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Språk – Vem Talar Vad Och Var? S RAPPLING 1 Rapporter från Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet Reports from the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University Sveriges språk – vem talar vad och var? s Mikael Parkvall Stockholm 2009 ISBN 978-91-978304-0-9 Innehåll Innehåll .......................................................................................................................................v Inledande anmärkningar............................................................................................................ 1 Varför denna bok?.................................................................................................................. 1 Upplägg och konventioner ..................................................................................................... 1 Tack till ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Inledning ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1. Statens ointresse för språkstatistik.... .......................................................................... 3 1.1.2. ...och andras intresse...................................................................................................4 1.1.3. Den politiska aspekten................................................................................................. 6 1.1.4. Problem med de data som redovisas här .................................................................... 9 1.1.4.1 Olika typer av talare ............................................................................................... 9 1.1.4.2. Språk och dialekt................................................................................................. 12 1.2. Språken i Sverige ............................................................................................................. 13 1.3. Språksituationen i Sverige i ett historiskt perspektiv ............................................................ 15 1.3.1. Försvenskningen av Sverige...................................................................................... 16 1.3.1.1. Svenskans geografiska expansion...................................................................... 17 1.3.2. Utvecklingen under det senaste kvartsseklet ............................................................ 22 2.1. Svenska............................................................................................................................ 24 2.2. Svenska ”dialekter”........................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1. Överkalixmål .............................................................................................................. 27 2.2.2. Älvdalska.................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.3. Övriga ovansiljansmål................................................................................................ 30 2.2.4. Sammanfattning......................................................................................................... 31 2.3. Svenskt teckenspråk ........................................................................................................32 2.3.1. Barndomsdöva........................................................................................................... 32 2.3.2. Barn till döva .............................................................................................................. 33 2.3.3. Enkätundersökningar ................................................................................................. 33 2.3.4. Sammanfattning......................................................................................................... 34 2.3.5. Bosättningsmönster ................................................................................................... 35 2.3.6. En joker i leken beträffande svenskt teckenspråks framtid ....................................... 36 2.4. Norrbottensfinska.............................................................................................................. 38 2.4.1. Språkbevarande på hemmaplan................................................................................ 40 2.4.2. Norrbottensfinnar i övriga Sverige ............................................................................. 42 2.4.3. Folkräkningarnas tillförlitlighet.................................................................................... 44 2.4.4. Men vad är det egentligen vi mäter? ......................................................................... 46 2.4.4.1. Undersökningar om passiv kompetens ............................................................... 47 2.4.5. Slutsats ...................................................................................................................... 48 2.5. Samiska språk .................................................................................................................. 49 2.5.1. Befintliga uppskattningar............................................................................................ 50 2.5.2. Egna uppskattningar .................................................................................................. 50 2.5.2.1. Uppskattning baserad på finländska förhållanden .............................................. 50 2.5.2.2. Uppskattning baserad på extrapolering från 1945 års undersökning ................. 50 2.5.2.3. Uppskattning baserad på 1975 års undersökning .............................................. 51 2.5.2.4. Uppskattning baserad på enkätundersökning 2005............................................ 51 2.5.2.5. Uppskattning baserad på Sametingets röstlängd ............................................... 52 2.5.3. Sammanfattning......................................................................................................... 52 2.5.4. Olika varieteter av samiska........................................................................................ 53 2.5.6. Geografisk fördelning................................................................................................. 53 2.5.7. Något om språkbytesprocessen ................................................................................ 56 2.6. Finska (utom meänkieli) ................................................................................................... 58 2.6.1. Invandrare från Finland.............................................................................................. 58 2.6.2. Sverigefödda med finskt påbrå .................................................................................. 60 2.6.2.1. Språkbevarande hos sverigefödda ..................................................................... 60 2.6.3. Så – hur många finsktalande finns det då? ............................................................... 61 2.6.3.1. Andra undersökningar 1: Reinans’ uppskattning ................................................ 61 2.6.3.2. Andra undersökningar 2: 2005 års Radioundersökning...................................... 61 2.6.3.3. Andra undersökningar 3: 1997 års Undersökning om levnadsförhållanden ....... 62 2.6.3.4. Andra undersökningar 4: De Geers uppskattning............................................... 62 2.6.3.5. Syntes.................................................................................................................. 62 2.6.4. De finsktalandes geografiska fördelning.................................................................... 62 2.6.5. Framtiden................................................................................................................... 66 2.7. Jiddisch............................................................................................................................. 68 2.7.1. Befintliga uppskattningar............................................................................................ 68 2.7.2. Uppskattning baserad på invandringshistoria............................................................ 70 2.7.3. Uppskattning baserad på andra länders statistik....................................................... 71 2.7.4. Uppskattning baserad på åldersstruktur .................................................................... 71 2.7.5. David Fischers enkät ................................................................................................. 72 2.7.6. Sammanfattning......................................................................................................... 72 2.7.7. Geografisk fördelning................................................................................................. 73 2.8. Romani ............................................................................................................................. 75 2.8.1. Romani och para-romani ........................................................................................... 75 2.8.2. Romani i Sverige........................................................................................................ 75 2.8.3. Befintliga talaruppskattningar .................................................................................... 76 2.8.3.1. Svenska romer .................................................................................................... 77 2.8.3.2. Finska romer ......................................................................................................
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