Textkritische Neuausgabe Der Originalsammlung Von G

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Textkritische Neuausgabe Der Originalsammlung Von G Wolgatatarische Dialektstudien Textkritische Neuausgabe der Originalsammlung von G. Bálint 1875-76 hrsg. von Á. Berta Budapest • 1988 Wolgatatarische Dialektstudien Keleti Tanulmányok Oriental Studies 7 Editor: Éva Apor Wolgatatarische Dialektstudien Textkritische Neuausgabe der Originalsammlung von G. Bálint 1875-76 hrsg. von Á. Berta Budapest • 1988 MAGYAR TUDOMÁNYOS AKADÉMIA KÖNYVTÁRA LIBRARY OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Originalausgabe: Kazáni-tatár nyelvtanulmányok I. füzet Kazáni-tatár szövegek. Gyűjtötte [...] Szentkatolnai Bálint Gábor Budapest, 1875. A M. T. Akadémia Könyvkiadó Hivatalában. Kazáni-tatár nyelvtanulmányok II. füzet Kazáni-tatár szótár. írta Szentkatolnai Bálint Gábor Budapest, 1876. A M. T. Akadémia Könyvkiadó Hivatalában. Lektorálta: Róna-Tas András ISSN 0133-6193 ISBN 963 7302 43 3 Vorwort 1. Nunmehr ist es schon über ein Jahrhundert her, dass die Originalausgabe von Szentkatolnai Bálints Kazáni-tatár nyelvtanulmányok [Kasantatarische Sprach- studien] in drei Heften erschien.[1] Eine, wenn auch nicht vollständige Neuaus- gabe[2] seiner Materialien scheint in mehr als einer Hinsicht begründet zu sein. Die verhältnismässig kühle Aufnahme seines Werkes von seinen Zeitgenossen (bes. im Ausland) und die Tatsache, dass man in der Turkologie Bálints Materialien seit ihrer Veröffentlichung bis zur Gegenwart relativ wenig Aufmerksamkeit ge- widmet hatte, stehen mit den unleugbaren Werten des Bálintschen Werkes kaum in Einklang. Die wichtigste Ursache dafür, dass Bálints kasantatarische Studien unverdient allmählich in Vergessenheit gerieten, besteht zweifelsohne darin, dass er seine wertvolle tatarische Textsammlung ins Ungarische (in eine den aus- ländischen Forschern nicht zugängliche Sprache) übersetzte und die von ihm ge- plante deutschsprachige Ausgabe letztendlich nicht zustande gebracht wurde. Der in der Fachliteratur öfters zitierte Teil des Bálintschen Werkes ist eben das zweite Heft, das dreisprachige Wörterbuch, in dem Bálint die Bedeutungen der tatarischen Wörter nicht nur ungarisch sondern auch deutsch angegeben hatte. Die ausschliessliche Benutzung seines Wörterbuches birgt allerdings zahlreiche Ge- fahren in sich. Kennt man die Bálintsche Sammlung nur oberflächlich und geht man nur von dem den Texten hinzugefügten Wörterbuch aus, kann man auf Irrwege ge- raten. Hier denken wir nicht nur an Phantomwörter, sondern auch an verschiedene orthographische Probleme, Fragen der Lautbezeichnung, schwankende Formen, Missverständnisse usw., deren Interpretierung erst nach dem Kennenlernen der tatarischen Aufzeichnungen möglich ist. 2. Das Wissenswerte über die Entstehung Szentkatolnai Bálints "Kasantata- rische Sprachstudien" kann folgendermassen zusammengefasst werden: Das 1844 geborene szeklerische Sprachtalent, Gabriel Bálint de Szentkatol- na[3], der als Student der Rechte während seiner Studienzeit an den Universitäten in Wien und Budapest den beträchtlichsten Teil seiner Zeit dem Studium der klassischen, europäischen und orientalischen Sprachen gewidmet hatte, hat 1870 den Akademiker János Fogarasi (Redakteur zahlreicher ungarischer Wörterbücher) kennengelernt, auf dessen Anregung hat sich Bálint mit den mongolischen Sprachen und dem Russischen zu beschäftigen begonnen. Um seine Sprachkenntnisse zu ver- tiefen und ethnographische bzw. sprachliche Materialien zu sammeln, hat Bálint mit Hilfe von Fogarasi 1871 ein Stipendium für eine dreijährige Reise nach Russ- land und Asien von der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften bekommen. II Nach entsprechenden Vorbereitungen und Vorstudien (teilweise in Russland) ist Bálint am 17.06.1871 in Kasan, der ersten Zielstation seiner Forschungsreise eingetroffen. Während seines dreimonatigen Aufenthaltes in Kasan stand er in enger Beziehung zu N.I. iFminskij, dem Schulinspektor der tatarischen Zentralschule. Il'minski] galt zu seiner Zeit als einer der bestgeschultesten Kenner des Tatari- schen. [4] Auf seine Ratschläge hin widmete Bálint seine Aufmerksamkeit — wie er schreibt [5] — der unverdorbenen Volkssprache, nämlich der Sprache getaufter Tataren. Bálints Tätigkeit konzentrierte sich in Kasan auf die Schule Getaufter (russ. krjaSen, tat. keräsen), wo er die absolute Mehrheit seiner Materialien von den Seminaristen und Lehrkräften sammelte.[6] Bálints Sammlung enthält verschiedene thematische Einheiten: Sprichwörter, Rätsel, Volkslieder, Heldenlieder, Volksmärchen, Parabeln, Gleichnisse, Auszüge aus tatarischen Schul- und Lesebüchern. Über seine Sammeltätigkeit, Methoden und Verfahren während der Zusammenstellung seiner Materialien in Kasan er- stattete Bálint am 2.März 1874 Bericht[7] an die Sitzung der Ungarischen Akade- mie der Wissenschaften. Seinem Vortrag nach habe er die Sprichwörter, Rätsel und Lieder nach dem Vorsprechen der tatarischen Seminaristen eigenhändig auf- gezeichnet, und nachher habe er das Aufgezeichnete, um eventuelle Hör- bzw. Schreibfehler möglichst zu vermeiden, seinen Gewährsleuten wieder vorgelesen. Als die mit kyrillischen Buchstaben und nach den Regeln der damaligen, in den Schulen der Getauften verwendeten, Orthographie[8] abgeschriebenen Sätze ver- bessert worden waren, liess Bálint die tatarischen Texte von seinen Gewährsleuten und besonders von Timofeev, dem Geistlichen und Lehrer der Schule[9] erklären und Ubersetzen.[10] Im Falle der übrigen Texte — so setzt Bálint seinen Bericht fort — habe er von seinen Gewährsleuten schriftliche Materialien bekommen. Die Volksmärchen haben die Seminaristen gegen kleinere Geschenke für seine Samm- lung abgeschrieben, die Texte über den Aberglauben bei den Tataren stammen von dem Hilfslehrer Simon Gäürlö, der auch bei der Verbesserung und Erklärung aller schriftlich gesammelten Materialien Bálint zur Seite stand. Die letzte Gruppe der tatarischen Texte stellt eine kleine Chrestomathie aus Schul- und Lesebüchern dar. Bálint hat in Kasan nicht nur Texte gesammelt, sondern auch kleinere Wort- listen zusammengestellt. In einem nahegelegenen Dorf hat er die Terminologie des Schusterhandwerks zusammengetragen, anderswo hater die Fachausdrücke der Ernte- und Drescharbeit aufgezeichnet.[11] Die Wortsammlungen — betont Bá- lint — stammen ebenso von Getauften. Das mehrfache Hervorheben dessen, dass seine Materialien ausschliesslich von Getauften gesammelt worden sind, beweist dass Bálint diese Tatsache für sehr wichtig gehalten hat. Bálint deutet an mehreren Stellen daraufhin, dass die Sprache der Mohammedaner von der der Getauften ab- weicht. Wie er meint, sind die sprachlichen Unterschiede vor allem lexikalischer Art. Die Getauften haben den türkischen Wortschatz im allgemeinen beibehalten, die Sprache der Mohammedaner dagegen — so Bálint — ist mit arabischen, persi- schen und osmanischen Wörtern überhäuft.[12] Trotz der existierenden lexika- lischen Unterschiede — schreibt im weiteren Bálint — hat sein mohammedanischer Diener die bei den Getauften gesammelten Texte vollkommen verstanden.[13] II Bálint hat Kasan Ende September 1871 verlassen. Ihm gelang es, während seines kurzen Aufenthaltes unter den Kasantataren nicht nur seinen ursprüng- lichen Plan erfolgreich zur Ausführung zu bringen,[14] sondern auch zum kasan- tatarischen Schulunterricht einen Beitrag zu leisten.[15] 3. Der Herausgeber der vorliegenden Neuausgabe hat 1978 während seines fünfmonatigen Aufenthaltes in Kasan die Möglichkeit gehabt, Bálints Materialien durchzuarbeiten und bis ins kleinste zu kontrollieren. Aus dieser Arbeit, die später in Ungarn fortgesetzt wurde, erhellt, dass Bálints wertvolle Sammlung, die heute als ein ausserordentlich wichtiges Sprachdenkmal für das Tatarische des 19. Jahrhunderts gilt, ein in mehr als einer Hinsicht eigenartiges Sprachmaterial bietet. Dieses Sprachmaterial, das von der islamisch geprägten damaligen Schrift- sprache ganz offensichtlich abweicht, lehnt sich weder an die kasanische Volks- bzw. Umgangssprache, noch an eine bestimmte Mundart (getaufter Tataren) an. Es stellt eine gewissermassen künstlich geregelte Koine mehrerer Mundarten bzw. Untermundarten (meistens Getaufter) dar. Diese Koine hat sich in einer kleinen Gemeinde, [16] in der 1863 gegründeten Zentralschule der Getauften herausgebildet. Die Eigenartigkeit von Bálints Sprachmaterialien ist aber nicht allein darin zu su- chen, dass sie ein interessantes Phänomen darstellen. Im Vergleich zu anderen Denkmälern dieser Koine, d.h. zu den für die Getauften herausgegebenen Broschü- ren und Büchern [17] weisen Bálints Aufzeichnungen deutliche Unterschiede auf. Diese Unterschiede deuten darauf hin, dass Bálints Bestrebung, obwohl seine Materialien letzten Endes als eine lateinische Transliteration seiner kyrillischen Aufzeichnungen in Kasan aufzufassen sind, nicht immer die buchstabengetreue Wiedergabe der kasanischen Notizen war. [18] Er versuchte möglichst genau das Gesprochene zu präsentieren,[19] und dadurch bietet er einen wichtigen Schlüssel nicht nur zu den kyrillischen Denkmälern der Getauften, sondern auch zur Klärung zahlreicher Fragen der historischen Dialektologie des Kasantatarischen. 4. Die Schlüsselposition von Bálints Materialien unter den verschiedenen Quellen der kasantatarischen Dialektologie ist durch die besondere SteUung der Mundarten getaufter Tataren zu erklären. Bálint hat nicht ohne Grund betont, dass seine Materialien die "richtige" tatarische Sprache darstellen. In der Tat sind die Mundarten Getaufter vom sprachgeschichtlichen Standpunkt aus betrachtet von grosser Wichtigkeit. Im Vergleich zu den meisten Mundarten weisen sie sehr viele Archaismen im phonetischen, morphologischen und lexikalischen
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