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University of Alberta LATE QUATERNARY GLACIAL and SEA University of Alberta LATE QUATERNARY GLACIAL AND SEA LE= HISTORY OF WEST-CENTRAL AXEL HEIBERG ISLAND, HIGH ARCTIC CANADA. CATRIONA ANNE MORRISON O A thesis submitted to the Facdty of Graduate Shidies in partial miment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Edmonton, Alberta. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ,Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wetfington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your nle Votre rBIém Our iüe Noue refBrr~~8 The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exchsive pemiettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, 10% distribute or sell reproduire7prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelnlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d' auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts ftom it Ni Ia thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This thesis reconstructs the glacial and sea level history of west-central Axel Heiberg Isiand based upon the interpretation of surficial geology, geomorphology and raised marine deposits. Radiocarbon dates on marine fauna provide a preliminary chronology for ice advance and deglaciation The last glaciation was characterised by the northward and westward expansion of the Steacie Ice Cap. Ice inundated the mountahs of west-central Axel Hei%erg Island and extended an unlaiown distance offshore. An AMS date of 46.8 ka BP on an individual valve of Hiatelia arctica fiom a fossiliferous till may provide a maximum age estirnate for ice advance. Deglaciation was undenvay by 8.8 ka BP and involved the thinning of fiord-based tnink glaciers and the concomitant retreat of terrestrial margins towards the highland interior. The pattern of differential postglacial emergence is indicated by the 8.5 ka BP isobases across west-central Axel Heiberg Island which reach -1 15m as1 over the study area. The revised isobases show a NE-SW orientation which is in alignment with a previously documented uplift centre of the huitian Ice Sheet to the northwest of Devon Island to the south, Financial support for this research was provided by the Canadian CircumpoIar Institute (BAR gants) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant M608 to J. England). Logistical support in the field was provided by the Polar Continental Shelf Project and dedicated and trernendoudy helpfd field assistance was provided by Roy Couitard. Many thanks also to Art Dyke for his guidance in the fieid This thesis has possibly made me sweat more than my reguiar trips to the gym- However, it has been a rewarding and tdymernorable experience. Thank you to rny supervisor John for taking me on as a graduate student and giving me the opportunïtyto work in the beautifid High Arctic. Thank you for the discussion, encouragement and hospitality during the past two years. John deserves specid credit for deaiing with my endless demands to 'fjust read this". Although, in retum, 1 have to Say that he gave exceptiondly detaiIed reviews! Th& aisa to Martin Sharp and Nigel Atkinson for answe~gdl those ''littleY' questions that clarïfied so many "large" details. SpeciaI thanks dso to Dr-Dave Evans (University of Glasgow) for encouraging me to take the path towards graduate studies. My time at the University of Aiberta has been greatiy enriched by the many fiends that I have made. Thanks to Nigel, Luke and Tmdi for the movies and BBQys. Sa& and Karen, we hobble dong in science together! A iarge part of my Iife is dedicated to sport and it has been a privilege to train and compete at the Universtiy of Alberta, but most importantiy it has been wonderful to meet so many like-minded and inspirational individuals. Kyle, Bill, Ann, Neiia and Karen, thank you for al1 those important stress relieving nuls, the sociaiising and most importantiy your fiendship. Finally, thank you to my parents for their love, support and encouragement over the past two years. And thank you Richard for encouraging me to follow my heart. You are with me always no matter how far apart we may be. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter One: Introduction and Rationale 1, L Introduction. 1.2 Geology. 1.3 Physiography. 1.4 Climate. 1.5 Previous research on former ice extent in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. 1.5.1 Postglacial emergence. 1.5.2 Geological and geomorphological evidence. 1.5.3 Chronology of ice buildup and deglaciation. 1.5.4 Previous Research on west-central Axe1 Heiberg Island- 2 -6 Rationale- 1-7Research Objectives. Chapter Two: Methods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods, 2.2.1 Surficial Mapping. 2.2.2 Establishg the elevation and age of former relative sea levels. Chapter Three: Surficial Geology and Geomorphology 3.1 Introduction, 3-2 Rock and Residuurn- 3.2.1 Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek 3-2.2 Good Friday Bay- 3.3 Beaufort Formation. 3 -4 Till. 3-4.1 Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek 3-4.2 Good Friday Bay. 3-5 Glacifluvial Sediments and Landforms. 3 S. 1 Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek. 3 -5 -2 Good Friday Bay. 3 -6 Raised Marine Deposits. 3 -6.1Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek, 3.6.2 Good Friday Bay, 3.7 Muvium. 3 -7.1 Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek. 3.7.2 Good Friday Bay. 3 -8 Colluvium. 3.8.1 Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek. 3-8.2 Good Fnday Bay. 3.9 Surficial Geology and Geomorphology Outside Designated Field Areas. 3-10 Lichen-Ki11 Zones. Chapter Four: Last Glacial Maximum Tee Cover and Deglaciation of west- central Axe1 Heiberg lshnd 4, L Introduction, 4.2 Last Glacial Maximum. 4.2.1 Configuration. 4.2.2 Chronoiogy. 4.3 Deglaciation. 4-3.1Configuration. 4.3.2 Degtacial chronology and marine limit- 4.3.2(a) Duck Bay-Mosquito Creek (Outer Strand Bay). 4.3.2(b) Sand Bay. 4.3.2(c) Good Friday Bay. 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Sedimens, Lmdfonns and Basal Thermal Regime. 4.4.2 Marine Limit 4.5 Regional Synthesis. 4.5.1 Regional isobases. 4.5.2 Last Glacial Maximum. 4.5.3 Deglaciation. Chapter 5: Conclusions 5.1 Introduction, 5.2 Configuration, Origh and Chronology of Glaciation. 5.3 Pattern and Chronoiogy of Deglaciation and Relative Sea Level Adjustments. 5.3.1 Pattern and chronology of deglaciation. 5.3 -2 Relative sea level adjustments. 5-4 Recomrnendations for Future Research, LIST OF FIGURES Chapter One Page Figure 1- 1: Regional map of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. 10 Figure 1.2: Bedrock geology, west-central Axe1 Heiberg Island_ Il Figure 1.3: Bedrock geology, west-central Axel Heiberg Island. 12 Figure 1.4: Field areas on west-central AxeI Heiberg Island- 13 Figure 1.5: Satellite image of west-central AxeI Helkrg Island- 14 Figure 1.6: Postglacial isobases at 8.5 ka BP. 15 Figure 1.7: Collfiguration of the Innuitian Ice Sheet 16 Figure 1.8: Expedition and Strand fiords, west-cenid Axel Heiberg 17 Island. Chapter Two Figure 2.1 : Meltwater charnels and pre-glacial fluvial channels, west-central 22 Axel Heiberg Isiand. Chapter Tbree Key for Figures 3.1,3.2,3.3- 35 Figure 3.1 : Suficial geology and geomorphology, Duck Bay-Mosquito 36 Creek Figure 3.2: Surficial geology and geomorphology, Good Friday Bay. 37 Figure 3.3 : Surficial geology and geomorphology of intervening Iandscape. 38 Figure 3 -4: Lichen-kill zones, west-central Axe1 Heiberg Island. 39 Chapter Four Figure 4.1 : Radiocarbon dates, marine limit elevations and glacial 57 geomorphoIogy, west-central AxeI Heiberg Island. Figure 4.2: Relative sea levels and isobases ôt 8.5 ka BP west-central Axe1 58 Heiberg Island Figure 4.3: Postglacial isobases at 8.5 ka BP. 59 LIST OF PLATE3 Plate Page Plate 3.1 :CorûonnabIe residuum and diabase erratic, Good Friday Bay. 40 Plate 3.2: Beaufort Formation, west-central Axe1 KeLberg Island 40 Plate 3-3:Planar bedded sand of the Beaufort Formation- 41 Plate 3.4: Altemathg fine sand and mud ofthe Beaufort Formation. 41 Plate 3.5: Ice-contact delta, Mosquito Creek. 42 Plate 3.6: Kame, Good Friday Bay, 42 Plate 3 -7: Foreset sands at Good Friday Bay. 43 Plate 3.8: Thermo-erosional scarps at Duck Bay. 43 LIST OF TABLES Chapter Two Page Table 2.1 : Surficial mapping scheme. 21 Chapter Four Table 4.1: Radiocarbon dates, westcentral Axe1 Heiberg Island 56 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE 1.1 INTRODUCTION This thesis concerns the late Quûtemary glaciation and Holocene sea level history of part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands (QEI), High Arctic Canada(Figure 1.1 ;tables, plates and figures are located at the end of each chapter). For the past three decades, the style and extent of ice throughout the QEI during the last gïacial maximum (Lmhas been debated Two hypotheses have dominated the fiterature. Blake (1970, 1972) proposed that the QEI were covered by a pervasive Innuitian Ice Sheet (IIS) that coalesced with the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south and the Greenland Ice Sheet to the east- In contrast, England (1976) proposed that an array of discontinuous alpine ice caps, the Franklin Ice Cornplex, occupied the QEI during the LGM- Recent research in the Hi@ Arctic has reached a concensus, concludiug that the QEI were inundateci by the IIS during the LGM (cf Bednarski 1998; England 1998a, 1998b; Dyke 1998,1999; 6 Cofaigh 1999).
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