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Monitoring Science and Technology Symposium: Unifying Knowledge Toward a Unified Knowledge-based Society for Sustainability—Developing a Synthesis on the Methodological Level Alec A. Schaerer Abstract—The debates on development manifest an increasing concern for sustainability, but as yet little awareness of the hierarchy in the ideas through which humans contribute to the problem. This gap is widened by a widespread but nevertheless unnecessary acceptance of unreasonable elements such as paradoxes, or the general fragmentation in knowledge, or allegedly general limits to it. First the character of such impediments is assessed, partly in theoretical considerations and partly through examples. This analysis reveals the root of a widespread self-limitation in thinking. Understanding its structure allows to synthesize an approach in which the problems do on principle not arise. It is conceptually precise but nevertheless universally applicable within the chosen query perspective, and hence useful for unifying knowledge toward a general sustainability of development. Outlining the Problem in unison that certainty and completeness of view are unattainable ideals. Are we thus left only with the ‘choice’ The contemporanean social sciences describe an as- of more measurements and more rules? Since these al- tonishing feature: in the known period of history, there ways stem from mere perspectives and can never cover has never been as much activity in international relations all cases, they can never warrant ultimate objectivity. as now; and yet since a few decades the common of Somebody will always attack them, feeling sufficiently mortals feels increasingly insecure (see for example Beck justified by being limited. Is strife and conflict therefore [1992], [1999], Frank [2002], Landes [1999], Monbiot inescapably our lot? Acting out this belief produces more [2000], Stiglitz [2002]). A new uncertainty on the global fear and distrust, more armor and bristles, more conflict level produced fear and mistrust, making arise two calls: ... a vicious circle (which is, as mentioned, precisely what one for more rules, laws, prescriptions, and power, as can be observed empirically already now). Hence the well as one for indicator systems and methods for mea- question is when does one start to think about the origin suring the sustainability of the development. But can of the vicious circle? The uncertainty and incompleteness they dissolve the core of anxiety, fear and distrust? Upon of contemporanean philosophy and science make also the approaching a tunnel, one would understandably like to assessment unreliable whereby there is no other path than know more about it. Wanting to know the conditions and theirs. For thinking beyond this ‘mental sound barrier’, obstacles on the path, and making sure one can defend must one be coerced by pain and sufferings, or is there oneself, can be useful ingredients, but do not include some prospect of success for starting to think before? the clarification of one’s own perspective to the point of As is being emphasized in cultural anthropology, a excluding securely one’s own stance and contribution to culture survives through producing and offering encour- the problems. After all, the latter are mainly man-made. agements for thinking before hardship arises, for being The crux seems to be in the pursued objectives, whose able to avoid pointless suffering. Such encouragements legitimacy seems to have no better foundation than in- can only be effective when they address the understand- terests and values. But approaching them on this basis ing of problems at stake and hence the conceptual level must remain vague, since—as Max Weber famously has of the public debate, even if the means for conveying a argued—even the validity of values cannot be ascertained message must of course be material (the carrier of mean- scientifically. Nevertheless, for a sustainable solution it is ing should not be confused with the meaning itself, e.g., necessary to develop a securely complete view, including a messenger with his message). all of the viewer, his ideas, and ways of thinking. Here One of the endeavors in this direction was the sym- we encounter an obstacle that looks formidable at first posium “Toward a Unified Knowledge-based Society for glance: contemporanean philosophy and science declare Sustainability.” The emphasis on unifying knowledge 60 USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-42CD. 2006. is a wise choice, given the fact that only a securely From a thoroughly encompassing point of view it complete perspective can warrant any real sustainabil- makes thus sense to address especially the fundamental ity. Yet this emphasis proved to be a daunting task for interconnections in a new way; that is the purpose of the vast majority of the symposium participants, even this essay. First I will outline a problem that has escaped though many manifested a sincere desire to move in broad attention: the character of the limits to knowledge this direction. The problem seems to be in not know- that are inherent in today’s mainstream methods, whose ing how to unify knowledge. One layer more deeply, root is in the habit of setting out from basic assertions the crux of this ‘how’ is rooted in the difficulty of (axiom, definition, hypothesis, etc.). This is relevant for realizing that bridges towards more unified views can our topic, since many difficulties also in the sustainabil- only be built by means of conceptual work, which ity debate are only a result of not having come to grips can itself only be discussed in concepts, which then with this point. While practically everybody admits a may sound very far away from anything ‘real’ or even limit, many believe today’s basic beliefs will always ‘normal’ according to the practician. He or she is not offer possibilities of overcoming it (as in pragmatism, trained to operate in conceptual considerations per se. scientism, etc.); others know the limit but believe it is Yet this level of intelligibility as such is and remains absolute since all currently used approaches manifest it the decisive locus. Everything else revolves around it, (as in skepticism, postmodernism, etc.). But the limit is in a preparing sense or in the sense of consequences. not absolute: it is determined by the categories in which For secure sustainability, science itself must become knowledge and thinking is being thought. For disentan- fully sustainable. In this light the unifying potential gling this web we will have to get into some thinking of e.g., of physics is insufficient, as it approaches reality the philosophical sort, moreover one that goes beyond the in terms of ‘things’ without addressing fundamentally habits of today’s mainstream. But I will try to show that the conceptual instrumentation for grasping them in it can be done without needing previous philosophical a strictly complete and secure way. This systematic knowledge. It is sufficient to face squarely the relevant incompleteness is not debated sufficiently. What may points. This analysis paves the way for the approach I look at first like a sustainable path in one perspective propose: ‘systematic attentiveness,’ covering the subject can look very limited in a more encompassing view. matter as well as the categorial instrumentation. It solves An example: medieval Europe wanted to sustain its the crux by clarifying fully the nature of perspectiv- expansion, as colonialism was under way, so it cut down ity and then developing systematically a special kind forests wildly for construction work, especially in the of concepts, which are strictly universally applicable Mediterranean area—producing problems of erosion and within the chosen query perspective. They allow the new draught for our era. Yet at that time all experts agreed approach to be not only inter-disciplinary (useful for that trees grow anyway and that therefore the chosen academic disciplines interacting), but trans-disciplinary path was reasonable. Today many will laugh at such a (useful for general interaction—also with firms, NGOs, crass example. But the type of problem still remains: administrations, the civil society, etc.). For not remain- believing to know about totality is not the same as ing in abstraction I slip in some practical examples of securely knowing about totality. where conceptual problems lead, taken from econom- In such situations, the crucial question is what kind ics and medicine, as they are relevant to our topic: real of path one wants to pursue. Under the impression that sustainability. I close this presentation by outlining how one has to decide and act under the presently given systematic attentiveness can be implemented in practice. conditions (uncertainty of knowledge), there is no other Since it is universally applicable, I will apply it first to choice but to proceed pragmatically, adopting the state the crucial point, the process of thinking, including the of the art and hoping for the best—even though this mind thinking itself—which usual approaches can cope may not be the optimal solution, or may even lead ever with only in compromises. Then I show how it allows deeper into problems. The vast majority of the currently significant advances in traditional scientific fields, ex- debated theoretical streams has nothing better to suggest. emplified for the problem of sustainability by its own Nevertheless, this path is not totally satisfying—which domain of debate: the geosciences. is not very astonishing since it has its roots in mere be- liefs. While some practical decisions may have be taken pragmatically, it is thus very reasonable to limit these In the Vein of an Introduction: to the strict minimum, pursuing simultaneously also all Concepts and Their Relevance investigations for reassessing uncompromisingly the very foundation of methodology towards the prerequisite of Some might wonder why conceptual work should real sustainability: a real unification of knowledge. be decisive, especially since the currently prevailing USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-42CD. 2006. 6 opinion is that any knowledge should be based on em- overall sustainability.
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