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Revolucao Cabana.Pdf Governo do Estado do Pará Governador Helder Zahluth Barbalho Universidade do Estado do Pará Reitor Rubens Cardoso da Silva Vice-Reitor Clay Anderson Nunes Chagas Pró-Reitor de Pesquisa e Pós-Gradução Renato da Costa Teixeira Pró-Reitora de Graduação Ana da Conceição Oliveira Pró-Reitora de Extensão Alba Lúcia Ribeiro Raithy Pereira Pró-Reitor de Gestão e Planejamento Carlos José Capela Bispo Editora da Universidade do Estado do Pará Coordenador e Editor-Chefe Nilson Bezerra Neto Conselho Editorial Francisca Regina Oliveira Carneiro Hebe Morganne Campos Ribeiro Joelma Cristina Parente Monteiro Alencar Josebel Akel Fares José Alberto Silva de Sá Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma Lia Braga Vieira Maria das Graças da Silva Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Cardoso da Silva Marília Brasil Xavier Núbia Suely Silva Santos Renato da Costa Teixeira (Presidente) Robson José de Souza Domingues Pedro Franco de Sá Tânia Regina Lobato dos Santos Valéria Marques Ferreira Normando © EDUEPA 2019 Realização Universidade do Estado do Pará - UEPA Editora da Universidade do Estado do Pará - EDUEPA Apoio Normalização e Revisão Capa Apoio Técnico Marco Antônio da Costa Camelo Flávio Cardoso de Araujo Arlene Sales Duarte Caldeira Nilson Bezerra Neto Bruna Toscano Gibson Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Diretoria de Biblioteca Central da UEPA Rodrigues, Denise Simões Revolução cabana e construção da identidade amazônida / Denise Simões. 266 p. : il. ; 23 cm. Inclui bibliografias ISSBN: 978-85-8458-047-7 1. Brasil – História- Cabanagem, 1835 - 1840. I. Título. CDD 22.ed. 363.7 Editora filiada Editora da Universidade do Estado do Pará - EDUEPA Travessa D. Pedro I, 519 - CEP: 66050-100 - Belém/PA E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected] SUMÁRIO Prefácio, 7 Introdução, 11 I - Imaginário Social e Criação Identitária, 23 1.1 Notícia Histórica sobre a Cabanagem, 25 1.1.1 Raízes do movimento, 25 1.1.2 Agrava-se a situação: o golpe conservador dos “caramurus” e a reação dos “filantrópicos”, 36 1.1.3 Explode o movimento cabano no Acará, 40 1.1.4 Belém é conquistada pelos cabanos, 41 1.1.5 Belém é devolvida pelos cabanos ao poder legal, 44 1.1.6 Prisão dos líderes cabanos pelo Presidente da Província, 47 1.1.7 Belém é retomada pelos cabanos, 49 1.1.8 A contraofensiva das tropas legais sob o comando de Soares d’Andréia, 52 1.1.9 Inicia-se o “processo de pacificação” comandado por Soares d’Andréia, 53 1.2 Significações imaginárias da liberdade, 55 II - Trabalho e Ordem na Amazônia do séc. XIX, 75 2.1 “Fabricando” bons súditos para sua Majestade, 77 2.2 Justificando a opressão: o mito da indolência e da preguiça dos nativos, 95 2.3 A solução burguesa: o trabalho compulsório, 100 III - A Imaginação Social da Liberdade, 117 3.1 O sonho de uma Amazônia livre e brasileira, 119 3.2 Entre a realidade e o preconceito: o caboco como identidade cultural, 152 Considerações Finais, 175 Referências, 187 Anexos, 196 Prefácio Este livro é resultado de duas paixões da autora: a primeira, pela Amazônia, expressa no estudo da saga revolucionária dos cabanos na primeira metade do século XIX; e a segunda, pelas ideias luminosas e inovadoras de Cornelius Casto- riadis, que servem de base teórica ao trabalho. Foram essas paixões que alimenta- ram a escrita da Tese de Doutorado de Denise sobre a revolução cabana no Pará. E eu, como sua orientadora, acompanhei de perto o itinerário dessas paixões, as quais compartilhamos. Digo bem acompanhei, porque Denise com o extenso co- nhecimento dos fundamentos sociológicos essenciais à compreensão da realidade que possui, sempre soube o que queria fazer: desvelar a força visionária e o élan libertário da revolução cabana, que permaneceriam vivos em suas raízes, mesmo após a derrota dos últimos combatentes cabanos. Na verdade, foi o élan libertário da revolução cabana, que levou a autora a buscar na obra de Castoriadis os conceitos que serviriam de sustentáculo para a elucidação das questões de autonomia/liberdade, do poder em seus diferentes registros, do cruzamento do social-histórico, e, sobretudo do papel do imaginário social na instituição da identidade amazônida. O estudo nos mostra algo pouco conhecido por aqueles distantes da cultura amazônica: o sentido da liberdade vinculado à integração com a natureza. O nativo da Amazônia não luta contra a natureza, mas a ela se integra e convive, respeitando-a como parte da realização de si mesmo, como seu ser natural. Daí sua posição de contemplação, de respeito e familiaridade com a exuberância das matas e dos rios, em clima de paz e tranquilidade, destituído de pressa. Os pressupostos básicos do capitalismo, o lucro, a competição, a produtivi- dade exacerbada obtida a custa de longas e estafantes jornadas de trabalho, não o interessam ou seduzem as quinquilharias oferecidas como recompensa à renúncia ao seu modo típico de sobreviver. Aqui se encontra o fulcro por onde se dará o embate entre os nativos e os colonizadores portugueses. Os índios, na implantação da empresa colonial, e os caboclos, produtos dos sucessivos cruzamentos interétnicos, preferiam ser livres, ainda que muito carentes de bens, mas com sua vida cotidiana integrada aos rios, igarapés e matas de onde tiravam o seu sustento e garantiam a sobrevivência, do que se sujeitarem às penosas jornadas de trabalho compulsório impostas pelo colonizador. “Entre viver escravo e morrer, muitas tribos preferiam a morte”,1 ressalta Denise. A dominação e o processo de colonização lusa não se darão somente pela via da exploração do trabalho dos nativos. Ela se dará, sobretudo, pela via das significações imaginárias sociais vinculadas à religião cristã, por meio do pro- cesso evangelizador, realizado pelas ordens religiosas, em especial pelos jesuítas. Estes exercerão seu trabalho evangélico de maneira eficaz e coordenada com os 1 RODRIGUES, Denise de Souza Simões. 2001, p. 95 objetivos dos interesses portugueses. E o farão de forma violenta e simbólica pela negação de elementos da cultura indígena, com a introdução de novas sig- nificações imaginárias, induzidas pelo temor do inferno, pela noção do pecado, pelas ideias de salvação, e pelo exercício de rezas e rituais cristãos. Lê-se em seu texto: “A análise do projeto colonial português para a Amazônia revela um objetivo básico a ser alcançado, qual seja “dilatar a fé e o império”.2 Os séculos de dominação colonial que precedem a explosão da Cabanagem correspondem ao doloroso processo de expropriação social e econômica da população amazônida, sua longa lista de humilhações e sofrimentos físicos, a desnaturação do humano, reduzido à condição de servidão. O que queriam os cabanos? Em pleno processo de constituição da identidade nacional, desejavam ser brasileiros com direito a autogoverno, livres da tutela portuguesa, entendida como usurpadora de seus bens e de seus princípios. A continuidade do poder em mãos dos antigos senhores fermenta a revolta e o desejo de finalmente ser livre e assim quebrar as cadeias da opressão secular. Para elucidar o processo social-histórico, Denise dialoga com diversos autores, entre eles Weber e Foucault, ao introduzir os conceitos de poder e disciplina como parâmetros necessários para a compreensão da dominação e da imposição pelo trabalho compulsório da lógica capitalista, ainda que esta tenha encontrado gran- de resistência para penetrar na região. O deslindar do processo social-histórico se torna mais claro quando a autora introduz então, o conceito de infra-poder radical de Castoriadis para a elucidação da força da resistência cabana. Trata-se do poder exercido pela sociedade sobre o individuo definindo o seu ser e o seu pensar, moldando-o por assim dizer, com as marcas da cultura. Esse infra-poder do próprio campo social, porém, jamais é exercido de modo absoluto, pois deixa sempre brechas e interstícios por onde os sujeitos desabrocham e realizam o seu ser, por meio do imaginário radical ou social, que se expressa tanto no psiquismo, como na sociedade. O poder explícito compreendido simplesmente como poder é identificado por Castoriadis como o conjunto das Instituições encarregadas pela preservação da ordem, das leis, das normas e das significações da sociedade. Esse poder se re- veste de diferentes figuras, entre elas a do Estado e a máquina burocrática públi- ca, bem como os próprios cargos de governantes e mandatários, mas sua função transcende de muito a fronteira estatal, pois se refere ao conjunto das instituições responsáveis pela manutenção da ordem pública e da vida social. Poder e soberania são, então, os parâmetros por onde Denise analisa as lutas na Amazônia. A noção de soberania dos cabanos tem uma significação vinculada essencialmente à natureza, à terra, o que é responsável, sem dúvida, pela resistên- cia e luta dos nativos contra a submissão e a violência dos antigos colonizadores, agora instalados nos postos de comando local do Império. No entendimento da autora a revolução cabana foi muito mais ampla e demorada do que os anos do 2 Idem, ibidem. p. 107. auge das ações militares tal como ela aparece registrada na historiografia tradi- cional. O seu ápice extremamente violento, registrado pelas ações dos revolucio- nários, indica que as condições de saturação psicológica dos excluídos do poder e da recém-nação haviam chegado ao seu limite. A repressão do mesmo calibre, conduzida pelas tropas imperiais, calou os cabocos vencidos e é esta identidade que emerge no decorrer do século XIX: aparentemente um povo cabisbaixo, pas- sivo, contemplativo, sem ambições maiores, conformado. “A contemplação surge como suporte da produção cultural dos mitos”, afirma a autora, para ressaltar a postura contemplativa e de devaneio do caboclo diante da natureza, por meio da qual a imaginação se expande na criação de um mundo simbólico fantástico, vivido no cruzamento do natural com o sobrenatural, de forma harmoniosa e pacífica. Essa postura contemplativa como um dos elemen- tos essenciais da cultura indígena constitui-se no estereótipo mais difundido so- bre os amazônidas: a lerdeza, a indolência e a preguiça, serão interpretadas como elementos responsáveis pelo atraso e pobreza da região.
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