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A Case Study in the Wear Catchment, County Durham

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A Case Study in the Wear Catchment, County Durham Durham E-Theses Analysis of the current state of water-resource management in the UK using Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Modelling: a case study in the Wear Catchment, County Durham SMITH, VICTORIA How to cite: SMITH, VICTORIA (2019) Analysis of the current state of water-resource management in the UK using Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Modelling: a case study in the Wear Catchment, County Durham, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13256/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Analysis of the Current State of Water-Resource Management in the UK Using Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Modelling: a Case Study in the Wear Catchment, County Durham Victoria Smith Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography Durham University 2019 - 1 - Abstract Since the introduction of the Water Framework Directive in 2000, there has been a drive towards managing water resources at the catchment-scale in the UK. The rationale for this approach is driven by intentions of localising environmental improvement, involving a wide range of stakeholders working in collaboration to identify water issues and potential actions to address them. However, despite this recognition, and drive towards collaborative working, there has been little focus on how the stakeholders actually come together in water-resource management, for example: the role stakeholders play; what skills, expertise, and resources they contribute; and, how decisions are made in the collaboration. More specifically, there is an opportunity to conduct analysis and build understanding of the rules of collaboration behaviour, attitudes, activities and evolution directions. The overall aim of this research was to analyse the current state of water- resource management in the UK, focusing on cross-boundary interactions between governmental and non-governmental actors, specifically in the Wear Catchment, County Durham. To achieve this aim, a multi-method approach was utilised, including social network analysis and agent-based modelling, exploring the position and role of individual actors in the network, and how changes made to the network structure of stakeholders, could affect inter- and intra-group collaborations. Ultimately, by analysing the current state of collaboration in water-resource management, this research contributes to the wider understanding of progress made in terms of the management of water resources in the UK, including the strengths and potential flaws of the approach. - 2 - Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. - 3 - Acknowledgements Wow, just wow! What a journey this PhD has been. I never thought I would see the end, yet here I am! There are so many people I would like to thank for helping me, keeping me smiling, and making this PhD an extremely special, challenging and super-duper crazy journey. To start, I would like to thank my supervisors Professor John Wainwright and Doctor Niall Cunningham. Their guidance, support and assistance has been incredible. Thank you so much both of you. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Professor Louise Bracken, particularly in the early stages of my PhD. I am extremely grateful for the support and guidance throughout my PhD from Peter Nailon from the Wear Rivers Trust. Thank you also to Martin Colling and Steve Hudson from the Wear Rivers Trust. You have all been there for me when I needed help and advice. Thank you to the Topsoil Project for funding many of my conference visits and training workshops. And also thank you to everyone involved in the Topsoil Project, I have thoroughly enjoyed working with you all. Thank you to all of the participants in my research, I am extremely grateful for your time and input. A special thanks goes to Julie Dobson and Katie Thurlbeck, and for all the travelling arrangements and bookings you made for me. A very very special thanks goes to my Grandma Enid for making it possible for me to turn my dream of doing a PhD into reality. Thank you to my Mam and Dad for continually supporting me and encouraging me to follow my dreams. Rebecca, I can’t believe this is the end of our education journey together! It’s been amazing, thank you!!! You’re a wonderful sister, words cannot describe how much you mean to me. Thank you to Luke and Lucy the Corgis for always making me smile, even when the PhD was getting through to me! I love you all. Thank you to Guy Paxman, Clare Bliss, Hannah Joyce, Hannah Holmes, Jessica Holmes, and many many others…we started as colleagues, but will be friends for life. I cannot thank you enough for your support throughout my PhD. Roland Robinson, I love you to infinity and beyond. Thank you so much for your encouragement and support during the final stages of my PhD. A special thanks to J.K. Rowling as without Harry Potter my PhD would have been a whole lot less exciting! And finally, to all of the support staff in the Department of Geography, thank you. In particular to Kathy Wood and Janet Hampson. Thank you to Michael Heslop and Merv Brown for making me laugh and smile every time I passed you in the Geography corridors. - 4 - I dedicate my PhD to my Grandad Eric. I’ll never stop aiming high! - 5 - Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Wear Catchment....................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Complexity in Water-Resource Management .......................................................... 5 1.3. Water-Resource Management in the UK ................................................................. 8 1.4. Principal Modes of Exploration ............................................................................. 16 1.5. Aim ......................................................................................................................... 17 1.6. Objectives ............................................................................................................... 17 1.7. Summary ................................................................................................................ 19 1.8. Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 – Literature Review ..................................................................................... 23 2.1. Concepts of Governance and Management ............................................................ 23 2.2. Change in the Governance of Water-Resource Management in the UK ................ 25 2.3. Participation of Stakeholders in Water-Resource Management ........................... 26 2.4. Integration, Adaptation and Collaboration ............................................................ 29 2.5. Systems in Water-Resource Management: Understanding Complexity ............... 33 2.6. A Network Approach to Understanding Water-Resource Management Systems . 39 2.6.1. Examples of Using a Network Approach to Understanding Water-Resource Management Systems ........................................................................................................ 47 2.7. ABM of Water-Resource Management Systems .................................................... 49 2.8. Bringing together SNA and ABM ............................................................................ 57 2.9. Summary ................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 3 – Context & Data-collection Methodology ............................................. 61 3.1. Context: The River Wear Catchment ..................................................................... 61 3.2. Characteristics of the River Wear Catchment ........................................................ 62 3.3. Gaining Perspectives of Stakeholders .................................................................... 64 3.3.1. Data Collection: A Combined Survey and Interview-Based Approach .............. 65 3.3.2. Identifying Stakeholders and Inviting Participation ......................................... 71 3.3.3. Content and Focus: Survey and Interviews ....................................................... 73 3.3.4. Positionality ....................................................................................................... 75 3.4. Summary ................................................................................................................ 76 Chapter 4 – Social Network Analysis .......................................................................... 78 4.1. Background
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