515, 2564, 2591–2595, 4128, 4136 2599–2605, 2619, 2626, 2627, 2785, Antifungal activity, 1212 2960, 3618, 3670, 3701, 3712, 3713, Antiglycative, 3674 3727, 3925, 3938, 3942–3944, 3947, Antihepatotoxic activity, 876 3948, 3963, 4007, 4023, 4113–4116, Anti-herpes simplex virus–1, 2677 4123, 4127, 4132, 4134, 4135, 4138, Anti-HIV, 3346 4140, 4141, 4145 Antihyperglycemic, 2678, 3200 activities, 1211, 1590, 2298, 2651 Antihyperlipidemic, 3669 capacity, 2644 Antihypertensive, 1378, 2961, detection, 2123 3200, 3674 effect, 4119 Anti-inflammation, 1938, 2466 property, 1421 Anti-inflammatory, 123, 849, 1211, 1422, response element, 2626 1590, 2176, 2181, 2406, 3089, status, 2176 3488, 3621, 3642, 3963, 4115, Antioxidative, 1730 4116, 4119, 4134, 4136, 4137, Antiparasitic activity, 1515, 4069 4141, 4147–4148 Anti-photo-oxidative activity, 1212 activity, 1413, 1510, 1834, 3217 Antiplasmodial, 3346 agents, 463, 475, 3449 Antiplatelet, 848, 1936 Anti-initiation activity, 2296 activity, 3567 Antileishmanial, 1279, 3488 aggregation, 3622 Antileukemic, 981 Antiproliferative, 1447, 1960, 2400 Anti-LH, 2419 activity, 3216 Anti-lithogenic influence, 1420 in ERb-positive cells, 2408 , 41 Anti-promotion activity, 2296 Antimalarial, 455, 2776 Anti-protein kinase C (PKC), 2401 Antimalarial activity of quinine, 608 Anti-protein kinase (PTK), 2400 Antimetastatic, 1451 inhibition, 2401 Antimetastatic activity, 1211 pathway, 2404 Antimicrobial(s), 816, 978, 981, 984, 988, 994, Antiprotozoal, 626, 816 1002, 1813, 1937, 2388, 3488, 3626, activity, 626 4113, 4126, 4136 Antipruritic, 4122, 4145 activities, 397, 1212, 2002 , 129 agents, 3977, 3984 Antipyretic, 130, 397, 1389 components, 3981 Antirheumatic, 4119 efficacy, 3982, 3983 Antirrinoside, 3018 property, 1608 Antisense, 232, 238 therapy, 3984 Antisense suppression, 1838 Index 4167

Antiseptic, 2906, 4122, 4131, 4136, 4145 Arabidopsis thaliana, 1636, 3002, 3584 Antispasmodic, 4118, 4123, 4137 Arabinose, 2467 Antispasmodic activity, 4118 Arabinoxylans, 2346 Antistress, 2785, 3711, 3720 Arachidonate epoxygenase, 994 Antithrombotic, 3677 (AA), 3679 Antitumor, 318, 337, 563, 566, 978, 981–983, 2-Arachidonyl glycerol, 3424 988, 991–996, 999, 1002, 1812, Arachis, 1553 1932, 3467, 3477, 3485, 3488, 4114, Araliaceae, 749 4120, 4126, 4127, 4130, 4131, 4135 Aralia saponins V, 2952 activity, 1210, 1514, 3200 Araliopsis, 730 agents, 510 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), 3584 Antitumoral, 88, 2466 fungal inoculation, 2650 Antitumoral activities, 2002 symbionts, 2653 Antitussive, 1378 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), 2645, Antiulcer activity, 1424 2646 Antiviral, 123, 1813, 3627 Arbuscules, 3595 Antiviral activity, 3853 Arbutin, 1548 Anxiety, 1307, 3711, 3720 Architecture, 2413 Anxiolytic, 129, 3220, 4115, 4128, 4129 Arctiid moth, 155, 156 activity, 3968 Arctiids, 155–157, 162 anti-convulsive effects, 1621 Area under the curve (AUC), 2323, 3336 effect, 4115 Areca catechu, 1344 Aortic fatty streak, 2298 Arecoline, 1344 Aortic rings, 2369 Areschougiaceae, 2890 Aphanizomenon,47 Arginine, 59, 365 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, 53, 58 Arginine decarboxylase, 182 Aphantoxin, 53 Argyrodendron peralatum, 865 Aphidius colemani, 4098 Aricine, 611 Aphids, 157, 158, 160, 165 A-ring modifcations, 3352 Aphylline, 158 Arizona, 2150, 2161 Apiaceae, 1551, 3071, 3073, 3084–3086, 3090, Arnica montana, 3532 3093 Aroma compounds, 3981 , 1658, 1830 Aromatic oils, 2946 Apigeninidin, 1569 Aromatization, 2418 Apios americana, 1852 Aromatized, 2385 Apocynaceae, 89, 111, 775 Arrhythmia, 946, 1306, 3683 , 1349 Arrhythmogenic effect, 1510 Apoptopic, 49 Artemisia, 2947 Apoptosis, 1211, 1286, 1314, 1450, 1870, A. absinthium, 2983, 2999 1872, 1875, 1880, 1884, 2328, 2404, A. annua, 2776, 2959, 2406, 2413, 2628, 2630, 3142, 3478, 3531, 4116 3485, 3522, 3523, 3527, 3557, 3700, A. dracunculus L, 4089 3704, 3712, 3713, 3715, 3716, 3723, A. pallens, 2988 3748–3750, 3790, 3853, 3963, 4114, A. vulgaris, 4095 4126, 4127, 4130, 4135, 4137, 4138, Artemisin, 3082 4140 Artemisinic acid, 1628, 3103, 3105, 3108 Aporphine, 412 Artemisinin, 629, 1279, 2680, 2695, 2736, Appetizer, 3477 2764, 2776, 2827, 2831, 2955, Apple, 1729 3100–3115, 3531 Aquaculture, 1736 Artemisinin-based combination therapy Aquaporine-1, 1273 (ACT), 3101, 3107, 3108, 3114 Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), 1102 Arterolane, 1279 Arabidopsis, 1722 Arthritic conditions, 3477 4168 Index

Arthritis, 1964 Astroglial cells, 2406 Arthrobacter, 798 Asymmetric carbons, 1787, 2398 Arthrogryposis, 900 Atalantia, 752 Arthropods, 4077 Ataxia, 3725, 4065 Artichoke, 2650 Atelopus zeteki,54 Artificial biosynthetic pathway, 1657 Atherogenesis, 1811, 3623 Artificial enzyme design, 1633 Atheroprotective effect, 3819 Artificial organelle, 1672 Atherosclerosis, 1305, 1444, 2298, 2326, 2961, Artificial polyploidization, 197 3217, 3681, 4117 4-Arylcoumarins, 1555 Athletes, 289 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), 2189 Atisane, 3180 Ascending mode in CPC, 2150 Atisine-denudatine type, 937 Ascites, 1386 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Ascophyllum nodosum, 2896 (APCI), 1126, 3398 Ascorbate (ASA), 1588, 1732 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ASE. See Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) ATPase, 3982 Ashwagandha, 413, 3476, 3477 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, Ashwagandhanolides, 3482 3446, 3451, 3590 Asian women, 2408, 2417 ATPS. See Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) Asiatic acid (AA), 3961 Atropa belladonna, 291, 1182, 1185 Asiaticoside (AS), 3961 Atropine, 175, 291, 348, 1014, 1165, 1182, Asparagales, 979 1188 Asparagopsis Atroxima, 3206 A. armata, 2888 Atroxima liberica, 3213 A. taxiformis, 2888 Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder Aspartame, 3199 (ADHD), 1207, 1471, 1474, Aspartate aminotransferase, 1387 1482–1492 Aspartyl protease, 987, 988 Attention task, 2414 Aspergillus niger, 106, 1564 AUC. See Area under the curve (AUC) Aspergillus species, 839, 1554 Aucubin (aucuboside, rhinanthin), 3018 Asperuloside, 3024 AuNPs, 1106 Asperulosidic acid, 3057 Aurachins, 829 Aspidosperma, 577, 590 Aureusidin synthase (AmAS1), 1889 Aspidosperma ramiflorum, 1288 Aurones, 1621, 1887, 1889 Asplenium spp, 1553 Australian ewes, 2417 Assacharobacter, 2444 Autolyzate, 978–979 Association, 3789 Autooxidation, 2370 Association for Official Analytical Methods Autopsy, 2409 (AOAC), 57 Autumnaline, 461–476 Association of Poison Control Centers, 295 Auxins, 192, 1830, 2774, 3198, 3591, 4044 Associative, 1373 Avenalumin I, 1569 Astaxanthin, 3265, 3273, 3274 Avena sativa, 1569 Asteraceae, 769, 979, 1385, 1551, 3071, 3073, Avicenniaceae, 1552 3081–3086, 3094, 3194, 3532, 3540, Axinellamines, 268 3590 Axinohydantoin, 268 Asterolasia, 735 Axonal membrane, 4065 Asthma, 4120, 4141 Axone regeneration, 3219 Astragalus sinicus, 3586 Ayahuasca, 125, 1452 Astringency, 1755, 1787, 2258, 2266, 2267, Ayurvedic, 1278, 3960 2313, 2342 formulations, 3327, 3328 Astringency intensity, 2267 , 1399 Astrocytes, 2624, 2625 medicinal system, 3476 Index 4169

1-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety, 980 Bangiaceae, 2886–2887 Azacyclo-propane, 978–979 Bangiales, 2886–2887 8-O-Azeloyl-14-benzoylaconine, 1512 Banisteriopsis caapi C. V. Morton, 1452 Azetidine, 978 Baogongteng A, 1345 Azicemicin A, B, 988, 989 bapt, 2784 Azimexon, 991 Barlerin, 3055 Azinomycin A, B, 987–988 Barrier, 3758, 3759, 3762 Aziran, 978–979 Basic C5 units, 2683 Aziridine, 977–1002 Basic fibroblast growth factor, 1448 Aziridine-2-carboxylic acid, 979, 991 Basidiomycetes, 979 Aziridine-containing peptides, 979 Bathochromic shift, 1999 (2R,3R)-Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, Bathochromism, 1781 986, 987 Bauerella, 737 (2S,3S)-Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 980 Bauhinol A, 1933 Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 980, 987 Bayogenin, 3207, 3214 Aziridine ring, 978, 986, 1000 Bayogenin derivatives, 3217 4-(1-Aziridinyl)-3-buten-2-one, 979 BBB. See Blood-brain barrier (BBB) N-Aziridinylspermidine, 991 BChE. See Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE/ Azirinomycin, 979 BChE) Azulene, 2893 Bcl-2, 3559 Bcl-2 family, 1313, 3524 Bean second internode bioassay, 3858 B Beef, 4075 Babesiacanis, 4071 Beer-Lambert law, 3380 Babies, 2422 Bees, 2935 Baccata, 2801 Behavioral sensitivity for , 1208 Baccatin III, 2784, 2801 Belladonna, 291 Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, 4125 Belotecan, 653, 665 Bacillus, 806, 984 Bemisia tabaci, 4101 Bacillus subtilis, 979, 1627 Beneficial effect, 2411 Background electrolyte (BGE), 1103, 1155 Benefits, 2327 Bacopa monnieri extract (BME), 3643 Benign breast hyperplasia, 2412 Bacoside A, 3647 Bentonite, 2342 Bacoside B, 3648 Benzaldehyde (BE), 2884 Bacteria, 1705, 1707, 3976 Benzatropine, 1345 Bacteria-host interactions, 2451 1-Benzene-azo-2-naphthol, 4065 Bacterial diarrhea, 1307 Benzo[c]phenanthridine, 1282 Bacterial flora, 2399 Benzoic, 1953, 1956 Bacterial microcompartment, 1672 Benzoic acid (BZ), 2885, 4044 Bacterial non-heme dioxygenases, 1670 Benzothiazole (BZT), 2885, 2905 Bacterial/viral infections, 374 Benzoxazinones, 154, 161 Bacteriostatic action, 1835 Benzoyl, 3210 Bacteroides, 2452, 2479 6-Benzoylheteratisine, 1511 Bacteroidetes, 2441 Benzyl , 2887 Bactrocera latifrons, 4095 Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA), 3–21, 160, Baeocystin, 527 220, 1349 Baicalein, 1390 Benzyl mercaptan, 1765 Baker’s yeast, 978 4-Benzyltropanone, 352 Balance, 2405, 2417, 2422 , 6, 11, 12, 444, 1169, 1170, 1303, BALB/c mice, 1283 1446, 1534, 2766 Balfourodendron, 729 Berberine bridge enzyme (BBE), 11 Balloon bioreactor, 2786 Bergaptene, 1551 4170 Index

Berry, 2588 Biological membrane, 2471 Beta-caryophyllene, 4051 membrane fluidity, 2471 Betacyanins, 2159, 2161 Biological weapon, 296 Beta-d-glucosidases, 2479 Bioluminescence, 3485 Beta-pinene, 4098 Biomagnification, 4098 Betula lenta, 4100 Biomphalaria, 846 BGE. See Background electrolyte (BGE) Biopesticides, 4088 Bi and triflavonoids, 1555 Biopharmaceuticals, 2942 Bibenzyls, 1914 Biopharming, 1736 Bichalcone, 1555 Bioprocesses, 215, 243 Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids, 2782 Bioprospecting, 1672 Bicyclogermacrene, 2976 Biopterin transporter (BT1), 1271 Bifidobacteria, 2452 Bioreactors, 107, 111, 919, 1693, 1700–1703, Bifidobacterium animalis, 2565 1706, 1707, 1862, 2775, 2950, 2958, Biflavonoids, 1621 2959, 3198 Bifunctional terpene cyclases, 2725 Biosynthesis, 49, 50, 138, 215, 219, 220, 232, Bilayers, 4115, 4124 233, 235–240, 242, 243, 253, 318, Bile secretion, 1385 365, 504, 536, 775, 959, 963, 984, Bilitranslocase, 2478 1221, 1762, 1808, 1925, 2584, 2585, organic anion carrier, 2478 2600, 3125, 3129–3131, 3133, 3166, Bilobalide, 3701, 3726 3242, 3243, 3571, 3609, 3836, 3837, Binary vectors, 2953 3980, 4021 Bioaccumulation, 4098 de novo, 202 Bioactive, 3664 genes, 61 Bioactive indole, 545 of long-chain PUFA, 1738 Bioactivity, 1583, 2324, 2471–2473, 2479 Biosynthetic efficacy, 1633 Bioassay-guided fractionation, 2147, 2151, Biosynthetic gene cluster, 686 2160, 2161 Biosynthetic genes, 1723 Bioassays, 3858 Biosynthetic networks, 1628 Bioavailability, 1317, 1593, 1611, 1663, Biosynthetic pathways, 88, 89, 94, 103, 104, 2319, 2402, 2411, 2466, 2470, 108, 111, 215, 219, 220, 223, 2472, 2473, 2476, 2478–2480, 230–233, 235, 237, 239, 240, 243, 2482, 2590, 2591, 2593, 2619, 488, 2860, 2861, 2869, 2875, 2622, 3505, 3726, 4024 3103–3105, 3107, 3108, 3522 enhancer, 1402 Biosynthetic precursors, 2770 of micronutrients, 1407 Biotechnological, 1686, 1691, 1700, 1706, of resveratrol, 2294 1814, 1816, 2765 Biochanin A, 1662 approach, 88, 89, 101, 544 Biochemical, 3541 interventions, 1728 Biodegradability, 4098 processes, 3575 Biodegradation, 51, 3505 Biotechnology, 193 Biogenesis, 830 Bioterrorism, 296 Biogenic amines, 1732 Biotic and abiotic stresses, 3853 Bio Ginkgo, LI-1370, 3708 Biotransformation, 215, 232, 238, 239, 1223, Bioinformatics, 2513 1231, 1625, 2471–2473, 2479, 3108 Biokinetics, 2470, 2471, 2476, 2477, 2481 Biphasic, 2148, 2150, 2162, 2163, 2165 Biological achievements, 3206 Biphenyl dioxygenase, 1670 Biological activity, 510, 540, 1809, 2766, Birch reduction, 2704 3243, 3519, 3540, 3978 Birds, 4069 of alkaloids in humans, 965 Bisabolene, 2985, 4050 of and , 970 Bisabolol, 4130–4133 Biological and therapeutic property, 3541 a-Bisabolol, 2985, 2997 Biological efficiency, 3977 Bisbibenzyls, 1917 Index 4171

Bisdesmoside, 3227 Bone preservation, 2423 3,5-Bis(1-aziridinylmethyl)-2,6-dimethyl- Bone turn-over markers (BTM), 2405, 2414 pyridine, 992 Bonistein®, 2415 3,30-Bis(4,6-dibromo-3-methylthio) indole, 33 Bonnemaisonia Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo(III) B. asparagopsis, 2889 pentafluorobenzene, 262 B. hamifera, 2889 Bis-[O-(14-benzoylaconine-8-yl)]esters, 1513 B. nootkana, 2889 Bis-[O-(14-benzoylaconine-8-yl)]-suberate, 1513 Bonnemaisoniaceae, 2888 Biting gnats, 4076 Bonnemaisoniales, 2888–2889 Bitter, 3780 Borage, 1738 lupins, 157, 161 Boraginaceae, 1552 orange, 290 Borate buffers, 1169 Bitterness, 2258, 2334, 2342, 2346 Borneol, 2735, 4047 Blackberry, 1719 Bornyl angelate, 2976 , 311, 317, 318, 337 Boronella, 730 Bladder cancer, 2214 Boronia, 723 Blades, 2777 Boronic acid, 3859 Blatella germanica, 4100 Bortezomib, 2221 Bleaching agent, 984 Boschnaloside, 3047 Bleekeria, 590 Bosistoa, 761 Blocking of neuronal channels, 897 Bostrychia Blood, 1077 B. calliptera, 2891 Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 52, 1251, 2478, B. radicans, 2892 2482, 2619 B. tenella, 2892 Blood diseases, 3477 Bottleneck, 1633 Blood flow, 4124 Botulinum , 296 Blood pressure, 1737, 3668, 3675–3677, 3681, Bouchardatia, 732 3682, 3684, 3720, 3810 Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1780 Blood purifier, 3477 Bower Manuscript, 3664 Blood vessels, 1442 Bowman-Birk inhibitor, 2416 Blowflies, 4075 Box fermentation, 1609 Blueberry, 1719 Brachycerine, 138 Blueing phenomenon, 536 Brahmi, 3641 Blue light, 3925, 3927, 3929, 3933, 3936, Brahmoside, 3962 3937, 3945–3948 Brain, 2592, 2593, 2598, 2599, 4068 Blumea balsamifera, 2984 Brain protection, 3966 B-lymphocyte, 991 Branch point, 701 BMC. See Bone Mineral Content (BMC) Brassicaceae, 176, 851 BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD) Brassica napus, 3592 B-16 melanoma, 988 Brassinolide, 3852 BN-52021, Ginkgolide B, 3710, 3721, 3726 Brassinosteroid (BR), 3591, 3852 b-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), 41 Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1), 3856 Boenninghausenia, 732 Brassinosteroid-insensitive 2 (BIN2), 3856 Bog rhubarb, 979 Br2C:CHCHO carbonyldiiodide, 2888 Boiling, 2335, 2351 BrCH2CH2I, 2889 Boiling kettle, 2347 BR-derived boronates, 3860 Bombyx mori, 4096 Breast, 1316 Bone disorders, 2449 Breast cancer, 2212, 2448, 4120 Bone fracture, 2413 Breast cancer cell, 3964 Bone fracture risk, 2405 Breast carcinoma, 1836 Bone mineral content (BMC), 2405 Breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7), Bone mineral density (BMD), 2405, 3479 2414, 2448 Breast-feeding, 3686 4172 Index

Breeding, 2854, 2855, 2861–2863, 2866, 2871, Buffers, 2118 2873–2875 Bulbs, 3664, 3665, 3667 Breeding aim, 1603 Bulbus Lycoridis, 1188 BRI. See Bromoindole (BRI) Bulleyaconitine, 1507 BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), Burning sensation, 1417 3856 Burundanga, 292 b-ring carotenoids, 3369 2,3-Butanediol, 2896 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2784 t-Butanol, 3333 British pharmacopeia (BP), 3664 Butoxypolypropylene glycol (repellent), 4077 Broken nibs, 1603 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 3670 Brombya, 737 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 3389, 3670 Brominated 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 6-Butylcyclo-1,4-heptadiene, 2894 2893 3-Butyl-4-vinylcyclopentene, 2894 1-Bromo-2-chloro(1-octene-3-ones), 2889 Butyric acid (BU), 2884 (Z)-1-Bromo-1-chlorovinyl group, 980 Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE/BChE), 1247, Bromocresol (BC), 2884 1527, 1529 Bromocryptine, 707 Byproducts, 2600, 2602, 2603 Bromodeoxyuridine, 1445 1-Bromo-2,3-dichloro(1-octene-3-ones), 2889 Bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BH), 2884 C Bromoindole (BRI), 32, 33, 1212 C8 phase, 1086 Bromophenol (BP), 2884, 2905 C18 phase, 1086, 3385 2-Bromophenol (2-BP), 2905 C-18, C-19, C-20, C-22, and C-25 4-Bromophenol (4-BP), 2905 (Quassinoids), 3347 Bronchial, 1964 C30 phase, 3385 asthma, 3477 Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines, 2265 muscle, 3991 C7a-C6bg-lactone ring, 3090 Bronchitis, 3477 Cachinol, 3051 Bronchodilator, 1225 4-Cadainene, 2895 Broncho-vasodilatory activity, 3652 Cadaverine, 389 Broomrapes, 3585 Cadelene, 2893 BR signaling pathway, 3866 Cadinene, 2895, 2907 Brucea, 3780 b-Cadinene, 2986 Bruceantin, 3778, 3784 1-Cadinol, 2894 Bruceins, 3778 a-Cadinol, 2887 Bruceolide, 3778 Caespitane, 2892 Bruch’s membrane, 3927, 3928, 3939–3941 Caespitol, 2892 Bruchus chinensis, 4091 Caffeic, 1549, 1954, 1960 Brucine, 590, 1451 , 1629, 1657, 2164 Brusatol, 3778 aspartate, 1605 Bryophytes, 1914 ester of arabinosyl 5-O-apigeninidin, 1569 Bryopsidales, 2903 phenyl ester, 2443 BSA. See Bovine serum albumin (BSA) , 151, 153, 154, 160, 955, 1178, 1181, BTM. See Bone turn-over markers (BTM) 1353–1355, 2567 B-type and one A-type linkage, 1759 content, 955 Bubble column, 2777 synthase, 959 bioreactor, 188, 197 Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), 954 V-shaped, 1701 Caffeine-producing transgenic, 971 BuChE. See Butyrylcholinesterase Caffeoylhistamine, 876 (BuChE/BChE) Ca2+ influx, 3994 Budd–Chiari syndrome, 1387 Cajaflavanones, 2162, 2164 Bufalin, 3747, 3748 CAL A. See Callophycin A (CAL A) Index 4173

Calanolide B, 1551 SAR, 654, 659 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 1371 total synthesis, 651 , 2364, 2405, 2414 Can act as LXR ligands, 3446 balance, 2406 Cancer(s), 588, 847, 1311, 1444, 1460, 2326, channels, 3996, 4069 2439, 2583, 2591, 2592, 2594, 2596, handling, 3995 2598, 2605, 2959, 3188, 3485, 3488, signal, 2367 3489, 3506, 3525, 3626, 3752, 3783, Calibration, 3380 3875–3910, 3995 Calibration curves, 3315, 3336 cell lines, 1447 Caligus elongatus, 4076 chemoprevention, 3477 Callilepis laureola (Impila), 1384 chemopreventive activity, 2296, 2302 Callophycin A (CAL A), 31 pain, 1380 Callophycus prevention, 2401, 2643 C. oppositifolius,31 progression, 2409 C. tridentifer, 2890 Cancerogenic, 4121, 4122 Callosobruchus maculatus, 4098 Cancerostatic, 991 Callus cultures, 186 Cancer stem cell (CSC), 2206, 2297 Calmodulin, 2364, 4068 Candida albicans, 2906, 4008, 4126 Caloglossa leprieurii,31 Candida spp., 1310 Calonectrin, 3131 Cannabichromanone, 3423 Calorie restriction, 2300 (CBC), 3420 Calystegine A-group, 350 Cannabicoumaronone, 3423 Calystegine B-group, 350 Cannabicyclol (CBL), 3422 Calystegine C-group, 350 (CBD), 3417, 3420, 3425, 3428, Calystegines, 177, 184, 350, 1169 3430 Cambodia, 533 Cannabielsoin (CBE), 3421 Camellia Cannabifuran (CBF), 3421 C. assamica, 955 (CBG), 3417, 3429, 3430 C. ptilophylla (cocoa tea), 956 (CBGA), 3418 C. sinensis, 955 Cannabimovone (CBM), 3420 Ca2+ Mg2+-ATPase, 4068 Cannabinaceous, 413 cAMP, 3327, 4115, 4129, 4130 Cannabinodiol, 3420 Camphene, 4098 (CB), 4117, 4118 , 2734, 2735, 2984, 2998, 4141, Cannabinoid (CB) receptors, 3417, 3424, 4117 4145, 4146 Cannabioxepane (CBX), 3422 Camptotheca acuminata, 647, 1178 Cannabiripsol, 3422 Camptothecin (CPT), 667, 670, 671 Cannabisol, 3422 Camptothecins, 644, 645, 650, 651, 654, 659, sativa L., 2986, 4117, 4119 661, 667, 1179 Cannabitetrol, 3422 biological activity, 661 Cannabitriol, 3422 bioproduction, 671 Cannabivarins, 3419, 3426 biosynthesis, 659 Canola, 1735, 1737 chemistry, 650 Canola oil, 1736 conjugates, 670 Canteyoside, 3047 delivery, 667 Canteyoside dimethyl acetal, 3047 formulation, 645 Canthaxanthin, 3369 history, 644 Capacity factors, 2112 isolation, 647 Capacity to modulate cytokine production, 3449 occurence, 647 Capillaries, 1102 other activity, 670 Capillary electrochromatography (CEC), 1181 prodrugs, 667 Capillary electrophoresis (CE), 180, 1032, reviews, 647 1064, 1074, 1128, 4031 4174 Index

Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry a-Carotene, 3256, 3258, 3263–3265, 3369, (CE-MS), 1033, 1182 4020, 4022 Capillary gas chromatography, 3144 b-Carotene, 1736, 2680, 2830, 2855, 2857, Capillary-like structures, 1446 2858, 2860–2866, 2868–2870, Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), 1033, 2872, 2874, 2875, 3369, 4020–4025, 1104, 1148, 1157 4028, 4031 Caproic acid (CA), 2885 d-carotene, 3390 Caprylic acid (CAP), 2885 z-Carotene, 4019 , 1456 Carotenes, 1730, 2787, 4019, 4027 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 864 Carotenogenesis, 2861, 2869 Capsiate, 1458 Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, 1731 Capsicum Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD)7, C. annuum L., 1457 3588, 3596 C. frutescens L., 1457 Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD)8, Carbamates, 63, 4065 3588, 3596 Carbamate , 54 Carotenoid 3-hydroxyisorenieratene, 1546 Carbamoyl side-chain, 54, 59 Carotenoids, 1717, 1719, 1729, 2469, 2567, O-Carbamoyltransferase, 61 2680, 2734, 2737, 2744, 2763, 2787, Carbamylcholine chloride, 3656 2815, 2824, 2826, 2836, 2855, 2856, Carbaryl, 4077 2860–2862, 2867–2870, Carbinol, 2468, 2475 2873–2875, 3925, 3928–3930, carbinol base, 2468 3933–3935, 3937, 3940, 3942, 3948 Carbocations, 3081, 3085 Carpolobia, 3206 Carbohydrate, 3665 Carpolobia alba, 3211 b-Carboline, 554–563, 565–569 Carrageenan, 3655 Carbolines, 1170 Carrier-mediated, 2471 Carbon assimilation pathways, 1633 antiport, 2471 Carbon dioxide, 230 symport, 2471 Carbon fluxes, 1570, 1634 uniport, 2471 Carbonium ions, 369 Carteramine, 268 8-Carbon polyketoacid, 896 Carum carvi, 2978 Carbon source, 103 , 2976, 2977, 2980, 2997, 4097, N-Carboxyisoserine, 991 4133–4137, 4143 Carboxylic acid, 979, 988 Carveol, 4047 Carcinogenesis, 2320, 3149 Carvone (CAR), 2887, 2901, 2902, 2978, Cardiac action, 944 3079, 3081 Cardiac fibroblasts, 3570 Caryomene olivasans, 1287 Cardiac ion channels, 63 Caryophyllene, 2925, 3521, 4116, 4118, 4119 Cardiac myocytes, 3569 b-Caryophyllene, 2986, 2989, 2997, 3427 Cardioprotective, 1941, 2591, 2594 Carzinophilin/Carzinophyllin, 988 Cardioprotective activity, 3967 Case-control study, 1835 Cardiopulmonary bypass, 1516 Casimidine, 864 Cardiopulmonary failure, 63 Casimiroa, 718 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 1811, 2362, Casimiroa edulis, 864 2372, 2373, 2449, 2466, 3667 Caspase-3, 1449, 3429, 3557 Cardiovascular health, 2298 Caspases, 1313, 3523, 4118, 4127, 4135, 4137, Cardiovascular problems, 3477 4138, 4144 Cardiovascular protection, 3622 Cassia, 1554 d-3-Carene, 2983 Castela, 3780 Carinatumin A, 1248 Castilleja indivisa, 158 Carinatumin B, 1248 Castor beans, 296 Carlactone, 3588 Catalase, 699, 2184, 3713, 4113, 4114, 4127, Carmagerol, 3420 4132 Index 4175

Catalpol, 3057, 3058 Caulersin (CLS), 31 Catalytic domains, 61 Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, 192 Cataract, 1964 Caveolin 1, 2364 Catechin, 2314, 2335, 2342, 2452, 2568 CB. See Cannabinoid (CB) (+)-Catechin, 1605 CB1-receptor, 4117 Catechinpyrylium, 1784 CBD. See Cannabidiol (CBD) Catechins, 1178, 2285, 2334 CBG. See Cannabigerol (CBG) Catechol, 1548 CB2-receptor, 4117 Catecholamines, 598, 967 CCa. See Colon cancer (CCa) Catechol melanins, 1564 CCC. See Countercurrent chromatography Catechol-O-methyl transferase, 2475 (CCC) b-Catenin, 2194 C6-C3-C6, 2108 Catha edulis, 1221 CCR7 breast cancer cell, 3485 Catharanthine, 88, 90, 94, 97–99, 102–110, CDF-difluorinated , 2206 579, 584, 587, 588, 1123 C18-diterpenoid , 1507 Catharanthus, 577, 578 C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, 1505 Catharanthus roseus, 101, 1454 C19 diterpenoid group, 1506 anticancer, 2094 CDKI. See CDK inhibitors (CKI) anti-diabetic, 2094 CDK inhibitors (CKI), 2186 antioxidant activity, 2104, 2105 CD95L, 2199 benzoic acids, 2098, 2105 cDNA library, 3572 flavonoids, 2100, 2103–2105 C-domain, 703 anthocyanins, 2101, 2104 CDs. See Cyclodextrins (CDs) isorhamnetin glycosides, 2101 CE. See Capillary electrophoresis (CE) glycosides, 2101 CEC. See Capillary electrochromatography glycosides, 2101 (CEC) hydroxycinnamic acids, 2098, 2104, 2105 Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 3966 Cathepsin B, 987, 988 b-Cedrene, 2988 Cathepsin L, 987, 988 Celastraloids, 3477 Cathinone, 913 b-Cell, 1304 Cation radical, 260 Cell and organ cultures, 2765 Cats, 4071, 4077, 4078 Cell apoptosis, 2401 Cattle, 4070 Cell-based assay, 2675 Caucasian, 2409 Cell cultures, 92, 98, 101–110, 1685, 1686, Caulerpa 1688, 1690–1700, 1702, 1704, C. ashmeadii,31 1706, 1959 C. cactoides, 2904 Cell cycle, 1448, 2186 C. lamourouxii,31 Cell death, 1313, 3995 C. microphysa,31 Cell differentiation, 102, 188 C. paspaloides,31 Cell differentiation inducers, 3481 C. peltata,31 Cell differentiation induction, 3477, 3481 C. prolifera,31 Cell division, 3862 C. racemosa,31 Cell growth, 1210 C. racemosa var. clavifera,31 Cell immobilization, 101 C. racemosa var. laetevirens,31 Cell inoculum densities, 103 C. racemosa var. macrophysa,31 Cell lines, 2770, 3478 C. scalpelliformis,31 Cell proliferation, 1313, 2302, 2466, 3527, C. serrulata,31 4113, 4114, 4117, 4120, 4126, C. sertularioides,31 4142, 4150 C. taxifolia,31 Cell signaling cascades, 2328 Caulerpaceae, 2904 Cell signaling pathways, 2176 Caulerpales, 2904 Cells suspension culture, 3110–3115 Caulerpin (CLP), 31, 1210 Cell suspensions, 186 4176 Index

Cell, tissue cultures, 2800 Chalcone isomerase (CHI), 1654, 1825, 1877, Cell-to-cell communication, 3525 1878 Cellular adherence, 2327 Chalcones, 1653, 1828, 1868, 1869, Cellular cycle, 2960 1871–1875, 1877, 1878, 1883, 1884, Cellular systems, 215, 232, 245 1887, 1889, 1890, 2468, 2475 Cellular toxicity, 1670 Chalcone synthase (CHS), 1654, 1688, 1825, Cell walls, 1691, 1694, 1695 1869, 1884 CE-MS. See Capillary electrophoresis–mass Chamaelirosides, 3236, 3242 spectrometry (CE-MS) Chamazulene, 2988, 2991 Centaurium erythraea, 2956 b-Chamigrene, 2988 Centella, 2764 Chapparinone, 3785 Centellosides, 2766 Characteristic features, 890 Central depressants, 1209 Characterization, 2318 Centrally acting analgesic agents, 1515 Charaka-Samhita, 3664 Central muscle-weakening action, 944 Charales, 3598 Central nervous system (CNS), 64, 317, 332, Charcoal column chromatography, 3329 334, 338, 967, 3642, 4115, 4116, Charophyceae, 1545 4129, 4141, 4149, 4150 Chavicine, 311, 337 Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), CH2Br2, 2894, 2896, 2897, 2899 2145, 2147, 2148, 2150–2153, CHBr3, 2888, 2889, 2893, 2894, 2897, 2899, 2155–2166 2905 Centrilobular congestion, 373 CHBr2Cl, 2888, 2894, 2896, 2899 Cephalomannine, 2803 CHBrCl2, 2888, 2894, 2896, 2899, 2905 Cephalotaxus CH2Br2Cl, 2897 C. fortunei Hook F, 1453 CH3CH2CH2I, 2894, 2896, 2899 C. harringtonia K. Koch var. harringtonia, CH3CHICH3, 2894, 2896, 2899 1453 CH2CII, 2896, 2899 Ceramiaceae, 2891 C3H6Cl2, 2902 Ceramiales, 2891 ChE. See Cholinesterase (ChE) Ceramium rubrum, 28, 2891, 2904 Chebuloyl, 1978 Ceratitis capitata, 4094 Cheese effect, 1208 Cerberidol, 3030 Cheilosporum sagittatum, 2889 Cereals, 1134, 1135, 1138–1140, 1149 , 1167, 1170 Cerebral blood flow, 3703, 3706, 3721 Chelidonium majus, 1166 Cerebral embolism, 3703 Chemical(s), 3289 Cerebral flow, 2301 classification, 218 Cerebral insufficiency, 3705, 3708, 3720–3723 defence theory, 965 Cerebral ischemia, 1307 ionization, 3397 Cerebral ischemic injury, 3721–3723 and physical characterization, 216 Cerebral oedema, 3720 preservatives, 3978 Cerebrovascular resistance, 3706 structures, 361, 891, 2385, 2441 C-fibers, 1371 substances, 1505 C-6G. See -6-glucuronide (C-6G) synthesis, 57 C-glucosidic ellagitannins, 1979, 1983, 1986, warfare agent, 57 2002, 2003 Chemical penetration enhancers (CPE), cGMP, 2365 3758, 3762 CGRP. See Calcitonin gene-related peptide Chemiluminescence, 1086 (CGRP) Chemistry of Cinchona alkaloids, 615 C15H24, 3519 Chemistry of stilbenoids, 2278 Chaetomium, 815 Chemoattractant, 336 Chaetomorpha basiretorsa,33 Chemo-induced tumors, 2402, 2403 Chagas’ disease, 816, 2682 Chemokine, 1811 Index 4177

Chemoprevention, 2177, 2179 Chlorogenic, 1954 Chemopreventive, 2598, 2601, 4114, Chlorogenic acid, 1549, 2150 4115, 4127 Chloromethylated polystyrene matrix, action, 2643 3332, 3333 effects, 1412 2-(4-Chlorophenyl-thio) triethylamine, 2787 potential, 1422 Chlorophyll A, 3176 Chemo-profiles, 2960 Chlorophylls, 1385, 2695, 2763, 3373 Chemoprotective, 3483, 4119, 4126 Chlorophyta, 2901–2904 Chemoreceptor trigger zone, 1374 Chloroplasts, 63, 972, 1732, 2856, 2858 Chemorepellent, 336, 337 Chloroplast system, 984 Chemo-sensitizing, 2176 Chloroquine, 629 Chemotactic activity, 336 Chlorpyrifos, 4075 Chemotaxonomic marker, 3221 Chocolate production, 1610 Chemotaxonomic studies, 940 Choisya, 729 Chemotaxonomy, 3174, 3540 Cholesterol, 1305, 1812, 2446, 2471, Chemotherapeutic, 3489, 4114, 2668, 3819 4115, 4117 Cholesterol biosynthesis, 3668 agent, 978, 997 Choline, 1732 drugs, 990, 1316 Cholinergic, 1333, 2406, 3709, 3715 Chemotherapy, 1279, 1445, 3525 effects, 1246 Chemotypes, 2976, 3540, 4090 hypothesis, 1526 Chenopodium ambrosioides, 2982, 2984 receptors, 1343 (1-, 2-) C3H7I, 2897 symptoms, 1249 CH2I2, 2894, 2897, 2899, 2905 synapses, 41 C2H5I, 2897 Cholinesterase (ChE), 1334, 1335 CH3I, 2888, 2893, 2894, 2899 inhibitions, 1527 C4H9I, 2897 inhibitors, 1527, 1529–1531, 1535 Chick embryo, 1455 Chondria Childhood, 2408 C. armata,31 Children, 2416 C. crassicaulis, 2892 Children (neonates/infants), 374 C. succulenta, 2892 Chilling injury, 1565, 2788 Chondrus Chimeric cytochrome P450 , 1632 C. crispus, 2890 Chinese, 2409, 2422 Chordaceae, 2898 herbal medicine, 1303 Chordariaceae, 2896 medicine, 1399 Chorda tomentosa (Halosiphon tomentosus), method, 4043 2898 traditional medicine, 1243 Choreoathetosis, 4065, 4067 women, 2409 Choriocapillaris, 3927, 3928, 3940, 3941 Chinotoxine, 615 Chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase CHIP-2 regulations, 3541 (CM/PDH), 14–15 Chiral, 2109 Chorismic acid, 536 Chiral selectors, 607 Choristoneura rosaceana, 4095 Chitosan, 1694, 1703 Choroidopathy, 1450 Chlamydia trachomatis, 1310 Chromano (benzopyrano) moiety, 1619 Chlorflavononin, 1824 Chromatic aberration, 3933, 3936 Chloride channels, 4067, 4069, 4096 Chromatographic, 1967, 3353 Chloride conductance, 4066 partitioning, 1177 Chloroacetic acid, 2896 separation, 2014, 2034–2035, 3313 Chloroacetic acid ethyl ester, 2896 techniques, 3370, 3520 Chlorodesmis major, 2903 Chromatography, 535, 2802, 4029 Chloroform, 3371, 3385 Chromatography in column, 1086 4178 Index

Chromodacryorrhea, 51 oil, 2676 Chromones, 1551 Cirrhosis, 1385 Chromophores, 3472 9-Cis-b-apo-100-carotenal, 3588 Chromophoric features, 693 9-Cis-b-carotene, 3588 Chromoplasts, 1732, 2788, 2856, 2860, 2861 Cis-3-butyl-4-vinylcyclopentene, 2895 Chronic anal fissures, 65 Cis conformation, 1756 Chronic gastric ulcers, 3652 Cis-isomers, 4066, 4069 Chronic illnesses, 3477 cis-Nepetalactone, 3029 Chronic inflammatory disorders, 1460 C20 isoprenoid precursor, 1730 Chronic pain, 1379 Cisplatin, 2215 Chronic studies, 3139 Cis-zeatin, 958, 963 Chrysanthemum parthenium, 2984 Citral, 2979, 4097, 4113, 4121, 4146–4148 Chrysin, 1658 b-Citraurin, 3369 , 1554 Citrifolinoside A, 3026 Chrysopogon zizanioides, 4089 Citronellal (CIT), 2885, 2978 Cicer arietinum, 1852 Citronella spp., 4089 Cichorium intybus, 1549 Citronellol, 2979, 2999 CID-MS/MS. See Collision-induced Citrus, 730, 1228–1230, 1877, 1879, 1880 dissociation tandem mass C. aurantifolia, 3542 spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) C. aurantium, 2979, 4112 Cigarette smoke, 3643 C. aurantium var. amara, 290 Cimex lectularius, 4094 C. bergamia R., 4089, 4099, 4128 Cinchona, 121 C. limon, 2979 alkaloids, 609, 615, 626 C. maxima, 4113 biological activity, 626 C. paradisi, 2982 biotechnological production, 632 C. reticulata, 2981 biotransformation, 633 C. sinensis, 2979, 2982, 4112, 4115 ecological role, 632 c-Jun-NH2-kinase mediated apoptosis, 3485 metabolism and toxicology, 633 Cladantholide, 3079, 3082 in stereoselective synthesis, 607 Cladobotryum, 806 bark, 608, 610 Cladophoraceae, 2903 Cinchonamine, 611 Cladophorales, 2903 Cinchonaminone, 631 Cladophora rupestris, 2903 Cinchonidine, 611 Cladophoropsis herpestica (Cladophora Cinchonine, 611, 630 herpestica), 2903 Cinchophyllamine, 611, 631 Cladostephus spongious, 2900 Cinchophylline. See Cinchophyllamine Claisen, 796 Cinchotoxine, 607 Claisen-condensation, 59, 61 1,8-Cineol, 2905, 2906, 2977, 2982 e-Class squalene synthases, 2715 Cineol (CI), 2885 Classes of pyrethroids, 4065 1,8-Cineole, 2682, 2906, 2977, 2982, 4089, Classes of withanolides, 3467 4140, 4141 Classifications, 484, 488, 1266, 1806, 2051 Cinerin I, 4062 Class II aminotransferase, 61 Cinerin II, 4062 Class II terpene cyclases, 2724 Cinnabar moth, 156 Class I terpene synthases, 2719 , 4089 Clausena, 744 Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 1654, Claviceps purpurea, 164, 1134, 1148, 1349 1688, 1825 Clavine-type alkaloids, 685 Cinnamic, 1953 Cleaning up, 1101 acid, 1629, 1809 Cleavage, 4069 alcohol, 4096 Clerodane, 3182 , 2984 Climate, 2588 Cinnamomum spp., 4116 Climate factors, 2410 Index 4179

Clinical, 2583, 2591, 2596, 2599 Cognitive, 3707–3709, 3717, 3720, 3727, complementary medicine, 1391 4123, 4136 effect, 63 activity, 4136 outcomes, 2328 disorder, 3707 studies, 2301, 2372 effects, 3644 symptoms, 1516 function, 2301, 2620, 2630 toxicology, 1391 improvement, 3219 trials, 1232, 1253, 1319, 2218, 2323, Cohort study, 1835 3165, 3166 Colchicine, 198, 461–476 uses, 1225 Colchicum, 463, 465, 466, 470 Cloned enzyme donor immunoassays, 1035 Coleonol, 3327 Cloverleaf structure, 2703 Coleoptera, 985 , 3664, 3666, 3671, 3673 Coleus CLP. See Caulerpin (CLP) C. aromaticus, 2981 [14C]-L-tryptophan, 697 C. forskohlii, 293, 3326 Cluster headaches, 543 Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), 3963 Clytostoma callistegioides, 4094 Collagen synthesis, 3965 CM/PDH. See Chorismate mutase/prephenate Collars for dogs, 4078 dehydrogenase (CM/PDH) Colletofragarones, 3477 13C-NMR, 332, 3476 Collision-induced dissociation (CID), 1060, CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) 3398, 3592 Coactivators, 1839 Collision-induced dissociation tandem Cocaine, 175, 351, 1012 mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS), Cocaine antigen–protein conjugates, 1035 3474 Cockroaches, 4077 Colloidal instability, 2335 Coclaurine-N-methyltransferase (CNMT), Colloidal stability, 2342 8–11, 21 Colon, 4118, 4120, 4127, 4133, 4136 Cocoa butter, 1603 Colon adenocarcinoma, 1836 Cocoa flavanols, 2509 Colon cancer (CCa), 2403, 3485 Cocoa genotypes, 1601 incidence, 2409 Co-contaminants, 3144 mortality, 2409 Coculture/Coculturing, 1628, 1659 Colon cancer cell, 3485 Codeine, 6, 11, 429, 430, 434, 437, 1073, 1169, Colon tissues, 2295 1170, 1172, 1181, 1369, 1370, Color, 1755, 1807, 2343, 2350 1376–1380 Color-developing agents, 3314 Codeine-6-glucuronide (C-6G), Colorectal cancer, 2302 1377 Colpomenia Codeinone, 430 C. bullosa, 2900 Codex Elsers, 3664 C. sinuosa, 31, 2900 Codiaceae, 2903 Column chromatography, 3197, 3328, Codiales, 2903 3376, 3647 Codium Column temperature, 1075 C. decorticatum,31 Combinatorial, 3347 C. fragile, 2903 Combinatorial biosynthesis, 1641, 1659 C. galeatum, 2903 Combined effect, 1698 C. lucasii, 2904 Combretastatin A-1, 1553 Codonopsis lanceolata, 2955 Combretastatin A-4, 1932 Coevolution theory, 1568 Combretastatins, 1903 Coexpression, 1632, 2832 Combretum caffrum, 1553 Cofactor, 374, 1633 Comfrey, 1053, 1061, 1385 Coffea arabica, 1353, 1639 Commercial essential oils, 3984 Coffee, 1353, 1354, 1959 Companion animals, 4072 Cognition, 1244 Comparison, 2419 4180 Index

Compartmentalization, 220, 233, 243 Convulsions, 136, 4065, 4079 Compensated, 2419 Copaifera Competetive binding assay, 1667 C. langsdorfii, 3002 Complex , 1979, 1986, 2003 C. officinalis, 3001 Compositae, 1869, 1871, 1877, 1887 Copelandia, 527 Compositae family, 3531 Copenatus, 788 Compounds, 2054, 2595 Co-pigmentation, 1781, 1787, 1805 MS/MS, 2054 Copigments, 1781, 1837 Comprehensive 2-year study, 2421 Copper, 374 Compressenolide, 3079 Copper-induced pathophysiological Comptonella, 728 conditions, 3477 Computational algorithms, 1671 Coptidis rhizoma, 1179, 1303 Concentrations, 1766, 2293, 2417, 2421, 2588, Coptis 2589, 2593, 2595, 2599, 2602, 2603 C. chinensis, 1181 Concentrations anthocyanin, 2265 C. chinensis Franch var. chinensis, 1446 Concordant, 2412 Coptisine, 445 m-Concotoxins, 64 Corallina Condensation, 2258 C. berteri, 2889 Condensed tannins, 1559, 1755 C. officinalis, 2889 Cone photoreceptor, 3927 C. rubens (Jania rubens), 2890 Cones, 2335, 2350, 3926, 3931, 3940 Corallinaceae, 2889 Conformation, 43, 1780 Corallinales, 2889–2890 Confounding factors, 2409, 2410, 2418 Cordia verbenacea, 4119 Confusion, 2410 Core microbiome, 2441 Conhydrine, 891 Coriandrum sativum, 2979, 4090 g-Coniceine, 891 Coriobacteriaceae, 2444 Conifers, 4089 Corn oil, 1736 Coniferyl alcohol, 1561 Coronary arterial calcification (CAC), 3683 Coniine, 884 Coronary flow-velocity reserve, 2300 Conium maculatum, 294 Coronary intervention, 2799 Conjugate, 4078 Coronatine, 2773 Conjugated ketone, 43 Corticosteroids, 4120 Conjugation reactions, 4069 Corticosterone, 3707, 3711, 3719 Conocybe, 527 Cortinarius, 789 Constipation, 1374 Cortisol, 1374 Constituents, 3664, 3665, 3667, 3668, Corydalis spp., 1175, 1183 3684–3686 Corynanthe, 577 Constitutive, 1735 Corynanthe pachyceras, 1288 Constitutive defense, 2931 Corynanthe-type, 596 Construction test, 2414 Corynascus, 807 Consumer goods, 3984 Corynin, 596 Consumers, 2496, 2497, 2501, 3978 Corytuberine, 11, 20 Consumption of wine, 2278 Corytuberine synthase (CYP80G2), 11 Contamination, 3978 Cosmetic products, 3289 Contents, 1806 Cosmetics, 4049 Contraception, 2420 Cosmetic treatments, 65 Contraceptives, 2751 Costariaceae, 2898 Controlled release, 354 Costaria costata, 2898 Controversy, 2415 Cost-effective, 2770 Convallaria majalis, 4126 Costunolide, 3081, 3083 Convolvidine, 354 Cotton bollworm, 160 Convolvulaceae, 176 Coulometric detector, 2120 effects, 1207 Coumarate-CoA ligase, 1654, 1688 Index 4181

Coumaric, 1549, 1592, 1629, 1705, 1706, Culicoides spp., 4070 1958, 2346, 2348 Cultivar type (phenolic compounds), 1719 Coumarins, 1549, 2346 Cultivation conditions, 226, 228 Coumaroylbarlerin, 3055 Cultivation site (phenolic compounds), 1719 4-Coumaroyl-CoA, 1762 Culture conditions, 101, 103, 107, 229 60-O-trans-p-Coumaroylgeniposide, 3058 Culture medium, 1692–1696, 1698, 1705 8-p-Coumaroylharpagide, 3044 , 4089 p-Coumaroylhistamine, 876 Cupreidine, 619 p-Coumaryl alcohol, 1561 Cupreine, 619 Coumestrol, 1830, 1850, 2385 Cupressaceae, 4095 Countercurrent chromatography (CCC), 1055, Cupressus lusitanica, 2781 1062, 2147, 2165 Curare, 294 COX-1. See Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Curare-like activity, 947 COX-2. See Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Curcuma C-6 oxidation, 3854 C. aromatica, 2985 CPC. See Centrifugal partition C. longa, 2985 chromatography (CPC) Curcumin, 2225 CPT. See Camptothecin (CPT) Curcuminoids, 1654 CR. See p-Cresol (CR) Curcuminoid synthase, 1654 Cratoxylum pruniflorum, 1553 Curvularins, 3477 C-reactive protein (CRP), 3683 Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), 1265 p-Cresol (CR), 2887, 2892, 2897, 2899, Cutoff values, 1083 2901–2903, 2907 Cut test, 1609 Crinitol, 2896 CY. See p-Cymene (CY) Criollo, 1600 Cyanidin, 1664, 2467, 2469, 2475, Critical fluid extraction, 1123 2476, 2478 Crooked calf disease, 395 Cyanobacteria, 41, 54, 59, 63, 1292, 3252–3254, Crop diseases, 3976 3257–3259, 3263, 3265, 3266, 3273 Crop yield, 3865 Cyclases, 42, 4041 Cross-linking of DNA, 370 Cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase, 967 Cross-talk, 2399 Cyclic peptides, 41 Cruciferous vegetables, 2676 Cyclin D1, 2186 Crude forskolin, 3330–3332 Cycloartane, 3237 Cryptadine B, 1248 Cycloartenol, 445, 3237, 3243 Cryptochrome 2, 1736 Cyclobutane, 978 Cryptopleurine, 1455 Cyclocerberidol, 3032 Cryptorchidism, 2418 b-Cyclocitral, 2891, 2892 Cryptotanshinone, 2783 Cyclodextrins (CDs), 106, 107, 1103, 1172, a-Cryptoxanthin, 3378 1178, 1188, 1695, 1698, 1699, 1703, b-Cryptoxanthin, 3369, 4020 1706, 1707 Crystallization, 3330, 3370 b-Cyclohomocitral, 2891, 2892 CS and T syndromes, 4067 Cyclooxygenase (COX), 2366, 4006 CSC. See Cancer stem cell (CSC) Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 3482 CSEI, 1104 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 1306, 1590, 1938, CS syndrome, 4065 2182, 2679, 3477, 3482, 4114, 4119, C-toxins, 55 4134, 4147 (-)-cubenol, 2895 Cyclophosphamide, 2216 Cucumis sativus, 3587 Cyclopropylcarbinyl cation, 2715 Cucurbitacin R, 2679 Cyfluthrin, 4063, 4065, 4070, Cucurbita pepo, 4101 4075, 4078 Culex Cyhalothrin, 4063, 4065, 4068, 4075 C. nubeculosus, 4071 Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii,58 C. quinquefasciatus, 4071 Cylindrospermum,47 4182 Index

Cymbopogon, 2979 activity, 1210, 1212, 3236 C. citratus, 2979, 4098, 4128 effect, 1512, 4120 C. nardus, 2979, 2998, 4095 Cytotoxicity, 695, 945, 980, 981, 983, 990, C. sennarensis, 2981 998, 1285, 1446, 3144, 3477, 3479, p-Cymene (CY), 2887, 2892, 2897, 2899, 3517, 3522, 3542, 3787, 3963 2901–2903, 2907, 2976 CZE. See Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) Cynara cardunculus L. subsp scolymus (L.) Hayek, 1566 Cynometra, 867 D CYP711A1, 3596 Dahlia spp, 1553 CYP71AV1, 3082 Daidzein, 1655, 1830, 1851, 2388, 2437 CYP80B, 8, 11, 17 Daidzin, 1655, 1851, 2447 CYP719B1, 13 Dairy cattle, 4075 CYP71BL1, 3083 Daldinia, 1564 CYP71BL2, 3083, 3085 Damalinia bovis, 4069 CYP2D6, 11 Damascenone, 2989 Cypermethrin, 4063, 4068, 4072, 4074, 4076, Damascone, 2989 4078, 4079 Dammarane, 3647 Cyp80F1, 184 Danaines, 157, 162 Cysteine proteases, 980, 987, 988, 1270 1D and 2D NMR, 935 Cystocloniaceae, 2890 DAS. See Diallyl sulfide (DAS) Cystoclonium purpureum, 28, 2890 DAT. See Deacetylvindoline-4-O- Cystophora acetyltransferase (DAT) C. intermedia, 2897 Date rape drug, 292 C. moniformis, 2897 Datura, 3467, 3471 Cystoseira D. alba, 160 C. barbata, 2896 D. met, 3480 C. crinita, 2896 D. metel, 3476 C. stricta var. amentacea, 2896 D. stramonium, 291 C. stricta var. spicata (Cystoseira Daucol, 2988 amantacea var. spicata), 2896 Daucus carota, 2988 C. trinodis (Sirophysalis trinodis), 2896 Davana oil, 2988 Cystoseiraceae, 2896 Davanone, 2988 Cytisine, 1347, 1350 2,4-DBA, 2893, 2902 Cytochrome c, 1313 3,5-DBC, 2893 Cytochrome P450, 1252, 1659, 2179, 2803, 3,5-DBH, 2893 2820, 2821 DBP. See Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) enzymes, 2683, 4083 2,4-DBP, 2886–2893, 2895–2904 inhibitor, 1638 2,6-DBP, 2886–2891, 2895–2898, 2900–2905 reductase, 1659 DDXXD motif (biosynthesis of terpenoids), Cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily 2710, 2712 A (CYP11A), 2744 DDXX(D,E) motif (biosynthesis of Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP), terpenoids), 2719 702, 3129, 3588 Deacetyl asperulosidic acid, 3057 Cytokines, 1443, 2405, 3704 10-Deacetylbaccatin III, 2957 Cytokinins (CKs), 956, 963, 3198, 3591 7-Deacetylforskolin, 3332 Cytomegalovirus, 1310 Deacetylvindoline-4-O-acetyltransferase Cytomegaly, 1386 (DAT), 584 Cytoprotective effect of , 1411 4-O-Deacetylvinflunine, 1129 Cytotoxic, 123, 599, 848, 980–983, 990, 991, 4-O-Deacetylvinorelbine, 1129 993, 994, 998, 999, 1455, 2326, 3243, Debittering processes, 398 3244, 3467, 3478, 3480, 3485, 3863, Debromoaxinohydantoin, 268 3994, 4009, 4118, 4125, 4138, 4150 Decadienal, 2090, 2887, 2891, 2892 Index 4183

(2E,4E)-Decadienal, 2887 Deltamethrin, 4063, 4065, 4067, 4068, 4070, (2E,4Z)-Decadienal, 2887 4071, 4076, 4077 Decaffeinated coffee beans, 970 Dementia, 697, 1333, 1334, 1338, 1353, 2278, Decaloside, 3017 2621, 2623, 2624, 3707, 3708, 3716 Decanoic acid, 2887 9a-Demethyl mitomycin A, 984 1-Decanol, 2891 Dendritic spine density, 2406 2-Decanone, 2891, 2892 Dendritic spine growth, 2406 Decarboxylation, 49, 2347, 2348 Dennettia tripetala, 4094 2,4,7-Decatrienal, 2902 Densitometric analysis, 3334 (E)–2-Decenal, 2891, 2892 Denticin (DTC), 1212 Dedifferentiation, 190 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins, 1569 De-epoxy NIV, 3134 5-Deoxyantirrinoside, 3017 Deer flies, 4076 6-Deoxycatalpol, 3019 De-esterification, 1517 Deoxycholate, 1274 N-Deethylaconine, 934 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7- De-etiolated 1 (DET1), 2835 phosphate synthase (DAHPS), Defense, 3181 14, 15 Defense system, 3522 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP), 90, Deglucosylation, 3506 2698, 2741 Deglycosylation, 2442 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) Degradation, 3611 pathway, 2671, 3102, 3103 byproducts, 4025 7-Deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, 3022 of caffeine, 961 5-Deoxylamiol, 3021 kinetics, 2805 Deoxypumiloside, 659 products, 51 5-Deoxystrigol, 3586 Degree of polymerization (dp), 1787, 5-deoxystrigol, 3588 2264 Deoxyxylulose, 3175 Deguelin, 2191, 2204 Deoxyxylulose phosphate (DXP), 2991 Dehydration to the dehydropyrrolizidine Deoxyxylulose phosphate/methylerythritol alkaloids, 368 phosphate pathway, 3418 6-Dehydrochamaelirosides, 3236 Deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway, 2696, 2698 Dehydrocostuslactone, 3592 Dephosphorylation, 533 Dehydrodicatechin A, 2343 Depolarization, 47, 4083 (DHEA), 2740 Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, 42 Dehydroevodiamine, 1532 Deprea, 3467 Dehydrogeissoschizine, 92, 94, 96 Deprea orinocensis, 3471 Dehydrogeosmin, 2989 Depression, 1307, 4079 Dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP) Depsipeptides, 41 unit, 1978, 1989 Derivatization, 44, 1073, 1074, 1105, 1185, 2083 2,3-Dehydropilosinine, 869 Derivatized BR (brassinosteroids), 3859 Dehydropiperidine, 320 Dermacentor reticulatus, 4071 Dehydroxylation, 2442 Dermal toxicity, 4099 Delaumonones, 3348 Dermatitis, 3087, 3094 Delesseriaceae, 2891 Desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase Delesseria sanguinea, 28, 2891 (D4H), 587 Deleterious effects of b-amyloid, 2406 15-Desacetylundulatone, 3785 Delisea pulchra, 2889 Descending mode (CPC), 2150, 2163, 2164 Delphinidin, 1831, 2467 Desmarestia Delphinium D. aculeata, 28, 2893 D. anthriscifolium, 927 D. anceps, 2894 D. yunnanense, 928 D. menziesii, 2894 D9- (D9-THC), 3417, D. viridis, 28, 2894 3421, 3425, 3428 Desmarestiaceae, 2893–2894 4184 Index

Desmarestiales, 2893–2894 2,6-Dibromophenol (2,6-DBP), 2886–2891, O-Desmethyl-angolensin, 2398, 2446 2893, 2895–2898, 2900–2905 Desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI), 181 S,S-2,3-Dicarboxyaziridine, 980 Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), 4,40-Dichloro-5,50-dibromo-7,70-dimethoxy- 1038 3,30-bis-1 H-indole, 33 DET1. See De-etiolated 1 (DET1) Dichloromethane (DCM), 2885, 2902, 3371 Detection, 1967 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2788 program, 2409 Dichroa febrifuga L., 1458 window, 1082 Dictamnus, 724 Detoxification, 2395 Dictyol C, 2895 Detrusor smooth muscle, 3992 Dictyol D, 2895 Devirilization, 2418 Dictyol H, 2895 Dexamethasone, 4119, 4120, 4147 Dictyoloma, 753 Dexterity, 2414 Dictyophora, 806 DH. See Double haploid (DH) Dictyoprolene, 2894 D4H. See Desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase Dictyoprolenol, 2895 (D4H) Dictyopterene A, 2894, 2895, 2900, 2901 Datura, 3476 Dictyopterene B, 2894, 2895, 2900, 2901 DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Dictyopterene C0, 2894, 2895, 2900 DHS34 gene, 1272 Dictyopterene D0, 2894, 2895 DHS-like gene (DHSL20), 1272 Dictyopteris DHT, 2413 D. australis, 2894 Diabetes, 1304, 1813, 3198, 3200, 3477, 3488, D. divaricata, 2894 3507, 3625, 4148 D. latiscula, 2894 Diabetes mellitus, 1304, 4138 D. membranacea (Dictyopteris Diabetes type 2, 4114 polypodioides), 2894 Diabetic neuropathy, 3656 D. plagiogramma, 2894 Diabetic retinopathy, 1444, 3723, 3724 D. prolifera, 2895 Diagnostic fragment ions, 3317 D. undulata, 2895 Diallyl disulfide (DADS), 3666 D. zonarioides, 2895 Diallyl sulfide (DAS), 3666–3668 Dictyota Diallyl trisulfide (DTS), 3666, 3667, 3677 D. cervicornis (Canistrocarpus Diarrhea, 3795 cervicornis), 2895 Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 3675, 3676 D. dentata (Dictyota mertensii), 2895 Diazepam, 4068, 4116, 4129, 4130 D. dichotoma, 2895 Diazinon, 4079 D. dichotoma var. implexa (Dictyota Diazocin, 412 implexa), 2895 Dibrominated S-antazirine, 980 D. divaricata (Dictyota implexa), 2895 Dibromoacrolein, 2889 Dictyotaceae, 2894 Dibromoanisole (DBA), 2885 Dictyotales, 2894–2896 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloro(1-octene-3-ones), 2889 Didehydro-orobanchol, 3586 2,3-Dibromo-1-chloro(1-octene-3-ones), 2889 1,9-Dideoxyforskolin, 3332 Dibromocresol (DBC), 2885 Didrovaltrate acetoxy hydrin, 3049 1,3-Dibromo-2-heptanone, 2889 Dielectric constant, 1175 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2893 Diels-Alder, 805 Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DBH), Diester-diterpene alkaloids, 1170 2885 Diesters, 362 3,3-Dibromo-1-iodo-2-heptanone, 2889 Diet, 2583, 2589–2592, 2594, 2595, 2600, 3,3-Dibromo-n-butylacrylic acid, 2889 2601 3,3-Dibromo-n-hexylacrylic acid, 2889 Dietary intake, 3440 Dibromophakellin, 270 Dietary intervention, 1740 Dibromophakellstatin, 270 Dietary supplement, 1245, 2564 Dibromophenol (DBP), 2885 Dietary surveys, 2407 Index 4185

Diethyl ether, 3373 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamoyl, 3207 Diferuloylmethane, 2225 Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), 2696, Differentiated cultures, 231 2698, 2672, 2705, 2741, 2744, 3943, Differentiation, 2403 3175, 3571, 4090 Diflomotecan, 666 4-Dimethylallyltransferase (4-DMATS), 697 200-Difluorovinblastine, 1129 Dimethylamine (DMA), 2885 Digallic, 1963 p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 1139 Digenea simplex, 2892 Dimethylamylamine, 290 Digestive action, 1404, 1426 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 1315 Digitalis, 3752 3,4-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2891, 2892 Digitalis purpurea, 295 Dimethyl disulfide (DMS), 2885, 2893, 2896, Digitalis spp., 1554 2899, 2901–2903 Digitoxin, 3747, 3750–3752 Dimethylformamide, 2896, 3373 Digoxin, 3745, 3749, 3750, 3752 Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 535, 540 Dihydroactinidiolide, 2887 Dinarmus basalis, 4098 3,4-Dihydro-4-arylcoumarins, 1555 Dinoflagellates, 53, 59, 63 (8S)-7,8-Dihydroaucubin, 3019 Di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate, 4077 2,3-Dihydro-3b-methoxyixocarpalactone A, Diode array detection, 2118 3484 Diode-array detector, 3387 2,3-Dihydro-3b-methoxyixocarpalactone B, Dioscin, 3228–3230 3484 Diosgenin, 3227–3230 Dihydrocapsiate, 1458 Dioxygenase, 61 Dihydrochalcones, 1883–1885 Dip formulation, 4076 2,3-Dihydrocitral, 2891, 2892 Diphasia, 741 Dihydrocorynantheol, 631 1,2-Diphenylethane, 1914 Dihydrodaidzein, 2444 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 4141 Dihydrodiols, 1670 Dips (immersion), 4083 , 707 Dipterocarpaceae, 1906 Dihydroergotoxine, 707 Direct Dihydroflavonol reductase, 1655 analysis in real time, 1038 Dihydroflavonols, 1815 defense, 2931 (2R,3R)-Dihydroflavonols (DHFs), 1825 Directed evolution, 1666 Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 1270 Dirigent protein model, 1562 Dihydroindole, 587 Discopodium, 3467 2,3-Dihydroixocarpalactone-B, 3484 Discorhabdin A, 261, 262 Dihydrokaempferol, 1762 Discorhabdin B, 264 Dihydroresveratrol, 2294 Discorhabdin C, 261 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I, 3567 Discorhabdin W, 264 Dihydrowithanolide D, 3481 Discorolides A, 3480 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylol, 2888 Discorolides B, 3480 7,8-Dihydroxycalonectrin, 3133 Discrepancies, 2388, 2415 11-Dihydroxydihydroquinine, 633 Disease prevention, 2423 6,7-Dihydroxygeraniol, 2999 Diseases, 1738, 2406, 2583, 2592, 2594, 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 1564 2596–2599, 2604 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Disorders, 2406 (3,4-DHPAA), 8 Dispacamides, 266 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, 2163 Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction Dihydroxy pigment (DHP) carotenoids, 3376 (DLLME), 1101 3a,6b-, 3b,6b-Dihydroxytropane, 348 Displacement mode, 2150, 2165 3a,7b-, 3b,7b-Dihydroxytropane, 348 Disposable pipette extraction (DPX), 1084, 1085 Dill ether, 2982 Disposition, 2471, 2473, 2479, 2481 Dimeric phenanthrenes, 1924 Disruption, 2406 Dimeric tropane alkaloids, 354 Distillate, 979 4186 Index

Distillation, 3977 , 1348, 1349, 1351, 1355, 3709, Distribution, 1230, 1232, 2321, 2471, 2473, 3710, 3718, 3719 2474, 2478, 2481, 3125, 3134, 3147 Dopaminergic neurotransmission, 1208 Distribution coefficient, 2147, 2148 Dorstenia zenkeri, 1555 3,6-and 3,7-Disubstituted-4-benzyltropanes, 352 Dose-dependent (bioconversion of flavonoids), 3,6-and 3,7-Disubstituted tropanes, 348 1631 Diterpene, 412 Doses, 2324, 2470, 2476, 2477, 2481, 3441 Diterpene alkaloid, 2948 Double-blind, 3669, 3673, 3676, 3678, 3682 Diterpenes, 2763 Double haploid (DH), 472–473 Diterpenoid(s), 2737, 2915, 2955, 3553 Downstream processing, 2771 alkaloids, 931 Doxorubicin (DOX), 3684 tanshinones, 2946, 2954 DOXP. See 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 2891, 2892 (DXP) 2,3-Dithiomethyl-4,6-dibromo-1 H-indole, 32 DPPH. See 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 2,3-Dithio-methyl-4,5,6-tribromo-1 H-indole, 33 (DPPH) Dithionite, 1054 DPPH radical scavenging assay, 4113 Diuretic, 3477, 3488 DPX. See Disposable pipette extraction DLD-1 4Ub-Luc cells, 3485 (DPX) d-LIM, 2899, 2902 Draught tube, 2777 DLLME. See Dispersive liquid-liquid Drimys winteri, 4094 microextraction (DLLME) Droseraceae, 1552 DMAPP. See Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate Drosophila (DMAPP) D. auraria, 4094 DMT. See Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) D. melanogaster, 4096 DNA, 528, 1319, 2771, 3704, 4113, 4118, Drought resistance, 1602 4119, 4125, 4127, 4134, 4135, 4138, Drought stress, 2927 4144, 4146 Drug(s), 978, 986, 990, 1002 activation tagging, 2953 abuse, 332, 334, 338, 1030 damage, 2466 bioavailability, 1400 fragmentation, 3542 development, 1640 synthesis, 1457, 3144, 3790 resistant, 2214 2D-NMR experiments, 3207 susceptibility, 1295 Docetaxel, 2215, 2674, 2737, 3167, 3168, 3170 Drug-herb interactions, 3969 Docking configurations, 1669 Drummondita, 718 Docking studies, 3488 Dry distillation, 4090 Docosahexaenoic acid, 1737 Dryobalanops aromatica, 2984 Dodecanal, 2891, 2892 DTC. See Denticin (DTC) Dodecanoic acid, 2894 DTC A, 31 Dodecanol, 2892, 2900 DTC B, 31 Dodonaea viscosa, 4094 DTC C, 31 Dogs, 4071, 4072, 4077, 4078 d-trans-allethrin, 4072, 4077 Dolastane, 2895 DU-45 human tumor cell line, 3478 Dolichandra cynanchoides, 4094 Dual-mode (solid support- free liquid–liquid Dolichothele sphaerica, 865, 872–874, 876 chromatography), 2150 Dolichotheline, 865, 872, 874, 876 Duguetia furfuracea, 1285 z-Domains prenyltransferases, 2713 Dumontia Donepezil, 1244, 1256 D. incrassata,28 DOP. See (DOP) D. incrassata (Dumontia contorta), 2890 l-DOPA decarboxylase (DODC), 17, 21 Dumontiaceae, 2890 Dopamine (DOP), 6, 8, 10, 11, 14–17, 19, 21, Dunalis, 3467 29, 63, 541, 598, 686, 967, 1209, Dusts (formulation), 4076, 4083 1348, 3710 Dutaillyea, 734 Index 4187

Dutching (treatment of cocoa powder), 1610 EDCs. See Endocrine disrupting compounds DXDD, 2725 (EDCs) DXDD motif, 2717 Edemas, 3969, 4114, 4119, 4127, 4131, 4134, DXP. See 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate 4148 (DXP) EDHF. See Endothelium-derived DXP reductoisomerase (DXR), 2699, 3571 hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) DXP synthase (DXS), 3571 Edysteroid receptor, 3503 Dynamic extraction, 1017 2-[(20E,60E,140E)–100,110- Dynamic pH junction, 1191 dihydroxy,-30,70,110,150- Dynorphin, 1371, 1373 tetramethylhexadeca-20,60,140- Dysentery, 3795 trien]-1,4-dihydroxy-6- Dysidea fragilis, 980 methylbenzene, 28 Dyslipidemia, 3809 Effective dose fifty percent (ED50), 1508 Dyspnea, 4079 Effective therapeutic dose, 1256 Efficacy, 3716, 3724–3727 Efficiency, 370, 2416 E Efficient microbial factories, 1631 Ear ache, 3477 Efflux, 1663 Early C-22 oxidation, 3854 Efflux pump, 1672 Ear tags, 4075, 4083 EFSA. See European Food Safety Authority Earth worms, 2906 (EFSA) Ear ticks, 4075 EGb. See Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) Eau de cologne, 3291 EGb-761, 3701 Eau de parfum, 3291 standard G. biloba extract, 3700, 3701, Eau de toilette, 3291 3703–3721, 3723–3726, 3728 Ebenaceae, 1552 EGCG. See Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 17b-E2 bioavailability, 2398, 2417 EGFR phosphorylation, 2197 E-b-ocimene, 2979 Eggerthella, 2444 6-[(1E)-butenyl]-cyclohepta-1,4-diene, 2894, Eggs, 4080 2895 4-[(1E)-hexenyl]-cyclopentene, 2895 ECD. See Electron-capture detection (ECD) Ehrlich, 535 Ecdysteroids, 3828–3831, 3837, 3839–3842, Ehrlich carcinoma, 988 3844, 3845 EIC. See Extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) Ecgonine, 351 Eicosapentaenoic acid, 1737 Echimidine, 1061 Eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentamethylenoate, 2894 Echinocereus Eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetramethylenoate, 2894 E. blanckii, 864 EI-MS. See Electron impact mass spectra E. triglochidiatus, 864 (EI-MS) Echium, 1051, 1054, 1061, 1062 Eisenia arborea, 1560 Ecklonia Elaeocarpaceae, 787 E. cava, 2900 Elaeocarpusoyl, 1978 E. radiata, 2900 Elderly women, 2449 ECL. See Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Electrical treatment, 2773 Ecological, 1719 Electrochemical biosensor, 52 Economy, 1103 Electrochemical detectors, 2116, 2119 Ecstasy, 1077 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), 1168, 1187, Ectocarpales, 2896 1188 Ectoparasites, 4069 Electrolytes, 1112 Ectoparasiticides, 4077 Electromembrane extraction (EME), 1102 Ectopic expression, 1732 Electron-capture detection (ECD), 1075, 3144 ED50. See Effective dose fifty percent Electronic noses, 3294 (ED50) Electron impact, 3397 4188 Index

Electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS), 3473 Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), Electron shuttling, 1660 2751 Electron spray ionization–mass spectrometry Endocrine disruptions, 2417 (ESI-MS), 1182 Endocrine disruptors, 2386 Electron-transport, 1272 Endocrine system, 1374 Electroosmotic flow, 1156 Endocytosis, 2471 Electrophilic attack, 60 Endogenous factors, 3540 Electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, 1128 Endogenous growth hormones, 2768 Electrophoretic mobility, 1155 Endometrial disruptions, 2419 Electrospray, 2123 Endometriosis, 2420 Electrospray ionization (ESI), 58, 1060, 1061, Endophytes, 163–166 1105, 2080, 3195, 3398, 3592 Endophytic fungi, 1245 Electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 92, 97, 98, 1659 mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS), Endothelial, 3677, 3682 3207 cells, 1442, 2366, 3969 b-Elemene, 2894, 2900, 2901 dysfunction, 2371, 2373 Elettaria cardamomum, 2980 function, 2362, 2371, 2372 Elicitation, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 1686, growth factor receptor subtype 2, 1449 1690, 1691, 1693, 1695, 1696, 1698, Endothelial NOS (eNOS), 2364 1703, 1706, 2958 Endothelin-1, 2299 Elicitors, 90, 92, 106, 107, 226, 230, 235, 471, Endothelium, 2362, 3993 476, 1690, 1691, 1693–1695, Endothelium-dependent dilatation, 2372 1698–1700, 1706, 2770, 2962 Endothelium-dependent relaxations, 2369 Elimination, 1230, 2471, 2476, 2477 Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent (EDHF), 2363, 2365 assay (ELISA) Enediyne chromophore, 988 Ellagic acid, 1549, 2163, 2211, 2213 Enediyne polyketide synthase, 990 Ellagitannins, 1559 Enfleurage, 3290 Ellipticine, 590, 599 Enhance intestinal absorption of ELSD. See Evaporative light scattering micronutrients, 1427 detection (ELSD) Enlargement of spleen, 3477 Eluant, 3376 Entamoeba histolytica, 1310 Elution, 3329, 3330 Ent-5-deoxystrigol, 3587, 3589 Elution mode, 2150, 2162, 2163 Ent-20-epi-5-deoxystrigol, 3587, 3589 Elymoclavine oxidase, 702 Ent-20-epi-orobanchol, 3587 Embryo germination, 2952 Ent-20-epi-orobanchyl acetate, 3587 Embryonic lung (MRC-5), 3479 Enterobacteriaceae, 2451 EME. See Electromembrane extraction (EME) Enterocyte barrier, 2395 Emetic effect, 125 Enterohepatic circulation, 2440 Emetine, 125, 1351 , 2442 Emodin, 1554 Enterolignans, 2443, 2450 EMT. See Epithelial–mesenchymal transition Enteromorpha spp., 2901 (EMT) E. clathrata (Ulva clathrata), 290 Enantiomeric, 1249 E. compressa (Ulva compressa), 2902 Enantiomers, 43, 47, 57, 1172, 1174, 2447, E. intestinalis,27 2977 E. intestinalis (Ulva intestinalis), 2902 Enantioselective GC analysis, 3242 E. linza (Ulva linza), 2902 Enantioseparation, 1032 Enterorhabdus, 2444 Enantiospecific, 2446 Enterotypes, 2456 Endarachne binghamiae (Petalonia Ent-kaurenes, 942 binghamiae), 2900 Environment, 2873–2875, 4098 Endocannabinoids (EC), 3417, Environmental, 1719, 2410 3424 analysis, 1099, 1100 Index 4189

effects, 391 8-Epi-loganic acid, 3022, 3047 fate, 4098 Epiloganin, 136 Environmental protection agency (EPA), Epimerization, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1145, 1147, 3542 1149, 2805 Enzymatic desymmetrization, 275 Epimers, 54 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 1085 Epimino fatty acids, 994 Enzymatic proteins, 3981 24(RS),25-Epiminolanosterol, 994 Enzymatic treatment, 4032 9-Epi-mitomycin B, 984 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Epinephrine, 912 (ELISA), 1063, 1064, 1137, 1139, Epiphytic, 2802 1141, 1142, 1148, 1150, 2803, 3215, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), 2201 3330, 3339, 3340 Epithelial regeneration, 2404 Enzymes, 731, 979, 980, 2395, 3333 Epithelisation, 3965 Enzyme-substrate interaction, 1666 8-Epi-valerosidate, 3025 Eolutionary model, 2719 Epothilone A, 990 Ephedra, 910, 1172, 1174, 1191, 1218, 1220, Epothilones, 990 1221, 1223, 1227–1230, 1233 Epoxides, 1670 alkaloids, 1172, 1174 Epoxychrysanthemates, 4069 E. equisetina, 916 Epoxygaertneroside, 3054 E. intermedia, 916 E8 promoter, 1729 E. procera, 916 Eptastigmine, 1341 E. przewalskii, 916 Equol, 1671, 2435 Ephedrine, 290, 418, 910, 1174, 1179, Equol producers, 2444 1217–1233 Eranthemoside, 3020 9-Epi–6a–methoxy geniposidic acid, 3057 ERb. See receptor b (ERb) Epiaphylline, 158 ERCC1. See Excision repair cross- 6-Epi-aucubin, 3019 complementary 1 (ERCC1) , 1347, 1351 Eremanthus erythropappus, 2986 4-Epi-borreriagenin, 3030 E-resveratrol bioavailability, 2292 24-Epibrassinolide, 3857 Ergoamides, 685 Epicatechin, 2314, 2335 , 1135, 1140, 1142, 1144, 1149 (–)-Epicatechin, 1605, 2256 Ergocristine, 1135, 1140, 1142, 1144, Epicatechin thresholds, 2342 1147–1149 Epichloe¨ festucae, 164, 689 Ergocryptine, 1135, 1140, 1144, 1147, 1149, 4-Epi-cubebol, 2895 1349 Epidemiological, 2583, 2595 Ergoline ring, 685 evidence, 1835, 2325 , 1135, 1144, 1146, 1148 studies, 2277 Ergonovine, 1140 Epidemiology studies, 2278 Ergopeptines, 685 10-Epi-8-deoxycumambrin B, 3094 Ergosine, 1135, 1143, 1148, 1149 20-Epi-5-deoxystrigol, 3589 Ergostane, 3467 Epidermal growth factor, 1457 Ergosta-5,7,24(28)-trien-3b-ol, 1268 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 1449 Ergosterol, 1274 Epididymal sperm, 2421 Ergot, 1349, 1355 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 2223, 2320, Ergot alkaloids, 163, 164 2439, 2568 , 1135, 1136, 1140, 1142, Epigenetic, 2404, 2834 1144, 1148 Epigenetic effects, 2401 Ergotismus convulsivus, 686 Epiisopiloturine, 877 Ergotismus gangraenosus, 686 8-Epi-kingiside, 3029, 3041 Erianin, 1933 Epilachna paenulata, 4095 Eriostemon, 738 Epilepsy, 877, 3644, 3966 ERK. See Extracellular signal-regulated kinase Epileptic , 1208 (ERK) 4190 Index

ERK1/2, 1309 Ethanolamine phosphate, 1270 Erlich’s reagent, 1056, 1063 Ethephon, 1699, 4044 Erlotinib, 2217 Ethical committee, 2412 ER-negative tumor cells, 2402 Ethnic origin, 2399 ER-positive tumor cells, 2408 Ethnobotanic studies, 1295 ERR. See Estrogen-related receptors (ERR) Ethnopharmacology, 2667 Ertela, 739 Ethyl acetate, 691, 3371 Erucifoline, 1061 Ethyl alcohol-flavan-3-ol adduct, 2269 Erwinia uredovora, 1735 Ethylamine (EA), 2885 Erycibe obtusifolia, 1345 Ethyl-apovincaminate, 580 Erythema, 3964 Ethyl-bridged flavan-3-ols, 2264 Erythroleukemia cell lines, 3561 Ethylene (ET), 1690, 1695–1697, 1699, Erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), 14, 15 1706, 3591 Erythroxylaceae, 176, 344, 351 Ethylenimine, 978, 979 Escherichia coli, 111, 240, 242, 243, 980, 988, 2-Ethylhexanol, 2902, 2905 989, 1627, 1706, 2828, 2906 Ethyl-linked structures, 2269 E-screen test, 2400 2-Ethyl-1-oleoyl-aziridine, 994 Esculentin, 1551 p-Ethylphenol, 2398 Esenbeckia, 738 8-Ethyl-10-phenyllobelionol, 329 ESI. See Electrospray ionization (ESI) 8-Ethyl-10-phenyl-norlobelionol, 329 ESI-ITMS. See Electrospray ionization ion trap b1OEthylvescalagin, 1995–1997 multiple-stage mass spectrometry EU. See (EU); European Union (EU) (ESI-ITMS) , 4089 ESI-MS. See Electron spray ionization–mass Eucalyptus spp., 2979, 4089 spectrometry (ESI-MS) E. camaldulensis, 3002 ESI-MS detection, 1179 E. globulus, 2982, 4090 ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS, 3474 E. oleosa, 2988 Esophageal cancer, 1836 E. perriniana, 1640 Essential fatty acids, 1719 E. saligna, 4094 Essential oil (EO), 2668, 2822, 2920, 2956, Eucheuma muricatum,31 2975, 3976–3978, 3981–3983, g-Eudesmol, 2988 3990, 4088 Eugenia aromatica, 1552 Estafiatin, 3079 Eugenin, 1552 Esterases, 2346 Eugenol (EU), 2885, 2905, 2907, 4002, 4096 Ester hydrolysis, 370 Euglena gracilis, 984 Esters, 361, 3371, 3373 Eumelanins, 1564 Estradiol, 2385, 2448 Euodia, 720 Estradiol receptor b (ERb), 2413 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 3528 Estradiol receptors (ERs), 2385, 2413 Eupatundin, 3075, 3077 Estragole, 2976 Euphorbiaceae, 176, 756 Estrogen, 1374, 1829, 3752 Euphorbia hirta, 4098 Estrogen-dependant human breast cancer, 3478 Euphorbinoyl unit, 1983 Estrogenic, 2419, 2447 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 1135, activity, 2291, 2466 1136, 1144, 2446, 2495, 2505–2509 anti-estrogenic, 2652 European Pharmacopeia (Ph Eur), 3664 effect, 2412 Eusiderin, 1558 mechanism of toxicity, 2421 Eutrophication, 2929 Estrogen receptor positive (ER+), 3564 Euxylophora, 720 Estrogen receptors (ER), 2447 Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD), Estrogen-related receptors (ERR), 2400 3207, 3238, 3315, 3337 Estrogen supplementation, 2423 Evaporative light scattering detector, 1024 Ethanoic acid side-chain, 54 Evening primrose, 1738 , 1170, 3371 Evodiamine, 1451 Index 4191

Evodia rutaecarpa, 1451 Fannia cannicularis, 4075 Evolution, 1545 FAO/WHO, 3145, 3149 Exatecan, 665 Farmaceuticals, 2566 Excelside A, 3052 Farming practices, 2390 Excelside B, 3052 Farnesene, 2985, 4050 Excelside G13, 3052 a-Farnesene, 3000 Excelside G15, 3052 Farnesol, 2999, 3520, 3529, 4124–4128 Excision repair cross-complementary 1 Farnesyl cation, 2723 (ERCC1), 2217 Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), 2673, 2708, 2736, Excitability, 3996 2737, 2744, 2748, 2817, 3081, 3082, Excitation-contraction coupling, 3991 3129, 3519 Excitotoxicity, 3711, 3716, 3721, 3722 Farnesyl synthases, 3081 Excretion, 370, 1231, 3134 Farvorskii ring, 3079 Exodeconus, 3467 Fas, 1313 Expectorant, 2906 Fas-associated death domain (FADD), 3524 Experimental animals, 1508 Fasciculations, 51, 4079 Experimental design, 1085 FASI (Field-amplified sample injection), 1103 Exposure, 4091, 4099 FasL, 1313 Exposure assessment, 3145 Fas receptor, 3524 Expressed sequence tags, 63 FASS. See Field-amplified sample stacking Expression, 3290, 3978 (FASS) Extensive metabolizers, 1378 Fast atom bombardment (FAB), 3397–3398 Extracellular matrix, 1458 Fasting blood level, 3488 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Fat absorption, 1418 2192, 3532, 4114, 4117, 4118, 4126, Fat digestion and absorption, 1406 4135, 4139, 4145 Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), 3425 Extract, 2591, 2595, 2596, 2598, 2600–2602, Fatty acids, 981, 994, 3665 2604, 2605 Fatty acid synthase, 1737 Extracted ion chromatogram (EIC), 1129 Fatty acid synthesis, 1633 Extraction, 322, 1139, 1140, 2013–2037, 2063, Fawcettimine, 1242 2064, 2068–2072, 2076, 2111, 3354, F-box protein, 3596 3612, 3978, 4031 FDA, 2495, 2505, 2506 Extraction conditions, 3313 Feathers, 4072 Extrahepatic toxicity, 1385 Febrifuge, 3477 Extraradical hyphae, 2647 Febrifugine, 1458 Extrinsic pathway, 1314, 2199 Fe´de´ration Internationale de Football Ezetimibe, 3444 Association (FIFA), 290 Feed, 1135, 1137–1139, 1142, 1144, 1146, 1149, 1150 F Feedback inhibition, 1651, 1671 FAB. See Fast atom bombardment (FAB) allosteric, 1671 Fabaceae, 749, 1551, 3586, 3590 Feeding, 101, 104, 105, 111 Fabacol, 3587 Feeding , 1570 Fabacyl acetate, 3587 Fenchone, 2976, 2984 Face flies, 4075, 4076 Fenchyl acetate, 2976 F-actin, 3485 Fenvalerate, 4063, 4065, 4067, 4068, 4070, FADD-like ICE (FLICE), 2200 4072, 4075, 4076 Fagaceae, 797 Fermentation, 2347, 2348, 2351 Fagara, 763 Fermented preparation, 2402 Fagocytosis, 2471 Fermented-soy-extract, 2415 FAK. See Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Fermy’s salt, 258 Falkenbergia rufolanosa, 2889 Ferredoxin, 61 Fangchinoline, 1179 Ferric ion, 986 4192 Index

Ferruginol, 2783 Flavones, 1653, 1719, 1822, 1854, 2116, 2151, Fertilizer, 2390 2159 Ferulates, 1964 Flavone synthases (FNS), 1655, 1826 Ferulenol, 3533 (s), 4, 1555, 1587, 1619, 1719, 1822, Ferulic acids, 1549, 1592, 1629, 1958, 1961, 1850, 2147, 2155, 2159, 2161, 2163, 2346, 2348 2164, 2166, 2334, 2342, 2343, 2438, Ferulin, 3071 2466, 2467, 2472, 2473, 2475, 2478, Feruloylhistamine, 866, 876 2480, 2481, 2528–2531, 2533, 2534, 4Fe-4S cluster, 2701, 2703 2538–2540, 2542–2545, 2548, 2549, Festuca arundinacea, 164 2551, 2552, 2556, 2557, 2583, 2584, Festucalvine synthase, 701 2595, 2597, 2599, 2605, 2642, 3194, Fetus, 374, 1319 3501, 3666, 3961 Fevers, 3795 aglycones, 2162 F-gitogenin, 3666 biosynthetic, 1729 FHB. See Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) biosynthetic pathway, 1622, 1723 Fib04 (fibroblast culture), 3478 flavan nucleus, 2467 Fibers, 2451, 3665 flavylium, 2467, 2468, 2475, 2480 Fibrinolytic, 3677, 3678 glycosides, 2163 Fibroblast, 3965 oligomers, 2335 Fibroids, 2420 Flavonoid 30-hydroxylase, 1762 Fibrosarcoma, 988, 991, 3483 Flavonoid 30,50-hydroxylase, 1762 Fibrosis, 373 Flavonol(s), 1653, 1719, 1822, 1854, 2115, Ficellomycin, 980 2152, 2155, 2156, 2158, 2161, 2439, Fick’s law, 2471 2588, 2591 FID. See Flame-ionization detection (FID) glycosides, 1604, 2151, 2157, 2158, 2163, Field-amplified sample stacking (FASS), 1189 2346 Fine emery, dry and grippy (astringency synthase, 1655 descriptors), 2266 Flavonone, 1719 Fine/flavor cocoas, 1601 Flavor, 2347, 3983, 4112, 4120–4125, 4141, Fine fragrances, 3291 4142, 4149 Fingerprinting, 1022 Flavoring agents, 3983 Firmicutes, 2441, 2479 Flavour, 2262 First-pass metabolism, 2322 Flax, 1728 Fish, 4069, 4079 Flaxseeds, 1736, 2438 Flame-ionization detection (FID), 1057, FLD. See Fluorescence detection (FLD) 1075, 3144 Fleas, 4064, 4069, 4071, 4072, 4077–4079, 4083 Flame photometric (FPD), 1075 FLICE. See FADD-like ICE (FLICE) Flash chromatography, 3329 Flies, 4064, 4071, 4072, 4075, 4077, 4083 Flash column chromatography, 3384 Flindersia, 728 Flavan-3-en-3-ol, 1764 Florosenine, 1385 Flavano-ellagitannins, 1992, 1994, 1996 Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), 2372 Flavanol-anthocyanin, 1786 Fluconazole, 1276 Flavanol pool, 1611 Flumazenil, 4116 Flavanols, 1653, 1719, 1755, 2342 Flumethrin, 4063, 4070, 4074, 4076 Flavan-3-ols, 1764, 1782, 2266, 2312, 2343, Fluorescence detection (FLD), 692, 1086, 2588, 2589, 2591, 2592 1137, 1139, 1143, 1145, 2121 Flavanone 3b-hydroxylase (F3H), 1655, 1825 Fluorescence detector, 3387 Flavanones, 1653, 1828, 1876–1879, Fluorescence/mass spectrometric detection, 1881–1883, 1889, 1890, 2119, 2151, 3144 2343 Fluorescence spectroscopy, 58 Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), a-Fluoromethylhistidine, 876 2707 5-Fluorouracil, 2217 Flavogallonyl unit, 1983 Fluvalinate, 4063 Index 4193

FMD. See Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) Frankliniella occidentalis, 4098 FMN. See Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Free radicals, 3668, 3670, 3682 FNS. See Flavone synthases (FNS) Free radical scavengers, 2319 Foam, 2342, 2776 French (or Hugues) method (resin stimulation), Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), 2203 4042 Foeniculum vulgare, 2976, 2984 French paradox, 2277, 2324 Folate, 1732 Frequent urination, 899 Folic acid, 1270 Freudenberg (tannin classification), 1561 Folk medicine, 3214, 3220 FRG. See Fragilamide (FRG) Follicle-stimulating hormone, 1374 Friend retrovirus, 1315 Food, 1959, 2391, 3978, 3983, 4112 Frosty pod, 1602 additives, 337, 3199 Fructooligosaccharides, 2454 colorants, 1816 , 3813 drugs, 2423 Fructose-6-phosphate, 1670 extracts, 1765 Frugivores, 1720 industry, 4049 Fruit(s), 1730, 1806, 2582–2584, 2595–2597, matrix, 2472 2605 poisoning, 286 pulp, 1601 preservatives, 3976 ripens, 1766, 2470 processing, 2467 Fruit-specific, 1735 sources, 1967, 2527–2557 Fucaceae, 2896 supplements, 2391 Fucales, 2896 transit time, 1408 Fucoxanthin, 3254, 3256, 3264 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3686 Fucus Food-borne, 3977 F. distichus, 2896, 2905 Food-borne microorganisms, 4113 F. serratus, 2896 Food-producing animals, 4080 F. spiralis, 2897 Forastero(Cocoa), 1601 F. vesiculosus, 2897 Forced swimming test, 3219 Full scan mass data, 3316 Forensic botanists, 296 Fully characterized extracts, 2411 Forensic Sciences, 1504 Fumarase, 980 Formic acid (FO), 2885 Fumaria officinalis, 1175, 1183 Formononetin, 1852 Fumiquinazolines, 839 Forskolin, 3183, 3327 Functional foods, 1582, 1736, 1738, 2423, Forsythide, 3024, 3041 2454, 2493, 2495, 2496, 2504, 2565, FOSHU (Foods for Other Specific Health Use), 2583, 2600, 2601, 2603–2605, 2642, 2494, 2496 2651, 2652 fos proteins, 3527 Functionally expressed, 1626 Fovea, 3928, 3930, 3931, 3933, 3937 Functional metagenomic, 2455 Foxglove, 295 Functional properties, 3981 FOXO3a, 2196 Functional redundancy, 2441 FPD. See Flame photometric (FPD) Functional value, 2855, 2862, 2871, 2874 FPP. See Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP); Farnesyl Fungal, 1688, 1690, 1694, 1695, 1699 pyrophosphate (FPP) cell membrane, 3981 Fraganol, 2999 disease, 3976 Fraganyl acetate, 2999 elicitors, 2781, 4045 Fragaria grandiflora, 3587 pathogens, 2937 Fragilamide (FRG), 29, 1211 Fungi, 1693, 1694, 3584, 3976, 4113 Fragmentation, 329 Furanocoumarins, 886, 1551 Fragmentation mechanism and rule, 3317 Furfural (FU), 2885, 2907 Fragment ions, 325, 3316 Furfuryl alcohol (FUR), 2885 Fragrances, 3183, 3289, 3519, 4049, 4112, Furoacridones, 850 4116, 4121, 4124, 4128 Furoquinolines, 731, 1284 4194 Index

Furostanol glycosides, 3232 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 1375, Furostanols, 3228, 3230, 3241 3711, 3722 Furostanol saponins, 3227, 3229, 3230, 3232, receptors, 4068, 4096 3239, 3244 synapses, 4096 Fusarenon X, 3125, 3139, 3145 Gandira, 3327 Fusarium, 806, 3124–3126, 3129–3133, Gangrene, 3664 3144, 3145 Ganstigmine, 1341 F. asiaticum, 3126–3128 Garcinia lucida, 1282 F. culmorum, 1728 Gardenosidic acid, 3023 F. graminearum, 3126–3129, 3133, Garlic, 3664, 3667, 3670, 3673, 3676, 3677, 3134, 3149 3681, 3683–3686 species complex, 3126 oil, 3666, 3668, 3673, 3678, 3685 F. oxysporum, 1728 paste, 3668 F. sporotrichioides, 3130–3133 powder, 3666–3667, 3669, 3673, 3675, Fusarium head blight (FHB), 3126 3677, 3678, 3681–3683, 3685 Fused-silica capillaries, 1128 Gas chromatography (GC), 1028, 1054, 1057, 1058, 1062, 1064, 1073, 1124, 2076, 3337 G Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GABAA receptor, 4006 (GC-MS), 44, 178, 399, 1137, 1143, GABAA receptor-ionophore complex, 4067 3144, 3145, 3398, 3517, 3592, 3859 GABAergic transmission, 1208 Gas-phase fragmentation, 3474 GABA-gated chloride channels, 4067 Gastointestinal cancers, 2207 Gaertneric acid, 3026 Gastric carcinoma cell lines, 3561 Gaertneroside, 3054 Gastric irritation, 3686 Gain-of-function mutations, 2953 Gastric ulcers, 1307, 3967 Galactorrhea, 1374 Gastrointestinal, 1374, 1378, 2435, 4117, 4122, Galactose, 2467 4123 Galactose-inducible promoter, 1659 disorders, 3144, 3477 Galangin, 1658, 1835 parasites, 985 Galantamine, 1335, 1337 protective role, 1408 Galanthamine, 1188, 1244, 1335, 1337, 1529, Gaultheria procumbens, 4099 1530, 1532 Gaultheria spp., 1548 Galanthus woronowii, 1335 G-B. See Ginkgolide B (G-B) Galaxaura GC. See Gas chromatography (GC) G. marginata, 2887 G-C. See Ginkgolide C (G-C) G. obtusata, 2887 GC-EIMS, 1029 Galaxauraceae, 2887 GC-MS. See Gas chromatography-mass Galbulimima, 1345 spectrometry (GC-MS) Galerina, 530 GEIR-1 (Iridoid), 3029 Galipea, 738 Geissoschizine, 94 Galipea longiflora, 1283 Gelatinase, 3560 Gallate, 2335 Geleznowia, 739 GALL genes, 2950 Gelidiaceae, 2887 Gallic acid (GA), 1954, Gelidiales, 2887–2888 2346, 2568 Gelidium spp., 2887 Gallic p-hydroxybenzoic, 1548 G. amansii, 2887 Gallocatechins, 1758, 2335 G. crinale, 28, 2888, 2904 Galphimia glauca, 2786 Gelsemiol, 3058 Galphimine-B, 2786 Gemcitabine, 2215 g-amino butyric acid-A (GABA-A)-receptor, Gender-selective, 293 1621 Gene, 2407 Index 4195

clusters, 3130, 3133, 3257, 3270, 3273 Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), 941, deletion, 1664, 1672 1730, 2673, 2708, 2744, 2748, 2803, expression, 3526 2817 General odorant binding proteins (GOBPs), 4096 Germacrene A, 3082 Genetic, 2390 Germacrene A synthases, 3082 engineering, 215, 226, 237, 1622, 1718, Germacrene B, 3000, 3085 2856, 2862, 2867–2869, 2871, 2875, Germacrene B synthase, 3085 3575 Germacrene D, 2986, 2990, 2997 markers, 51 (-)-Germacrene D, 2895 mobilization, 42 German cacao, 1607 selection, 4051 Germfree, 2440 stability, 198, 2776, 2943 Germination, 392 transformation, 108 Germination stimulant, 3584 Genetically modified (GM) plants, 970 Gerronema, 530 ® Genexol , 2784 GFR. See Growth factor receptors (GFR) Genipin, 3033, 3050, 3056 GPP. See Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) Genipin diglycoside, 3053 GGPP. See Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Geniposide, 135 (GGPP); Geranylgeranyl Geniposidic acid, 3023 pyrophosphate (GGPP) Genisteae, 382 Giant butterbur, 979 Genistein, 1655, 1828, 2387, 2444 Giardia lamblia, 1310 Genistin, 1655, 1850 Gibberellic acid, 3109 Genome organization, 203 Gibberellins, 3181, 3591 Genome sequence, 1641 Gigartinaceae, 2890 Genome shuffling, 2805 Gigartinales, 2890 Genomic, 1686, 1690 Gigartina stellata, 29, 2890 Genomic approach, 232 Gigspora margarita, 3591 Genotoxic, 49, 360, 3542, 4118, 4119, 4138 Gimatecan, 653, 666 activity, 2652 Gingeberaceae, 3532 effects, 4118 , 3532 Genotoxicity, 3141 Ginkbilobin, 3700 Genotypes, 1691, 1694, 1697 Ginkgo biloba, 2678, 3530, 3700, 3701, Gensenosides, 2675 3703–3706, 3708, 3709, 3711, 3712, Gentianaceae, 925, 1553 3715–3718, 3720–3722, 3724, 3725, Gentianine, 931 3727 Gentisic, 1960 Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), 3707, 3708, Gentoxicity, 4125 3710, 3716, 3720, 3726, 3727 Genus Aesculus, 2947 Ginkgo leaf extract, 3727 Genus Salvia, 2961 Ginkgolide A (G-A), 3701, 3704, 3711, 3713, Geosmin, 2989 3715, 3716, 3720, 3726 Geranial, 2979 Ginkgolide B (G-B), 3701, 3703, 3704, 3710, (GE), 90, 105, 2885, 2906, 2977, 3713, 3715, 3716, 3719, 3721–3723, 2979, 2997, 2999, 4089, 4096 3725, 3726 Geraniol acetate, 2888 Ginkgolide C (G-C), 3701 Geraniol formate, 2888 Ginkgolide J (G-J), 3701, 3713, 3715, 3716 Geranium oil, 290 Ginkgolide K (G-K), 3701, 3721 Geranyl acetate, 2979, 4096 Ginkgolide L (G-L), 3701 (E)-Geranylacetone, 2891, 2892 Ginkgolide M (G-M), 3701 Geranyl cation, 2720 Ginkgolides, 2737, 3185, 3700, 3701, 3703, Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), 2673, 2708, 2735, 3707, 3709, 3711, 3726, 3728 2744, 2817, 3418 Ginkgo seeds, 3727 Geranylgeraniol, 2896 Ginkgotoxin, 3700 4196 Index

Ginsan, 3501 Glutathione depletion, 1385 Ginseng, 3498 Glutathione peroxidase, 4127 Ginseng adventitious roots, 2786 Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), 2181 Ginsenosides, 2766, 2785, 2947, 3501 b1SGlutathionyl vescalagin, 1997 G-J. See Ginkgolide J (G-J) Glutinoside, 3020 G-K. See Ginkgolide K (G-K) Glutamate, 49 G-L. See Ginkgolide L (G-L) GLVs. See Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) Glandular trichomes, 2822, 3521 Glyceollin II, 1569 Glaucarubolone, 3785 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase , 446 (GAPDH), 1268 Glaucoma, 877 Glychirriza echinata, 1852 Glial cells, 2619, 2624, 2625 Glycine, 4069 Glioma, 1316 Glycine B, 3711 Glioma cells, 3561 Glycitein, 2388 Glochidicine, 866 Glycocalyx, 1275 Glochidine, 866 Glycogenolysis, 3816 Glochidion philippicum, 865 Glycolysis, 1268, 1272, 3816 Glomeromycota, 2645 b-Glycosidase, 2475 Glomus Glycosides, 2319, 2346, 2350, 2395, 2467, G. intraradices, 2648–2650, 2652 2473, 2475, 2478, 2481, 3195, 3200 G. mosseae, 2648, 2650 Glycosmis, 719 Glucocorticoids, 3808 Glycosomes, 1273 Gluconeogenesis, 3816 Glycosylated bibenzyls, 1916 Gluconeogenic enzymes, 3810 Glycosylated form, 2391 Glucose, 2467, 2478, 3703, 3706, 3721 Glycosylated resveratrol, 1587 tolerance, 3200 Glycosylation, 1663, 1664, 1669 transporter deglycosylation, 1669 GLUT2, 2478 microbial, 1663 SGLT1, 2478 regioselective, 1664 Glucose peptone with soy flour medium Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), 1269 (GPS), 691 Glycyrrhiza echinata, 1852 Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), 3809 Glyoxalase-I, 1271 Glucose-1-phosphate, 1664 Glyoxalase-II, 1271 Glucose-6-phosphate, 1664 Glyoxylate cycle, 1273 Glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, 1664 Glyoxylic acid, 1783 Glucosinolates, 2150, 2567, 2643 G-M. See Ginkgolide M (G-M) 3-O-Glucosyltransferase, 1664 GNAT-acetyl transferase, 61 b-Glucuronidase, 192 Gnetaceae, 1906 Glucuronidated anthocyanin, 2475 Gnetum, 1912 Glucuronidation, 2293, 2397 Gnotobiotic, 2440 Glucuronide, 2111, 2324, 4069 Goat, 4070 Glucuronide conjugation, 4078 Golden rice, 1718 Glucuronide metabolite(s), 1099 Goldenseal, 1303 GLUT 4, 3819 Gonadal hormones, 1374 Glutamate, 1249, 1371, 3710, 4069, 4123, Gonorrhea, 3477 4129, 4133 Gonyaulacales, 59 Glutamate receptor mobility, 2406 Gonyautoxins, 54 Glutamatergic, 3710, 3711 Gossypetin, 1828 d-Glutamyl S-allyl-l-cysteines, 3666, 3667 Gossypium g-Glutamyltransferase, 2190 G. barbadense, 2984 Glutathione (GSH), 1588, 2321, 3670, 3672, G. hirsutum, 3000, 3585 3674, 3713, 4115, 4123, 4127, 4132, Gossypol, 2957, 3521 4135, 4143, 4150 G6Pase. See Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) Index 4197

G1 phase arrest, 1457 Guaiazulene, 3530 G6P isomerase, 1670 Guaiene, 3085 GPP. See Geranyl diphosphate (GPP); Geranyl Guanidine methyl phosphate ester, 42, 52 pyrophosphate (GPP) Guanidinium, 1669 GPP pool, 2831 Guanidinium group, 54 G-protein, 1371 Guanylyl cyclase, 2364 G-protein coupled ER, 2400 Guarana, 955 GR5 (strigolactone analogs), 3588 Guatteria foliosa, 1284 GR7 (strigolactone analogs), 3588 Guettardine, 614 GR24 (strigolactone analogs), 3588 Gulf coast ticks, 4075 Gracilariaceae, 2888 Gum resin, 4046 Gracilariales, 2888 Guttiferae, 1553 Gracilaria spp., 2888 Guy-Lussac, J., 1369 G. bursa-pastoris, 28, 2888 Gymnodiniales, 59 G. edulis, 2888 Gymnodinium catenatum, 54, 59 G. secundata, 2888 Gymnopilus, 527 G. verrucosa,27 Gynostemma pentaphyllum, 2947 Gracillin, 3229, 3244 Gynura segetum, 1179 Gradient, 2150, 2152, 2164, 2165, 2471 Gradient elution, 1086, 3337, 3339, 3378 Grahamine, 355 H Gramine, 151, 153, 160, 161, 163 Haemangiomas, 1444 Gram-negative, 2906 Haematobia irritans, 4069 Gram-negative bacteria, 979, 981, 988 Haematological maligances, 1313 Gram-positive, 2906 Haematopinus Gram-positive bacteria, 979, 980, 988, 994 H. eurysternus, 4069 Grandifloric acid, 3020 H. suis, 4069 Grape berry, 2257 Haemorrhage, 3727 Grape-derived products, 2369 Hair, 1082, 4070 Grape extracts, 2369 care, 3476 Grape juice, 2369 remedy, 3477 Grape fractions, 2264 Hairy root(s), 2943, 2956, 2958, 2959, 2961, Grapevine, 1685, 1687, 1688, 1690, 2962, 3110–3115 1692–1699, 1701, 1702, 1706 cultures, 189, 231, 236, 237, 239, 2774, Great burdock, 3528 2954 Greater affinity (Estradiol receptors), 2398 lines, 2957 Green algae, 29 phenotype, 2950 Green filamentous bacteria, 3257, 3258 segments, 2951 Greenhouse, 330, 331 syndrome, 2774 Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), 2934 Hairy root–derived calluses, Green pepper, 311 2952 Green sulfur bacteria, 3254, 3257, 3258, 3262, Halfordia, 732 3271, 3272 Haliclona, 789 Grooming, 4078 Halidrys siliquosa, 2897 Groupe Polyphe´nols, 1546 Halimeda Growth factor receptors (GFR), 2197 H. cuneata, 2903 Growth inhibition effect, 1512 H. discoidea, 2903 Growth rate, 2906 H. incrassate,31 GSH. See Glutathione (GSH) H. opuntia, 2903 GSIR-1 (Iridoid), 3031 Halimedaceae, 2903 GSTs. See Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) Haliptilon Guaianolide, 3070–3073, 3075, 3076, H. roseum, 2890 3079–3081, 3083–3090, 3093, 3094 Hallucination, 542 4198 Index

Hallucinogenic, 534, 695 Helenalin, 3088, 3089, 3532 Hallucinogenic effects, 292 Helianthus annuus, 3592 Hallucinogens, 542, 3184 Helicobacter pylori, 1310 Halofuginone, 1458 Helicoverpa armigera, 4097 Halogenated alcohol (HALC), 2885 Helietta, 732 Halogenated compounds (HC), 2885, 2886, Helietta apiculata, 1284 2904, 2905, 2907 Heliobacteria, 3254, 3257, 3258 Halogenated indole (HLI) alkaloids, 31, Heliotrine, 1062 1212 Heliotropium, 1388 o-Halogenated long-chain 2H-azirines, 980 Helix structures, 2385 Halogenated organic solvents, 691 Hellinoyl group, 1980 Halopithys incurva, 2892 Heloside A, 3240 Halopteris Helosides, 3236, 3242 H. paniculata (Stypocaulon paniculatum), Heme biomineralization, 3791 2901 Heme oxygenase 1, 2190 H. platycena, 2901 Hemiacetal, 2480 Halymeniaceae, 2891 Hemiaminal formation, 942 Halymenia floresii, 28, 2891, 2904 Hemiparasites, 3585 Haploid germ cells, 2421 Hemiterpenes, 2670, 2974 Haplophyllum, 719 Hemiterpenoid, 2915 Haraldiophyllum spp., 29 Hemlock, 294 Harmala alkaloids, 554, 564, 568 Hencikosane, 2899, 2902 Harmaline, 1352 Henderson–Hasselbalch, 1165 Harman, 1170, 1352 Hepa 1c1c7 cells, 3484 Harmane, 1170 Hepatic encephalopathy, 1386 Harmine, 553–569, 1352, 1452 Hepatocellular adenomas, 1386 Harpagide, 3018 Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2, Hep 3B), Harpagoside, 3018, 3055 3479 HATX. See Homoanatoxin-a (HATX) Hepatocellular carcinoma/cancer cells (HCC), Hazardous pathogens, 3977, 3983, 3984 2208, 3561 Haze, 2335, 2342 Hepatocytes, 3668, 3670 HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma/cancer Hepatoma, 1316 cells (HCC) Hepatoma cells, 3964 HCT-8 (tumor cells), 3478 Hepatomegaly and recurrent ascites, 373 HCT-116, 5W-480 (tumor cells), 3485 Hepatoprotective activity, 1835, 1940 HDL. See High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Hepatotoxic, 41, 360 Headache, 3477 Heptacyclic system, 938 Head-space solid-phase microextraction (8Z,11Z)-Heptadecadienal, 2887, 2902, 2904 (HS-SPME), 1084 Heptadecane, 2891, 2892, 2894 Head-to-head condensation, 2715, 2717 (8Z,11Z,14Z)-Heptadecatrienal, 2902 Head to tail, 2150 (8Z)-Heptadecenal, 2887, 2902, 2904 Health, 1816, 2422 1-Heptadecene, 2891, 2892 benefits, 1961, 2312, 4023 8-Heptadecene, 2892 claims, 2505–2507 Heptafluorobutyric anhydride, 1058 Health-promoting activity, 2653 Heptanal, 2902 Health properties, 2343, 2345, 2346, 2351 2-Heptenal, 2894 Health-protecting effects, 1628 Herbal drug, 3983 Healthy subjects, 2320 Herbal ingredients, 289 Hearing loss, 1373 Herbal , 3983 Heat shock granules (HSGs), 3863 Herbal tea, 1388 Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), 3485 Herbicides, 2780 Hedge hog (Hh), 2195 Herbivores, 1720 HeLa cells, 3964 Herbivory, 138, 2917 Index 4199 hERG potassium channels, 63 3207, 3314, 3333, 3336, 3340, 3355, HER-2/neu transgenic mice, 2212 3376, 3592, 3859 Heroin, 1082 High-performance thin-layer chromatography Herpes simplex virus, 1310 (HPTLC), 1021, 3336, 3340 Hesperidin, 2570 High-producing Vitis cell lines, 1691 Heterexenous, 1266 High soy consumption, 2419–2420, 2423 Heterochordaria abietina (Analipus High speed counter current chromatography japonicus), 2901 (HSCCC), 2077, 2147, 2148, Heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP), 2150–2161, 2163–2165 3931, 3932, 3934, 3935 High--fed rats, 3811, 3814 Heterocyclic compounds, 978 High-throughput separations, 1023 Heterodimers, 2388 High voltages (capillary electrophoresis), 1102 Heterologous, 232, 234, 237, 240, 242, 1626 High-yield cell lines, 111 Heterologous production of different High-yielding stable cell line, 228 antibiotics, 1638 HILIC. See Hydrophilic interaction a2d2-Heterotetramer, 2711 chromatography (HILIC) 2,20,5,50,6,60-Hexabromo-3,30- Himbacine, 1345 bis-1H-indole, 33 Hippocampus, 2406, 3710, 3712, 3713, 3715, Hexachlorobutadiene, 2896 3716 (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienal, 2887 Histamine, 1374, 3652 Hexadecanal, 2891, 2982 Histidine, 416, 861–865, 868, 871–873, Hexadecane, 2891, 2892 875, 876 Hexadecanoic acid, 2894 l-Histidine, 872, 876 Hexadecanol, 2891, 2892 Histidine decarboxylase, 864 (7Z)-hexadecenal, 2887 Histopathological, 1384 Hexaflavonoids, 1621 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP), 1978, 1988 (HIV) Hexanal, 2900, 2902, 2906 Hizikia fusiformis (Sargassum fusiforme), n-Hexane, 3330, 3371 2897 Hexanol, 2896 HMBPP. See (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2- (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, 2902 enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) trans-1-[(1Z)-Hexenyl]–2-vinylcyclopropane, HMBPP epoxide, 2701 2889 HMGB1. See High-mobility group box 1 Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), (HMGB1) 3809 HMG-CoA. See 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl 3-Hexyl-4,5-dithiacycloheptanone, 2894 coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) HIF-1a. See Hypoxia-inducible factor- HMG-CoA reductase, 2678, 4115, 4126, 4130 1–subunit alpha (HIF–1a) HMGR. See 3-Hydroxy–3-methyl-glutaryl- High activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), 2697, Hemiterpenoids, 2720 3198 1H-NMR, 332, 916, 3476 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 2591, 2596 Hodgkins lymphoma, 588 High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Holarrhena curtisii, 1289 3668 Holoparasites, 3585 High doses, 2414, 2416, 2417, 2420 HOMA-IR. See Homeostasis model Highest prevalence, 2422 assessment of insulin resistance High-fat-fed rats, 3811 (HOMA-IR) High light intensity, 2645 Homeopathic medicine, 1507 High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), 3569 Homeostasis, 3670 High performance liquid chromatography Homeostasis model assessment of (HPLC), 44, 58, 535, 915, 1055, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), 1058, 1060, 1073, 1074, 1124, 1139, 3810 1143, 1766, 2076, 3144, 3145, 3195, Homoanatoxin-a (HATX), 41, 44, 45, 49 4200 Index

28-homoBL. See 28-Homobrassinolide HSCCC. See High speed countercurrent (28-homoBL) chromatography (HSCCC) 28-Homobrassinolide (28-homoBL), 3862 Hsp90. See Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) Homocamptothecin, 652, 657, 666 Hsp90 client proteins, 3485 Homocysteine (Hcy), 3681–3683 Hsp90-Hsp70 chaperone complex, 3485 Homoeostrichus sinclairii, 2895 HSS. See Homospermidine synthase (HSS) Homoharringtonine, 1453 HS-SPME. See Head-space solid-phase Homoisoflavonoids, 2163 microextraction (HS-SPME) Homologous genes, 686 5-HT1A(serotonergic receptors), 525 Homomeric prenyltransferases, 2709 5-HT2A, 525 Homospermidine, 365 5-HT2C, 525 Homospermidine synthase (HSS), 365 5-HT1D, 525 Homoterpenes, 2915 Human, 2419 Homotropane alkaloid, 43 breast cancer cells, 3557 Homovanillic, 2476 breast milk, 1099 Honey, 361, 1051, 1053–1056, 1058, 1064, cancer cell lines, 3863 4076, 4080 cancer cells, 2296 Honeybees, 4069 cytochrome, 3969 Honeydew, 704 diseases, 3984 Hop, 2334, 2335, 2343, 2346, 2347, 2350 endothelial cells, 3562 Hop conditioning, 2335 estrogen receptors, 1650, 1667 Hopeaphenol, 2279, 2282 fibroblast cultures, 3478 Hopein, 2343, 2345 health, 965, 1593 HORD. See Hordenine (HORD) liver carcinoma Hep G2 cell lines, 3480 Hordenine (HORD), 153, 159–161, 1209 lung adenocarcinoma, 3560 Horizontal gene transfer, 63, 689 lung cancer, 3478 Hormetic compounds, 2572 models, 1740 Hormone-dependant human prostate cancer, skin, 3759 3478 skin barrier, 3758 Hormone replacement, 1667 tumor cell lines, 1512, 3478 Hormone-sensitive cell lines, 3863 Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, 3561 Hormophysa cuneiformis, 2897 Human colon carcinoma (CRC), 3561 Hormosira banksii, 2897 Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Hormosiraceae, 2897 (DLD–1), 3480 (-)-Hormosirene, 2900 Human head and neck squamous cell Horn flies, 4075, 4076 carcinoma (JMAR and MDA–1986), Horses, 4075 3480 Hortia, 732 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1310, Hot flushes, 2407 2677 Houseflies, 4075, 4076 Human lung carcinoma cells (A549), 3480 Household products, 3289, 4113, 4124, Human myeloma cells (Human 8226), 991 4141, 4147 Human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B Houttuynia cordata, 3587 (hPTP1B), 1211 H6PDH. See Hexose–6-phosphate Human tissue kallikrein (KLK), 3749 dehydrogenase (H6PDH) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells HPLC. See High performance liquid (HUVEC), 2204, 3216 chromatography (HPLC) Humulene, 4116, 4118–4120 HPLC-DAD, 324 a-Humulene, 2986 HPLC-MS, 3315, 3320 Humulus lupulus, 2986, 4119, 4121 HPTLC. See High-performance thin-layer Huntington’s diseases, 589, 3488 chromatography (HPTLC) Huperzia serrata, 1241, 1245, 1338 hPTP1B. See Human protein tyrosine Huperzines A, 1244, 1338, 1340, 1530–1532 phosphatase 1B (hPTP1B) Huperzines B, 1248, 1338 Index 4201

Huprines, 1339 2-Hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratases, 1655 HUVEC. See Human umbilical vein 6-Hydroxykynurenic acid (HKA), 3711 endothelial cells (HUVEC) Hydroxylation, 1805, 2397 Hybrid ryes, 706 Hydroxylation pattern, 1756 Hydramarosides A, 3042 Hydroxyl-group is introduced adjacent to the Hydramarosides B, 3042 nitrogen-atom, 368 Hydrangeaceae, 801 Hydroxyl groups of , 2263 Hydrastis canadensis L., 1169, 1170, 1446 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl group, 3320 1,2-Hydride shift, 60 Hydroxyl radical (OH•), 3673 Hydrocarbon (HDC), 2885, 2886, 2894, 400-Hydroxy-maysin, 1831 2904, 3981 (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Hydrocarbon carotenoids, 3369 diphosphate (HMBPP), 2701 Hydrodistillation, 3290 1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl Hydrodynamic, 2147, 2148, 2163 4-diphosphate (HMBDP), 2744 (H2O2), 3712 3-Hydroxy-3methylglutarul-co-enzyme Hydrogen sulphide, 3677 A (HMG-CoA), 3447, 3668 Hydroindole alkaloids, 1168 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase a/b-Hydrolase, 3596 (HMGR), 2782, 2832 Hydrolysable tannins, 1559 3b-Hydroxymethylsubtrifloralactone E, 3484 Hydrolysate of Polygalasaponins, 3219 30-Hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 40-O- Hydrolysis, 1085, 2805, 4069 methyltransferase (40OMT), 6, Hydromorphone, 1376 8–11, 21 Hydrophilic interaction, 1181 7-Hydroxyorobanchol, 3587 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography 4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA), 6, (HILIC), 58, 1023, 1086 8, 17 Hydrophobicity, 2115 p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 1549 Hydroquinone, 4065 o,m-Hydroxyphenylcyclopentenon (HPCP), Hydrostatic, 2147 1987, 2000 Hydrostatic pressure, 1698, 1699 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid, 2902 Hydrotaea irritans, 4069 3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic Hydrotropes, 3330 allosedaminate, 330 Hydrotropic extraction, 3330 Hydroxyproline, 3966 Hydrotropic solubilization, 3331 Hydroxyquinine, 633 Hydroxamic acid, 986 7a-Hydroxy semperoside aglucone, 3058 3-(Hydroxyacetyl)indole (HAI), 29 11b-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 1548, 2902 (11b-HSD), 3808 Hydroxybenzoate side-chain, 54 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 3570 Hydroxybenzoic, 1953 4-Hydroxytryptophan, 537 3-Hydroxybenzoic, 1962 27-Hydroxywithanolide D, 3481 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 1953, 2902 18-Hydroxywithanolide D, 3484 Hydroxybenzoic acids, 2346 Hygrocybe, 530 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2888 Hygrophiloside, 3020 6-Hydroxycaespitol, 2892 Hylobius pales, 4094 Hydroxycinnamates, 1549 Hymenialdisine, 266 Hydroxycinnamic acid amides, 1604 Hymenidin, 266 Hydroxycinnamic acids, 1953, 2346, 2589 Hymenin, 3092 , 2999 Hymenolepis microstoma, 985 5-Hydroxydidrovaltrate, 3049 Hyoscine, 1345 3b-Hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F, 3472 Hyoscyamine, 175, 1013 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 3710, 3718 (S)(-)-Hyoscyamine, 347 1b-Hydroxy-4-epigardendiol, 3047 Hyoscyamine 6b-hydroxylase (H6H), 185 Hydroxygeraniol, 90, 105 Hyoscyamus, 3467 4-Hydroxyindole, 535, 537 Hyoscyamus niger, 291 4202 Index

Hypaconitine, 1170 Ichthyotoxins, 41 Hyperalgesia, 1374, 1376 , 3993 Hypercholesterolemic, 3669, 3675, 3678 Identification, 1967, 3369, 3614 Hyperchromism, 1781 Identification tests, 890 Hyperexcitability, 4079 IDI. See Isopentenyl diphosphate-dimethylallyl Hyperexcitation, 4065 diphosphate-isomerase (IDI) Hyperglycemia, 3200, 3488, 3721 Idioblasts, 1604 Hypericum spp., 1553 IgA nephropathy, 3142 Hyperinsulinemic state, 3813 IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), 2198 Hyperlipidemia, 1305, 3668, 4114 IgGa, 3215 Hyperplasias, 4114, 4149 Ileal smooth muscle, 3992 Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-- Illicit substances, 293 gated (HCN) channels, 4004 Illicit uses, 292 Hyperpolarizations, 2365, 2370 Imexon, 991 Hypersalivation, 4079 Imidazole, 412, 862–868, 870, 872–876 Hypersensitivity, 4065 Imidazole alkaloids, 863, 872, 873, 878 Hypersensitization, 1374 Imidazole pyruvic acid, 872, 878 Hyperspectral imaging, 1138 Immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction, Hypertension, 63, 1306, 2371, 3674, 4071 3964, 4115 Immobilised artificial membrane, 2115 Hyperthermia, 4079 Immobilization, 186, 193, 231 Hypertriglyceridemia, 3809 Immobilized cells, 2768 Hypervalent iodine, 257 Immobilize plant cells, 105 Hypervalent iodine (III) reagent, 261 Immune cells, 1375 Hyphae, 2936 Immune-modulating properties, 1621 Hyphal branching, 3591 Immune reactions, 1737 Hyphenated techniques, 1038 Immune response, 2325 Hypholoma, 528 Immune system, 1375, 1443, 3526 Hypnea concornis,31 Immunoadjuvant, 3215 Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 1832, 3670 Immunoaffinity chromatography, 3861 Hypocholesterolemic agent, 1418 Immunoaffinity column chromatography, 3330 Hypocholesterolemic effect, 3441 Immunoassay, 692, 1063, 3338 Hypoglycemic, 397, 3624 Immunocompetent, 1275 Hypolipidemic, 3218, 3668, 3669 Immunocompromised, 1275 Hypolipidemic effects, 1417 Immunodeficiency, 1513, 2418 Hypospadias, 2418 Immuno-enhancers, 1414 Hypothermia, 4079 Immunoglobulin IgG, 3215 Hypothyroidism, 1471, 1473, 1485–1489, 2423 Immunomodulator, 3347, 3527 Hypothyroidism goiters, 2422 Immunomodulatory, 123, 2681, 3488 Hypoxia, 3706, 3707, 3712, 3722 Immunomodulatory effect, 3449 Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, 1446 Immunopotentiating, 2960 Hypoxia-inducible factor-1–subunit alpha Immunoprecipitation assay, 3485 (HIF–1a), 1446, 2204 Immunostimulant, 3507 Hypoxic, 1455 Immunostimulating properties, 991 Hypusine, 1272 Immunosuppressant, 991 Hyrtios, 727 Immunosuppressed, 1266 Immunosuppressive, 3642 Immunotoxicity, 3142 I Impila, 1386 IAP. See Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) Implants, 1252 Iboga, 577 Improved cognition, 2414 Ibogaine, 1349 Incarvillea arguta, 926 ICH2CH2OH, 2889 Incarvillea mairei, 926 Index 4203

Increased absorptive surface of the small Integerrimine, 1385 intestine, 1426 Integrated pest management (IPM), 4101, 4102 India, 531 Interflavanic bond, 1758 Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), Inter-individual differences, 2411 3335 Inter-individual variations, 2416 Indinavir, 1278 Intermediate metabolizers, 1378 Indirect defences, 150, 2931 Intermediates, 56 Indocybin, 524 Intermedine, 1059–1061 Indole, 412, 534 International Chemical Weapons Convention, 57 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1830 International evaluation, 3149 Indole alkaloids, 537 Internet market, 287 Indoleamines, 524 Intestinal bacteria, 2435 Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICA), 29 Intestinal brush border membrane fluidity, Induced defense mechanisms, 1568 1406 Inducible defense, 2931 Intestinal microbiome, 2456 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 1307, Intestinal microbiota, 2451, 2453 1453, 2183, 3704 Intestinal microorganisms, 2435 Induction/repression, 3820 Intestinal mucosa, 1307 Infant formula, 2447 Intoxications by herbal preparations, 360 Infant gut microbiome, 2442 Intracellular redox-sensitive mechanism, Infant myeloid leukemia, 2422 2370 Infectious diseases, 1628 Intramolecular, 985, 1000 Infertility problems, 2421 Intramuscular, 1379, 1380 Infertility syndrome, 2417 Intranasal administration, 1252 Inflammation, 1443, 2624, 2625, 3477, 3523, Intraocular pressure, 3723 3525, 4115, 4117, 4118, 4120, 4127, Intraperitoneal injection, 57, 1319 4131, 4132, 4134, 4140, 4141, 4147, Intrathecal, 1370, 1380 4149 Intravenous, 1319, 1370, 1379, 1380 Inflammation models, 1510 Intrinsic pathway, 1313, 2199 Inflammatory, 1737, 4119 Introduction, 2048 Inflammatory mediators, 3217 Inulin, 2454 Inflammatory molecules, 2406 Invasion capacity, 1458 Influenza virus, 1310 Invasive malignant cells, 2404 Infrared spectra, 3472 Invasiveness, 1313 Inhibition of cell growth, 3448 Inversely related, 2420 Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), 2200 In vitro, 101–104, 108, 111, 917, 1686, 1691, Inhibitor of drug metabolism, 1400 1704, 1706, 2592, 2596, 2598, 2600, Inhibitors, 979, 980, 985, 987, 988, 991–994, 2602, 2765 1000 cultivation, 330 Inhibitory concentrations, 3978 culture, 470, 471, 474, 476 Inhibit the 5a-reductase, 2401 cytotoxicity, 1512 Inocybe, 527 data, 2405 iNOS. See Inducible nitric oxide synthase reactions, 1625 (iNOS) systems, 175 Insecticidal activity, 397, 1253, 3488, 4009 In vivo, 2591–2593, 2596–2599, 2602, 2605 Insecticide, 849, 4070, 4088 Iochroma, 3467 Insect resistance, 4070 Ion channels, 3994 In silico, 3332 Ion-exchange, 2114, 2150 In situ product, 2781 Ion exchange electrolytic technique, 3197 Insulin, 4144 Ionic charges, 1155 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), 2399 Ionic liquids, 1124, 1171 Insulin receptors, 1304 Ionic strength, 2116 Insulin resistance, 4114 Ionization, 2116 4204 Index

Ionone, 2989 Isomerization, 984, 991, 4024, 4028, 4033 a-Ionone, 2887, 2891, 2892 Isomers, 1220, 1223, 1224, 3369, 4066 b-Ionone, 3588 Isomitomycin A, 985 Ionotropic receptor, 47 Isopentenyl, 2787 IPC. See Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), 138, (IPC) 2696–2698, 2705, 2819, 3175, 3198, Ipecac, 132 3571, 4038 Ipolamiidoside, 3055 Isopentenyl diphosphate-dimethylallyl Ipomoea asarifolia, 689 diphosphate-isomerase (IDI), 2705 IPP. See Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP); Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), 2672, 2735, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) 2740, 2741, 2943, 4090 Iridodial diastereomer, 942 Isoperrottetin, 1919 Irinotecan, 645, 650, 653, 664 Isopilocarpine, 877 biological activity, 664 Isoplagilin, 1919 semisynthesis, 653 Isoplagiochin II, 1919 Irrigation, 2390 Isoprene, 2821, 2974, 3175, 3518 Irritable bowel syndrome, 3656 Isoprene rule, 2668, 2669, 3648 Ischemia, 1306, 3704, 3722, 3723 Isoprene synthase, 2720 Ischemia-reperfusion, 2327 Isoprene unit substituted bibenzyls, 1915 Ischemia–reperfusion injury, 944 Isoprenoid, 2668, 2763, 2813, 2814, 2867, Ischemic, 3569 2915, 2943 Ischemic brain injury, 3713, 3721 Isoprenoid engineering, 2815 Ischemic damage, 2300 Isopropanol, 1170 Ischemic heart disease, 3674 Isoquassin, 3782 Isoamylamine (IAA), 2885 b-Isoquinidine, 621 Isoboldine, 430 Isoquinoline, 412, 1303, 1369 Isobutylaldehyde, 2887 Isoquinoline alkaloids, 132, 163, 237, 1073, Isobutylamine (IBA), 2885 1166, 1170, 1175, 1183 Isobutyric acid, 2888 Isorhamnetin, 1829, 2161 Isocaespitol, 2892 Isorhapontigenin, 1906 Isocaryophyllene, 2987 Isorhapontigenin oligomers, 1910 3-Isocorynantheol, 611 Isoriccardin, 1918 Isocratic, 2150, 3359 Isosafrole, 4065 Isocratic elution, 58, 1086, 3378 Isosuspensolide F, 3025 b-Isocupreidine, 621 Isotanshinone, 3555 Isodehydrodigalloyl units, 1980 Isothebaine, 431 Isoeugenol (IEU), 2885, 2905, 2907 Isothermal or gradient temperature GC, 1075 Isoflavone reductase, 1671 , 3592 Isoflavones, 1653, 1729, 1828, 2151, 2155, Isotrichodermin, 3129 2160, 2435, 2456, 2568 Isotrichodermol, 3129 Isoflavone synthase, 1655 Isotrichotriol, 3129, 3131 Isoflavonoids, 1555, 1619, 1629, 1653, 1663, Isounedoside, 3016 1722, 1850 Isovaleric acid (IVA), 2885 glycosides, 1663 N-Isovalerylhistamine, 865, 876 Isolation, detection and characterization, 2051 Isoxanthohumol, 2343 phenolic compounds, 2051 IspC, 2699 Isoleucine, 851 IspG, 2701 l-Isoleucine, 365 IspH, 2701, 2703 Isomarchantin, 1918 Italy, 531 Isomenthol, 2979 Ithomiines, 157, 162 Isomerase, 3588 Itraconazole, 1276 Isomeric compounds, 1029 , 4067 Isomerism, 4066 IVHD-valtrate, 3049 Index 4205

Ixocarpalactone A, 3470, 3484 K Ixocarpalactone B, 3484 Kaempferol, 1655, 1658, 1729, 1824, Ixocarpalactones, 3470 2346, 3501 Ixodes ricinus, 4069, 4070 Kalaazar, 1265 Ixoroside, 3021 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, 2951 Ixoside, 3023 Kale, 3928 , 41 Kangai-1, 2203 J Kaposi’s carcinoma, 2799 Jaborol, 3469, 3473 Kappa, 1371 Jaborosa, 3467, 3469, 3472 Karenitecin, 666 Jaborosa bergii, 3472 Karrikin, 3595 Jabrol, 3469 Karrikin insensitive 2 (KAI2), Jabrosalactol 18, 3472 3597 Jabrosalactone 37, 3472 Karyomegaly, 1386 Jabrosalactones 27, 3472 Kaurane, 3179 Jabrosalactones 28, 3472 Kaurene synthase-like (KSL), Jabrosa rotacea, 3472 3572 Jacobaea vulgaris, 155 KB, 3478 Jacobine, 1061, 1064 KB-VIN, 3478 Jacoline, 1061 KD, 2148 Jaconine, 1061 Keds, 4075 Jacozine, 1061 Keloids, 3965 Jamaicamide, 41 Keratinocyte cell, 3966 Jania spp., 59 Keratolytic, 1962 Japan, 530 Ketocarotenoids, 1736 Japanese, 2422 Ketoconazole, 1276 Jasminum sambac, 2987 1-Ketol rearrangement, 2700 Jasmolactone B, 3032 Ketones (KE), 2885 Jasmolin I, 4063 5-Keto-octanal, 896 Jasmolin II, 4063 5-Keto-octanoic acid, 896 Jasmonate, 1695, 2800 Ketosynthase, 49 Jasmonic acid (Ja), 138, 1696, 1699, Kidneys, 2397, 4117, 4121, 1706, 4089 4139, 4149 Jatamanin A, 3015 Kind of tumor, 2404 Jatrophane, 3180 Kjellmaniella crassifolia (Saccharina Jaundice, 1385 sculpera), 2899 Jetting races, 4074 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 984, 989 Jimson weed, 291 Knockdown, 4070, 4077, 4078 Jiofuran, 3031 Kopsia griffithii, 1288 Jioglutolide, 3029 Kucha, 956 J774.1 macrophages, 1293 Kudzu root, 1852 Jones oxidation, 3081 Kutkoside, 3048, 3050 Josciamine, 291 Kynurenic acid, 3699, 3711 Juglandaceae, 1552 Juice, 2582, 2594–2596, 2598, 2599, 2604, 2605 L Jujubogenin, 3648 Labdane, 3182 Julandine, 1455 Labeled resveratrol, 2293 Juniperus Labiatae, 3467 J. communis, 2975, 4095 Lactarius indigo, 2988 J. oxycedrus, 4095 Lactase phloridzin hydrolase, 2478 J. sabina, 2983 Lactic acid, 1608 4206 Index

Lactone, 1784, 3472 L. dendroidea, 2893, 2906 d Lactone, 3472 L. glandulifera, 2893 Lactone ring, 3470 L. majuscula,31 Lactonifactor longoviformis, 2446 L. nipponica, 2893 Lactuca, 3530 L. similis,32 Ladybirds, 157, 162 Laurus nobilis, 4091 Lambda-cyhalothrin, 4070, 4072 Lavandula spp., 4094 Lamiaceae, 3071, 3087, 4089 L. angustifolia, 2979 Lamiide, 3024 L. stoechas, 2984 Laminariaceae, 2899 LC/APCI-MS, 3145 Laminariales, 2898–2900 LC-ESI-MS/MS, 1026, 3145 Laminaria spp., 2899 LC-FLD, 1137, 1145, 1146, 1150 L. angustata (Saccharina angustata), 2899 LC-MS. See Liquid chromatography-mass L. digitata, 2899 spectrometry (LC-MS) L. hyperborea, 2899 LC-MS/MS, 2054, 3144, 3145, 3474, 3592 L. japonica (Saccharina japonica), 2899 hybrid systems, 3360 L. saccharina (Saccharina latissima), 2899 and LC-ESI-MS, 2053 Laminarin, 1694 LD50. See 50% Lethal dose (LD50) Lamiridosins A, 3056 LD50/ED50 ratio, 1508 Lamiridosins B, 3056 LDL. See Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) Land plants, 1545, 3252–3254, 3256–3259, LDLR. See Low-density lipoprotein receptor 3263, 3264, 3266 (LDLR) Lanosol, 2893 LdNT1, 1269 Lanostanol, 3237, 3243 LdNT2, 1269 Lanosterol synthases, 2724, 3243 LdRos3, 1275 Lappaconitine, 932, 1507, 1508 Leacadine, 991 Large-scale, 226, 230, 1691, 1706, 2962 Leaf-opening factors, 1567 Large-scale production, 111, 215, 245 Learned tolerance, 1373 Large-scaling, 107 Learning rate, 3654 , 2450 Ledum palustre, 2999 Larix decidua Mill, 1549 Legumes-bacterium symbiosis, 1621 Larnax, 3467 Leguminosae, 1554, 1869, 1870, 1877, 1883, Larvicidal activities, 1211 1906, 2388, 3467 Laser induced fluorescence (LIF), 1105, 1168, Leishmania, 1294, 4125, 4149 1170, 1176, 1185 HIV, 1278 Laserpitium HIV co-infection, 1265 L. siler, 2981 L. donovani, 1310 L. zernyi, 2986 L. infantum, 4071 Laser trilobum, 2976, 2981 Leishmaniasis, 816, 1264, 1295, 1319, 4071 Late hopping, 2343 Leishmanicidal, 1286 Latent PCa, 2409 Lepeophtheirus salmonis, 4076 Latex, 2824 Leprosy, 3477 Lathyrane, 3180 Leptin, 3812 Laticifer cells, 98 Lespedezavirgatol, 1934 , 443 Lessoniaceae, 2900 Laudanum, 1368 Lethal dose, 51 Lauraceae, 1558, 3530, 4089 50% Lethal dose (LD50), 1319, 3136, 4099 Laurelia sempervirens, 4094 Leucine, 837 Laurencia (2S)-Leucine, 367 L. brongniartii,32 Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK), L. caespitosa (Osmundea hybrida), 2892 3856 L. cartilaginea,31 Leucoanthocyanidin reductase, 1656 L. decumbens,32 Leucoanthocyanidins, 1762 Index 4207

Leucojum aestivum, 1335 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 3964, 4117, 4118, Leukemia cell lines, 3561 4134, 4147, 4148 Leukemias, 1315, 1512 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 3808 Leukopenia, 993 Liposome, 354 Leukotrienes, 3679 Lipoxygenases (LOXs), 2183 Levodopa, 1348 Lippia alba, 2981 Levothyrox, 2422 Liquidambar formosana, 1990 Lewis lung carcinoma, 988 Liquid chromatography, 1022, 3386 LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH) Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem Liberine, 956 mass spectrometry (LC-MS2), 52, 63 Libido, 1374 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Lice, 4064, 4069, 4075, 4076, 4083 (LC-MS), 1052–1055, 1058–1061, Licorice, 1874, 3805 1064, 1137, 1139–1141, 1144–1150, LIF. See Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) 3337, 3339, 3359, 3360, 3398, 3860 Life cycle, 704 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Lifespan, 2300 (LC-MS) system, 324 Life styles, 2409 Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 177, 691, -gated, 600 1084, 1106, 1123, 2071, 2112, 3313 Light, 230, 2342, 3591 Liquid-liquid phase separation, 2033–2034 Light saturation, 1601 Liquid-phase extraction, 3354 , 1557, 2435, 2456 Liquiritigenin, 1660 Lignin, 1561 Liquor production, 1610 Ligstrohemiacetal B (66) (revised structure of Litter size, 2421 jasmolactone A), 3032 Littoralisone, 3033, 3058 Ligstroside, 3041, 3052 Littorine, 178 Liliaceae, 1554 Liver, 2397, 4114, 4125, 4126, 4128, Liliopsida, 979 4140, 4149 Limonene (LIM), 2787, 2885, 2976, 2977, enzymes, 3820 2980, 2997, 2999, 3430, 4090, 4096, lesions, 1387 4112, 4114, 4115 Liver cirrhosis, 373 Limonoids, 3477, 3776 Liverworts, 1920, 3585 (LI), 2885, 2905, 2977, 2979, 2993, LLE. See Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) 2999, 4089, 4090, 4096, 4121, L1210 leukemia cells, 982, 983, 993 4128–4130 LNCAP, 3478 Linalyl acetate, 2979 LO A and LO B, 1212 Linalyl diphosphate (LPP), 2720 LOAEL, 3136, 3137, 3139, 3140 Lindane, 4074 Loasaside, 3016 Linear polyprenyl diphosphates, 2708 Lobelane, 334, 337 Linker peptide, 1659 Lobelanidine, 324, 328 Linognathus vituli, 4069 Lobelanine, 318, 324, 337 a-Linolenic acid, 1736 Lobelanine isomers, 329 Linum usitatissimum, 3587 Lobelia Lipidic tissues, 1082 L. dortmanna, 321 Lipid peroxidation (LPO), 2466, 3653 L. inflata, 304, 305, 320–322, 324, 325, Lipids, 2321 329–332, 336, 337 deposition, 3811 L. urens, 321 membrane, 3981 Lobelia alkaloids, 320, 322 Lipo-alkaloids, 1517 Lobelia piperidine alkaloids, 305 Lipofuscin, 3933, 3937, 3940, 3943–3948 Lobelidine, 328 Lipogenesis, 3814 Lobeline, 304, 318, 323–325, 328, 330–336, Lipopeptides, 41, 1292 338, 1348 Lipophilicity, 2109, 3594 Lobophora variegata, 2895 Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), 1269 Local anesthesia, 65 4208 Index

Local anesthetic, 3996 L. albus, 387, 3584 Localization, 1690 L. angustifolius, 387 Loganiaceae, 590, 725 L. luteus, 387 Loganic acid, 3022, 3047, 3056 L. mutabilis, 388 Loganin, 90, 109, 3040, 3047, 3053, Lurtotecan, 666 3054, 3056 Lutein (L), 3254, 3256, 3264, 3265, 3369, Logoniaceae, 1553 3925, 3926, 3928–3931, 3933–3937, Lolium 3939, 3941–3944, 3948, 4021, 4024, L. arundinaceum, 164 4031 L. perenne, 864 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 1374 L. pratense, 164 production, 2418 Lomentaria catenata, 2891 secretion, 2417 Longifolene, 3521 surge is prevented, 2418 Long Term Potentiation (LTP), 2406 , 1827 Lonijaposide C, 3053 Luteolinidin, 1569 Lophocladia spp., 34 Lutzomyia, 845 Lophocladine (LO) A, 34 Luvunga, 766 Lophocladine (LO) B, 34 Luzonoid glycosides, 3050 Lotus japonicus, 3587 Luzonoids A-D, 3050 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Lyaloside, 136 3668, 3669, 3672, 3673, 3682, 3683 Lycium, 3467 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 1305 Lycium cestroides, 4094 Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 1305, 2298, Lycodine, 1242 2591, 2595–2597 Lycodoline, 1248 oxidation, 3670, 3672, 3683 Lycopene, 1730, 1731, 1736, 1836, 2651, Lower, 2406, 2421 2652, 2787, 2830, 2855–2858, blood concentrations of carotenoids, 3453 2860–2870, 2873–2875, 3369, incidence, 2409 3875–3910, 4019, 4022, 4023, 4031 Low larkspurs, 159, 162 Lycopersicon esculentum, 2787, 4098 Low-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), Lycopodiaceae, 1241, 1243 3136 Lycopodiales, 1241 Low-risk products, 4097 Lycopodine, 1242 Low temperature stress, 1565 Lycopodium alkaloids, 1239, 1242, 1247, 1257 LPP. See Linalyl diphosphate (LPP) Lycoposerramine H, 1248 LPS. See Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lycopsamine, 1059–1062, 1064 LSD. See Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Lycoriella america, 4094 LTP. See Long Term Potentiation (LTP) Lycorine, 484, 1532 L-type calcium channels, 63 Lymphocytes, 991, 4113, 4118 Luche reduction, 278 Lymphomas, 1315 Lukemia cells, 3478 Lyngbya wollei, 54, 59 Lumbago, 1305 Lyophilization, 4027 Lumbar spine, 2414 Lyophilization (freeze-drying), 3593 Lunasia, 723 Lysergic acid, 1135–1137, 1140–1143, Lung 1146, 1148 cancer, 2210 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 542, 693, carcinoma, 1316, 1836 1135, 1137, 1140, 1143, 1147, 1149 lesions, 373 Lysine, 318, 416, 1455 Lung carcinoma (A-549), 3479 l-Lysine, 305 Luotonin A, 658 Lupanine, 383, 1177 Lupin alkaloids, 382 M Lupinine, 389 Maceration, 3290 Lupinus, 383 cold extraction method, 3667 Index 4209

Macfadyena unguis-cati, 4094 Mammary gland tumor, 991 mAChR. See Muscarinic acetylcholine Management, 543 receptors (mAChR) Mandelin, 535 Macrocyclic bisbibenzyls, 1920 Manduca sexta, 4096 Macrocyclic diesters, 363 Mangifera indica, 1553 Macrocyclic musks, 3300 Mangiferin, 1553 Macrocyclic polyoxide, 988 Mannich cyclisation, 50 Macrophages, 3217, 3964 Mannosyl transferases (MTs), 1270 Macula, 3925, 3928–3935, 3937, 3939, 3940, Manzamine-type, 1293 3942, 3944, 3948 MAO. See Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Macular degeneration, 1444 MAPKs. See Mitogen-activated protein kinases Macular pigment (MP), 3925, 3928–3937, (MAPKs) 3941–3944, 3948 Mappicine, 647 Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), Mappicine ketone, 647, 652 3930–3935, 3937, 3941, 3942 Marchantin, 1918 MAD. See Mevalonate-dependent (MAD) Marchantinquinone, 1936 Madecassic acid (MA), 3961 Marine invertebrates, 980 Madecassol®, 3961 Marine organisms, 978 Madecassoside (MS), 3961 Marine pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, 253 Madurastatin B1, 986 Marine sponges, 253, 980, 986, 987, 1291 Maduropeptin (MDP), 988 Market trends of nutraceuticals, 2574 MAE. See Microwave-assisted extraction Markofane, 992–993 (MAE) Marquis, 535 Magic mushrooms, 526 Martefragin (MRF) A, 29, 1212 Magnoflorine, 11, 20 Martensia Magnoliaceae, 1558 M. denticulate,31 Makaluvamine C, 257 M. fragilis,29 Makaluvamine D, 257 Martensine A (MRT A), 29, 1212 Makaluvamine F, 255 Martensine B (MRT B), 29 Makaluvamines A, 257 Masculinization, 2418 Malaria, 626, 816, 3100, 3101, 3105, 3114, Massadine, 268 3783, 3795 Mass spectral fragmentation, 178 MALDI. See Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ Mass spectrometric detection, 2047 ionization (MALDI) GC/MS, 3144 Male babies, 2418 phenolic acids, 2047 Male behavior, 2421 Mass spectrometric/spectrometry (MS), 535, Males react more sensitive than females, 373 1038, 1051, 1057, 1060, 1086, 1125, Malonate/acetate pathway, 1545 2052, 2080, 2121, 2512, 2514, 3195, Malondialdehyde (MDA), 3682 3359, 3397, 3473, 4030 Malondialdeide (MDA), 3699, 3704, 3705, detectors, 1024, 1076 3718, 3721 EI, 2053 Malonyl-CoA, 61, 1761, 1825, 1925 GC-MS, 2052 Malt kilning, 2347 , 2450 Malts, 2334, 2343, 2346, 2350 Mate´ (Ilex paraguariensis), 955 Malus domestica Borkh, 1566 Matricaria recutita, 2985 Malvaceae, 802 Matrigel, 1445 Malvidin, 2467 Matrine, 1456 6-MAM, 1082 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Mammalian cell culture, 1652 (MALDI), 3398 Mammalian predators, 2390 mass spectrometry, 3339 Mammary adenocarcinoma, 994 TOF MS, 2055 Mammary epithelial cells, 3566 TOF MS spectra, 2056 Mammary gland adenoma, 2421 phenolic acids, 2056 4210 Index

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Membrane fluidity, 2326 time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), 3401 Membrane separation, 4032 Matrix effects, 1062, 1147, 2321 Memory, 2414, 2415, 3643, 3655, 3703, 3707, Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), 2201 3709, 3713, 3717, 3720–3722 MAX1, 3588 enhancer, 3219 MAX2, 3596 function, 3219 Maxi chloride channels, 4067 Meniere’s syndrome, 588 Maysin, 1826 Menispermaceae, 749 MDA-MB-231 cells, 3485 Menopausal symptoms, 1858 mDP. See Mean degree of polymerization Menopause, 2408 (mDP) genus, 3990 MDR. See Multidrug resistance/resistant p-Menthane-3,8-diol, 4089 (MDR) Mentha spp., 2780, 2956, 4094 Mean degree of polymerization (mDP), 2267 M. aquatica, 3000 Mechanical cold pressing, 4090 M. arvensis, 4122 Mechanism of action, 1515, 3488 M. piperita, 4091, 4122, 4128 Mechanism of ati-tumor ativities, 3485 M. pulegium, 2981, 2982, 2998, 4099 Mechanism of burning and painful sensation, M. spicata, 2978 1427 M. x piperita, 2980 , 434, 441 1-p-Menthene-8-thiol, 2994 Meconium, 1083 Menthofuran, 2821, 2982, 2998, 3000, 4099 Medicagenic acid, 3207, 3219 , 2734, 2735, 2979, 2980, 4089, 4090, Medicago 4121–4124 M. sativa, 3595 (+)-Menthol, 2676 M. truncatula, 3587 Menthone, 4090 Medical survey, 2410 Mentzeloside (Deutzioside), 3016 Medicarpin, 1569 MEP. See 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-4- Medicosma, 734 phosphate (MEP) Mediterranean diet, 2362, 3607 MEP/DOXP pathway, 2734, 2741 Medium optimization, 229 Meroterpenes, 2737 Medium pH, 229 mERs. See Membrane estradiol receptors MEEKC. See Microemulsion electrokinetic (mERs) chromatography (MEEKC) Mesaconitine, 1170, 1508 Mefloquine, 629 Mesembrine, 1168 MeJA/MeJa. See Methyl jasmonate (MeJA/MeJa) Meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), 3925, 3926, MEKC. See Micellar electrokinetic 3928–3931, 3937, 3941, 3944, 3948 chromatography (MEKC) Meta-analysis, 2408, 3669, 3676, 3705, 3709, Melaleuca 3717, 3718, 3723 M. alternifolia, 2980, 4099 Metabolic, 1686, 1688, 1691, 1695 M. quinquenervia, 4094 conversion, 2292 M. viridiflora, 2980 costs, 1570 Melanins, 1562 engineering, 6–11, 14, 21, 88, 101, 108, Melanocyte proliferation, 1414 109, 111, 215, 232, 235–238, 240, Melanoma, 1316, 1836, 3483 243, 245, 1593, 1626, 1650, 1686, B16F10, 3480 1691, 1703, 1707, 1837, 2826, 2954, SKMEL-28, 3480 3102, 3105–3106, 3108 Melatonin, 2583, 2590, 2593, 2594, 2598 flux, 232, 233, 236 Meliaceae, 850 networks, 2456 Melicope, 720 node, 1633 Melissa officinalis L., 2978, 2979, 4128 pathways, 1718, 4069 , 1244 toxication of PAs, 367 (7+5)-Membered bicyclic system, 943 toxication process in the liver, 367 Membrane estradiol receptors (mERs), 2399 transformation, 2398 Index 4211

Metabolic activation, 370 Methyl-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), 90 Metabolic syndrome (MetS), 3808, 4114 Methylfurfural (MFU), 2885 Metabolism, 544, 1272, 1317, 2321, 2411, 3-Methyl–2H-azirine-2-carboxylic acid, 979 2438, 2814, 3616 Methyl jasmonate (MeJA/MeJa), 92, 94, 98, Metabolism of 1,2-saturated pyrrolizidine 106, 107, 109, 1690, 1696–1699, alkaloids, 372 1703, 1706, 1707, 2784, 2954, 2956, Metabolite/father compound ratios, 1099 2958, 4045 Metabolomic, 2453 Methylliberine, 956 Metabolon, 1661 Methylmercaptan, 2899 Metagenomic, 2445 2-Methyl-mercapto-propylamine (MMPA), Metal cofactors, 4044 2885 Metallacyclopropane mechanism, 2704 N-Methyl-mitomycin, 984 Metallic ions, 1808 N-Methylmitomycin A, 984 Metamphetamine abuse, 338 Methyl orange, 1063 Metastasis, 3525, 3527, 3562 N-Methylpelletierine, 305, 306, 337 Metatranscriptomic, 2452 2-Methyl-2-pentanal, 2887 Meteloidine, 350 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Methadone, 1082 (MPTP), 3699, 3710, 3718 Meth A fibrosarcoma, 988 N-Methyl porfiromycin, 983, 984 Methamphetamine abuse, 334 Methylpseudoephedrine, 1219 Methamphetamines, 334, 912 N-Methylputrescine oxidase, 182 Methanethiol, 2887, 2892, 2897, 2899 Methylpyrazines, 1610 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Methylscutelloside, 3051 (MRSA), 3429–3430 Methyltransferase, 1655, 1670 Methiin, 3666, 3667 N-Methyltryptamine, 540 7-Methoxyapigeninidin, 1569 Methyluric acids, 954, 956, 961 (E)-4-Methoxycinnamoyl, 3210 Methylxanthines, 954, 1178, 1180, 1182 8-O-E-p-Methoxycinnmoyl harpagide, 7-Methylxanthosine synthase, 959 3058 Metopolophium dirrhodum, 4094 Methoxy-5-deoxystrigol, 3595 Metrodorea, 736 Methoxygaertneroside, 3054 Mevalonate-dependent (MAD), 2741 1b-Methoxygardendiol, 3047 Mevalonate pathway, 2696, 2697, 2734, 2741, 5-Methoxyluteolinidin, 1569 2763, 2803, 3175, 4090 1b-Methoxymussaenin A, 3046 (R)-Mevalonic acid, 2697 4-Methoycinnamoyl, 3207 Mevalonic acid (MVA), 2818, 2828, 2991, Methylamine (MA), 2885 3518, 3529, 3574, 4038 Methylanthraniloy, 821 Mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, 2671, 3101, Methylation domain, 51 3102 1-Methyl-aziridine, 979 M-3-G. See -3-glucuronide (M-3-G) Methyl bromide, 4100 M-6-G. See Morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) 1-O-Methylcachinol, 3051 MGT. See Multigene transfer (MGT) Methylcatalpol, 3051 MHC. See Minimum hydrotrope concentration Methylcholanthrene, 1315 (MHC) N-Methylconiine, 893 MIC. See Minimum inhibitory concentration 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP), (MIC) 2671, 2698, 2742, 2818, 2828, 2915, Micellar electrokinetic chromatography 2943, 3571, 4038 (MEKC), 1104, 1177 N-Methyl-D1-pyrrolinium cation, 182, 344 Micellar incorporation, 3446 Methylecgonine, 203, 351 Michaels additions, 3072, 3075, 3077 3-O-Methylellagic acid 40-O-b-d- Microangiopathy, 3969 glucopyranoside, 2164 Microbial, 1704 Methylenedioxy group, 936 biosynthesis, 1626 Methylephedrine, 1219 biotransformation, 919 4212 Index

Microbial (cont.) Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cell factory, 1625 2187, 3570, 3748, 3749 pathogens, 3976 Mitomycines, 985, 986 production, 3–21 Mitosane ring, 985 system, 5, 21 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, 2769 Microbiome, 2435, 2479 Miyabenol, 2281 Microbiota, 2472, 2475, 2479–2481 MMPs. See Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) Micrococcus luteus, 986, 989 MMSE. See Mini Mental State Examination Microcrystin LR, 1835 (MMSE) Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography Mobile phase, 3315, 3328, 3329, 3336, 3385 (MEEKC), 1179 Moderate soy-food intake, 2416 Microencapsulation, 2773 Modern biotechnology, 1737 Microglia, 2289, 2624, 2625 Modest reduction of PSA, 2413 Micromelum, 752 Modular pathway engineering (MOPE), 3574 Micromonospora, 984 Modulation in membrane dynamics, 1425 Micronesia, 980 Modulation of dopaminergic transmission, 1207 Micronutrient, 1732 Mogolicain A, 1999 Micropropagation, 3197 Molecular microRNAs, 2205 absorption, 1086 Microsomal enzymes, 968 biology, 1294 Microsporum gypseum, 4125 deficit, 1477–1478 Microtubules, 588, 2957, 2959 distillation, 4033 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), 1016, indicators, 1602–1603 2028–2032, 2037, 2069, 3331 ions, 325, 3397 Microwave irradiation, 276, 3331 markers, 2804 Microwaves, 3613 mechanism, 3883, 3886 Migraine attacks, 697 modeling, 1246 Migrant studies, 2409 simulation, 3332 Migration, 1446, 3560 weight, 3398 Milk, 361, 4080 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)-based Miltefosine, 1275 extraction, 1123 Miltiradiene, 3573 Molluscicidal, 816 Miltirone, 3573 Monitored, 2416 Minabeolides, 3467 Monnieria, 737 Minabolides-1, 3480 Monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase, 3425 Mineralocorticoids, 3808 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 8, 10, 17, 21, Minimal lethal dose, 47 1352, 3699, 3710, 3711, 3718 Minimal mental scores, 2410 Monoamine oxidase-A, 1309 Minimal risk level (MRL), 4080 Monoamine oxidase inhibitory, 1352 Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Monoclonal antibody, 45 1253 Monocrotaline, 1061–1064 Minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC), Monocyclic, 3369 3331 Monocyte-macrophage, 1590 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2676 Monocytic leukemia cells, 3560 Minthostachys mollis, 4094 Monodesmoside, 3227, 3233 Miosis, 1373 Monodesmosidic, 3233 Miraziridine A, 986–988 Monoesterified xanthophylls, 3373 Miscarriages, 2418 Monoglycerides, 994 Mist bioreactor, 188 Monohydroxy pigment (MHP), 3376 Mites, 4064, 4069, 4070, 4075, 4076, 4083 Monolithic, 2114–2116, 2125 Mitiromycines, 983 Monomeric phenanthrenes, 1923 Mitochondrial dysfunction, 3715 Monomers (+)-catechin, 2256 Mitochondria maintenance, 2406 Monostroma Index 4213

M. fuscum,29 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 2624, 3426 M. nitidum, 2902 Multiple-stage MS, 3316 Monostromataceae, 2902 Multiple-Step Engineering, 235 3-Monosubstituted tropanes, 347 Multiple targets, 1295 Monoterpene alcohols, 2918 Multistage mass spectrometry, 3239 Monoterpenes, 2780, 3993, 4089 Multi-target approach, 1257 Monoterpenoid alkaloids, 929 Multitargeting , 2225 Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids The Mu-1 opioid receptor subtype (OPRM1), (MIAs), 220 1377 Monoterpenoids, 2720, 2735, 2946, 2956 Murashige and Skoog, 2783 Mono-triterpenes, 2670 Murraya, 740 Monotropein, 3023 Musca domestica, 4075 Mood disorders, 2414 , 1343 Moraceae, 1551 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), More convincing results, 2411 1248, 1333 mOR-EG, 4008 Muscarinic receptor, 3710 Mormon, 2409 Muscarinic receptor ligands, 1343 Morphine, 6, 11–13, 429, 430, 434, 1073, Muscle, 64, 4080 1169, 1170, 1172, 1181, 1317, CK, 3820 1369–1371, 1373–1377, 1379, 1380, contraction, 2906, 2907 3426, 3647 paralysis, 47 Morphine biosynthetic pathway, 428 Mushrooms, 979 Morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G), 1376 Musk compounds, 3299 Morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G), 441, 1376 Musks, 3293 Morroniside (isolated as 7a/7bmixture), 3028 Mussaenosidic acid, 3022 MPTP. See 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- Mutagenic activities, 978 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Mutagens, 4119 MRF A. See Martefragin A (MRF A) Mutants, 1666 MRL. See Minimal risk level (MRL) Mutasynthesis, 239, 1664 MRM. See Multiple reaction monitoring Mutation, 2858, 2860, 2861, 2868, 2870 (MRM) Mutualist, 2925 MRT A. See Martensine A (MRT A) MVA. See Mevalonic acid (MVA) MS. See Mass spectrometric/spectrometry Mycelial networks, 2646 (MS); Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myc factor, 3595 MS/MS, 332 Mycology, 3125–3127 mTOR signaling, 2196 Mycorrhizal dependency, 2647 MTS viability assay, 3480 Mycorrhizal inoculation, 2651, 2652 Mu, 1371, 1373, 1377 Mycorrhizal symbioses, 2645 Mucosicola, 2444 , 2782, 2975 Multianalyte methods, 1149 Mycotoxins like aflatoxins, 374 Multi-component defense response, 1569 Myenteric plexus, 4069 Multidrug resistance/resistant (MDR), 317, Myocardial infarction, 3668, 3678, 3683 335–337, 1310, 2214, 3188 Myotonia, 4067 Multidrug-resistant tumor, 338 Myrcene, 4120 Multiflorine, 385 , 1828 Multigene transfer (MGT), 2833 Myristica fragrans, 2980, 2984, 4089 Multimerized transcriptional Myrtaceae, 3467, 4089 enhancers, 2953 Myrtopsis, 733 Multiple congenital contracture, 901 Myrtus communis, 2979 Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), 1060, Myxobacterium, 990 1061, 1147, 3592 Myxol glycoside, 3254, 3258, 3267, 3268 Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) Myxol 20-glycoside, 3256 mode, 1027 Myzus persicae, 4094 4214 Index

N Nemaliales, 2887 a N -acetylhistamine, 865 Nematolepis, 734 NACE-MS, 1034 Neocarzinostatin producer, 990 Na+ channels, 1515 Neodictyoprolenol, 2895 Na-cinnamoylhistamine, 865 Neoflavenes, 1555 a N -cinnamoyl-Np-methylhistamine, 866 Neoflavonoids, 1555, 1620 Nacional, 1601 Neoisomenthol, 2979 NADPH, 3712 Neolignans, 1557 NADPH-dependent reductase, 893 Neomarchantin, 1918 Nagelamide, 268 Neomenthol, 2979 Na+/K+ATPase, 3746–3751, 3753 Neonatal T, 2419 Naloxone, 1373 Neopetrosia, 1291 a N -methylhistamine, 864 Neophysalin, 3468 a a N , N -dimethylhistamine, 864 Neopinone, 430 Naphthalene dioxygenase, 1670 Neoplasm inhibitor, 985, 991, 992, 995, 1000 1-Naphthoic acid, 988 Neoquassin, 3347, 3782 Naphthoquinones, 1552 Neoraputia, 740 Naphthylisoquinoline, 1286 Neosartorya, 807 2,7-Naphthyridine derivatives, 34 Neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), 53, 54 , 434, 440, 1073 Neosenkirkine, 1385 Narciprimine, 1533 NeoSTX. See Neosaxitoxin Narcissus, 1335 Neo-tanshilactone, 3556, 3564 Narcotine, 1073, 1169, 1170, 1181 Neotyphodium, 689 Narcotoline, 442 Neotyphodium coenophialum, 164 (2S)-Naringenin, 1658 Neovascularization, 1448, 2300 Naringenin chalcone, 1762 Neoxanthin, 3390 Naringin, 2570 Nepalensinols, 1933 Native precursors, 1636 Nepenthaceae, 1552 Native producers, 1640 Nepetalactone, 2982, 4089 Natural, 1961 Nephropathy, 4117, 4149 bases, 691 Neral, 2979 compounds, 1391 NERICA. See New Rice for Africa (NERICA) and hybrid biosynthetic pathways, 1640 Nerol, 2979 perfumes, 3290 Nerolidol, 2682, 4124, 4125 product modification, 1625 Nerolidyl diphosphate (NPP), 2723 products, 978, 980, 982, 984, 987, Nerve-action current, 4097 990–1002 Nerve-action current firing, 4097 pyrethrins, 4063 Nerve cell, 3646 sweeteners, 3194 Nerve conduction, 4005 and unnatural flavonoids, 1633 Nerve membrane, 4066 Naucledal, 3031 Nervous system, 4065 Nausea, 1374, 1380 Nervous tissues, 4069 N-1-b-d-ribofuranosylmakaluvamine I, 255 Netherlands, 533 NBT-272, 3785 Neuralgic pain, 1507 NCI-H460 cell lines, 3479 Neurite elongation, 3967 N6-(D2-isopentenyl), 958 Neuroblastoma, 57, 1208 N6-(D2-isopentenyl)adenine-type cytokinins, Neurodegeneration, 1526 956 Neurodegenerative, 1814 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 4031 diseases, 1257, 1331, 1333, 1334, 1355, Necic acids, 370 1621, 2278, 3627, 3703, 3727 Necrosis, 373, 1385, 3478 disorders, 3488 Nectriaceae, 165 Neurofibrillary, 2799 Negative inotropic effect, 1511 Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), 3712, 3716 Index 4215

Neuroinflammation, 2619, 2623–2625, Nitric oxide (NO), 1832, 2363, 3672, 3674, 2630 3682, 3686, 3699, 3704, 3712, 3713, Neuroinflammatory processes, 2291 3721, 3965 Neurological effects, 393 Nitrite oxide (NO), 3217 Neuromodulator, 1206, 1208 Nitrogen-containing compounds, 2667 Neuromuscular junction, 47 Nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), 1057, Neurons, 2406, 2619, 2623, 2624, 2627–2629, 1064, 1076 3645, 3967, 3996 Nitro musks, 3300 Neuropathic pain, 3427 Nitrone functionality, 936 Neuropathies, 4079 Nitrosodiethylamine, 1315 Neuropeptides, 3709 Nitto Denko Co., 2770 Neuroprotection, 3428, 3701 N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDA), 3699, Neuroprotective, 123, 1249, 1940, 2406, 3711, 3716 3627, 3966 N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor, activity, 3627 1373, 1374, 4006 effects, 1257, 2482, 3220, 3710, 3718, 3727 antagonism, 1249 properties, 2291 antagonist, 1246 Neuropsychological, 3654 N-methyl-4-dimethylallyltryptophan, 699 Neurothrophic activity, 3219 NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Neurotoxic, 41 NO. See Nitric oxide (NO); Nitrite oxide (NO) , 4096, 4097 NOAEL. See No observed adverse effect , 51, 898, 3714 effect-levels (NOAEL) , 599, 3709, 3710 Nocardia farcinica, 1635 serotonin, 534 Nociceptive, 1371, 1374 Neurotrophic, 2406 Nodulation, 3595 Neurotrophic factors, 2620 Nodulation signaling pathway1 (NSP1), 3596 Neurotropic fungi, 527 Nodule formation, 1566 New Rice for Africa (NERICA), 3595 NOE correlations. See Nuclear Overhauser NFCS. See Nonfat cocoa solids (NFCS) effect (NOE) correlations NF-kB. See Nuclear factor kappa B NOESY experiments, 938 (NF-kB) Noladin, 3424 Nicandra, 3467 (2E,6Z)-Nonadienal, 2887 Nicandra physaloides, 3469 (Z,Z)-3,6-Nonadienal, 2898–2900 Nicandrenone, 3469 Nonahydroxyterphenoyl (NHTP), 1986 NICI ionization, 1076 Nonanal, 2891, 2892 Nicolaou’s, 2801 Nonanoic acid, 2887, 2892 Nicotiana, 1345 1-Nonanol, 2891, 2892 Nicotiana tabacum, 979, 3587 Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), , 151, 159, 160, 163, 1345, 1355, 1032, 1174 4122, 4123 Nonconventional extraction, 1015 Nicotine-induced toxicity, 3645 (E)-2-Nonenal, 2891, 2892, 2898–2902, Nicotinic acid, 416 2906 Nicotinic receptor ligands, 1345 (E)-2-Nonenol, 2898–2900 Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), 47, 334, 1248, Non-enzymatic browning, 1783 1333 Nonfat cocoa solids (NFCS), 2319 Nictitating, 899 Noninsulin-dependent, 3806 Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), Nonmammalian species, 4076 3444, 3446 Non-MVA, 3571 Nigella sativa, 2981 Non-natural analogs, 1664 Nijmegen-1, 3597 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), Ninhydrin, 915 42, 699 Nitidine, 1170 Non-small cell lung cancer, 3562 Nitrareaceae, 787 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 1510 4216 Index

Non-toxic necines, 370 N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E), No observed adverse effect effect-levels 3937, 3947, 3948 (NOAEL), 2291–2292 Nrf–2. See Nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor Nootkatone, 2991, 3001 (Nrf–2) NO production, 2290 NRPS. See Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases Noradrenaline, 588, 3709, 4068 (NRPSs) NORA programme, 3541 N,S-acetal moiety, 260 Norbelladine, 484 NSE/DTE triad, 2719 Norbornane, 3472 NSP2, 3596 Norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase (6OMT), Nuclear factor, 337 8–11, 21 Nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor (Nrf-2), Norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), 8–10, 21 2190 Norcodeine, 1377 Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), 1316, 1453, Norditerpenoid alkaloids, 932 1870, 1872–1875, 1881, 1883, 1889, Norephedrine, 1219, 1221, 1223, 1224 2187, 2291, 2626, 2679, 3089, 3090, Norepinephrine, 598 3704, 3713, 3715, 3750, 3751, 3966, Norethisterone, 2420 3967 Norflurazon, 2787 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 178, Norguaianolide, 3074 1137, 2123, 2802, 3359 Norharman, 1352 spectra, 3476 Norlaudanosoline, 8–11, 19, 21 spectroscopy, 1037, 2082, 2119, 3239 Nor-lobelane, 334, 337, 338 Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) Norlobelanidine, 329 correlations, 933 Norlobelanine, 318, 324, 325, 328, 337 Nucleophiles, 978 Norlobeline, 329 diphosphate kinase, 1664 Normal fetal fibroblast (MRC-5) cells, 3480 Nucleotide-activated sugars, 1664 Normal-phase high performance liquid Nucleus accumbens, 1373, 1375 chromatography (NP-HPLC), 1086 Nude athymic mice, 2402 Normolipidemic, 3673, 3679, 3683 Nutraceuticals, 1736, 1740, 2451, 2491–2495, Normorphine, 1376 2501, 2503, 2505, 2511, 2583, 2590, Normoxic, 3965 2605, 2642, 2764 Nornicotine, 1346 properties, 2644 Norpseudoephedrine, 1219, 1221, 1223, 1224 value, 2653 nor-Sesquiterpenoids, 2989 Nutrition, 2434, 3902 Noscapine, 434, 441, 1172, 1446 Nutritional, 1959 Nostocales, 58, 63 conditions, 1688 Nostoxanthin, 3256, 3265, 3266 value, 2855 Notch-1 signaling, 3485 Nutrition claims, 2505, 2519–2521 Nothapodytes foetida, 647 Nuzhenide, 3052 Nothapodytine A, 647 Nyctinasty, 1566 NOx. See Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Nylandtia, 3206 N-oxidation, 370 N-(4-oxodecanoyl) histamine, 866 NPAA. See N-propinoyl aspartic acid (NPAA) O NPD. See Nitrogen-phosphorus detection Oakmoss, 3299 (NPD) Obesity, 2495, 2496, 3477, 4114, 4148 NP-HPLC. See Normal-phase high Obligate parasites, 3585 performance liquid chromatography 1000-O-b-O-glucosyl formoside, 3052 (NP-HPLC) Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), 526 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorders acids, 3444 (OCD) NPP. See Nerolidyl diphosphate (NPP) Oceanapia, 799 N-propinoyl aspartic acid (NPAA), 3333 Ochrophyta, 2893–2901 Index 4217

Ochrosia elliptica, 598 Oncostatic agent, 992 Ocimum Onjisaponin A, 3215 O. basilicum L, 2946, 4091 Onjisaponin B, 3215 O. canum, 4090 Online preconcentration, 1185, 1189 O. suave, 4095 Onychomycosis, 4008 Octadecane, 2892 Oomycetes, 2805, 2806 5-Octadecene, 2894 Open-chain glycsoides, 3242 (2E,4E)-Octadienal, 2887 Open-chain saponins, 3233 1-Octanol, 2892 Open-chain steroidal glycosides, 3227, 1,3,5-Octatriene, 2892 3233–3236, 3243, 3244 (E)-2-Octenal, 2891, 2892, 2902, 2906 Open-chain steroidal saponins, 3232, 3233 2-Octene, 2897 Open-column chromatography (OCC), 1-Octenol, 2892 3371, 4027 1-Octen-3-ol, 2891, 2892, 2902 Open-field test, 3968 (E)-2-Octenol, 2891, 2892 Open tubular/capillary columns, 1074 1-Octen-3-one, 2889 OPG. See Osteoprotegerin (OPG) Octopamine, 4096 Ophioscorodon, 3665 N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide, Opioid-like activity, 135 4065, 4077 Opioid receptors, 1371, 1373, 1508 Ocular, 1813 Opium, 1368–1370 Ocular blood flow, 3723, 3724 alkaloids, 1172 O. cuma, 3592 plant, 1111 Odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 4096 OP poisoning, 1252 Oestrogen, 1861 OPRM1. See The Mu-1 opioid receptor Oestrogenic activity, 1852 subtype (OPRM1) Oestrone, 1546 Optimization, 226, 229, 3354 Off-flavor, 2348 Optimization of the enzyme sources, 1636 6-OHDA. See 6-Hydroxydopamine ORAC. See Oxygen radical absorbance (6-OHDA) capacity (ORAC) O. hederae, 3594 Oral, 1319, 1370, 1371, 1376, 1377, 1380 Oil cells, 2822 administration, 3647 Oil glands, 2824 dosage, 3969 Oil soluble constituents, 3665 fluids, 1077 Old yellow enzyme, 701 intake, 2412 Oleander, 295 Oral contraceptives (OCs), 2751 Oleandrin, 3747–3751 Orange oil, 4101 Oleoresin, 2822 Orbitrap, 1101 Olfactometric cues, 2920 Orbitrap mass spectrometers, 58 Olfr73, 4008 ORCA3, 109, 110 Oligogalacturonides, 1694 Orchidaceae, 805 Oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins, Oreophoetes, 788 2267 Organic farming, 4102 Oligomers, 2256 Organoleptic, 1959, 3198 Oligostilbenes, 1906 Organophosphorus, 4065, 4066, 4079 Omega fatty acids, 1736 Organosulpfur compound, 3666 Omics , 738 metabolomics, 2513, 2514 Oriciopsis, 741 proteomics, 2513, 2514 Orientaline, 431 transcriptomics, 2513, 2514 Orientalinone, 431 Omnopon, 1100 Origanum Oncogenes, 189, 2952, 3527 O. majorana, 2980, 2983, 2991 Oncogenicity of resveratrol, 2291 O. vulgare, 2976, 4091, 4098, 4116, 4133 Oncomelania, 846 , 446 4218 Index

Orius insidiosus, 4098 stress, 135, 1249, 2371, 2473, 2592–2596, Orixa, 722 2598, 3526, 3644, 3707, 3711–3713, Ornithine, 365, 417 3719, 4114, 4127, 4132, 4134, 4138 l-Ornithine, 344 Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), Ornithine decarboxylase, 182 3218, 3681 Ornithonyssus sylviarum, 4072 Oxidoreductase, 699 Orobanchaceae, 3585 2,3-Oxidosqualene, 3242 Orobanche, 3585 5-Oxo-5-deoxystrigol, 3587 Orobanche minor, 3591 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases Orobanchol, 3585 (2OGD), 1826 Orobanchol series, 3589 2-Oxo-3-(5-imidazolyl)-propanol, 872 Orobol, 1667 7-Oxoorobanchol, 3587 Oroidin alkaloids, 265 20-Oxoquininone, 633 Orotic acid, 1664 3-Oxo-un-4-decenyl, 2894 Orsaponin, 3235 Oxygen, 226, 230, 2343 Ortho-chloranil, 1063 limitation, 186 Orthologous/homologous, 698 in wine, 2267 Orthostatic hypotension, 697, 1373 Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), Oruwacin, 3027 2318 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 4094 Oxymethyl bridge, 3352 Oryzalin, 198 Oxyresveratrol, 1906 Oryza sativa, 1569, 3587 Oxyresveratrol oligomers, 1911 Oscillatoria,47 Ozone, 1698, 2929 O. formosa,42 Ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons, 2682 O. nigro-viridis, 1293 Oscillatoriales, 59 Oscine, 349 P Osteoblastic differentiation, 2405 p53, 1313 Osteoblastic proliferation, 2405 P450, 2829 Osteoblasts, 2405 PA. See Propylamine (PA) Osteopenia, 2413, 2418 Pachydictyol A, 2895 Osteoporosis, 1374, 1858, 2405, 2447, 4117 Packed columns, 1074 Osteoporotic fractures, 2409 , 1652, 2216, 2674, 2737, 2783, Osteoprotegerin (OPG), 2405 2829, 2957, 3165, 3167–3169 Ostericum sieboldii, 4094 Paederoside, 3050 OSW-1, 3235, 3243, 3244 Pagoside, 3044 Ouabain, 57, 3745, 3747–3750 Pain management, 66 Outbreak, 3125, 3144 Pain of sciatica, 1507 Ouvrardianine A, 927 Pain reliever, 1425 Ouvrardianine B, 934 Palatoschisis, 901 Over-expression, 232, 235–237, 1704 Palau’amine, 268 Oviposition stimulants, 1570 Paleatin, 1919 Oxaliplatin, 2215 Palliative care, 1380 Oxazolidine ring, 938 Palmatine, 6, 12 Oxetane, 2801 Palmitoylated, 2399 Oxidation, 2335, 2342, 3711, 3925, 3933, Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), 3424 3937, 3943, 3944, 3946, 3947, 4024 Panaelus, 527 b-Oxidation, 1273 Panaeolina, 531 Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, 2269 Panaeolus, 531 Oxidative, 4117 Panax, 2764 damage, 3646, 3668 Panax ginseng, 2766, 2947, 2952 pentose phosphate pathway, 1571 Panicum miliaceum, 3585 phosphorylation, 3716 Panonychus ulmi, 4098 Index 4219

Papain, 980, 987, 2342 Peganum, 830 Papaver alkaloids, 1369, 1370 Peganum harmala, 1291 , 434, 440, 1073, 1170, 1172, 1181, Pelargonidin, 1664, 2467 1369, 1370 Pelargonium Papaver somniferum L., 1073, 1172, 1349, P. graveolens, 290, 2982 1446 P. odoratissimum, 2979 Papilio xuthus, 1570 Pelea, 738 PA poisoning, 374, 1389 Pelletierine, 304–306, 337 Paracelsus, 1368 Pelletization, 2350 Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 53, 957 Pellets, 2335 Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), 53, 972 Pellicularia sasaki, 980 Paralyze, 4077 Penethylisoquinoline, 461–476 Paraminabea, 3467 Penetration, 3762 Paraoxon, 51 Penicillium, 834 Paraquat, 4044 Penicillium griseoroseum, 1639 Parasitological, 1294 Penicillium spp., 1554 Parasympatholytic agents, 1014 Peninsularinone, 3785 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 2405 Pentadecanal, 2887, 2891, 2892, 2902, 2904 , 959 Pentadecane, 2892 Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine), 955 Pentadecanol, 2891, 2892 P. arenaria, 3209 Pentadecene, 2891, 2892 Paresthesia, 1516, 4065–4067 Pentaflavonoids, 1621 Parkinson, 332, 589, 848, 3488 Pentamidine, 1274, 1289 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 175, 697, 1207, Pentane, 3371 1333, 1471, 1473, 1480–1482, 1526, 2-Pentanol, 2902 1527, 2619, 2623, 3699, 3718 Pentavalent antimoniate, 1273 Paromomycin, 1275, 1279 1-Penten-3-ol, 2902 PARP. See Poly(ADP-) polymerase 2-Penten-1-ol, 2902 (PARP) Pentobarbital, 4067 Parthenin, 3092, 3094 Pentostam, 1286 Parthenocarpy, 1591 13-(3-Pentyl-2-aziridinyl)-5,8,11-trideca- Parthenocissin A, 2153, 2162 trienoic acid, 994 Parthenolide (PRT), 3083, 3529 Peonidin, 2467 Party pills, 289 PEPCK. See Phosphoenolpyruvate PAs. See Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) carboxykinase (PEPCK) PASs. See Potentially allergenic substances Pephytoene diphosphate, 2717 (PASs) Peptic ulcers, 1444 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, 1569 Peptide leader sequences, 1660 Pathogenic bacteria, 978 Peptide madurastatin A1, 986 PA toxicity in humans, 373 Peramenolide A, 3480 Pattern recognition receptors, 1569 Peramine, 164 Pausinystalia, 589 Perception of bitterness, 2265 Paw edema, 3655 Perfumes, 3289 PC-3, 3478 Perhydropurine, 54 P. carajaensis, 868–871 Perhydropurine alkaloid, 42 PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Periaqueductal gray matter, 1371 PD. See Parkinson’s disease (PD) Pericardial fluid, 1082 PDR1, 3590 Pericarpium papaveris, 1100 PEA. See Phenylethylamine (PEA) Peridinin, 3254, 3256, 3264 p4E-BPI, 3485 Peridroma saucia, 4095 Pectinases, 1609 Periglandula Pediculus capitis, 4094 P. ipomoeae, 689 PEG. See Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) P. turbineae, 689 4220 Index

Peril alcohol, 2997 Phalaris arundinacea, 158, 162 Perilla argata, 2981 Pharmaceuticals, 1100, 4049 Perillaldehyde, 2976, 2981 formulations, 3336, 3337 Perillyl alcohol, 4115, 4139, 4140 industry, 132, 2650 Peripheral neurons, 64 properties, 3517 Peripheral neuropathies, 4079 Pharmacodynamics, 1376 Periplaneta Pharmacogenetics, 1377 P. americana, 4094, 4096 Pharmacokinetics, 4068 P. orientalis, 4094 Pharmacology/pharmacological, 541, Periplocaceae, 787 1014, 3657 Periprocedural care, 66 active, 3214 Permeability, 3791, 3981, 3982 activities, 978, 1002, 1507, 3488 Permeabilizing agents, 2771 effects, 481, 1504 Permeation, 3759, 3762 importance, 3476 Permethrin, 4063, 4068, 4070–4072, interactions, 2482 4075–4078 properties, 65, 121, 979 Peroxidases, 94, 2184, 4113, 4114, 4135 Phebalium, 735 Peroxides, 982 Phelodendron, 735 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Phenanthraquinones, 1923 (PPAR), 4118, 4128, 4134, 4147 Phenanthrene alkaloids, 1073 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Phenanthrenes, 1369, 1923 (PPAR) , 3809 Phenobarbital, 2786 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g Phenolics, 2013–2037, 2261, 2435, 2667, (PPARg), 4117 3501, 3977, 3981 Peroxyl radical (HOO•), 3673 Phenolics acids, 1548, 2438, 2475, 2476, Perpivaloyl glucosides, 3050 2528–2534, 2537, 2538, 2540, Perrottetin, 1919 2542–2545, 2547–2552, 2554, 2555 Persistent pollutants, 2410 Phenolics compounds, 2528, 2529, 2531, 2533, Perulactone B, 3470 2534, 2540, 2543, 2544, 2549, 2552, Peruvoside, 3750 2557, 2583, 2584, 2589, 2590, 2595, Perylene, 1564 2598, 2600, 2601, 2603, 2604 Peschiera van heurkii, 1288 benzoic acids, 2095, 2098 Pestalotiopsis, 2802 extraction, 2095 , 2780, 4049, 4125 flavonoids, 2095 Pest management, 4095 hydrolysis, 2096 Pet animals, 4071, 4077 hydroxycinnamic acids, 2100 Petasites japonicus, 979 LC-MS, 2097 Petiveria, 1553 LC-UV/LC-DAD, 2096 Petroleum, 4065 flavonoids, 2096 Petroleum ether, 3371 phenolic acids, 2096 Petroselinum sativum, 4091 , 2095, 2098 Petunia, 1722 Phenols (PH), 2886–2893, 2895–2904, 2907, Petunia hybrida, 3590 3665 Petunidin, 2467 Phenothrin, 4065, 4075 Peumus boldus, 2998, 4099 Phenoxodiol, 2192, 2218 PGE2. See Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Phenserine, 1341 P-glycoprotein (P-), 2214 l-Phenylacetylcarbinol, 919 PGOCA. See Phenyl glycine-o-carboxylic acid , 909, 1688, 1825 (PGOCA) l-Phenylalanine, 918 P. grandiflorus, 870 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 1654, Phagocytic cells, 3523 1688, 1825 Phagocytosis, 3523 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, 1565 Phakellin, 270 Phenylalkylamines, 913 Index 4221

Phenylethylamine (PEA), 28, 1206 Phosphorylation, 537 2-Phenylethylamine (PEA), 2885 Photodiode array, 3592 Phenylethylamine (PEA) derivatives, 1205 Photodiode array detector, 3378 Phenyl glycine-o-carboxylic acid (PGOCA), Photomorphogenesis, 3585 3333 Photooxidation, 1100 Phenyliodonium bis(trifluoroacetate) Photoprotection theory, 1568 (PIFA), 260 Photoprotective, 3925, 3933 Phenylisoserine, 2801 Photoreceptors, 3925–3930, 3937, 3939–3941, Phenylketonuria, 1207 3943, 3944, 3946, 3947 Phenylpropanoids, 4, 14, 1549, 1653, 1685, Photosensitive, 44 1688, 1691, 1705, 1707, 1720, 1955, Phthalates, 3293, 3302 4002, 4003, 4089 Phycotoxins, 53 acids, 1629 Phyllopertha, 806 pathway, 1722, 1850 Phyllophora Phenylquinolines, 832 P. crispa,28 Pheomelanins, 1564 P. nervosa,29 Pheromones, 2920, 3181, 4121 P. nervosa (Phyllophora crispa), Philadelphicalactone A, 3484 2890, 2904 Philadelphicalactone B, 3484 Phyllophoraceae, 2890 Philipanche, 3585 Phyllospora comosa, 2898 Philotheca, 733 Phylogenetic, 544 Phlebotomus, 845 Phylogenetic analysis, 63 Phlegmarine, 1242 Phylogenetic distribution, 61 Phlegmariurus squarrosus, 1245 Physalins, 3468, 3473, 3476 PHLI. See Polyhalogenated indoles (PHLI) A, 3468 Phlobaphene pigments, 1838 B, 3468, 3478, 3485 Phlomiol, 3045 D, 3478 Phlomis brunneogaleata, 1290 F, 3478 Phloretin, 1566, 2153, 2164 P, 3468 3-Phloroeckol, 1560 U, 3478 Phloroglucinol, 1548, 1765 Physalis, 3467 Phloroglucinolysis, 2269 P. alekengi, 3468 , 1559 P. angulata, 3479, 3485 Phloyoside 1, 3045 P. minima, 3468, 3477, 3479 Pholcodine, 1100 P. philadelphica, 3477 Pholiota, 528 Physalism minima, 3477 Phorbol, 3180 Physcion, 1554 Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), 2213 Physcomitrella patens, 3585 Phormidium,47 Physical environmental conditions, 103 Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), 3669 Physical factors, 104, 1692, 1693, 2783 30-phosphoadenosine 50-phosphosulfate Physostigma venenosum, 1340 (PAPS), 1829 Physostigmine, 1340, 1342, 1527–1529 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 14, 15 Phytoalexins, 1569, 1685, 1687, 1693, 1695, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1831, 2388, 2782 (PEPCK), 3809 Phytoanticipins, 3503 Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase (PEPS), 15 Phytochemicals, 2069, 2075, 2084, Phosphoglucomutase, 1664 2470, 2507–2511, 2642, Phospholipase, 2676 2643, 2653, 2768, 2771, 2942, Phospholipase-2 (PLA2), 2679 3206, 4002 Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), 3966 Phytoecdysteroids, 3828–3832, 3835, 3836, Phospholipid bilayer, 2471 3838–3840, 3842–3845 Phospholipids, 993, 1277 Phytoene, 2715, 2717, 3390 Phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT), 1269 Phytoestrogenic, 2448 4222 Index

Phytoestrogens, 1850, 2437, 2440, 2453, 2571, (2S)-Pinocembrin, 1658 2643, 2648 Pinocytosis, 2471 Phytofluene, 3390 , 2438 Phytohormone-derived anticancer drugs, 3864 (+)-Pinoresinol, 1557 Phytohormones, 230 Pinus spp., 1557, 4094 Phytol, 2733, 2734, 2737, 2744, 3176 P. contorta, 2986 Phytolacca dioica, 4094 P. massoniana, 3000 Phytonutrients, 1740 Piper, 305 Phytosterol oxides (PSOs), 3451–3452 P. longum, 311, 312, 337 Phytosterols, 2416, 2422, 2568 P. nigrum, 304, 309, 312, 313, 337, 4116 bioavailability, 3441 P. officinarum, 314, 337 compared to phytostanols, 3442 Piperaceae, 772, 1558 Phytotoxic, 3488 Piperanine, 311, 337 Phytotoxicity, 1941 Piperettine, 337 pH-zone-refining, 2150 Piperidine, 320, 336, 412 PI. See Pinene (PI) Piperidine alkaloids, 304–306, 324, Picea, 1557 330–332, 337 Picea abies, 3000 Piperine, 304, 309, 311–315, 317, 318, 336, Picea abies (L.) Karst, 1549 337, 1352 Piceatannol, 2282, 2289, 2297, 2298 Piperitone, 2895, 2981 Piceatanol, 1906 Piperlonguminine, 315, 337 Piceatanol oligomers, 1911 Piperonyl butoxide, 4066, 4077 Piceid, 1692, 1696, 1698, 1699, 1703, 2279, Piracetam, 4123 2283, 2286, 2350, 2351 Pisum sativum, 3587, 3596 Picein, 1549 Pitohuis, 159, 162 Picloram, 2787 Pituitary gland, 2421 Picrasin K, 3348 P. japonica, 3210, 3219 Picroside 1, 3048, 3056 pKa, 2472 Piepunine, 940 pKa values, 1165 PIFA. See Phenyliodonium bis PKC. See Anti-protein kinase C (PKC) (trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) Plagilin, 1919 Pig ascarids Plagiochin, 1918 Pigments, 2260, 2466, 2468, 2763, 2861, 2866, Plagiolin, 1920 2869, 2870, 4018, 4022 Plains larkspur, 159 Pilocarpidine, 869 Planar chromatography, 1020 Pilocarpine, 861, 863, 868–870, 872–878, 1343 Planar compounds, 2387 Pilocarpus, 728, 863, 867, 868, 870–877, 1343 Planar configuration, 1834 P. jaborandi, 869, 870 Plant(s), 228, 231, 237, 240, 242, 689, 971, P. jaborandi, 868 978, 979, 1002, 2417, 2942, P. microphyllus, 868–871, 873–875, 3828–3831, 3836, 3839–3845 877, 878 alkaloids, 215, 219, 220, 232, 240 P. pennatifolius, 868, 869, 871, 872, cell and organ cultures, 2777 875, 878 cell bioprocessing, 224 P. trachyllophus, 868, 869, 871 cell cultivation, 226 Pilosinine, 869 cell cultures, 215, 220, 226, 228, 230, 231, Pimenta racemosa, 4121 243, 2768, 2770 Pimpinella affinis, 2986 cell technology, 215, 245 PIN. See Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia genetic transformation, 1582 (PIN) genotype, 2644 Pinellia, 1219, 1221 growth regulators, 2763 Pinene (PI), 2887, 2888, 2892, 2896, 2898, hormones, 3585 2899, 2901, 2902, 2905, 2907, 4040 mycorrhizal infection, 1566 Index 4223

phenolic compounds, 2049 p38 MAPK, 2192 phenolics, 1546, 1953 P815 mastocytoma, 988 regeneration, 2951 P450 monooxygenase, 581 resistance, 1805, 3862, 3864–3865 PMTDI. See Provisional maximum tolerable secondary compounds, 2771 daily intake (PMTDI) secondary metabolites, 1619 Pneumotoxic, 360 tissue culture, 3109–3110 P nutrition, 2646 in vitro systems, 185 Poaceae, 725, 3590 volatiles, 3983 Podostemaceae, 1553 Plantation systems, 1602 Pogostemon cablin, 2988, 2998 Plant-based natural antimicrobials, 3976 Pogostemon spp., 4091 Plant-derived alkaloids, 215 Poison antidote, 1511 Plant-derived foods, 1953 Poison Control Centre, 295 Plant protection products (PPP), 4088, 4101 Poison hemlock, 884 Plant-to-bacterium signal, 2390 Polianthes tuberose, 2766 Planusin, 1919 Polyamines, 1732 Plaque, 3677, 3681, 3682, 3686 Polyamine spermidine, 991 Plaque formation, 2287 Polybromomethanes, 2890, 2896, 2897, 2902 Plasma, 2324 Polycyclic musks, 3300 concentrations, 2294, 2323, 2388 Polygala, 3206, 3220 concentrations vary, 2400 P. aureocauda, 3218 steady-state levels, 2398 P. crotalarioides, 3213 Plasmodium, 846, 3786 P. micrantha, 3213 Plasmodium falciparum, 626, 1310, 2960 P. ruwenzoriensis, 3207 Plastids, 2832, 2856, 2861, 2865, 2867, P. tenuifolia, 3209, 3219 2870, 3588 Polygalaceae, 1553 Plastoquinones, 2695 Polygonaceae, 805, 1554 Platelet, 1307 Polyhaloacetone, 2889 Platelet activating factor (PAF), 3704, 3715, Polyhalobut-3-en-2-ones, 2888 3720–3723, 3726, 3727 Polyhalogenated indoles (PHLI), 34, 1212 Platelet aggregation, 2299, 2326, 3664, 3677, Polyidaceae, 2890 3678, 3680, 3686 Polyides rotundus, 28, 2890 Platelet-derived growth factor, 1450 Polyketide, 833 Platydesma, 734 acetate/malonate pathway, 1546 Pleiospermium, 764 pathway, 1545 P388 leukemia, 982, 988, 996 synthase:type III, 1654 Plinia cerrocampanensis, 2986 Polyketide synthases (PKS), 42, 49, 61, 1654 Plocamiaceae, 2891 Polyketoacid, 893 Plocamiales, 2891 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2803 Plocamium Polymeric pigment, 2265 P. angustatum, 2891 Polymorphisms, 1377, 2627 P. vulgare (Plocamium cartilagineum), Polyphenolic compounds, 1619, 2369 2891 Polyphenol-inducing medium, 1692 P-loop, 64 Polyphenol oxidases, 1564, 1607, 1764, 1782 Plumbagnaceae, 1552 Polyphenols, 1546, 1585, 2015–2026, Plumbago capensis, 1552 2030–2033, 2035, 2037, 2063, 2075, Plumenoside, 3027 2080, 2146, 2147, 2150–2152, 2156, Plumeria type iridoid, 3054 2158, 2160, 2161, 2163, 2164, 2176, Plunge dipping, 4074, 4079 2177, 2335, 2342, 2362, 2442, 2453, Pluteus, 532 2467–2469, 2472, 2642, 2647 PMA. See Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in olive, 2059 (PMA) polyphenolic, 2467 4224 Index

Polyphenon E, 2214 Prebiotics, 2454 Polyploid, 473–474 Precursor feeding, 1686, 1692 Polyploidization, 199 Precursors, 88, 89, 98, 104, 105, 109, 111, 220, Polyploidy, 197 225, 226, 231, 238, 239, 243, 537, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), 3528 1633, 2804 Polyps, 2420 Predator reproduction, 2390 Polysaccharides, 2266, 3501, 3978 Preformed antibiotic compounds, 1568 Polysiloxanes, 1075 Pregenomic approach, 224 Polysiphonia Pre-menopausal, 2408, 2412, 2419 P. morrowii, 28, 2893, 2903 Prenylchalcones, 1869, 1873, 1874, 2343 P. sphaerocarpa (Neosiphonia Prenyldiphosphate, 2828 sphaerocarpa), 2893 Prenylflavanones, 2345 P. tripinnata, 28, 2893, 2904 Prenylflavonoids, 2151, 2162 P. urceolata,28 Prenylnaringenin, 2345, 2346 P. urceolata (Polysiphonia stricta), 2893 8-Prenyl naringenin (8-PN), 2385 Polyterpenes, 2824 Prenyltransferases, 2708, 2818, 2819 Polyterpenoids, 2670, 2915 Presenegenin, 3207, 3220 Polyunsaturated lipids, 1737 Presqualene diphosphate, 2715 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidonec (PVPP), 2342 Pressurized liquid extraction, 1017 Pomace, 2600, 2604 Preulactones, 3470 Poncirus, 773 Preventive, 2413 Poorer semen quality, 2421 effect, 2402 Poor metabolizers, 1377 intervention, 2225 Populus pRi, 2774 P. balsamifera, 1549 Prianosin B, 261 P. deltoides, 2986 Primaquine, 629 Porfiromycin, 983, 984 Primary infection, 704 Porphyra Primary metabolites, 4, 1544 P. columbina, 2886 Prismatomerin, 304 P. tenera (Pyropia tenera), 2887 PRO. See Propional (PRO) Portal vein thrombosis, 1387 Proanthocyanidins, 1559, 1604, 1719, 1755, Portisins, 1787 2334, 2335, 2343, 2568 Posaconazole, 1277 Probiotics, 2454 Postharvest processes, 2318 Procedure, 3373 Post-harvest treatment, 1601 Processed food, 4024 Post-hyperpolarization, 4097 Processed-soy, 2402 Postmenopausal, 2408, 2419, 3708 Processed tubers, 1517 Post-menopausal women, 2448 Process optimization, 226 Postmortem toxicology, 1111 Proconvulsants, 4067 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD), 1471 Procyanidins, 2259, 2335, 2367, 2588, 2591, Potassium channels, 41, 2365, 3996 2598, 2603, 2604 Potentially allergenic substances (PASs), 3293 Procyanidins and anthocyanins, 2369 Potocytosis, 2471 Prodelphinidins, 1758, 2335 Pour-ons, 4072, 4074, 4076 Product inhibition, 1662 PPAR. See Peroxisome proliferator-activated Production, 215, 224, 225, 228–231, 234, receptor (PPAR) 236–238, 240, 243, 245, 4031 PPARg. See Peroxisome proliferator-activated Production model, 1602 receptor g (PPARg) Productivity enhancement, 226 PPARg, PPARg1, and PPARg2, 3811 , 2418 PR. See Propionic acid (PR) Progression and invasion, 2296 P. racemosus, 868, 869, 871 Proinflammatory cytokines, 2283, 2289 P. ramosa, 3592 Prolactin, 1374 Preakuammicine, 596 Prolactin-inhibiting factor, 697 Index 4225

Proliferation, 1448, 2321, 2404, 3525 scaffold, 1672 Proliferation of smooth muscle cells, 2298 secretion, 2405 Proliferative effect, 2399, 2402 storage vacuoles, 1609 Proline, 50, 1571 synthesis, 3141, 3144, 3789 Proline redox cycle, 1571 Proteolytic activity, 987 Prolonged nerve block, 66 Proteus, 984 Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), 1309 Proteus vulgaris, 979, 989 Promastigotes, 845, 1266, 1290 Protoberberine alkaloids, 1170, 1176, 1181, 1185 Promiscuous enzymes, 1666 Protocatechualdehyde, 2163 Promyelocytic cell lines, 3561 p-Protocatechualdehyde, 1548 Pronase E, 1085 Protocatechuic, 1548 Pro-oncogene MDM2, 2404 Protocatechuic acid, 2475, 2476, 2480 Pro-oxidant response, 2370 Protodioscin, 3228–3230, 3244 Propeller, 2777 Protogracillin, 3229 Propional (PRO), 2887, 2899, 2904 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), 3502 Propionic acid (PR), 2887, 2892, 2897, 2899, 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (PPT), 3502 2901–2903 Protozoal, 3093 Propylamine (PA), 2890, 2891, 2893, 2904 Protozoans, 1279 8-Propyl-10-phenyllobelionol, 329 Provisional maximum tolerable daily intake Proscillaridin, 3750 (PMTDI), 3150 Proscillaridin A, 3750 Provitamins A, 1730, 3369 Prostacyclin, 1832, 2365 Przewaquinone, 3554 Prostaglandin, 1306, 1590 PSA. See Prostate serum antigen (PSA) Prostaglandin biosynthes, 1510 Psathyrella, 532 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 4119, 4134 Pseudans, 824 Prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), 3679 Pseudoalkaloids, 947 Prostate cancer progression, 2423 Pseudoconhydrine, 892 Prostate cancers, 1859, 2209, 2297, 2449 Pseudoephedrine, 1174, 1179, 1219–1221, Prostate membrane specific antigen (PMSA), 1223, 1225, 1232 3091, 3092 Pseudojujubogenin, 3648 Prostate serum antigen (PSA), 2404 Pseudomonas, 163, 828 Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 2210 , 442 Prostephanus americana, 4094 Pseudonocardia, 830 Prostration, 4079 Pseudopelletierine, 305, 306, 337 Proteaceae, 176, 346 Pseudotropine, 346 Protease, 979, 980, 987, 988 Pseudoxandra sclerocarpa, 1287 Protease inhibitors, 2416, 2422 Psilocin, 524 Proteasome, 3485 Psilocybe, 528, 532 Protect against oxidative damage, 1409 Psilocybe mushrooms, 529, 540 Protected, 2408 Psilocybin, 524, 542 Protective, 2413 Psilocybine, 524 compounds, 1603 pS6K, 3485 influence on the integrity of erythrocyte Psoroptes ovis, 4075 membranes, 1420 P. spicatus, 869–871 Proteinases, 1270 PSTD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder Proteins, 1766, 2335, 2342, 3665, 3668, 3674 (PSTD) from the ANX family, 3447 Psychedelic, 545 binding, 1376 Psychoactive, 126, 4150 engineering, 1626, 1660, 1667 Psychoactive effects, 4117, 4142, 4143 fusion, 1659, 1672 Psychollatine, 138 kinase C, 4067, 4068 Psychological, 542 kinase C phosphorylation, 4067 Psychomotor activity, 2621 omeostatis, 3477 Psychomotor effect, 1207 4226 Index

Psychostimulant abuse, 334 Pyridine alkaloid, 159 Psychotomimetic, 541 Pyriproxyfen, 4077 Psychotria, 121 Pyrocatechol, 4065 Psychotria klugii, 1289 Pyrogallol, 4065 Ptaquiloside, 2989 Pyronotropane alkaloids, 353 Ptelea, 722 Pyrrole, 1385 PTEN, 2191 Pyrrolidine, 412 Pteridium aquilinum, 2989 Pyrrolidine alkaloids, 237 Pterocarpans, 1569 Pyrrolidinium, 1290 Pterocladia Pyrrolizidine, 412 P. capillacea (Gelidium capillaceum), 2888 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), 154–158, P. lucida, 2888 161–163, 166, 293, 360, 419, 1049, Pterocladiaceae, 2888 1179, 1191 Pterocladiella capillacea, 2888, 2906 Pyrus communis L., 1548 Pterodon polygalaeflorus F., 4118 Pyruvic acid, 913 Pterogyne nitens Tul., 1459 Pythium debaryanum, 980 Pterogynidine, 1459 Python Biotech, 2784 Pterostilbene, 2280, 2297, 2298 PTK. See Anti-protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Puccinia coronata, 164 Q Pueraria lobata, 1852 QESAR. See Quantitative electronic structure , 1852 activity relationship (QESAR) Puffer fish, 54, 59, 970 Qian Ceng Ta, 1243 Pulchelloside 1, 3045 Q-LIT. See Quadrupole-linear ion trap (Q-LIT) Pulegone, 2981, 2998, 3000, 4099, 4149, 4150 QSAR analysis, 946 Pulse pressure (PP), 3675 Q-TOF. See Quadrupole time of flight Pumiloside, 659 (Q-TOF) Punica, 305 Quadrangularin A, 2153, 2162 Punica granatum, 304, 306, 337, 2001 Quadrupole-linear ion trap (Q-LIT), 1125 Purgative, 3477 Quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF), 1125 Purification, 2015, 2032–2036, 2071, Quantitative electronic structure activity 3238, 3369 relationship (QESAR), 3352 , 412 Quantitative 1H NMR, 1037 alkaloids, 222, 1609 Quantitative structure activity relationship catabolic pathway, 961 (QSAR), 3351 of primary metabolism, 59 Quantum dots, 1036 Purple bacteria, 3254, 3257, 3258, 3268, 3269 Quassia, 3780 Putative target, 1268 Q. amara, 3781 Putrescine, 365, 1732 Q. indica, 3778 Putrescine N-methyltransferase, 182 Quassin, 3347, 3778 PVPP. See Polyvinylpolypyrrolidonec (PVPP) Quaternary salt of cinchona alkaloids, 621 P2X receptors, 4004 Quebrachine, 596 Pyranoacridone, 821 QuEChERS, 1054 Pyranocoumarins, 1551 Quercetagetin, 1829 Pyranoquinolines, 789 Quercetagetin glycosides, 2164 Pyrazines, 1610 Quercetin, 1655, 1663, 1824, 2155, 2156, Pyrethrin I, 4062, 4063 2158, 2161, 2224, 2346, 2439, Pyrethrin II, 4062, 4063, 4077 2568, 3501 Pyrethrins, 4062, 4063, 4065, 4072, Quercetin glycoside, 1728 4075–4077, 4079, 4083 Quinamine, 611 Pyrethroids, 4063, 4064, 4074, 4076, Quinazoline, 717 4078–4080, 4083 Quincoridine, 623 Pyrethrum, 4079 Quincorine, 623 Index 4227

Quinic acid conjugates, 1549 Reaxys, 3071 Quinicine, 611 Recirculation phenomenon, 2398 Quinidine, 611, 617, 629 Rectal, 1370, 1380 Quinine, 608, 611, 630 Red algae, 28 bark, 630 Red clover, 2413 bitter taste, 631 Red grapes, 1719 constitution, 615 Redox-sensitive mechanism, 2366 reductase, 3483, 3484 Reduced glutathione (GSH), 701 reductase inhibition, 3477 Reduced mitosis, 2403 Quinolactacins, 834 Reduces proliferation, 2400 Quinoline, 153, 412, 717, 1283 Reduces the incidence of hot flushes, 2407 Quinoline alkaloids, 1178 Reduction, 2411, 3704, 3709–3713, Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), 152, 153, 157, 3718–3723, 3725, 3726 158, 160, 161, 166, 382, 1165, 1176, of BTM, 2414 1180, 1188, 1189 of GST1, 3453 Quinolizidine ring, 382 in hot flushes, 2407 Quinone reductase (QR), 2181, 3483 of PSA, 2413 Quinones, 983, 2896 Reductionist approach, 1294–1295 Quinonoidal base, 2468 Red wines, 1782, 1993, 2262, 2369 Quitenine, 619 Reed canarygrass, 158, 159, 162 Quorum-sensing, 825 Refractive index (RI), 2735 QW motifs, 2725 Regional variations, 2410 Regulatory genes, 235 Rehmaglutin C, 3030 R Rehmaglutin D, 3047 R65 (risk phrase), 3542 Reinioside C, 3218 Radical scavenging, 2466 Relatively safe compounds, 2683 Radio-receptor assays, 57 Remijinine, 614 Radiosensitizing, 3483 Renal excretion, 2293 Radiotherapy, 3483 Renewable substrates, 1631 Ragwort, 155, 156 Repellent effects, 4095 Ranaconitine type, 932 Repellents, 4049, 4077, 4100 Random coupling model, 1561 Repetitive firing, 4067 Randomized controlled trial, 3942, 3948 Reproductive toxicity, 1412 RANK, 2405 Reserpine, 589, 596 Ranunculaceae, 802, 925 Resilience, 2442 Raphidiopsis, 47, 49 Resin ducts, 4042 Rapid, 1103, 2400 Resiniferatox, 3187 Raputia, 738 Resistance against herbivores, 971 Rational modification, 1633 Resmethrin, 4072, 4077, 4078 Raulinoa, 736 Resolving agents, 607 Rauscher leukemia virus, 991 Respiratory depression, 1373 Rauwolfia, 578, 589 Respiratory failure, 47 Ravenia, 730 Respiratory reflexes, 333 Raw garlic per se, 3666 Respiratory stimulant, 304, 332, 338 2R configuration, 1756 Restenosis, 2799 R-dysidazirine, 980 Resveratrol, 1582, 1728, 1903, 1906, 2162, Reactive acyl derivatives, 1077 2279, 2282, 2286, 2296, 2299–2302, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1308, 1811, 2350, 2351, 2568, 2589, 2592–2594, 1832, 2321, 2466, 2572, 2621, 2917, 2596, 2598, 2601, 2603–2605 3485, 3562, 3618, 3670, 3715, 3716, monoglucuronides, 2294 3721, 3925, 3933, 3943, 3946–3948, oligomers, 1906 4114, 4127, 4138, 4144 receptor, 2296 4228 Index

Resveratrol-3-glucuronide, 2295 Rice endosperm, 1732 Resveratrol-3-sulfate, 2294, 2295 Rice-lamina inclination bioassay, 3858 Retention time, 3336 Rice-lamina inclination test, 3853 , 6–12, 17, 19, 21, 430, 447 Ricin, 296 Retina, 3723, 3925–3939, 3941, 3945, Ricinoleic acid, 1148 3946, 3948 Ricinus communis, 296 Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 3925, Rimonabant, 3427 3927–3929, 3937, 3939–3941, Ringer solution, 2907 3943–3947 Ripeness, 1766 Retinoids, 2675, 2695 Ripening of tomato fruits, 2787 Retinol, 3369 Ri-plants, 2950, 2956 Retinopathy, 1450 Ri-regenerants, 2961 Retroaldol-aldol mechanism, 2700 Risk of bone fracture, 2416 Retrochalcones, 1869, 1874, 1875 Ri-T-DNA, 2948 Retrograde amnesia, 292 Rivastigmine, 1244, 1341, 1342 Retronecine, 1058, 1064 RMS4/MAX2/D3, 3596 Retro-Prince reaction, 3075, 3076 RMS5/MAX3/D17(HTD1), 3596 Retrorsine, 1061, 1063, 1385 RMS1/MAX4/D10/DAD1, 3596 Reversed phase RNAi. See RNA interference (RNAi) cation exchange, 1101 RNA interference (RNAi), 238, 1719, 1729 liquid chromatography, 1073 Roadside drug screening, 1099 Reverse-phase high performance liquid Rod photoreceptors, 3928, 3930 chromatography (RP-HPLC), 691, Rods, 3926, 3930, 3931, 3933, 3940, 1086, 3359 3944–3947 Rewiring of native pathways, 1641 ROESY, 3241 Rf, 3355 Rolandra fruticosa, 3530 Rf value, 3329, 3335, 3336 rolB, 1704, 1707 Rhamnaceae, 1554 Role as cancer preventive agents, 3448 Rhamnocitrin, 1824 The Role of cytokinins in planta, 969 Rhamnose, 2467 The Role of purine alkaloids in Planta, 965 Rhein, 1554 Rol genes, 2774, 2948 Rheumatic diseases, 1834 Root architecture, 3585 Rheumatism, 1305 ROOTec bioactives Ltd, 2779 Rheumatoid, 1964 Root exudates, 1566 Rheumatoid arthritis, 1444, 2960, 3964 ROS. See Reactive oxidative stress (ROS); Rhipicephalus, 4070 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 4070 Rosaceae, 1548, 1551 Rhizobia colonization, 3585 Rosa gallica, 2979 Rhizobium, 2390 Rosefuran epoxide, 2982 Rhizoma coptidis, 1170, 1185 Rose geranium oil, 290 Rhizoperta dominica, 4095 Rose oxide, 2982 Rhizophoraceae, 176 Rosin, 4039 Rhizosphere, 163 Rosmarinic, 1964 Rhodomelaceae, 2891–2893 Rosmarinic acid, 1571, 2150 Rhodomela confervoides, 2893 Rosmarinus officinalis, 2984, 4091, 4121, Rhodophyllis membranacea,34 4128, 4140 Rhodophyta, 2886–2893 ROS molecules. See Reactive oxidative stress Rhodymeniaceae, 2891 (ROS) molecules Rhodymeniales, 2891 ROS scavenging, 1211 Rhopalosiphum padi, 160, 4094 Rotenoids, 2151 Rhyzopertha dominica, 4091 , 4077 Riccardin I, 1918 Rough-mouthfeel, 1780 Riccardin II, 1918 Route of administration, 2470 Index 4229

Routes of penetration, 4094 S. militiorrhiza, 2782, 2954 RP-8, 2780 S. officinalis, 2998, 4120, 4121, 4140, RP-HPLC. See Reverse-phase high 4142, 4143 performance liquid chromatography S. procurrens, 4094 (RP-HPLC) SAM cycle, 961 Rstrogenic, 2408 Sandfly, 1265 Rubaceae, 1554 Sanguinaria canadensis L., 1447 Rubanones, 619 Sanguinarine, 445, 448, 1447 Rubiaceae, 124, 804, 1551 Sanguisorboyl unit, 1983 Rubiaceous, 413 Sanshiside D, 3050 Rubitecan, 653, 666 Sanshiside methyl ester, 3050 Rubus idaeus, 1549 Santalaceae, 786 Ruminants, 4070, 4074 Santalum spp., 4089 Ruta, 729 Santonin, 3079 , 731, 4089 Santonine, 2906 Rutin, 1728, 1831 , 821 Rutinosides, 2480 Sapogenins, 2416, 2422, 3227, 3648 Ruzicka’s rule, 2696 Saponification, 3371, 4027, 4033 Saponins, 2403, 2416, 2422, 2785, 2947, 3501, 3666, 3668, 3806 S Saprophytic, 2802 S62 (safety phrase), 3542 Saquinavir, 1278 SA. See Salicylic acid (SA) SAR. See Structure-activity relationship (SAR) Sabinene hydrate, 2977, 2983 Sarcoma 180 cell line, 985, 986, 993, 996 Sabinol, 2983 Sarcomelicope, 734 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 978–979, 1627, Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 3992 1705, 2804, 2828 Sargassaceae, 2897–2898 S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 59 Sargassum spp., 2897 S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyl S. confusum, 2897 transferase, 61 S. erosum (Haraldiophyllum erosum), 2897 Safflower, 1736, 1738 S. globulariaefolium, 2898 Safrole, 2902 S. horneri, 2897 Sagewood, 3531 S. lophocarpum, 2898 Sakuranetin, 1569 S. neurophorum, 2898 Salicylaldehyde, 1548 S. polyacanthum (Sargassum siliquastrum), Salicylate production, 971 2898 Salicylic acid (SA), 986, 1565, 1695–1697, S. vulgare, 2898 1699, 1706, 1953, 4044 Sargentia, 736 Salivary proteins, 2263 Sarsasapogenin, 3230 Salivation, 51, 4065, 4067, 4079 Sativolides, 3472 Salix spp., 1549 Satureja hortensis, 4091 S-allylcysteine (SAC), 3665, 3667, 3668, 3674 Saussurea medusa, 1557 S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxides Saxidomus giganteus,53 alliin, 3666, 3667 Saxifragaceae, 851 Salmonella, 984 Saxiphilin, 57 Salmonidae, 4076 Saxitoxin (STX), 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 64, 66, Salpichroa, 3467 957, 958, 963 Salpichrolide G, 3473 S-benzylcysteine (SBC), 3673 Salutaridine, 11, 13, 20, 430, 448 Scale-up, 226, 1700, 1703, 1706, 2958 Salutaridinol, 430 Scandoside methyl ester, 3057 Salvianolic acid, 2150, 2163 Scavengers of free radicals, 1610 Salvia spp., 2946 Sceletium, 1168 S. guaranitica, 4094 Sceptrin, 268 4230 Index

Schedule I drugs, 525, 540, 544 Second phases, 2780 Schedule III, 544 b-Secretase, 2286 Schinus areira, 4098 Secretory cells, 2923 Schistosoma, 846 Secretory epithelial cells, 4040 Schizanthus grahamii, 1182 Securidaca, 3206 Schizonepeta tenuifolia, 4094 Securidaca longepedunculata, 3211, 3213 Schizophrenia, 1207, 1307, 1491–1492 Sedamine, 337 Schweinfurthins, 1933 Sedative, 2906, 4115, 4128 Scirpusin A, 2282, 2286 effect, 4115 Sclerotia-like cells, 706 hypnotic, 3220 Scolopendra, 788 Sedridine, 306, 337 Scopine, 349 (+)-Sedridine, 306 Scopolamine, 175, 291, 349, 1013, 1188, Seed bank, 3597 3657, 3710 Seirococcaceae, 2898 Scopoletin, 1551 Seizures, 4067, 4079 Scopolioside A, 3059 Selagine, 1241 Scorodioside, 3055 Selected ion monitoring (SIM), 180 Scoulerine, 11, 19, 20, 449 Selected reaction monitoring (SRM), Scrophulariaceae, 851, 1554, 3641 1146, 1147 Scrophuloside A4, 3059 Selective adsorbent, 3332 Scrovalentinoside, 3059 Selective estrogen , 1667 SCX. See Strong cation exchange (SCX) (Z)-Selective prenyltransferases, 2713 Scytonema,58 Selectivity filter, 64 Scytosiphonaceae, 2900 Seminal vesicle, 2421 Scytosiphonales, 2900 Senecio jacobaea, 155 Scytosiphon lomentarius (Scytosiphon Senecionine, 1052, 1054, 1061, 1062, lomentaria), 2900 1178, 1385 Scytosiphon spp., 2900 Senecio spp., 1384, 1553 SDG. See diglucoside Seneciphylline, 1061, 1062, 1178, 1386 (SDG) Senegin III, 3217 SDS. See Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) Senile plaques, 3712, 3716 S-dysidazirine, 980 Sensitivity enhancement, 1105 Sea foods, 53, 2422 Sensory analysis, 2267 Seco-furoquinoline, 805 Sensory characteristic, 2906 Secoiridoid, 576 Sensory perception, 2264 Secoisolariciresinol, 2450 Sepiapterin reductase, 1209 Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), 2439 Sepsis, 1306 Secologanin, 88–91, 104, 109, 110, 576, S-Eq producers, 2402 581, 623 Sequence tags, 2954 Seco-loganin (¼loniceroside), 3028 S-equol (S-Eq), 2398 Seco-loganin dimethyl acetal, 3047 SERCA, 3077, 3090, 3091, 3093, 3095 Secondary amine, 44 Sergeolide, 3778 Secondary bicyclic amine alkaloids, 41–42 l-Serine, 942 Secondary growth, 3585 Serine protease, 987, 988 Secondary infection, 704 Serjania meridionalis, 4094 Secondary metabolism (SM), 2805, 2958 Serotonergic (5-HT), 3709, 3711 Secondary metabolites, 4, 6, 150, 151, 154, neurons, 1516 155, 159, 160, 165, 1544, 1719, system, 1309 1952, 2583, 2584, 2592, 2593, 2600, Serotonin, 598, 686, 4068 2667, 2927, 2961, 3517 Serpentine, 1126 Secondary plant metabolites, 3664 Sertuurner,€ 1368, 1373 Secondary toxicity, 1311, 1317 Sesame oil, 4065 Second bean internode bioassay, 3853 , 4065 Index 4231

Sesamolin, 4065 Silatecan, 653, 666 Sesquicannabigerol, 3420 Silenced, 2805 Sesquiterpenes, 2723, 2763, 2782, 2831, 2946, , 2224 3081–3083, 3085, 3087–3090, 3094, Silica gel, 691, 2342, 3328 3981, 4089 60F254, 3334, 3335 coumarins, 3532 GF plates, 3336 cyclases, 3085 Silver thiosulfate, 2800 lactones, 2782, 2947, 3076, 3081, 3083, Silylation, 179 3086–3090, 3094, 3529 Simaba, 3780 Sesquiterpenoids, 2589, 2593, 2736, Simalikalactones, 3354, 3778 3081–3083, 3520 Simaroubaceae, 769, 3346 Sesqui-triterpenes, 2670 SIM mode. See Single ion monitoring (SIM) Sesterpenes, 2670 mode 7th day Adventists, 2409 Simple, 1915 Severinia, 723 diffusion, 2472 Sex differentiation, 2418 fermentation technique, 1626, 1641 Sex hormone binding globulins, 2398 phenols, 1548 SFE. See Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) Sinapic acids, 1549 SFRP2, 2194 Sinapyl alcohol, 1561 Shampoos, 4078, 4083 Sinensal, 2985 Shapiro, 3081 Single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, 1027 SHC. See Squalene/hopene cyclase (SHC) Single reaction monitoring (SRM), 1060 Shear stress, 193, 2777 Single-step engineering, 233 Shelf life, 3978 Singlet oxygen, 1832 Shellfish, 53 Sinomenine, 1187, 1448 Shikimate, 88, 90 Sinomenium acutum, 1187 Shikimate pathway, 2314, 4090 Sinomenium acutum Rehder and Wilson, 1448 Shikimate/ pathway, 1546 Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, 1387 Shikimic acid, 536, 1857 Siphonaxanthin, 3254, 3256, 3257, 3265 Shikimic acid pathway, 1545 Sirtuin, 2301 Shikonin, 2766 Sirtuin activation, 2301 Shoot cultures, 186, 2776 Sissotrin, 1663 Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase, 61 Sitamaquine, 1277 Short-chain dehydrogenase, 701 Site-directed mutagenesis, 1666 Short plasma residence time, 2423 Site 1 toxins, 64 Short-term memory, 3707, 3722 Sitophilus Shower dipping, 4074 S. americana, 4095 Shuangyiping, 1245 S. oryzae, 4091 Sialogogue, 877 S. zeamaı¨s, 4094 Sida cordifolia, 1219, 1221 Sitosterol, 3237, 3243 Siddha system, 3477 b-Sitosterol, 3666 Side effects, 543 Sitotroga cereallela, 4095 Side-groups Size exclusion chromatography, 2071 ethoxy, 1667 Sjogren’s€ syndrome, 877 halide, 1667 SkD. See Simalikalactone D (SkD) hydroxy, 1667 Skimmia, 722 methoxy, 1667 Skin, 2262, 2583, 2584, 2588–2590, 2592, Siderophore, 986 2601, 2604, 3628 Sieboldine A, 1248 ailments, 3477 Signaling cascades, 4051 protection, 3628 Signaling factors, 1736 Skin + fat, 4080 Signaling pathways, 2619, 2623, 2626 Skp2 suppression, 3485 Signal transduction, 3526 Skytanthine-type alkaloid, 930 4232 Index

Slackia, 2444 extracts, 2411 Slash pine, 4047 isoflavone, 2449 Sleep deprivation, 1471, 1473, 1484–1485 protein, 2403 Slovanolides, 3075 sauce, 2391 SmCPS, 3574 Soya saponins, 2416 Smilagenin, 3230 Soy-based food supplements, 2411, SmKSL, 3574 2413, 2414 Smoking cessation, 334 Soy-based infant formulas, 2391, 2418, 2422 Sodium channel blocker, 54 Soybeans, 1736, 1852 Sodium channels, 3994, 4065–4067, 4069 Soy-germ, 2415 Sodium cholate, 1180 Soy concentrate (SPC), 2214 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1177, 1191 Sparteine, 151, 158, 383 Sodium stibogluconate, 1273 Spasmodic cough, 3477 Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), 3570 Spasmolytic, 2906 Soft coral, 3467 Spathelia, 752 Solanaceae, 176, 291, 344, 979, 1169, 1345, Spathulenol, 2988 1551, 3467, 3476, 3590 Spatial, 2414 Solanaceous, 413 memory, 2285 Solanacol, 3587 working memory, 2415 Solanacyl acetate, 3587 Spay-bioreactor, 2778 Solanum, 2856, 2862, 2863, 2865, 2873 SPC. See Soy phytochemical concentrate (SPC) Solanum lycopersicum, 1585, 3587 SPE. See Solid phase extraction (SPE) Solenopotes capillatus, 4069 Special isoprene rule, 2669 Solid carcinomas, 1314 Specific doses, 2423 Solid phase extraction (SPE), 177, 324, 691, Specific symptoms, 2423 1051, 1053–1056, 1058, 1060, 1084, Spectral generalization of withanolides, 3472 1139–1141, 1143, 1150, 2033–2037, Spectrophotometric methods, 2073 2068, 2071, 2112 Sperm count, 2420, 2421 Solid phase microextraction (SPME), 1019, Spermidine, 1732 1084, 2072 Spermine, 1732 Solid tumors, 1454 Sperm production, 2418 Solieriaceae, 2890 Sphacelariaceae, 2900–2901 Solieria robusta, 2890 Sphacelariales, 2900–2901 Solubility, 890, 1663, 2109, 3370 Sphaerococcaceae, 2890 Soluble expression, 1660 Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, 2890 Solvents, 2016–2027, 2030–2037, 3370 Sphaerotrichia japonica (Sphaerotrichia extraction, 2017–2022, 2027, 2031–2033, divaricata), 2896 2037, 3290, 4027 Spherisorb ODS2, 3393 system, 2147, 2148, 2150, 2161, 2163 Spheroidene, 3270, 3271 Somaclonal variation, 191, 2770 Spheromastigote, 845 Somatic embryogenesis, 3198 Spinacea oleracea, 864 Somatostatin, 3709 Spinacia oleracea, 3584 Sophora flavescens, 1165, 1639 Spindle cell sarcoma 45, 992 Sorangium cellulosum, 990 Spinosin, 2163 Sorbitol, 2781 Spiranoid d-lactone, 3472 Sorghum bicolor, 1569, 3585 Spiranthera, 735 Sorghum spp., 1548 Spirilloxanthin, 3268, 3270, 3271 Sorgolactone, 3585 Spirilloxanthin pathways, 3268, 3270, 3271 Sorgomol, 3586 Spirostanols, 3227–3230, 3232, 3239, Soxhlet extraction, 2069, 2111 3241, 3244 Soy, 2413, 2414, 2422, 2437 glycsoide, 3230 concentrates, 2411 saponins, 3227, 3228 Index 4233

Spleen disorders, 3477 Sterol, 2739 SPME. See Solid phase microextraction D24,25-Sterol methyltransferase (SMT), (SPME) 1268 Spodoptera littoralis, 4095 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 Sporadic AD, 3716 and-2, 2741 Sporochnaceae, 2901 Stevia, 3198 Sporochnales, 2901 Steviol, 3197 Sporochnus comosus, 2901 , 3197, 3199 Sporopollenin, 1592 Stierle, D., 2801 Spray reagents, 692 Stigmasterol, 3237, 3243 Squalene, 2715 Stigmatella, 829 Squalene/hopene cyclase (SHC), 2724 Stilbenes, 1553, 1629, 1809, 2350, 2589, 2592 Src/PI3-kinase/Akt, 2366 monomers, 2282 SRM. See Selected reaction monitoring synthase, 1583, 1654, 1688, 1689 (SRM) Stilbenoids, 1654, 1901, 1903, 2277, 2296, SRT501, 2221 2297 Stable flies, 4075, 4076 Stilbenoids in wine, 2282 Staphylococcus Stilbericoside, 3016 S. aureus, 979, 980, 989, 1310, 2906, Stirred system, 2777 4124, 4149 Stirred tank, 1693, 1700, 1701 S. epidermidis, 4126 Stirred tank bioreactor, 188 STAT, 2195 Stoichiometric-based modeling, 1671 Static extraction, 1017 Stomoxys calcitrans, 4069 Statine, 986, 987 Stratum corneum (SC), 2681, 3759 Status, 2407 Streptococcus faecalis, 979 Stauranthus, 740 Streptomyces spp., 728, 1293, 1627 Steam distillation, 3290, 3667, 3978, 4090 S. ardus, 983 Stearidonic acid, 1737 S. avermitilis, 1638 Steatosis, 1385 S. ceolicolor, 1638 Stegobium paniceum, 4091 S. lividans, 1638 Stemmedine, 584 S. venezualae, 1638 Stemona, 1175 S. caespitosus, 983, 985 Stemona alkaloids, 1183 S. carzinostaticus, 990 Stephaniae tetrandrae, 1179 S. coelicolor CH999, 990 Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, 1449 S. fradiae SCF5, 984 Stephanine, 431 S. globisporus, 990 Stephanitis pyri, 4094 S. griseofuscus S-42227, 987 Stepholidine, 449 S. lavendulae, 984 Sterculiaceae, 725 S. sahachiroi, 988 Stereocenters, 947 S. sandaensis 6897, 981 Stereochemistry, 3241, 3242 S. verticillatus, 983 Stereoisomerism, 1014 Streptomycetes MD 398-Al, 980 Stereoisomers, 912, 2109, 3647 Stress, 1471, 1473–1475, 1479, 1485–1487, Stereospecific conversion, 1670 1493, 2589, 2591–2596, 2605, 3644, Stereospecificity, 4069 3711, 3719, 3720, 4117 Steroidal, 412 factors, 1688 alkaloids, 3237 hormone, 2956 lactones, 3468, 3473, 3488 Strictosamide, 136 Steroid hormone receptors, 3508 Strictosidine, 88, 92, 93, 98, 104, 109–111, Steroids, 2733–2735, 2737–2741, 2746–2749, 576, 581 2751, 2753, 2755–2757, 2763, Strictosidine synthase, 623 3666, 3670 Strictosidinic acid, 136 4234 Index

Striga Sulfoxide, 4065 S. asiatica, 3584 2-Sulfoxymethyl-3-thiomethyl-4,6-dibromo-1 S. lutea, 3584 H-indole, 33 Strigol, 3584 Sulfur compounds (S), 2886, 2887, 2892–2894, Strigolactones (SLs), 3584 2896, 2897, 2899, 2901–2904, 2907 Strigol series, 3589 Sulfur-containing bromoindole alkaloids Strigyl acetate, 3585 (SBRI), 32, 33 Strobiline, 353 Sulfur dioxide, 3666 Strong cation exchange (SCX), 1056, 1058 Sumithrin, 4072, 4077 Strophanthidin, 3750 Summation methods, 1058 Stropharia, 528, 533 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), 3144 Structural type, 3320 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 1018, Structure-activity relationship (SAR), 1205, 1123, 2022, 2024–2026, 2032, 2037, 1667, 3351, 3479 2069, 2111, 3291, 3371 Structure-based design, 1247 Superoxide, 1832 Structure-fragmentation relationship (SFR), Superoxide anion (O–2), 2370, 3712 3474 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 2184, 3710, , 590 3713, 3718, 3963, 4113, 4127 Strychnine-like effect, 4068 Suprafacial proton transfer, 2707 Strychnos nux-vomica L., 590, 1191, 1451 Surveillance, 3125, 3145, 3148 sts genes, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1704, 1705 Survival, 2321 STX. See Saxitoxin (STX) Survivin expression, 3561 Stylissadines, 264 Suspension cultures, 1861, 2800 Subcellular compartments, 98 Sustainable agriculture, 2647 Subcutaneous, 1370, 1380 Sustainable development, 4102 Suberin, 1562 19-S-vindolinine, 1126 Subfertile couples, 2420 Sw-620, 3485 Subhirsine, 354 Sweat patches, 1099 Submerged cultivation, 706 Sweetening agent, 3185 Submerged culture, 545 Sweet itch, 4071 3-Substituted-4-benzyltropane alkaloids, 352 Sweet lupins, 157 3-Substituted-6,7-epoxytropanes, 349 Swerilactone A, 3056 Substrate Sweroside, 3028 feeding, 1666 Swertiamarin, 3028 requirements, 1667 Swine, 4076 specificity, 1666 Swinglea, 761 specificity of NAT, 1208 Swollen shoot, 1602 Subtrifloralactone K, 3484 Symbiosis, 2390 Subtrifloralactone L, 3484 Symbiotic communities, 690 Subtrifloralactones A, 3484 Sympathomimetic, 912, 1225, 1226, 1229 Subtrifloralactones F, 3484 activity, 1205 Succinate dehydrogenase, 61 potency, 1209 Sucrose, 1692, 1698, 1699, 1701, 2837 Symphytine, 1059, 1061 Sudan, 531 Synaptic plasticity, 1474–1477, 1485–1487 Sugar absolute configuration, 3242 Synaptosomes, 1515 Sugars, 1807, 2108, 2837 Synephrine, 290, 1220, 1228–1230 Suicidal germination, 3597 Synergism, 3541, 3983 Sulfatation, 2397 Synergistic effects, 1455 Sulfenic acids, 3666, 3674 Synergists, 4065, 4077 Sulfhydryl, 3674 Synthetic biology, 1626, 3108, 3575 N-Sulfocarbamoyl, 63 Synthetic perfumes, 3291 N-Sulfocarbamoyl toxins, 54, 55 Synthetic pyrethroids, 4063, 4083 Sulfotransferase, 2475 Systematics-guided investigation, 3575 Index 4235

Systems biology, 2435, 2837 TDP-glucose synthase, 1670 Systolic blood pressure (SBP), TDP-l-rhamnose, 1636 3674–3676, 3682 TE. See Terpinolene (TE) Syzygium aromaticum, 2998 TECA. See Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) Tecomoside, 3021 T Temozolomide, 2216 TA. See Terpenyl acetate (TA) Tempeh, 2391, 2410 TA-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), 1206 Temporary immersion system, 197 Tabersonine, 94, 97, 104, 105, 108–110, 579, Tenebrionidae, 985, 4095 584, 587, 588, 1126 Tension-headaches, 65 Taccaceae, 3467 Teonanacatl, 526 Tagetes minuta, 4098 Teratogenic, 360, 900 Tall fescue grass, 1142 Terpenes (TERPs), 2567, 2667, 2735, Tanacetum vulgare, 2983, 4095 2886–2888, 2890–2907, 3289, 3519, Tanager birds, 157 3759, 3760, 3762, 3980, 4021 Tandem mass spectrometry, 3316, 3398 aldehyde, 2957 Tannic acid, 2342 biosynthetic activity, 4051 Tannin-anthocyanin reaction, 2266 lactones, 3517 Tanning, 1608 origin, 3977, 3981 Tannins, 1559, 2588 trilactones, 3701, 3716 Tannins perception, 2264 diterpene trilactones, 3701 Tannoids, 2342 Terpenes/terpenoids, 2961 Tanshen, 3553 Terpene synthases (TPSs), 2717, 2820, 2836 Tanshindiol, 3554 Terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), 94 Tanshinone I, 3553 Terpenoids, 4, 2733–2735, 2814, 2815, 2915, Tanshinone IIA, 3554 3194, 4089 Tanshinones, 2782, 3553 biosynthesis, 3854 Taonia atomaria, 2895 indole alkaloids, 89, 92, 98, 101, 103–105, Taraxacum, 3528 107, 108 Targeted gene disruption, 3131, 3133 Terpenyl acetate (TA), 2902 Target tissues, 2295 g-Terpinene, 2976 Taspine, 1448 Terpinen-4-ol, 2991, 4089, 4099 Tau-fluvalinate, 4063, 4076 Terpineol (TOL), 2887, 2896, 2902, 4047 Tauopathies, 2289 Terpinolene (TE), 2887, 2888, 2890, 2901, Tau protein, 2284 2903, 2905 Taurine, 4069 a-Terpinyl cation, 2721 Taxa-4(20), 11(12)-dien-5a-ol-O- TERPs. See Terpenes (TERPs) acetyltransferase (TAT), 2803 Testicular size, 2418 Taxadiene, 2804 Testosterone, 1374, 2413 Taxanes, 2766, 2799, 2957 Tetrabenazine, 1351 Taxoids, 3161, 3162, 3170 Tetrabromo-2-heptanol, 2889 Taxol, 2695, 2815, 2829, 3159–3170, 3186 2,3,4,6-Tetrabromo-1H-indole, 32 Taxotere, 3187 2,3,5,6-Tetrabromo-1H-indole, 32 Taxus, 2766 2,3,4,6-Tetrabromo-1-methyl indole, 32 T. baccata, 2948 2,3,5,6-Tetrabromo-1-methyl indole, 32 T. brevifolia, 2799, 2801, 2948 Tetrabromo-2-nonanol, 2889 T. media, 2957 1,1,3,3-Tetrabromo-2-nonanone, 2889 TBA. See Tribromoanisole (TBA) Tetradecanal, 2887, 2891, 2892, 2904 T-DNA. See Transfer-deoxyribonucleic acid Tetradecane, 2892 (T-DNA) Tetradecanoic acid, 2894 T-domain, 703 Tetradecanol, 2891, 2892 TDP-d-allose, 1636 Tetradecene, 2891, 2892 4236 Index

Tetradium, 724 3-Thiomethyl 2,4,5,6-tetrabromo-1H-indole, Tetraflavonoids, 1621 32 Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1175, 3371 3-Thiomethyl 2,4,6-tribromo-1H-indole, 32 Tetrahydronaphthalene-1-ol (TNO), 3566 Thiowithanolide, 3482 Tetrahydroneotanshinlactone (TNT), 3566 Three-dimensional structure, 64 Tetrahymena pyriformis, 336 Three dose-related levels (acute, sub-acute and Tetramethrin, 4066, 4077 chronic), 373 (1R*,2S*,3R*,5S*,8S*,9R*)-2,3,5,9- Three-phase partitioning (TPP), 3333 Tetramethyltricyclo-[6.3.0.01,5] l-Threonine, 365 undecan–2-ol, 2893, 2906 Thresholds, 2347 (1S*,2S*,3S*,5S*,8S*,9S*)-2,3,5,9- Thrombocyte, 3682 Tetramethyltricyclo-[6.3.0.01,5] Thrombosis, 3670, 3677, 3683 undecan-2-ol, 2893, 2906 Thrombospondin, 1444 Tetrandrine, 1179, 1449 Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), 3679 Tetrapetide, 987 Thromboxane-B2 (TXB2), 3679 Tetraploid transformed roots, 202 Thujanol, 2983 Tetraterpenes, 2670 Thuja occidentalis, 2983, 2984 Tetraterpenoids, 2915 b-Thujaplicin, 2781 Tetrodotoxin, 64, 957, 958, 963, 3996 Thujones, 2983, 2999, 4089, 4142–4144, Tetrodotoxin biosynthesis, 965 4146 Textural profiles, 2265 Thylakoids, 98, 100 Thalidomide, 1444 Thymidine, 991 Thamnosma, 733 Thymidylate synthase (TS), 1270 Thamnosma rhodesica, 1290 Thymidyldiphosphate, 1670 Thapsia, 3070, 3073, 3090 , 2977, 2980, 2997, 2998, 4096, Thapsigargin, 3072, 3073, 3077, 3079, 3085, 4137, 4138 3086, 3090, 3091, 3093, 3094 Thymoquinone, 2981 Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid), 956 Thymus Theaflavins, 1782 T. serpyllum, 4091 Thearubigins, 1782 T. vulgaris, 2977, 2979, 2983, 4090 , 429, 434, 438, 1073, 1169, 1170, Thyroid hormone, 3652 1172, 1181, 1369 Thyroid hormone receptors, 2422 Theobroma cacao (cacao), 956, 1178 TIAs. See Terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) (3,7-dimethylxanthine), Ticks, 4064, 4069–4072, 4075–4078, 4083 954–956, 1178 Ticorea, 734 Theobromine synthase, 959 Tigliane, 3180 Theonella aff. mirabilis, 986, 987 Tiglic aldehyde, 2887 , 961, 1178, 1181 3-Tigloyloxy-6-propionyloxy-7- Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine), 955 xydroxytropane, 203 Therapeutic, 543, 978, 985, 3840, 3844, 3845 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF- The Therapeutic indices, 543, 1251, 1508 MS), 3144 Therapeutic target, 1459 T7 inducible plasmid, 1659 Therapeutic value, 2649 Tinuclear metal cluster, 2719 Thermogenesis, 1225, 1229 Tissue distribution and elimination, 1414 Thermogenic influence, 1423 Tissue inhibitor of MMPs and TIMP2, 2202 Thermoinhibited seeds, 3597 Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA), Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 180, 915, 3961 1020, 1055, 1056, 1064, 1137, 1139, 293T kidney epithelial cells, 1293 1142, 1143, 3144, 3314, 3328–3330, TL, 3144 3334, 3335, 3376 TLC. See Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Thioesters, 50 TL-DNA, 2948 2-Thiomethyl-3-sulfoxymethyl-4,6- TLR4. See Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dibromoindole, 33 TMA. See Trimethylamine (TMA) Index 4237

Tmax, 2398 Traditional, 2391 T. media Hicksii, a hybrid T. media Hicksii, and alternative medicines, 3519 a hybrid, 2800 breeding, 1737 TMS ethers. See Trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers communities, 132 TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) medicine, 1507 TNFa. See Tumor necrosis factor alpha TRAIL, 2199, 2217 (TNFa) TRAMP, 2210 , 159, 160, 979, 1346, 1347, 1355, Transacetylase, 827 4122, 4123, 4142, 4148 Transamination reaction, 925 Tobacco alkaloids, 1183 Trans conformation, 1756 Tocopherols, 2567, 3386 Transcriptional activities, 2399 Tocotrienols, 2567 Transcriptional level, 2825 TOCSY. See Total correlation spectroscopy Transcriptional regulators, 236 (TOCSY) Transcription factors, 88, 103, 108–111, 139, Toddalia, 720 235, 243, 245, 1690, 1729, 1838, Tofu, 2391, 2409, 2410 2385, 2834, 3133, 4114, 4115, 4118, Tolerability of hupA, 1256 4148 Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 3569 Transcriptome, 2953 Tolserine, 1341 Transcriptomic, 220, 243 Tomato, 2650, 2651, 2854–2860, 2862–2865, Transdermal administration, 1251 2867–2874 Transdermal drug delivery (TDD), 2681, Tomato fruit, 1728 3758, 3759 Tonyu, 2391 Transesterification, 4027, 4033 Topoisomerase I, 661 Trans-e-viniferin, 1925 Topoisomerases, 1271 Transfer-deoxyribonucleic acid (T-DNA), 189 Topotecan, 645, 650, 652, 665 activation tagging, 2962 biological activity, 665 insertion, 2952 semisynthesis, 652 Transformed, 2785 Total cholesterol (TC), 3668–3670 Transformed lines, 2868 Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), 3240 Transforming growth factor-a, 2198 Total ion chromatogram, 325 Transforming growth factor beta 1, 1451 Total phenolic content (TPC), 2073–2075, Transgene, 1719 2528–2537, 2540–2542, Transgenic cell culture, 110 2544–2547, 2549, 2550, Transgenic hairy root, 193 2552–2554 Transgenic hairy root cultures, 109, 110 Total synthesis of quinine, 607–608 Transgenics, 1728, 1736, 1815 Toxicity, 543, 1209, 1210, 1220, 1226–1230, plant, 3106, 3112, 3113 1233, 1516, 1671, 2291, 2328, 3628, yeast, 110, 242 4095 Transient receptor potential (TRP), 4122, 4123, Toxicity of purine alkaloids in animals, 969 4134, 4137, 4146–4148 Toxicokinetic properties, 4068 ion channels, 4122 Toxicokinetics, 4068 TRPM8, 3992 Toxicological characteristics, 1516 TRPV1, 3426 Toxicological studies, 1249 Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, Toxicology, 3165, 3168, 3199 3991, 4003, 4123 Toxic poisons, 1504 Transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE), 3446 Toxin binding site 1, 64 Trans-isomers, 4066, 4069 TPC. See Total phenolic content (TPC) Transketolase (TKT), 15 TPP. See Three-phase partitioning (TPP) Transmembrane proteins, 2471 TPSs. See Terpene synthases (TPSs) Trans-pinane, 4098 Trace elements, 3665, 3666 Trans-pinocarveol, 2984 Tracheal muscle, 3991 Transplastomic, 2833 Trachomas, 1319 Transporters, extracellular, 1672 4238 Index

Trans-R, 1706, 1707 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 2891, Trans-resveratrol, 1569, 1685 2892 Trans-stilbene, 1553 Trimethylsilylation, 1076 Trans-zeatin, 958 Trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers, 1057, 3592 Trans-zeatin-type cytokinins, 956 Trinitario, 1601 TR-DNA, 2948 Trinuclear cluster, 2710 Trechonaetes, 3467 Triohima A, 3031, 3048 Treemoss, 3299 Triohima B, 3048 Trehalose, 2646 Triohima C, 3048 Tri5, 3130, 3131 Tripeptidyl residue, 703 Tri101, 3131 Triphenanthrene, 1925 Trialeurodes vaporariorum, 4094, 4095, 4098 Triple quadrupole, 58 Tribolium Trisdesmoside, 3227 T. castaneum, 4091, 4095 Trisdesmosidic, 3233 T. confusum, 985, 4095 Tris(2,20-bipyridil)ruthenium(III), 1087 Tribromoanisole (TBA), 2893, 2902 3,6,7-Trisubstituted tropanes, 349 1,3,3-Tribromo-2-heptanone, 2889 Triterpenes, 2763, 3666, 3963 trans-1,3,3,-Tribromo-1-hepteneoxide, 2889 lactone, 2953 2,3,6-Tribromo-1H-indole, 32 saponins, 2770, 3207 2,4,6-Tribromo-1H-indole, 32 Triterpenic glycosides, 2951 3,5,6-Tribromo-1H-indole, 32 Triterpenoids, 2737, 2744, 2915, 2955, 3854 2,3,5-Tribromo-1-methyl indole, 32 aglycone, 3806 2,3,6-Tribromo-1-methyl indole, 32 glycosides, 2947 3,5,6-Tribromo-1-methylindole, 32 saponins, 2952, 3312, 3641 1,2,3-Tribromo-(1-octene-3-ones), 2889 Triticum aestivum, 4098 Trichilia connaroides, 2988 Tropane, 412 Trichoderma harzianum, 1639 Tropane alkaloids, 222, 237, 344, 1165, 1175, Trichodiene, 3129 2774 Trichomes, 2835, 2921 Trophic levels, 154, 156, 165, 166, 2937 Trichomonas vaginalis, 1310 Tropical pines, 4047 Trichothecene chemotypes, 3127 Tropine, 346 Trickle-bed bioreactor, 193 Tropinone reductase, 346 Tricyclene, 2984 Tropinone reductase I (TR-I), 184 Tricyclic diterpenoidquinones, 3556 Tropinone reductase II (TR-II), 184 Tridecanal, 2887, 2892, 2900 3-Tropoyloxy-6-acetoxytropane, 203 Tridecanol, 2891, 2892 3-Tropoyloxy-6-hydroxytropane, 349 Tridecene, 2892 TRP. See Transient receptor potential (TRP) Triethylamine, 3385 TRP channels. See Transient receptor potential Triflavonoids, 1621 (TRP) channels Trifolium, 1553 Trpene cyclases, 2717 Trifolium pratense, 3586 True alkaloids, 218 Tri gene, 3130–3133 Trypanosoma, 845 Trigger substances, 1568 Trypatamines, 544 Triglyceride (TG), 3668, 3669, 3676 Trypomastigote, 845 Trigonelline, 1354 Tryponacidal, 3488 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic, 1963 Trypsin, 987, 988 4,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone, 2222 Tryptamine-4,5-epoxide, 540 3,5,40-Trihydroxy-trans stilbene, 2223 Tryptamines, 135, 534, 837 Trimeric tropane alkaloid, 355 Tryptophan, 417, 533, 576, 837, 1451 (E)-3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamoyl, 3211 l-Tryptophan, 685 Trimethylamine (TMA), 2887. 2889–2891, Tryptoquialanine, 840 2893, 2894, 2896, 2897, 2899–2904 Tryptoquivaline, 840 Tri-methylhalosilanes, 1076 Tsetse flies, 4072 Index 4239

TS-syndrome, 4065 UHPLC. See Ultra high performance liquid T syndrome, 4065 chromatography (UHPLC) TTFCA, 3968 Ulcer, 3482, 4125, 4131 T2 toxin, 3125, 3130–3333 Ulothrichaceae, 2901 Tube formation, 1445 Ulotrichales, 2901 Tubocapsanolide A, 3485 Ultrafiltration (UF), 2072, 3197 Tubocapsicum, 3467 Ultra high performance liquid chromatography Tubulin, 588 (UHPLC), 1058, 1059, 1061, 1087, Tumor, 336, 1313, 1442, 3478, 3482, 3483 1144, 1148 angiogenesis, 1211 Ultra high performance liquid chromatography cell, 2403 (UPLC), 3593 cell lines (A549, SK-OV–3, SK-MEL-2 and Ultra-performance liquid chromatography HCT15), 3480 (UPLC), 1023, 3861 growth, 1447 Ultrarapid metabolizers, 1378 Tumorigenesis, 2404 Ultrasonication, 3333 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 2679, 3524 Ultrasonic extraction (UE), 2027–2028, 2037 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), 1451, Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 1124, 2069 1870, 1873, 1879, 1881, 3218, 3529, Ultraviolet (UV), 90, 106, 107, 3328, 3472 3559, 3963, 4117, 4119, 4120, 4131, absorption, 3592 4134, 4140, 4141, 4145 B radiation, 2930 Tumors, 918, 3489 detection, 1024 Turpentine, 2668, 2974, 4039 light, 1688, 1690, 1697, 1698, 1700 Two-dimensional, 2124 treatment, 2773 Two-dimensional HPLC, 2108 Ultraviolet visible (UV–vis), 2118, 2128 Txs, 2784 detector, 3387 aa-Type, 2710 spectrophotometry, 3314, 3377 Type and sequence of monosaccharide, 3320 Ulva Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 3808 U. lactuca, 2902 e-Type enzyme, 2717 U. pertusa, 2902, 2904, 2906, 2907 Type I IDI, 2705 U. rigida, 2902 Type II diabetes and obesity, 1211 Ulvaceae, 2901–2902 Type II IDI, 2707 Ulvales, 2901–2902, 2906 Type II poisoning syndrome, 4067 Ulvaria obscura,29 Type II pyrethroids, 4065 Umbelliferae, 3533, 4089 Type I pyrethroids, 4065 Umbelliferone, 1551 Tyramine (TYR), 28, 29, 1207 Umbelliprenin, 3533 Tyria jacobaeae, 154, 156 Uncaria, 121 Tyrolobibenzyls, 1916 Unclear, 2416 Tyrosinase, 15, 17 Undaria pinnatifida, 2898 Tyrosine, 6, 15, 17, 417, 1446 1,4-Undecadien-3-one, 2894 l-Tyrosine, 6, 8, 14–17, 484 Undecanal, 2891, 2892 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 15 Undecanol, 2891, 2892 Tyrosine kinase, 2192 3-Undecanone, 2894 TyrR, 15, 16, 21 Undecaprenyl diphosphate (UPP) synthases, 2713 1,3,5-Undecatriene, 2894 U 2,4,6-Undecatriene, 2894 Ubiquinone (UQ), 2695, 2737 1-Undecen-3-one, 2894 Ubiquitinated protein, 3485 Undifferentiated cell cultures, 2943 Ubiquitine-proteasome pathway, 3485 Ungeremine, 1337 Udoteaceae, 2903 United States Pharmacopeia UDP. See diphosphate (UDP) (USP), 3664 UE. See Ultrasonic extraction (UE) Unonopsis buchtienii, 1284 4240 Index

Unpredictability, 238, 244 van Urk’s reagent, 692 Unsaturated fatty acids, 2471 Varroa mite, 4076 uPA. See Urokinase-type plasminogen Vascular, 2406 activator (uPA) function, 2299 uPAR, 2201 health, 2373 UPLC-qToF/MS, 1026 incidents, 2410 UPLC-TOFMS, 3360 protection, 2362, 2366 UPP synthases. See Undecaprenyl diphosphate smooth muscle, 3993 (UPP) synthases streak disease, 1602 Uridine, 991 tone, 2363 (UDP) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), galactose, 1669 1442, 2197, 2204 glucose, 1664 Vasoconstrictor, 2327, 3993 glucose consumption pathways, 1633 Vasodilatation, 2406, 3993 glucose dehydrogenase, 1664 Vasodilatatory, 3622 glucuronic acid, 1664 Vasodilating, 3677 glucuronosyltransferase, 2475 Vasodilation, 2327 glycosyltransferase, 1663 Vasopressin, 3709, 3719 rhamnose, 1669 Vasoprotective factors, 2373 xylose, 1669 Vasorelaxant, 694, 3677, 3681 , 1664 Vasorelaxing, 2363 Urinary disorders, 3477 Vassobia, 3467 Urocanic acid, 872, 878 Vegetarian diet, 2418 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factor 2201 (VEGF) Ustilago maydis, 1564 Veno-occlusive disease (VOD), 373 Uterine contraction, 695 Veno-occlusive liver disease, 1387 Uterotrophic, 2417 Venous hypertension, 3968 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) Venous-lymphatic disorders, 3968 UV-vis. See Ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) Ventricular arrhythmias, 945, 1516 Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 3683 Vepris, 724 V Veratridine, 57 Vaccinium spp., 1548 Verbenaceae, 4095 Vacuoles, 94, 100, 972, 1764 Vermifuge, 3477 Vacuum liquid chromatography, 3329 Vernonia, 3529 Vakognavine, 939 Vertebrate hosts, 1266 Valencene, 2991, 3001 Verticine, 1171, 1189 n-Valeraldehyde (VA), 2886 Verticinone, 1171, 1189 Valeric acid, 2899 Vertigo, 3724 Valine, 835, 991 Very Fast Death Factor (VFDF), 42 (2S)-Valine, 367 Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), 3669 Valoneoyl group, 1979–1980 Vestibular, 3724, 3725 Valoneoyl unit, 1980 Veterinary Valtrate, 3049 applications, 4072 Vandyl sulphate, 2784 medicine, 4061 Vanillic, 1958, 1963, 2346 Vigna unguiculata, 3585 acid, 1954, 2476 Vimentin expression, 3485 and syringic acids, 1548 Vinblastine, 580, 587, 588, 1122, 1183, 1454 , 1549, 4089 Vinca, 580, 1353, 1355, 1454 Vanillin assay, 2074 Vincamine, 580, 587–589, 1353 Vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent, 3328 Vincanol, 1353 Vanilloids, 4003 Vinca rosea L., 1454 Index 4241

Vincristine, 580, 587, 588, 1122, 1454 Voltage-gated sodium channels, 63, 4005 Vindoline, 580, 584, 587, 588, 1123 Voltage-sensitive sodium channel, 4066 Vinflunine, 1129 Volvaltrate B, 3049 Viniferin, 2280, 2289 (+)-e-Viniferin, 1935 e-Viniferin glucoside, 2286, 2287 W Vinpocetine, 1353, 1355 Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements, 943, 2724, Vinyl dithiins, 3678, 3685 3081, 3085 4-Vinylguaiacol, 2347 Walker carcinosarcoma 256, 993 4-Vinylphenol, 2347, 2348 Wall-coated open-tubular columns p-Vinylphenols, 2269 (WCOT), 1074 p-Vinylpyranoanthocyanin-flavan-3-ol, 2269 Walnuts, 1736 4-Vinylsyringol, 2349 Water insoluble polyphenols, 2327 Violaxanthin, 3369, 3390, 4021 Water soluble necines, 370 virE2/virE1, 2950 Wave-bioreactor, 2778 vir genes, 2949 Wavelength blue light, 3929, 3931, Virgin (VOO), 3607 3945, 3946 Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 1265 Wavelengths, 3377, 3931–3933, 3936, 3937, Visoltricin, 1533 3944–3946 Visual function, 3935, 3936, 3942 WCOT. See Wall-coated open-tubular Visual pigment, 3926, 3927, 3939, 3940 columns (WCOT) Visual-spatial, 2414 WHI. See Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Vitaceae, 1553, 1687, 1906 White beer, 2348 Vitamin, 2583, 2593, 2595, 2604 White clover, 165 A, 2737, 3369, 3927, 3939, 4018, Whole cell biotransformation, 1638 4023, 4024 Widen, 2423 C, 1732, 2469 Wine, 2261, 2277, 2284, 2296, 2468, 2475, C corn, 1718 2477, 2582, 2584, 2588–2590, 2596, D, 2405, 2414, 2695 2599, 2600, 2604, 2605 E, 2469 chemistry, 1993 K1, 3176 consumption, 2278 Vitis, 1685, 1687, 1689, 1706 polyphenols, 2366 Vitisin, 2282, 2289, 2290, 2299 red, 2476 Vitisin B, 2269 red wine, 2469, 2470, 2481 Vitis vinifera L., 1583, 2277, 2582, 2584, Witches broom, 1602 2593, 2946 Witchweed, 3584 Vitreous humor, 1077, 1082 Withaferin A, 3476, 3479, 3481, Voacanga, 587 3483, 3485 VOC. See Volatile organic compound (VOC) Withajardine A, 3471 VOD. See Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) Withajardins, 3471 Volatile organic compound (VOC), 2923 Withametelinol, 3472 Volatiles, 3983 Withametelinone, 3472 components, 3977 Withametelins, 3471 mixtures, 3980 Withanergia, 3467 terpenes, 2822 Withangulutin B, 3478 terpenoids, 2951 Withania, 2786, 3467 Volatility, 2926, 4096 Withania somnifera, 3467, 3476, 3477, 3481, Voltage-dependent chloride channels, 4067 3482, 3485 Voltage-dependent sodium channel, 4066 Withanolide D, 3481 Voltage-gated calcium channels, 4006 Withanolide E, 3472 Voltage-gated ion channels, 41 Withanolides, 3467, 3469, 3473, 3476, 3477, Voltage-gated potassium channels, 4005 3479, 3480, 3482, 3485, 3488 Voltage-gated sodium, 64 Withanone, 3484 4242 Index

Withaphysacarpin, 3484 Xerostomia, 599, 877 Withaphysalins, 3468 Xiphophora gladiate,27 Withaphysalins A, 3468 Xylose, 2467 Withaphysalins E, 3468 Withaphysalins M, 3478 Withaphysalins O, 3478 Y Without fertility disruption, 2421 Yamogenin, 3227, 3229, 3230 Wittig reaction, 3079 Yeast, 1705, 1707 WNT5a, 2404 Yeast extract, 4044 Wnt signaling, 2194 Yew, 2799 Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 2407 , 589, 596 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 290 World Health Organization (WHO), 1370, Z 1380, 3101 Zabrotes subfasciatus, 4091 Wort, 2335 Zanthoxylum, 721 Wound healing, 1444, 3965 Zanthoxylum limonella, 2998 Zapotidine, 864 Z-b-ocimene, 2979 X Z-3-bromo-2-heptenoic acid, 2889 Xanomeline, 1344 Z-3-bromo-2-nonenoic acid, 2889 Xanthid crabs, 59 Zearalene, 3125 , 961 Zeatin, 2737 Xanthine oxidase, 968 Zeaxanthin (Z), 3369, 3925, 3926, 3928–3931, Xanthium strumarium, 3528 3933–3937, 3939–3944, 3948, 4021 Xanthohumol, 2154, 2162, 2343, 2346, 2452 Zeinoxanthin, 3378 Xanthones, 1553 Zeta potential, 1155 Xanthophylls, 1730, 1732, 2787, 2860, 2868, Zetekitoxin AB, 54 3369, 3925, 3928–3931, 3934, [Z]-3-hexen-1-ol, 4096 3935, 3937, 3948, 4019, 4020, 4022, Zieridium, 734 4031 Zingiberaceae, 786 Xanthosine, 959 Zingiberene, 2985 Xanthoxylin, 1549 Zingiber officinale, 2985 Xanthoxylum spp., 1549 Zonocerus variegatus, 4094 Xanthylium cation, 1784 Zooecdysteroids, 3828 Xenobiotics, 2450, 2472 ZR751, 3478 Xeno-estrogens, 2386 ZT-1, 1252, 1256 Xenohormetic compounds, 2572 Zygophyllaceae, 800