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Joaquim Alfredo Guimarães Garcia

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Joaquim Alfredo Guimarães Garcia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ CURSO DE MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS LITERÁRIOS Joaquim Alfredo Guimarães Garcia VERBO DE FOGO: uma leitura da história, do imaginário amazônico e do social em Romanceiro da Cabanagem Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação em Letras, da Universidade Federal do Pará, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Literários. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sílvio Augusto de Oliveira Holanda BELÉM 2005 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ CURSO DE MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS LITERÁRIOS Joaquim Alfredo Guimarães Garcia VERBO DE FOGO: uma leitura da história, do imaginário amazônico e do social em Romanceiro da Cabanagem Esta monografia foi julgada adequada para a obtenção ao título de Mestre em Estudos Literários, e aprovada na sua forma final pela Universidade Federal do Pará. Data: __________/__________/___________ Conceito: ____________________________ _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sílvio Augusto de Oliveira Holanda, Orientador BELÉM 2005 3 Dedicatória Ao meu pai, Alfredo Jorge Hesse Garcia ( in memoriam ). A minha mãe, Maria Guimarães Garcia. A minha mulher, Gleice Garcia.. Agradecimentos Ao Professor Doutor Sílvio Holanda, pela paciente orientação; aos demais professores do Curso de Mestrado em Estudos Literários da Universidade Federal do Pará; aos colegas que cursaram o Mestrado de 2003 a 2005, pela boa e saudável convivência; gratidão especial aos meus filhos, Alfredo Neto, Daniel, Frederick e Glenda, pela paciência e pelo apoio familiar dados quando da realização desta pesquisa; “La historia es el lugar de encarnación de la palabra poética.” (Octavio Paz) SUMÁRIO Introdução : Verbo de Fogo ............................................................................................... 11 Capítulo I - O Fato Histórico - A Cabanagem: a memória .......................................... 21 Capítulo II - Os romanceiros e suas relações : o de Gitano , o da Inconfidência e o da Cabanagem ..........................................................................................................................30 2.1- Garcia Lorca e o Romanceiro Gitano 2.2- As inconfidências de Cecília Meireles e o seu romanceiro 2.3- José Ildone e o romanceiro cabano Capítulo III - E ntrecruzando olhares sobre um mesmo fato .........................................43 3.1- Quem foi João Marques de Carvalho 3.2- Os contos Um caso de cabanada e No baile do comendador Capítulo IV- O escritor José lldone : trajetória biográfica e intelectual...........................56 Capítulo V - Uma leitura do Romanceiro da Cabanagem ............................................. 69 5.1- A memória histórica nos poemas 5.2- O imaginário e a cultura amazônica 5.3- As questões sociais e o papel do poeta Conclusões ........................................................................................................................159 Bibliografia .......................................................................................................................173 RESUMO Revolução popular, com profundas implicações políticas, históricas e sociais no Pará, a Cabanagem desdobrou-se em lutas protagonizadas por legalistas e cabanos de 1835 a 1840. Neste período, segundo historiadores, o número de mortos chegou a 30 mil. Vista pelos olhos dos vencedores como uma simplória revolta de camadas menos favorecidas do extrato social, ao longo do tempo a Cabanagem teve sua memória recuperada por intelectuais e estudiosos da História do Pará, até alcançar o status de Revolução Popular. Este trabalho tem como base teórica estudos sobre textos históricos e de teoria literária, com ênfase à inter-relação entre a memória histórica, o imaginário amazônico e o papel do poeta nas questões sociais de seu tempo, mais especificamente, na poética de José Ildone e o entrecruzamento deste poeta com o olhar do contista João Marques de Carvalho, para mostrar visões diferenciadas sobre a Cabanagem, através de textos ficcionais de escritores de expressão amazônica. A principal proposta da pesquisa é mostrar até que ponto uma produção literária local se projeta em um contexto mais global e o quanto estes textos podem contribuir para analisar e compreender um fenômeno histórico, social e político como foi a revolta cabana, em um período de dissidências, motins, protestos militares e revoluções que eclodiram no Brasil nos nove anos de desorganização política e social do Período Regencial (1831/1840). Palavras chave : Literatura - memória – história – teoria literária – imaginário – poesia. 10 ABSTRACT The Cabanagem, a popular revolution with deep politic, historical and social implications in Para, has unfolded in fights starred by the rebels and the soldiers of the Empire, from 1835 to 1840. In this period, according to historicians, the number of deceases almost reaches 30.000. Perceived by the winners as just a simple rebellion from the castaways of the society, The Cabanagem, as the time passed, had its memory recovered by the sages and researchers of our History, until achieve the status it has as a Popular revolution. This Research has, as theoric basis, studies about historic texts and literary theory, with focus on the inter-relations between the historic memory, the amazonic imaginary and the role of the poet in the social happenings of his time, specifically in the poem’s style of José Ildone and his crossing with the point of view of the short-story writer João Marques de Carvalho, to show the different visions of the Cabanagem, through de fictional texts of amazonic expression’s writers. The main propose of the research is to show how much those poetry and short stories, showing visions about the Cabanagem, through fictional texts analyzed by regional writers. The main propose of the research is to show how much a local literay production is projected in a global context, and how much those texts can contribute to analyze and comprehend this historical , social and politic phenomenon that was the Cabanagem revolt., in a period of dissidence , mutiny, military protests and revolutions that developed in Brazil during the nine years of political and social disorganization of the Regency Period (1831/ 1840) KEY WORDS: Literature- Memory- History- Literary Theory- Imaginary- Poetry 11 INTRODUÇÃO: VERBO DE FOGO Cada época deram por morta a poesia, mas ela se vem demonstrando vitalícia, ressuscita com grande intensidade, parece ser eterna. A poesia acompanhou os agonizantes e estancou as dores, conduziu as vitórias, acompanhou os solitários, foi ardente como fogo, ligeira e fresca como a neve, teve mãos, dedos e punhos, teve brotos como a primavera: fincou raízes no coração dos homens. (PABLO NERUDA, trecho do discurso no Prêmio Nobel de Literatura, 1971) Já não é uma preocupação recente nas áreas do ensino fundamental, médio e superior, o estudo de temas que se relacionam com a Literatura Amazônica, especificamente a Literatura Paraense. Talvez resultado de uma tomada de consciência advinda da busca da decifração da identidade amazônica, essa área de estudos ainda é minoritária e, em geral, fica entre os muros das Escolas ou Universidades que se preocupam com o tema. O presente estudo ambiciona somar duas propostas inseridas neste contexto: a de valorizar ainda mais a produção cultural, a literária em especial, realizada no Pará, sem nenhum cunho de bairrismo ou visão etnocêntrica, e ao mesmo tempo revisar no campo da criação artística, no caso a Poesia – que nos interessa colocar sob foco da análise literária – uma revolução popular, social como foi a Cabanagem com suas implicações históricas. A leitura proposta de um momento da história do Pará, como essa revolução popular, está inserida em três amplos enfoques que serão abordados, na leitura do Romanceiro da Cabanagem , do poeta José Ildone: a memória histórica e coletiva do fato e como esta é reinventada nos poemas; o imaginário amazônico e a cultura do ribeirinho, o caboclo cabano, o mestiço retratado em seu habitat , costumes, lendas, mitos, religiosidade, ligando o homem aos elementos água/terra/floresta e ao seu cotidiano em lugarejos distantes; e a contextualização social do humano ao histórico, fundindo na visão do poeta, como uma 12 rememoração de questões, valores e problemáticas que inserem a palavra poética em um vínculo profundo entre escritor/obra/leitor. A esses três enfoques, antecedem à apreciação do discurso poético, o entrecruzamento de olhares em, pelo menos, dois ângulos distintos: uma mesma temática de fundo histórico revisitada por um poeta e por um contista, considerando os efeitos que os fatos de uma história recente produzem no leitor e o diálogo entre história/literatura e literatura/sociedade. A relação da história com a literatura vem desde o final da década de 70, quando a escola dos Annales, deu ao mundo a ampla visão da Nova História: o texto literário pôde ser objeto de estudo da história, justamente porque “os discursos literário e histórico têm vozes de enunciação múltiplas” , mas que em uma medida podem expressar “o poder mágico da palavra de enunciar o real e tornar aceitável,” (PESAVENTO, 1998: p.23) esse ato enunciatório, como a fala do social, da memória coletiva e, em última análise, a busca da identidade. O poeta assim se vê, herdeiro de uma geração que assistiu “à desagregação ao sistema colonial,” mas que deseja encontrar-se em sua palavra, em seu discurso, com o ideal de retratar e de recriar um sentimento nativista, patriótico, em um grau “de pertencimento” à uma comunidade à qual está umbilicalmente unido na heróica “natureza,
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