DOCSLIB.ORG

Volvariella Volvacea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volvariella Volvacea A Genetic Analysis of the Life Cycle of Volvariella volvacea by He Xiaoyi Thesis submitted as partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Philosophy February, 1996 Division of Biology Graduate School The Chinese University ofHong Kong RECEIVED - 5 AUG 199? ^M^ (n 2 2 m 1998 jiJ ^¾ U^'IVERSiTY ~iM \^>vLiBRARY SYSTEMyW X^^^ iK^SffliMMMMBBMHHlB^BBHMMMW———M^^BM^MI^^^^^^^^^^MI^M^MIMB Statement All the experimental works reported in this thesis were performed by the author unless specially stated otherwise in the text. He Xiaoyi Abstract Volvariella volvacea is the most popular fresh mushroom in Hong Kong. Li order to find out whether genetic variation exists in V. volvacea’ a genetical analysis was carried out. Strain V34 was used and AP-PCR (arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction) was employed to detect genetic variations. The released protoplasts from vegetative mycelium were regenerated and the regeneration frequency in this study was 10.9%. F1 and F2 single spore progenies of V34 were also isolated. Growth rates of six protoplast regenerants, ten F1 single spore isolates and ten single spore isolates of two fertile F1 progenies (F2) were studied by measuring their colony diameters and biomass gain after 4 days incubation. F1 single spore isolates were cultivated in compost to examine their fruiting abilities. Results showed that great variations existed among V34 progenies, in the aspects of colony morphology, growth rate and fhiiting ability. Protoplast regenerants also showed differences in colony morphology and growth rate. Two out of ten F1 isolates could fruit in straw based compost and produced the F2 progenies. Individuals with different morphologies and growth rates were examined by two arbitrary primers, M13sq and M13rs. However, none of the primers used in this study revealed any polymorphism among six randomly choosen protoplast regenerants and their parental strain V34. As for F1 progenies, both M13sq and M13rs yielded highly similiar DNA profiles with those ofthe strain V34. The results from this study confirmed the persistence of phenotypic variations in V. volvacea. Several possible mechanisms to induce these variations are discussed. Mitochondrial genome may play an important role. Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors: Dr. Siu-Wai Chiu and Prof. Shu-Ting Chang, who not only gave me the opportunity to study in the establishment of mushroom Volvariella volvacea, but also have been leading me and offering me countless ideas, advices and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr. J. A. Buswell and Dr. H. S. Kwan for acting as members of my Thesis Committee. Thanks for their patience, advices and criticism. Moreover, I would like to send my thanks to my external examiner, although I do not know yet who he is. My appreciation also extends to Mr. S. N. Mok for teaching me cultivate mushrooms, to technicians in Biology Department for technical assistance and to Ms. M. Y. Yu, Mr. H. X. Wang, Mr Y. J. Cai，Ms S. J. Chapman and all the other classmates for their helping me overcome many difficulties. Finally but not means the least, I wish to thank my family, for the support, encouragement and endless love they always give me. Content Page List ofTables I List ofIllustrations 11 List of Abbreviations HI Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fungal life cycles 1 1.1.1 Heterothallism 1 1.1.1.1 Bipolar incompatibility 2 1.1.1.2 Tetrapolar incompatibility 2 1.1.2 Homothallism 2 1.1.2.1 Primary homothallism 2 1.1.2.2 Secondary homothallism 3 1.2 Biology ofhomothallic Volvariella volvacea 3 1.3 Genetic mechanisms generating variations in fungi 8 1.3.1 Meiotic recombination 8 1.3.2 Mitotic recombination 9 1.3.3 Fungal mitochondrial genomes 11 1.3.3.1 Structure of fungal mitochondrial genome 11 1.3.3.2 Mitochondrial plasmids 14 1.3.3.3 Mitochondrial inheritance 14 1.3.3.4 Mitochondrial polymorphisms 15 1.3.4 Transposons 16 1.4 Genetic studies of mushrooms by molecular and protoplast tools 17 1.4.1 Genetic markers 17 1.4.1.1 Restriction fragement length polymorphisms (RFLPs) 18 1.4.1.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 18 1.4.1.2.1 Arbitrarilyprimed PCR (AP-PCR) 20 1.4.2 Protoplasts 23 1.4.2.1 Protoplast isolation - 23 1.4.2.2 Mycolytic enzymes 24 1.4.2.3 Osmotic stabilizers 26 1.4.2.4 Physiological condition ofmycelium 27 1.4.2.5 Protoplast regeneration 28 1.4.2.6 Application ofprotoplasts 28 1.5 Purpose and significance ofthis genetic study on V. volvacea 29 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 30 2.1 Organism 30 2.2 Cell cultivation and maintenance 30 2.3 Solutions and chemicals 30 2.3.1 Solutions for DNA isolation 30 2.3.2 Solutions for agarose gel electrophoresis 31 2.3.3 PCR primers and reagents 31 2.4 DNA extraction and purification 31 2.5 Agarose gel electrophoresis 32 2.6 Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) 33 2.7 Protoplast isolation and regeneration 34 2.7.1 Preparation ofprotoplasts 34 2.7.2 Regeneration of protoplasts 34 2.8 Single spore isolation and germination 35 2.9 Growth rate measurement 36 2.9.1 Colony diameter measurement 36 2.9.2 Biomass gain measurement 37 Chapter 3 Results 38 3.1 Genomic DNA extraction - 38 3.2 Genetic analyses of V34 and its progenies 3 8 3.2.1 Protoplast regenerants ^ 8 3.2.1.1 Protoplast preparation 3 8 3.2.1.2 Protoplast regeneration 42 3.2.1.3 Morphology of V34 protoplast regenerants 42 3.2.1.4 Growth rate measurement 44 3.2.1.5 AP-PCR analysis ofV34 protoplast regenerants 44 3.2.2 V34 single spore isolates (SSIs) - F1 progenies 48 3.2.2.1 Single spore isolation and germination 48 3.2.2.2 Morphology ofFl progenies 48 3.2.2.3 Growth rate measurement 48 3.2.2.4 AP-PCR analysis of 10 V34 single spore isolates 51 3.2.2.5 Fruiting ability of F1 progenies 51 3.2.3 Single spore isolates from F1 progenies-F2 progenies 54 3.2.3.1 Colony morphology and growth rate 54 Chapter 4 Discussion ^^ 4.1 Protoplast isolation and regeneration 59 4.2 Phenotypic variations in Volvariella volvacea 61 4.2.1 Colony morphology 61 ^~— I •ii^^^M—^^^—I^M^—^M^I^M^MMMMTmMITMffMlllHIII^III i|l|iHIWIillll|i|ii IWH|ll_WHiUMU'mimi_I 4.2.2 Growth rate 61 4.2.3 Fruiting ability 62 4.3 Genetic mechanisms for phenotypic variations in V. volvacea 63 4.4 AP-PCR analyses 65 4.5 Possible sources ofvariations 66 4.5.1 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 67 4.5.2 Spontaneous mutations - 67 Conclusion 69 References 70 List ofIllustrations Fig. 1 Haploid life cycle of Volvariella volvacea (Chiu, 1993). 7 Fig. 2 Meiotic crossing-over in fungi (modified from Bos & Swart, 1995). 10 Fig. 3 Recombination during mitosis in fungi (modified from Bos & Swart，1995). 12 Fig. 4 A typical scan spectrum ofgenomic DNA sample from Volvariella volvacea strain V34 and its progenies. 39 Fig. 5 Agarose gel showing the genomic DNAs from Volvariella volvacea isolates. 40 Fig. 6 Protoplast yield from different ages ofmycelia and different times of exposure to lytic enzymes. 41 Fig. 7 Colony morphologies of V34 protoplast regenerants. 43 Fig. 8 The biomass gain by six V34 protoplast regenerants after 4-day incubation. 45 Fig. 9 AP-PCR profiles of six protoplast regenerants of V. volvacea V34 using primer M13sq. 46 Fig. 10 AP-PCR profiles of six protoplast regenerants of V. volvacea V34 using primer M13rs. 47 Fig. 11 Colony morphologies of V34 single spore isolates (F1). 49 Fig. 12 The biomass gain by ten V34 single spore isolates (F1) after 4-day incubation. 50 Fig. 13 AP-PCR profiles of 10 single spore isolates ofV34 using primer M13sq. 52 Fig. 14 AP-PCR profiles of 10 single spore isolates of V34 using primer M13rs. 53 Fig. 15 Colony morphologies of single spore isolates ofNo.33 (the F2 progeny). 55 Fig. 16 Colony morphologies of single spore isolates ofNo. 10 (the F2 progeny). 56 Fig. 17 The biomass gain by ten single spore isolates of No. 10 isolate after 4-day incubation. 57 Fig. 18 The biomass gain by ten single spore isolates ofNo. 33 isolate after 4-day incubation. 58 List of Tables Table 1 Nomenclature for mitochondrial genes (Hudespeth, 1992). 13 Table 2 Properties of RFLPs and RAPDs/AP-PCR (modified from Rafalski & Tingey，1993). 22 Table 3 Protoplast isolation system in some edible mushrooms (sources: Selitrennikoff& Bloomfield， 1984; Kitamoto et al., 1988; Peberdy, 1991). 25 Table 4. The regeneration frequency of protoplasts 42 Table 5. The colony diameters ofprotoplast regenerants (4 day cultures) 42 Table 6. Germination frequency of V34 spores 48 Table 7. The colony diameters of single spore isolates (SSIs) (4 day cultures) 48 Table 8. Fruiting test of F1 progeny 51 Table 9. The colony diameters of single spore isolates of No.lO F1 progeny (4 day cultures) 54 Table 10. The colony diameters ofsingle spore isolates of No.33 F1 progeny (4 day cultures) 54 List of Abbreviations AP-PCR: Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction bp: base pair CM: Complete medium dNTPs: deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid Kb: Kilobase pairs Mb: Megabase pairs MCM: Mannitol complete medium MI: First meiotic division MtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA PCR: Polymerase chain reaction PD: Potato dextrose broth PDA: Potato dextrose agar RAPDs: Random amplified polymorphic DNAs RFLPs: Restriction fragement length polymorphisms SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SSI: Single spore isolate Tris: Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane Chapter 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): Taxonomy and Character Evolution
    AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomy and character evolution This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/74776 since 2016-10-06T16:59:44Z Published version: DOI:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 23 September 2021 This Accepted Author Manuscript (AAM) is copyrighted and published by Elsevier. It is posted here by agreement between Elsevier and the University of Turin. Changes resulting from the publishing process - such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms - may not be reflected in this version of the text. The definitive version of the text was subsequently published in FUNGAL BIOLOGY, 115(1), 2011, 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012. You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions: (1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license. (2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the Basidiome of Volvariella Bombycina
    Mycol. Res. 94 (3): 327-337 (1990) Printed in Great Brituin 327 Development of the basidiome of Volvariella bombycina SIU WAI CHIU* AND DAVID MOORE Microbiology Research Group, Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Stopford Building, The University, Manchester M13 9PT Development of the basidiome of Volvariella bombycina. Mycological Research 94 (3): 327-337 (1990). Basidiorne development of Volvariella bomb~cinawas examined with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Primary gills arose as ridges on the lower surface of the cap, projecting into a preformed annular cavity. Secondary and tertiary gills were added whenever space became available by bifurcation of an existing gill either horn one side or at the free edge, or by folding of the palisade layer near or at the roots of existing gills. These processes gave rise to sinuous, labyrinthiform hymenophores as a normal transitional stage to the mature regularly radial gill pattern. Although many cystidia spanned the gill space at the early stages, their tips causing depressions in the opposing hymenium, cryo-SEM examination showed that marginal and facial cystidia of mature gills bore droplets, suggesting that these cells are more likely to act as secretory elements than as structural members. Transformation of the convoluted gills into regularly radial ones is probably accomplished by cell inflation in the gill trama. Marking experiments and consideration of cystidial distribution suggest that V. bombycina gills grow at their root, not at their margin. Key words: Hymenophore development, Morphogenesis, Gill pattern, Cystidium, Volvariella bombycina. Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff. : Fr.) Sing., the silver-silk straw from expression of a series of essentially self-contained mushroom, is an edible fungus which fruits readily in culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Mushroom Cultivation
    CMS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS) MODEL EXAMINATIONS (October 2019) ALL UG COURSES (EXCEPT BIOSCIENCE) SEMESTER V EDC – MUSHROOM CULTIVATION SL QUESTIONS ANS NO 1 To which division does it belong? A A. Basidiomycetes B. Pteridophyta C. Thallophyta D. Mollusca 2 Mushroom is: A A. Saprophyticfungus B. AutotrophicAlgae None of the C. Heterotrophicfungus D. above 3 Mycellium produces white or colored umbrella shaped fruiting bodies called: B A. Haphae B. Basidiocarp C. Annalus D. Seta 4 Basidiocarp consist of a fleshy stalk called ___________ and umbrella like D head borne on its top called __________ A. Hyphae and Seta B. Seta and Annalus Annalus adn C. Antheridia D. Stipe and Pileus 5 When young fruiting body is completely enveloped by a thin membrane, it is C called _____________ A. Mycelium B. Rhizoids C. Velum(veil) D. Septate 6 With the growth of ____________ velum gets ruptured, while a part of it B remained attached to stipe in the form of ring or____________. Basidiocarp and A. Slender B. Pileus and Annalus Pyrenoid and C. Conjugation D. Hyaline and Pyrenoid 7 On the lower side of Pileus number of vertical plates like structure are present D called____________ A. Spores B. Organelles Mushroom C. Dryopteris D. Gills 8 The gills on either sides bear club shaped basidia which A produce_____________ A. Basidiocarp B. Chloroplasts C. funaria D. None of these 9 C It grows during ______ A. Summer season B. Winters C. Rainy season D. all seasons 10 One of the best edible species mushrooms under A A. Sahiwal B. Kasur C.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Clades of Agaricales: a Multilocus Phylogenetic Overview
    Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 982–995. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview P. Brandon Matheny1 Duur K. Aanen Judd M. Curtis Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Wageningen, The Netherlands Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610 Matthew DeNitis Vale´rie Hofstetter 127 Harrington Way, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Graciela M. Daniele Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal, M. Catherine Aime CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Casilla USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology de Correo 495, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina Laboratory, Room 304, Building 011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Jean-Marc Moncalvo San Francisco, California 94132 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Botany, University Bradley R. Kropp of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 Zai-Wei Ge Zhu-Liang Yang Lorelei L. Norvell Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229-1309 Jason C. Slot Andrew Parker Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 127 Raven Way, Metaline Falls, Washington 99153- Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 9720 Joseph F. Ammirati Else C. Vellinga University of Washington, Biology Department, Box Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 Timothy J.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Nutritional Composition and Medicinal Potential of Indian Mushrooms: a Review
    Vol. 13(4), pp. 523-545, 22 January, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.13446 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2014 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Review Diversity, nutritional composition and medicinal potential of Indian mushrooms: A review Hrudayanath Thatoi* and Sameer Kumar Singdevsachan Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India. Accepted 2 January, 2014 Mushrooms are the higher fungi which have long been used for food and medicinal purposes. They have rich nutritional value with high protein content (up to 44.93%), vitamins, minerals, fibers, trace elements and low calories and lack cholesterol. There are 14,000 known species of mushrooms of which 2,000 are safe for human consumption and about 650 of these possess medicinal properties. Among the total known mushrooms, approximately 850 species are recorded from India. Many of them have been used in food and folk medicine for thousands of years. Mushrooms are also sources of bioactive substances including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antitumour, anti-HIV and antidiabetic activities. Nutriceuticals and medicinal mushrooms have been used in human health development in India as food, medicine, minerals among others. The present review aims to update the current status of mushrooms diversity in India with their nutritional and medicinal potential as well as ethnomedicinal uses for different future prospects in pharmaceutical application. Key words: Mushroom diversity, nutritional value, therapeutic potential, bioactive compound. INTRODUCTION Mushroom is a general term used mainly for the fruiting unexamined mushrooms will be only 5%, implies that body of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) there are 7,000 yet undiscovered species, which if and represents only a short reproductive stage in their life discovered will be provided with the possible benefit to cycle (Das, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Nutriceuticals from Mushrooms - S.T
    BIOTECHNOLOGY – Vol .VII – Nutriceuticals from Mushrooms - S.T. Chang, J. A. Buswell NUTRICEUTICALS FROM MUSHROOMS S.T. Chang Department of Biology and Centre for International Services to Mushroom Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; J. A. Buswell Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China. Keywords: dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, mushroom nutriceuticals, polysaccharide, immunomodulatory agents, antitumour effects, antioxidants, genoprotection, anti-diabetic activity, antibiotics, quality control. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Nutritional value of mushrooms 3. Nature of bioactive components of mushrooms 4. Biological effects of mushrooms and mushroom products 4.1. Antitumour/anticancer effects 4.2. Antioxidant-genoprotective effects 4.3. Hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic effects 4.4. Hypocholesterolaemic effects 4.4. Antibiotic effects 4.5. Other effects 5. Mushroom nutriceuticals 6. A protocol for quality mushroom nutriceuticals Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The perception of mushrooms as a highly nutritional foodstuff is well founded. Compositional analyses of the main cultivated varieties have revealed that, on a dry weight basis,UNESCO mushrooms normally contain – between EOLSS 19 and 35 percent protein. The low total fat content, and the high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72 to 85 percent) relativeSAMPLE to total fatty acids, is considered CHAPTERS a significant contributor to the health value of mushrooms. The recent application of modern analytical techniques has provided a scientific basis for their medicinal properties. The multi-functional effects of mushroom nutriceuticals/dietary supplements are based on the enhancement of the host’s immune system and hold considerable potential benefit to health care because of the absence of major side effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): Morphology, Geography and Phylogeny
    Mycol Progress (2011) 10:453–479 DOI 10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Species recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): morphology, geography and phylogeny Alfredo Justo & Andrew M. Minnis & Stefano Ghignone & Nelson Menolli Jr. & Marina Capelari & Olivia Rodríguez & Ekaterina Malysheva & Marco Contu & Alfredo Vizzini Received: 17 September 2010 /Revised: 22 September 2010 /Accepted: 29 September 2010 /Published online: 20 October 2010 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2010 Abstract The phylogeny of several species-complexes of the P. fenzlii, P. phlebophorus)orwithout(P. ro me lli i) molecular genera Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) differentiation in collections from different continents. A was investigated using molecular data (ITS) and the lectotype and a supporting epitype are designated for Pluteus consequences for taxonomy, nomenclature and morpho- cervinus, the type species of the genus. The name Pluteus logical species recognition in these groups were evaluated. chrysophlebius is accepted as the correct name for the Conflicts between morphological and molecular delimitation species in sect. Celluloderma, also known under the names were detected in sect. Pluteus, especially for taxa in the P.admirabilis and P. chrysophaeus. A lectotype is designated cervinus-petasatus clade with clamp-connections or white for the latter. Pluteus saupei and Pluteus heteromarginatus, basidiocarps. Some species of sect. Celluloderma are from the USA, P. castri, from Russia and Japan, and apparently widely distributed in Europe, North America Volvopluteus asiaticus, from Japan, are described as new. A and Asia, either with (P. aurantiorugosus, P. chrysophlebius, complete description and a new name, Pluteus losulus,are A. Justo (*) N. Menolli Jr. Biology Department, Clark University, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, 950 Main St., Rua Pedro Vicente 625, Worcester, MA 01610, USA São Paulo, SP 01109-010, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] O.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Vovlariella Volvacea): Paddy Straw Mushroom Is an Edible Mushroom of the Tropics and Subtropics
    1 Production of paddy straw mushroom (Vovlariella volvacea): Paddy straw mushroom is an edible mushroom of the tropics and subtropics. It was first cultivated in China as early as in 1822. Around 1932-35, the straw mushroom was introduced into Philippines, Malaysia, and other South-East Asian countries by overseas Chinese. In India this mushroom was first cultivated in early 1940’s. In India, 19 edible species of Volvariella have been recorded but cultivation methods have been devised for three of them only viz; V. volvacea, V. esculenta (Mass) and V. diplasia. Volvariella volvacea is deep grey in colour and number of fruiting body is less per bed whereas V. diplasia is whitish or ashy in colour and, fruiting body is more with smaller size. Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) also called ‘straw mushroom’ is a fungus of the tropics and subtropics and has been cultivated for many years in India. Paddy straw mushroom is also known as “warm mushroom” as it grows at relatively high temperature. It is a fast growing mushroom and under favorable growing conditions total crop cycle is completed within 4-5 weeks time. This mushroom can use wide range of cellulosic materials and the C: N ratio needed is 40 to 60, quite high in comparison to other cultivated mushrooms. It can be grown quite quickly and easily on uncomposted substrates such as paddy straw and cotton waste or other cellulosic organic waste materials. Several species of Volvariella have reportedly been grown for food, but only three species of the straw mushroom i.e. Volvariella volvacea, Volvariella esculanta and Volvariella diplasia are cultivated artificially.
    [Show full text]
  • Paddy Straw Mushroom (433)
    Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds - Online edition Paddy straw mushroom (433) Common Name Paddy straw mushroom, straw mushroom, Chinese mushroom. Scientific Name Volvariella volvacea Distribution It is cultivated widely in East and Southeast Asia, and introduced in many other regions, including Africa, North America and Australia. It is recorded from Solomon Islands. Use & Appearance The paddy straw mushroom is grown on rice straw beds and picked immature, during the button or egg phase and before the veil ruptures (Photo 1). It is found in woodchips, rich garden Photo 1. Button stage of the paddy straw soil, compost piles and, in the Pacific, on decaying trunks of fallen sago palm and empty fruit mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, showing bunches of oil palm. They are often available fresh in Asia, but are more frequently found canned many still enclosed in the veil, and others or dried in countries where they are not cultivated. where the veil has broken. Methods of cultivation are here: http://www.fao.org/3/ca4450en/ca4450en.pdf. Young stages are formed under a greyish-brown veil (‘universal veil’), which surrounds the mushroom at the ‘button stage’ (Photo 2). It breaks to allow the stem and cap to expand leaving a dark brown cup-shaped structure (the ‘volva’) at the base (Photo 2). The cap is 5-12 cm diameter, first ovoid, then cone-like and finally broadly convex or bell- shaped, dark grey in the centre, becoming silvery-white or brownish-grey towards the margins, radially streaked with soft hairs (Photo 3). The cap tends to split at the edges.
    [Show full text]
  • Amanita Phalloides Photos Courtesy of the Mushroomobserver.Org
    April 2016 SOMAFrom the Sonoma County Mycological AssociationNEWS The Most Dangerous Mushroom By Cat Adams Monthly Speaker for April Jackie Shay (See page 10) Amanita phalloides Photos Courtesy of the mushroomobserver.org NEED EMERGENCY MUSHROOM POISONING ID? After seeking medical attention, contact Darvin DeShazer for identification at (707) 829-0596. Email photos to: [email protected] and be sure to photograph all sides, cap and of the mushroom. Please do not send photos taken with older cell phones – the resolution is simply too poor to allow accurate identification. Volume 28:8 Amanita phalloides Photo Courtesy of the mushroomobserver.org The Most Dangerous Mushroom The death cap is spreading. It looks, smells, and tastes delicious. By Cat Adams he death cap mush- Eventually she’ll suffer from Meanwhile, the poison stealth- room likely kills and abdominal cramps, vomiting, ily destroys her liver. It binds poisons more peo- and severely dehydrating di- ple every year than arrhea. This delay means her Many people who Tany other mushroom. Now symptoms might not be associ- there finally appears to be ated with mushrooms, and she are poisoned claim an effective treatment—but may be diagnosed with a more the mushroom was few doctors know about it. benign illness like stomach flu. When someone eats To make matters worse, the most delicious Amanita phalloides, she typi- if the patient is somewhat hy- they’ve ever eaten. cally won’t experience symp- drated, her symptoms may toms for at least six and some- lessen and she will enter the to and disables an enzyme times as many as 24 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cardioprotective Properties of Agaricomycetes Mushrooms Growing in the Territory of Armenia (Review) Susanna Badalyan, Anush Barkhudaryan, Sylvie Rapior
    The Cardioprotective Properties of Agaricomycetes Mushrooms Growing in the Territory of Armenia (Review) Susanna Badalyan, Anush Barkhudaryan, Sylvie Rapior To cite this version: Susanna Badalyan, Anush Barkhudaryan, Sylvie Rapior. The Cardioprotective Properties of Agari- comycetes Mushrooms Growing in the Territory of Armenia (Review). International Journal of Medic- inal Mushrooms, Begell House, 2021, 23 (5), pp.21-31. 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021038280. hal-03202984 HAL Id: hal-03202984 https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03202984 Submitted on 20 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Cardioprotective Properties of Agaricomycetes Mushrooms Growing in the territory of Armenia (Review) Susanna M. Badalyan 1, Anush Barkhudaryan 2, Sylvie Rapior 3 1Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; 2Department of Cardiology, Clinic of General and Invasive Cardiology, University Hospital № 1, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia;
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]