CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY

A Quarter-Century of Interchurch Relations: 1935-1960 ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER and MARTIN A. FRANZMANN

Theology and Church Music as Bearers and Interpreters of the Verbum Dei WALTER E. BUSZIN

Water into Wine: A Sign for the Modern Ministry ARTHUR M VINCENT

Homiletics

Theological Observer

Book Review

OL. XXXII January 1961 No.1 BOOK REVIEW

All books reviewed in this periodical may be procured from or through Concordia Pub­ lishing House, 3558 South Jefferson Avenue, St. Louis 18, Missouri. THE MORALITY OF MEDICAL EXPERI­ between historic Calvinism and Neo-Calvin­ MENTATION ON LIVING HUMAN ism and is likewise demonstrated by his dis­ SUBJECTS IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT cussion of the points of disagreement between PAPAL PRONOUNCEMENTS. By John Abraham Kuyper and Klaas Schilder, which Joseph Shinners. 'YI ashington: The Cath­ he treats at some length. The points at issue olic University of America Press, 1958. center largely in the doctrines of common vii + 109 pages. Paper. $1.25. grace and absolute predestination. Involuntary subjects, e. g., under the Nazis, Van Til cites numerous authors, past and and voluntary subjects have been used in present, with adequate documentation in a host of experimentations to advance med­ footnotes, but unfortunately there is nl) ical science. Shinners has examined the index. L. W. SPITZ Roman Catholic position on the etl-.tical as­ pects of this question in modern science. LATIN FATHERS AND THE CLASSICS. He has formulated his general conclusion in By Harald Hagendahl. Goteborg: Elanders these words: "Voluntary subjection to ex­ Boktryckeri, 1958. 424 pages. Paper. perimentation is licit even though it involves Swedish Kroner 35.00. a direct mutilation for the good of another - This erudite but interesting volume is di­ through use of injury or risk of injury as vided into three parts. The first section deals means to end - as long as the mutilation with the influence of Lucretius' De rerum does not involve loss of functional integrity, natul'a on Arnobius, Lactantius, and, to a les­ as long as there is a proportionate good to be ser degree, on the other early apologists. attained, and as long as all due precautions The influence is not merely literary, nor are taken." (P.IOI) CARL S. MEYER merely negative, in that Arnobius, for in­ THE CALVINISTIC CONCEPT OF CUL- stance, rejects much of the physics of Lucre­ TURE. By Henry R. Van Til. Grand tius, but also positive, affecting the manner Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1959. in which Arnobius worked out his doctrine 245 pages. Cloth. $4.50. of the soul and also his polemics against The author's name guarantees a sincere pagan religion and worship. effort to present historic Calvinism's prin­ The second section deals with Jerome and ciples and practices in the sphere of culture. the classics. Jerome's knowledge of the clas­ Van Til defines the issue, gives the historical sics is more restricted (only the Latin clas­ orientation, and discusses the basic considera­ sics) than might generally be thought. The tions toward a definition. In an area of author classifies and traces the writings of thought and action which covers so many Jerome in their use of classical imitation and subjects and abounds in so many diverse points out that this permeates all of his opinions and judgments he admittedly has writings in spite of his antagonism toward not found all the answers. This is quite pagan eloquentia (as opposed to Christian obvious from his review of the differences veritas) . Sometimes Jerome will borrow 49 50 BOOK REVIEW

quite extensively from classical authors with The survey begins, on the one hand, with no acknowledgment; on other occasions he the New Testament (where explicit refer­ boasts a familiarity with authors with whom ences to the text are conspicuously sparse) it is likely he had little or no acquaintance. and on the other hand with the earliest evi­ Thus he becomes an enigma, rejecting pagan dences of the Jewish interpretation of the and classical literature and culture and yet passage (clues are drawn from the ancient employing it and almost reveling in it. Jewish translations of the Old Testament). Hagendahl suggests that this inconsistency From this it appears that apart from Jesus' probably reflects a deep inner conflict of own teaching there was no expectation among Jerome's soul. the Jews of a Messiah who should suffer. The third section treats more specific By the first half of the second century, how­ points and problems concerning Latin Chris­ ever, this has somewhat changed, though the tian borrowings from secular literature, such Jewish opponent of Justin still refuses (cit­ as, for example, the ideas of four passions ing Deut. 21 : 23) to admit that the Messiah and four virtues. ROBERT D. PREUS could have been crucified. Fascher then surveys the later history WHY I AM A UNITARIAN. By Jack Men­ of Jewish messianism and apocalypticism, delsohn. New York: Thomas Nelson and uncovering many different outlooks and Sons, 1960. 214 pages. Cloth. $2.75. changes of emphasis down to present-day A Boston Unitarian minister offers in this Zionism. He also turns his attention to the book, the 11th of the publisher's "Why I (mostly later) opinion that the suffering Am" Series, one man's apologia for Uni­ servant of Isaiah 53 is not an individual per­ tarianism on the threshold of his group's son but the people of Israel as a whole. In merger with the Universalists. It furnishes the Middle Ages this interpretation was pro­ an excellent insight into the present state of pounded especially by Rashi, and in this organized liberal religion in America and form came to the attention also of Martin the nature of the appeal that has nearly Luther (although the author devotes more doubled Unitarian membership in the last of his space to the modernized form of this decade. ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN view represented by Leo Baeck and Martin Buber). A long report on Luther's denun­ ]ESA]A 53 IN CHRISTLICHER UND ]iJ­ ciation of the collective interpretation is DISCHER SICHT. By Erich Fascher. Ber­ given, in which it is apparent that the respect lin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1958. and solicitude for the Jewish opponents once 58 pages. Paper. DM 2.70. displayed by Justin has now disappeared. With a text like Isaiah 53, a history of its But Luther is credited with having correctly interpretation down the centuries easily blos­ analyzed the fundamental gulf between the soms into a full-blown comparative study two views as tracing ultimately to a basic of two world religions. Judaism and Chris­ cleavage in the concept of God: for Chris­ tianity stand in deep-rooted contrast with tianity the Suffering Servant is at the same reference to this text, though it is a highly time the God-man, whereas for Judaism such significant one for both. Fascher, professor a union of the divine with the human is of New Testament at Berlin and new gen­ unthinkable. eral editor of the Theologischer Handkom­ After noting that the majority of modern mentar zum Netten Testament, presents here Protestant exegetes tend in the direction of a survey of Christian versus Jewish interpre­ the collective interpretation, Fascher shows tations of the "Suffering Servant" passage. that Christians, despite this, will never be BOOK REVIEW 51 able to identify themselves directly with the Israel. The whole gamut of approaches in Servant of Isaiah 53, as the Jews do. Chris­ the literary criticism of the Pentateuch is tianity will in faith continue to see Jesus as succinctly set forth. the Servant who has suffered for us, and to Since literary criticism had greatly limited this extent the gap between the Christian and (and in some extreme cases almost com­ the Jewish understandings of Isaiah 53 will pletely disavowed) the direct use of the Pen­ always remain unbridged. tateuchal documents for gaining an under­ The task of covering the 2,000-year his­ standing of Moses' life and work, another tory of a text's interpretation is an aspiring approach was needed if anything positive one, involving work with sources of greatly was to be said about Moses at all. Part II of varying accessibility and completeness. The Smend's study gives an illuminating exposi­ attempt to achieve such coverage will almost tion of a widely adopted method: that of inevitably result in some spottiness, and using evidence from historically better-at­ there are places where our author relies heav­ tested periods to make inferences back to ily on the studies of others. But he has given Moses. Certain facts known about later times us a very valuable treatment, which (along make it likely that a man such as Moses did with his previously published works in the once exist. For example, the religion of area of the history of interpretation) we may Israel surely must have had a founder, and hope will provide added incentive toward the something of his character Can be deduced pursit of such studies also on our side of the from later circumstances. Similarly, the uni­ Atlantic. ARLIS J. EHLEN fication of disparate tribes into a nation (or at least into a league for the common wor­ DAS MOSEBILD VON HEINRICH ship of Yahweh) must have been accom­ EWALD BIS MARTIN NOTH. By Ru­ plished by some great leader. Connections dolf Smend. Tiibingen: J. c. B. Mohr, have also been drawn between Moses and 1959. viii and 80 pages. Paper. DM certain phenomena known to have existed be­ 8.80. fore his time, for example, the "God of the Of the promising new series, Beitrage zur fathers" religion of the patriarchs, the re­ Geschichte del' biblischen Exegese, this is the ligion of the Semitic nomads (especially that first issue to deal with an Old Testament of the Kenites, the tribe into which Moses topic. The present work is an ambitious one, married), or the monotheizing tendencies in that it discusses the varying interpretations found sporadically in the ancient Near East. not of a specific passage only but of a Biblical A third portion of Smend's study is de­ personage, even though Smend has restricted voted to the oft-made attempt to explain the scope of his study to the last century and Moses by assigning him to an otherwise a half of scholarship (chiefly German). known category (e. g., that of the religion The organization of material is clear and founder, the reformer, the theologian, the logical, although the scholars under discus­ magicman, the prophet, the priest, and oth­ sion are not treated in chronological order. ers). Smend points out the limitations of The first of four major divisions examines this pigeonholing procedure, particularly the varying estimation and use of the literary since Moses seems not to fit snugly into any sources for Moses' life and work. This in­ of the categories - "Moses is incommensur­ volves chiefly the Pentateuch, of course; but able" (p. 48). for the sake of completeness mention is made All three of the approaches thus far dis­ also of other Biblical sources, of extra-Bib­ cussed lie within the historical-critical lical Jewish sources, and of sources outside method. The difficulty is that after these 52 BOOK REVIEW

means have been employed there remains developments here analyzed. This little little that can be said with certainty about bonk will deepen the reader's understanding the life and work of Moses. Smend himself of an important segment within the theme would like to see something more positive of the more general histories of Old Testa­ than this as the outcome. Taking a leaf from ment studies by H. ]. Kraus, E. G. Kraeling, Karl Jaspers, whom he quotes here at length, and H. F. Hahn. ARLIs ]. EHLEN he notes in the final portion of his book NEW TESTAMENT ESSAYS: STUDIES a further step which can be taken (and has IN MEMORY OF THOMAS WALTER often been taken, whether consciously or MANSON, 1893-1958. Edited by A. J. not). If, in spite of all his critical doubts, the B. Higgins. Manchester University Press, scholar nevertheless feels himself sufficiently 1959. xiv and 327 pages. Cloth. Price gripped and moved by the witness of tra­ 42/-. dition to the great man (whether it be to The death in 1958 of Thomas Walter Moses or Jesus or any other), he will be Manson, who for many years occupied the able to go back over the mass of probabilities chair of Biblical criticism and exegesis at and possibilities and to construct, with the Manchester University, spelled a heavy loss aid of a sympathetic intuition, a homogeneous to Biblical studies. That so many distin­ image of the great man. A coherent recon­ guished scholars should have been invited to struction such as this can even serve then present the memorials included in this vol­ to a certain extent as a guide in the further ume is an appropriate tribute to his learning application of the critical method. Smend and a modest expression of thanks for a refers to several stands that have been taken steady flow of searching studies that have left toward the idea of using these two approaches few areas of New Testament studies without rogether. Martin Buber is discussed at con­ enrichment. So rich and varied are the con­ siderable length as the proponent (in his tents of this volume that one scarcely knows Moses, 1946 and 1958) of a novel and where to begin. We may be forgiven, then, promising synthesis of the two. Finally for mentioning only a few representative Smend tries to analyze the aspects of Moses' essays, in the hope that the reader will not character with which the various scholars deny himself the further adventure. have, in this attempt, found themselves most in sympathy. He rightly notes, however, A Festschrift without Rudolf Bultmann that the identification between Moses and represented would subject the editor to em­ barrassing inquiry. The Marburg professor the Christian can never be as complete as lives up to expectations with his criticism of the union of Jesus Christ with the Christian. Haenchen's work on Acts in the new Meyer For that reason scholars have in general series, on the grounds that Haenchen has been more calm and objective about the life oversimplified the question of the sources of Moses than about that of Christ, on which underlying Acts. A fresh approach to the the whole Christian Gospel hangs. term Gospel is taken by J. W. Bowman in A bibliography of over 200 titles com­ a model methodological study, in which he pletes the work. convincingly demonstrates that the Palestin­ The reader is grateful to Smend not only ian Syriac preserves the traditional Galilean for the clarity of his analysis but also for Aramaic in its term for Gospel and that its fairness and objectivity - all the more the New Testament writers packed the word since the author is the son of the Rudolf EUU.YYE'A.LO'V with the wealth of Old Testament Smend, who, as the faithful lieutenant of meaning reflected in this Aramaic term. Wellhausen, played an important part in the A concise summary of research on the BOOK REVIEW 53 term Son of man is given by A. J. B. Hig­ senting Jerusalem, but were Gentile Chris­ gins, editor of the volume. G. D. Kilpatrick hal'S who fell that Jt:rusalem represented a re-airs the problem of Gal. 1: 18: Did Paul superior type of Christianity. The church at go to make Peter's acquaintance, or to secure Corinth contained no factions, rather the information from him? In his treatment of apostle is plagued with incessant bickerings. the "Baptism of John and the Qumran Sect," The problem at Corinth is home-grown, not H. H. Rowley presents evidence to show a Jerusalem export. The content of Romans that John's Baptism was characteristically is not dictated by internal troubles in the different from the lustrations at Qumran. Roman church - we know little about the "Dominus vobiscum: the background of church there - but is a manifesto of the a liturgical formula," by W. C. van Unnik apostle's convictions, "a summing-up of the of the University of Utrecht, sharpens the point of view that Paul had reached during meaning of old and revered words in our the long struggle that begins in 1 Corinthians liturgy. There are 15 other essays in this and Philippians 3" (p.199). Romans 16 mine of informative studies, not to speak of was added to the original 15 chapters ad­ the select bibliography of Manson's works. dressed to Rome as a covering letter for FREDERICK W. DANKER Phoebe, with words of exhortation for Ephesus. The Book of Acts, far from docu­ PAUL AND THE SALVATION OF !Vl4i'\)­ menting a point of view antagonistic to Paul's KIND. By Johannes Munck. Translated approach, reveals "a Christian church in Je­ by Frank Clark. Richmond, Va.: John rusalem, outwardly conforming to Judaism, Knox Press, 1960. 351 pages. Cloth. but in fact clearly distinct from it" (pages $6.50. 244 f.) . An examination, finally, of the The avowed aim of this book is to break synoptists reveals that early Jewish Chris­ the grip that F. C. Baur's Hegelian approach tianity recognized its emancipation from to New Testament isagogical and theological Judaism's legal straitjacket. The apostle Paul problems has had on New Testament scholar­ does not renounce the hopes of Jerusalem, ship. Munck complains that Baur's dialectical on the contrary, he has his Gentile congrega­ approach has smothered a proper appreciation tions underwrite a collection for the poor in of Paul's epistles, twisted our perspective of Jerusalem. The great number of delegates thoughts and events in the early church, and representing the Gentile churches in Paul's stimulated a number of harassing logical company is designed to fulfill Is. 2:2 f. and fallacies. The core of Munck's argument is Micah 4: 1 f., and awaken Israel to her destiny, that the apostle and the early church shared But Israel remains in unbelief. There remains the view that the Gentiles were included in one possibility - Rome! The preaching of God's plan for salvation, the only difference the Gospel before the Roman emperor will being that Jerusalem emphasized the conver­ "penetrate to all the Gentile nations" (p. sion of Israel as the prerequisite for the entry 344). Thus, concludes Munck, Paul's appeal of the Gentiles, whereas Paul saw in the con­ to Caesar is a decisive action to bring in the version of Gentiles a means to provoke Israel fullness of the Gentiles which in turn will to jealousy and to eventual acceptance of the spell Israel's return to the wells of salvation. Gospel. Munck argues his case most persuasively, To eliminate the traditional view of a and one cannot ignore his pleas that sources struggle for survival of opposition viewpoints be considered in the order of their primacy in the early church, Munck sets out to prove and that circular arguments must be avoided, that the Judaizers in Galatia were not repre- but his own precipitate dismissal of 1 Peter 54 BOOK REVIEW

as a subapostolic document, without consid­ The maps are clear and accurate, easier to use, eration of the arguments that might be ad­ perhaps, than those of Bury. While there are duced for its genuineness (d. A. H. McNeile, few plates, they are clear and well chosen. An Introduction to the Study of the New The text concentrates on political and mili­ Testament, 2d ed., revised by C. S. C. Wil­ tary history, but cultural and economic fac­ liams [Oxford, 1955}, pp. 216-224), to tors are given some consideration. The mention but one lapse in method, beclouds author's sober judgment makes this a trust­ a salutary zeal. But a more vulnerable point worthy guide to this history of a people is the proposed deletion of the words 'tiD" which, with the exception of the Jews, casts JtsJtLa'tsu%o'W)" in Acts 21 :20. If the Tiibin­ a longer shadow in Western culture than that gen school has overaccented the conservatism of any other nation. EDGAR KRENTZ of Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, the corre­ sponding error of overpainting the harmony DAS MATTHA'USEVANGELIUlvl EIN between Jerusalem and Antioch must be JUDENCHRISTLICHES EVANGELIUM? avoided. The Christian church in Jerusalem Von Poul Nepper-Christensen. Aarhus: may itself well have been the seat of compet­ Universitetsforlaget, 1958. 227 pages. ing religious points of view, and the apostle's Paper. 25,00 Danish kroner. mission to the Gentiles, which at first was Nihil sacrum est! Another "assured" result endorsed, might have been decried by discon­ of criticism fights a rcarguard action. This tented Christian elements who might have time it is the alleged Jewish provenance of felt that Paul's actions had done a disservice the First Gospel. to their own mission to fellow Jews. It is The Danish scholar begins his demolition possible also that there are closer connections operation with a detailed review of modern between Galatia's Judaizers and segments of scholars who, he complains, merely pass on the Christian population in Jerusalem than a dogma inherited from their fathers. He Munck is willing to acknowledge. then proceeds to subject the patristic data to Such considerations as these, however, do searching analysis. The oft-cited words of not detract appreciably from (he informed Papias are laid to rest with the conclusion breadth and penetrating analysis in Munck's that Papias is trying to say that, in spite of presentation. The reader will gain a fresh in­ the fact that a number of translations of an sight into Paul's character, a more discrimi­ original Semitic Matthaean Gospel are in nating perception of the background against circulation, no doubts need be entertained which Paul wrote his major epistles, and about the reliability of the translation now a profounder grasp of the theological issues known as our canonical Greek Matthew. In in the New Testament. any event, Papias did not see the Semitic FREDERICK W. DANKER original, and it is quite probable that Origen, Irenaeus, Pantaenus, and Eusebius are all A HISTORY OF GREECE TO 322 B. C. likewise secondary sources. Jerome indeed By N. G. L. Hammond. New York: Ox­ claims to have seen a Hebrew Gospel which ford University Press, 1959. xxiv and 689 he ascribes to Matthew, but he undoubtedly pages. Cloth. $8.00. writes about an apocryphal work. The Hammond's one-volume history of Greece "unanimous" patristic tradition is of obscure inevitably invites comparison with J. B. origin, and there are contradictory elements Bury's classic. In general it stands up well. in it. But any doubts about it must be shored Original evidence is given more often up with other critical considerations. With (though modern authorities are rarely cited) . this methodological caution, Nepper-Chris- BOOK REVIEW 55 tens en proceeds to attack the question genuine history (e. g. the slaughtered inno­ whether canonical Greek Matthew shows cents; Jesus actually rode on the mother ass). signs of dependence on a Semitic Urschrift. Finally, Matthew's typological ingredients are The patristic tradition buckles under the not out of proportion with other New Testa­ weight of Nepper-Christensen's conclusion ment documents. that alleged Semitic traces can be due to the Final consideration is given to passages history of the literary tradition (which itself which seem to demand a Jewish frame of suggests a host of problems) and to peculiari­ reference, such as Matthew 10 and 15: 24. ties of the writer. In brief, apart from the Matthew reflects an early approach to the patristic tradition there would be no partic­ missionary problem. The story of the Ca­ ular reason to infer that Matthew's Gospel naanite woman, for example, suggests a Gen­ had been written in Aramaic. tile-Christian Tendenz rather than a Jewish­ But these negative results do not permit Christian. us to draw conclusions yet about the intended Unquestionably Nepper-Chtistensen has readers of the Gospel. The author therefore done us all a service in forcing us to re­ proceeds to investigate the linguistic situation examine traditional conclusions, but in some in the time of Jesus. It has generally been respects he has overplayed his hand. A basic assumed that the references to "Hebrew" 1ll methodological fallacy betrays itself in the the New Testament, Josephus, and the attempt to eliminate anything that might at fathers imply Aramaic. This is by no means first glance seem to require a Jewish reading certain, argues Nepper-Christensen, subject­ public. Thus Nepper-Christensen minimizes ing relevant texts to careful analysis. But if typology in the First Gospel. But it would the fathers were talking about a Hebrew Mat­ have served the cause of his argument simply thew, then the value of their information is to point out that typological elements do not questionable, since a writing in Hebrew necessarily indicate a Jewish milieu, any more would have been limited to a very small than the heavy use of the Old Testament in circle of readers. But an elite circle of this Romans and Galatians indicates Jewish re­ type in the early church is difficult to docu­ Cipients. (Cf. Johannes Munck's words of ment, the evidence of Qumran notwithstand­ caution, Paul and the Salvation of Ma1zkind ing. [Richmond, 1959}, pp.204-207.) The 40 The next point of fire is the fulfillment days and 40 nights in Matthew 4:2 may pos­ formulae. These are alleged to indicate Jew­ sibly be a round number (p. 171), but Mat­ ish Christians as recipients of the First Gos­ thew's expansion, at this point, of his Marcan pel. But the writer may simply be taking sources requires some explanation. Nor is over introductory formulae and citations Nepper-Christensen's skepticism regarding the which are imbedded in the tradition. Mat­ Judas-Ahithophel parallel demanded by his thew's Gospel does not evidence any greater thesis. It is not enough to say that the evan­ desire to accent literal fulfillment of the Old gelist records this or that item simply because Testament than other writings in the New he wanted to preserve what he considered Testament. We move from the question of genuine historical data. The literary-critical specific verbal correspondence to Matthew's question remains: What was the writer's in­ typological approach. Nepper-Christensen at­ tent in recording these particular accounts? tempts to show that too much typology has With respect to more minute verbal corre­ been read into Matthew and not enough con­ spondence it is an oversimplification to take sideration is accorded the history of the liter­ refuge in an alleged Bibelstil. A similar crit­ ary tradition. Matthew may be reflecting icism applies to the author's emphasis on the 56 BOOK REVIEW history of the tradition of the stories and say­ conclude that "there is no real hypostasis, no ings in the gospels as the source of Jewish clear theology of the Spirit of God," among emphases. the Covenanters. The piece de resistance, These cracks in the structure of proof do however, is G. H. C. Macgregor, "Principali­ not, however, shake the main thesis, and ties and Powers: The Cosmic Background of synoptic scholarship might well follow up the Paul's Thought," which points out that Paul leads suggested in this book and appraise was often called on to write to people who afresh the objectives of Gospel writing gen­ suffered from "astronomical intimidation" erally and the aims of Matthew particularly. and that much of his terminology is best understood against a backdrop of astral be­ FREDERICK W. DANKER lief. Preachers will appreciate Macgregor's NEW TESTAMENT SIDELIGHTS: ES­ sense of the timeliness in Paul's message. SAYS IN HONOR OF ALEXANDER Even if the fare offered has some limitations, CONVERSE PURDY. Edited by Harvey there is at least this satisfaction - here is a K. McArthur. Hartford, Conn.: The Hart­ Festschrift that the average minister can read ford Seminary Foundation Press, 1960. without resorting to two or more lexicons. vii and 135 pages. Cloth. Price not given. FREDERICK W. DANKER Alexander Converse Purdy is a member of the Society of Friends who has served many THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE years on the faculty of the Hartford Seminary SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM (Die prote­ Foundation and who has distinguished him­ stantische Ethik rmd der Geist des Kapital­ self, among other contributions, with studies ismus). By Max Weber. Translated by on the Epistle to the Hebrews. A lecture de­ Talcott Parsons. New York: Charles Scrib­ livered by Rudolf Bultmann in 1959 at the ner's Sons, 1958. xvii and 296 pages. Hartford Theological Seminary is the first Paper. Price not given. tidbit to tempt the reader's palate at this the­ Weber's German original came out serially ological smorgasbord. Bultmann is here at in 1904-05, was reprinted as a monograph his lucid best and makes a clear defense of in 1920 (the year of the author's death), his existentialist interpretation of the New and appeared in English in Parsons' version Testament. Gerald Kennedy's chapter on only in 1930. Nearly three decades later, in parables is not too filling; Henry J. Cadbury, the preface to the present edition, Parsons on the same subject, is more satisfying, with can hail its new "status as a modern classic." less bulk. The tone of the essays in the vol­ Wisely, however, he stresses that it needs to ume is, with two exceptions, semi popular be "read with discernment," in view of the throughout. Pastors will devour George extensive contributions that have been made Hedley's "New Testament Criticism and the to the discussion of the issues here raised in Christian Layman," which demonstrates with Weber's time and since. case histories and practical exhibits how in­ ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN telligent laymen can be encouraged to pursue thoughtful Bible study. William K. Grabel THE GENERAL COUNCILS OF THE serves up all he can find on the life of Jesus CHURCH. By John L. Murphy. Milwau­ outside the gospels and Acts. The Gospel kee: The Bruce Publishing Company, according to Thomas is dependent on the 1960. ix and 193 pages. Cloth. $3.50. synoptists, asserts Harvey K. McArthur. The forthcoming "ecumenical" council an- A study of "Spirit" and "Holy Spirit" in the nounced by John XXIII has created wide­ Qumran literature leads George J ohaston to spread interest both inside and outside the BOOK REVIEW 57

Roman Catholic Church in the 20 "ecumen­ fust beginnings in the eady twenties of the ical" councils of the past. In fluent and 16th century to its clisplacemeDt by the Cal­ largely nontechnical style, and without the vinism of Wishart and John Knox. The edi­ aid either of notes or of bibliography, tor, Leipzig's able church historian Lau, in­ Murphy, who teaches religion at the Catholic vestigates the historic Lutheran position on University of America, explains the signif­ conditional Baptism in an illuminating and icance of an "ecumenical" council for his comprehensive paper in which he takes a denomination and describes the situation, the decided position against the practice. Oscar proceedings, and the results of the seven Thulin of \)Vittenberg provides a brief illus­ councils acknowledged as genuinely ecumen­ trated commentary on a famed painting in ical both by Eastern and Western Christians, the choir of St. Mary's Church, \'(7ittenberg, the controverted Fourth Council of Constan­ in which the younger Luke Cranach has de­ tinople, the 10 "ecumenical" councils of the picted the 16th-century Reformers as the medieval West, and the two post-Reforma­ laborers in the Lord's vineyardo As a further tion Roman Catholic "ecumenical" councils. answer to the question of the relation of The point of view is strictly Roman Catholic, Melanchthon to Luther, Erlangen's Wilhelm but even readers not of that denomination Maurer furnishes a perceptive historical an­ will find Murphy's work useful for rapid alysis of Melanchthon's Loci communes of orientation. ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN 1521, in which he demonstrates the influ­ ence of Luther and of developments in the LUTHER-JAHRBUCH. 1958. Edited by Reformation upon the traditional pattern Franz Lau. Berlin: Lutherisches Verlags­ that Melanchthon had inherited from Peter haus, 1958. viii and 213 pages; 5 plates. Lombard and his medieval commentators. Cloth. DM 14.00. Twenty-three pages of reviews of recent Vol. 25 of the Luther-Jahrbuch, the an­ literature and a 10-page Luther bibliography nual publication of the Luthergesellschaft, is for 1955 complete the volume. fittingly a Festschrift for its first president, ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN Paul Althaus of Erlangen, on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Heidelberg's Heinrich THE IMiTATION OF CHRISTo By Thomas Bornkamm compares Luther and Erasmus as a Kempis. Translated from the Latin by theologians, exegetes, interpreters, and hu­ Ronald Knox and Michael Oakleyo New man beings. At the hand of Luther's inter­ York: Sheed and Ward, c. 1959. 217 pretations of Psalm 2 Marburg's Franz Hesse pages. Clotho $2.50. illustrates the problem of relating his Chris­ "My idea has been to get rid of theolog­ tological exegesis to the interpretation put ical terms (which T. a Ko uses rather uncom­

upon the Psalter by most contemporary Old prehendingly, I think) . 0 0 io C., I wanted to Testament scholars. Hayo Gerdes of Gellie­ turn it into a human document:' In these hausen offers an extensive critique of Regin words the distinguished Roman Catholic con­ Prenter's Spiritus Creator, in which he takes vert theologian described his purpose in re­ issue on a broad front with the Aarhus pro­ doing the Imitatio Christi in a new English fessor. Klaus Tuchel of Hamburg provides version. Death overtook him in 1957 before a formidably documented essay on Luther's he finished the work, but it has been brought conception of the sacred ministry. J. H. Bax­ to a successful conclusion by the man he ter of the University of St. Andrew's has put himself chose for the task, Michael Oakley. historians in his debt by a neat summary of "There are no frills about the Imitation/' the Lutheran movement in Scotland from its Knox wrote in 1940, and there are none in 58 BOOK REVIEW this admirable English translation. Readers be placed on Marian piety to obviate the who have been edified by earlier translations suspicion that it leads people away from the will find this thoroughly contemporary ver­ devotion to Christ that must be central in sion even more helpful. Here is a sample Christian theology and worship. His evan­ from the familiar ch. 12 of the Second Book, gelical solution is to see the Mother of God "On the Royal Road of the Holy Cross": as a symbol of all the redeemed. He asserts: "Do you think you can escape something "All the redeemed are bound to one another that never mortal man has been able to as members of the one Body of Christ, to avoid? Think of the Saints; which of them Christ as their Head, and in Christ to God. spent his time in this world without the Before His throne Mary also lays down her cross, without suffering? Why, even our crown with all the Saints: 'Worthy art Thou, Lord, Jesus Christ, was never for a single our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor hour free from pain and suffering the whole and power, for Thou didst create all things, of his lifetime. 'Was it not to be expected,' and by Thy will they existed and were cre­ he said, 'that the Christ should undergo these ated' (Rev. 4: 11). But thereby no one sufferings, and enter so in his glory?' Then ceases to wear a crown." (P. 27) how can you look for any other road than J\_RTHUR CARL PIEPKORN this royal road, the road of the holy cross?" ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN MODERN CATHOLICISM (Der moderne Katholizismus). By Walther von Loewe­ DAS MARIENGRAB: JERUSALEM? EPH­ nich. Translated by Reginald H. Fuller. ESUS? By Clemens Kopp. Paderborn: New York: St. Martin's Press, 1959. Ferdinand Schoningh, n. d. 46 pages. viii and 379 pages. Cloth. $9.00. Paper. Price not given. After stating the problem presented by CHRISTUS UND MARIA: Dogmatische contemporary Roman Catholicism, Von Grundlagen der marianischen F1'ommig­ Loewenich begins by tracing its foundations keit. By Hermann Volk. Munster: Ver­ from Trent to the Vatican Council and lag Aschendorff, n. d. 27 pages. Paper. thence through the Modernist controversy. DM 1.50. The Kantian influence on the Modernists in Both brochures are reprints from German the Roman Church was profound, he says, Roman Catholic journals, the former from working out into a type of subjectivism and the clergy magazine Theologie und Glaube, a denial of the absolute nature of dogmatic the latter from Catholica. Kopp patiently statements. If Modernism had been allowed investigates the most ancient traditions about to flourish, he insists, it would have ended up the declining years and death of the Mother in "immanentism, pure and simple." Yet he of God. He decides against Ephesus as the regards the forceful way in which Rome site of the dormitio Mariae, inclines toward quashed this heresy (Pascendi dominici Jerusalem, but concludes: "We do not know gregis, 1907) as wrong. with scientific certainty where the Dormition Especially of interest is Von Loewenich's and Assumption took place. Only the fact tracing of the more liberal attitude toward is certain, but not the where and how" Scripture which has gradually intruded itself (p. 46). Volk asks his fellow Roman Cath­ into Roman Catholic circles - however, olics how veneration of the Blessed Virgin always within the rubric of a divinely in­ Mary is possible in view of the unique spired and inerrant Scripture (d. H umani status of Christ and what interpretation must generis, 1950). But actually only the most BOOK REVIEW 59 extreme forms of Biblical criticism are now l'eligionsgeschichtliche Methode. The effects condemned. of u.~is method ale ~till with us. Today Illuminating too is the chapter on the a rather objective assessment of its value "new theology" in Romanism. Avoiding should be possible. Again, the years imme­ some of the pitfalls of Modernism, Lubac, diately after World War I saw the rise of Danielou, and others have sought to make form criticism, the growth of interest in the theology relevant today. These theologians relationship of Jesus and contemporaneous draw heavily from Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Judaism (the "new" religionsgeschichtlicbe and even Barth, and they come up with a FI'age) , the rise of interest in Gnosticism theology, not unlike that of Neo-orthodoxy, (especially in its Mandaean form), and the with its distrust of theological formulations discussion of the relationship of historical and rational knowledge. For this reason these and theological exegesis. These concerns led men have been dubbed Modernists by many to the founding of G. Kittel's Tbeologisches in their own ranks. W o1·terbuch zum N euen Testament, now in In the chapter in which he analyzes Mari­ its seventh volume and not yet complete. ology, Von Loewenich hurts his own case, The twenties also was the period of the greatest influence of Karl Barth's Romerbrief first by overstating it, denying t..~e virgin birth and the validity of the term itE01:6xo£, on the growth of theological exegesis. While and then by understating it, asserting that it i~ still too early to take a detached view Roman Mariology is really bad only when of most of these phenomena, it is now pos~ it is made a system, as in our day. sible to give an overview of the rise of this. historical-theological methodology and to In attacking Rome's dogma of authority draw some conclusions concerning it. Von Loewenich offers an existential-personal­ ist idea of truth, which confuses truth with Kummel's book fills this gap quite ad­ certitude, in contrast to Rome's claim that she mirably, especially when one considers the possesses the truth (true doctrine). breadth of knowledge and reading required to produce it. While it gives some informa­ If the reader will keep in mind that Von tion about the history of scientific New Tes­ Loewenich is a liberal theologian who sym­ tament study in the earlier periods, it rightly pathizes with liberal Roman Catholicism, he concentrates on the late 18th and especially will find this book a mine of information. the 19th and 20th centuries. The book car­ ROBERT D. PREUS ries the history down to approximately 1930 DAS NEUE TESTAMENT: GESCHICHTE (with references to later literature). It does DER ERFORSCHUNG SEINER PRO­ not discuss demythologizing and other more BLEME. By Werner Georg Kummel. recent developments. Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber, 1958. vii The work is designed as a reader in the and 596 pages. Cloth. DM 42.50. history of the discipline as well as a history. This book is needed. No full-scale history Generous samplings of the most important of the New Testament scholarship has been passages from the literature are given (trans~ attempted since the sixth edition of Eduard lated into German, when not originally i~ Reuss' work in 1887. Specialized mono­ that language). These passages allow the graphs, such as A. Schweitzer's Quest of the reader to check the accuracy of Kummel's Historical Jesus, have appeared at intervals. reporting (and it is very good). A number of factors make a comprehensive Helps are provided in ample number. view desirable. The 50 years from 1890 to There are 35 pages of closely printed foot­ 1940 saw the rise, bloom, and decay of die notes. Fortunate the American scholar who 60 BOOK REVIEW

has the bulk of this literature at his disposal! The aim of this monograph is to overcome A shul.L ~~~:~V5J.a.1J~~Y v[ articles and mono­ the mesmeric effect:; of } ... rchbishop Trench's graphs on the modern history of interpre­ distinction between %ULVO<; and VEO~, which tation is given. One-paragraph biographies has kept many lexicographers and commen­ are provided for every scholar discussed in tators in a kind of linguistic trance. Qualita­ the body of this book. An index of names tive and temporai aspects must be attributed and a complete analytical index of subjects to both words, Harrisville concludes. The are also given. author is convincing in his presentation of The volume is a large one. To have in­ the thesis that an underlying unity pervades creased it in size might have priced it out of their usage in the New Testament, namely, range for most individual purchasers. Never­ an "eschatological frame of reference" which theless the decision not to include the history includes the aspects of "continuity, contrast, of New Testament studies inside the Roman finality and the dynamic." Catholic Church materially hampers the vol­ Less persuasive is his definition of "the ume. Such a division along denominational kerygma," in which he fails to reflect the lines is difficult to defend (the publisher an­ rich and varied proclamation of the early nounces a S1-; to cover the Roman churrh An Clh

BOOKS RECEIVED (The mention of a book in this list acknowledges its receipt and does not preclude further discussion of its contents in the Book Review section) This World and the Beyond (Marburger earn McNab. London: Oliver and Boyd, Predigten). By Rudolf Bultmann; translated 1959. 74 pages. Paper. 8/6. by Harold Knight. New York: Charles New Accents in Contemporary Theology. Scribner's Sons, 1960. 248 pages. Cloth. By Roger Hazelton. New York: Harper & $3.50. Brothers, 1960. 144 pages. Cloth. $3.00. The Word Incarnate. By W. Norman Pit­ Von Augustin Z1t Luther: Beitrage zur tenger. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959. Kirchengeschichte. By Walter von Loewe­ xxiii and 295 pages. Cloth. $7.50. nich. Witten: Luther-Verlag, 1959. 440 Holy Writ or Holy Church: The Crisis of pages. Cloth. DM 16.80. the Protestant Reformation. By George M. Constantine and Religious Liberty. By Tavard. New York: Harper & Brothers, Hermann Doerries; translated from the Ger­ 1959. ix and 250 pages. Cloth. $5.00. man by Roland H. Bainton. New Haven: The Witness of Kierkegaard: Selected Yale University Press, 1960. xi and 141 Writings on How to Become a Christian. pages. Cloth. $4.00. Edited by Carl Michalson. New York: As­ Wege nach Rom: Kritische Betrachtung sociation Press, 1960. 127 pages. Paper. von Konversionsberichten aus dem 20. Jahl·­ 50 cents. hundert. By Helmut Essinger. Diisseldorf: A Handbook of the Liturgy (Handbuch Michael Triltsch Verlag, 1958. 197 pages. der Liturgik fur Katecheten und Lehrer). Paper. DM 12.80. By Rudolf Peil; translated by H. E. Win­ A Protestant Speaks His Mind. By Ilion stone. New York: Herder and Herder, 1960. T. Jones. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960. xv and 317 pages. Cloth. $5.95. 237 pages. Cloth. $3.95. God, Grace and Gospel. By Karl Barth; The W01"ld of Islam: Studies in Honour translated from the German by James Strath- of Philip K. Hitti. Edited by James Kritzeck BOOK REVIEW 63 and R. Bayly Winder. New York: St.Mar­ 1959. 139 pages. Cloth, DM 13.80; paper, tin's Press, 1959. viii and 372 pages. Cloth. DM 11.25. $7.50. Kyrka och socialetik. By Gunnar Hil1erdal. John Chrysostom and His Time. Vol. I: Lund: Gleerups, 1960. 118 pages. Paper. Antioch. By Chrysostomus Baur; translated Swedish kronor 6.75. by M. Gonzaga. Westminster: Newman A Working Faith: Sermons for the Matl Press, 1959. lxxv and 399 pages. Cloth. in the Street. By Joost De Blank. Grand $6.75. Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Com­ The Church and the Nations: A Study of pany, 1960. 108 pages. Cloth. $2.00. Minority Catholicism in England, India, N or­ Luther Deutsch: Die Werke Martin Lu­ way, America, Lebanon, Australia, Wales, thers in neuer Auswahl /ur die Gegenwart. Japan, the Netherlands, Vietnam, Brazil, Band 9: Martin Luthers Tischreden. Edited Egypt, SorJthern A/rica and Among the Lele by Kurt Aland. Stuttgart: Ehrenfried Klotz of the Congo. Edited by Adrian Hastings. Verlag, 1960. 304 pages. Cloth. DM 13.80. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1959. xxii and One World, One Mission. By William 238 pages. Cloth. $4.75. Richey Hogg. New York: Friendship Press, Their Brothers' Keepers: Moral Steward­ 1960. ix and 164 pages. Cloth, $2.95; ship in the United States, 1800-65. By paper, $1.50. Clifford S. Griffin. New Brunswick: Rutgers Safe in Bondage: An Appraisal 0/ the University Press, 1960. xv and 332 pages. Church's Mission to America. By Robert W. Cloth. $6.00. Spike. New York: Friendship Press, 1960. Saints 0/ Russia (Quand la Russie avait 165 pages. Cloth, $2.75; paper, $1.50. des Saints). By Constantin de Grunwald; Between the Testaments. By D. S. Russell. translated by Roger Capel. New York: Mac­ Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1960. 176 millan Company, 1960. 180 pages. Cloth. pages. Cloth. $2.50. $3.50. Man the Character Animal: Discussions on Y 01tr Faith and Your Li/e Work. By El­ the Primacy 0/ Personal Character. By John mer G. Million. New York: Friendship Bennett Sluyter. New York: Exposition Press, 1960. 80 pages. Paper. $1.00. Press, 1960. 130 pages. Cloth. $3.00. The Indigenous Church: A Report from Why Man Was Created: The War Be­ Many Fields. Chicago: Moody Press, 1960. tween God and Satan. By Robert J. Gresham. 128 pages. Paper. Price not given. New York: Exposition Press, 1960. 99 Das Zeitalter Iustinians. Volume I. By pages. Cloth. $2.50. Berthold Rubin. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, The Hymn and Congregational Singing. 1960. xiv and 539 pages. Cloth. Price not By James Rawlings Sydnor. Richmond: John given. Knox Press, 1960. 192 pages. Cloth. $4.50. Melanchthon als Ausleger des Alten Tes­ Impact: The Exploratiml of an Idea. By taments. By Hansjorg Sick. Tubingen: J. c. Robert A. Elfers, Mae Hurley Ashworth, B. Mohr, 1959. iv and 156 pages. Paper. Bette Virginia Reed. New York: Friendship DM 15.60. Press, 1960. 125 pages. Paper. $1.50. Vberlie/erung und Auslegung im Mat­ When We Work Together. Edited by thaus-Evangelium. By Gunther Bornkamm, William A. Perkins. New York: Friendship Gerhard Barth und Heinz Joachim Held. Press, 1960. 64 pages. Paper. $ .85. Neukirchen Kreis Moers: Neukirchener Ver­ Philosophy of History: An Introducti01l. lag, 1960. 304 pages. Cloth, DM 27.00; By W. H. Walsh. New York: Harper & paper, DM 24.75. Brothers, 1960. 176 pages. Paper. $1.25. T heologie Re/ormierter Bekenntnisschri/­ This is a revised edition of An Introduction ten in Grundzugen. By Paul Jacobs. Neu­ to Philosophy of History (London: Hutchin­ kitchen Kreis Moers: N eukirchener Verlag, son and Co., 1951), with the section on 64 BOOK REVIEW

Toynbee rewritten, the addition of appen­ International des Sciences Historiques. Lei­ dices replying to some criticisms, and an den: E. J. Brill, 1960. 156 pages. Paper. updating of the bibliography. Dutch guilders 9.00. The Day of Light: The Biblical and Litur­ Elizabeth I and the Religious Settlement gical Meaning of Sunday. By H. B. Porter. of 1559. By Carl S. Meyer. St. Louis: Con­ Greenwich: Seabury Press, 1960. 86 pages. cordia Publishing House, 1960. viii and 182 Paper. $1.75. pages. Cloth. $4.95. Christian Parenthood. By Erich F. Brauer. The Book of Numbers: Part 1 with a Com­ St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, n. d. mentary. By Frederick 1. Moriarty. New 44 pages. Paper. $ .60. York: Paulist Press, 1960. 96 pages. Paper. Man's Divine Nature: The Trinity of God, 75 cents. Christ ctnd Man. By Isaiah Jefferson Brame. St. John's Gospel: An Exposition (Johan­ New York: Exposition Press, 1960. 109 nes: Das vierte Evangelium ausgelegt fur die pages. Cloth. $;3.00. Gemeinde). By Walter Luthi; translated by Zoning Primer. By Martin J. Rody and Kurt Schoenenberger. Richmond: John Knox Herbert H. Smith, West Trenton: Chandler­ Press, 1960. x and 348 pages. Cloth. $5.00. Davis Publishing Company, 1960, 48 pages. Martin Luther Lectures. Vol. 4: Luther Paper. $1.00. :md Culture. By George 'Y/. Fore1l, Harold Dimensions of Faith: Contemporary Pro­ ]. Grimm and Theodore Hoehy-Nickel. De­ phetic Protestant Theology. Edited by W-il­ corah: Luther College Press, 1960. ix and iiam Kimmel and Geoffrey Clive. New 211 pages. Cloth. $3.00. York: Twayne Publishers, 1960. 507 pages. William He1'schel: Pioneer of Sidereal As­ Cloth. $6.95. tronomy. By Michael A. Hoskin. New York: The Messiah: The Life and Ministry of Sheed and Ward, 1959. 79 pages. Paper. Our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. Edited 95 cents. by William Everett Cissna. New York: Ex­ position Press, 1960. xxviii and 256 pages. The Development of Physical Theory in the Middle Ages. By James A. Weisheipl. Cloth. $4.50. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1959. 92 Handbook of Chttrch Finance. By David pages. Paper. 95 cents. R. Holt II. New York: Macmillan Company, 1960. 201 pages. Cloth. $5.00. Whitehead's Philosophy of Physics. By Laurence Bright. New York: Sheed and Myth and Mythmaking. Edited by Henry Ward, 1958. 79 pages. Paper. 95 cents. A. Murray. New York: George Braziller, 1960. 381 pages. Cloth. $6.00. Science and Metaphysics. By John Russell. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1958. 80 Newly Discovered Gnostic Writings: A Preliminary Survey of the Nag-Hammadi pages. Paper. 95 cents. Find (Openbaringen ttit Egyptisch Zand). Die Theologie der Sch6pfung bei Luthe1'. By W. C. van Unnik; translated by H. H. By David Lofgren. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck Hoskins. Naperville: Alec R. Allenson, und Ruprecht, 1960. 335 pages. Cloth, DM 1960. 96 pages. Paper. $1.75. 30.00; paper, DM 27.00. The Powers That Be: Earthly Rulers and Ratio und Fides: Eine Untersuchung uber Demonic Powers in Romans 13.1-7. By Clin­ die ratio in der Theologie Luthers. By Bern­ ton Morrison. Naperville: Alec R. Allenson, hard Lohse. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und 1960. 144 pages. Paper. $2.25. Ruprecht, 1958. 141 pages. Paper. DM Bibliographie de la Reforme, 1450-1648. 13.50. Second Fascicle: Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Gems from the Psalms. Vol. II: Psalms 76 Denmark, Ireland, United States of America. to 150. By F. B. Meyer. Condensed edition. By the Commission Internationale D'Histoire Westchester, Ill.: Good News Publishers, Ecd~.;R.tioue comtlaree au sein du Comite 1960. 62 pages. Paper. 50 cents.