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ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF MYRIDS (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) FOUND ON APPLE TREES IN SOUTHWESTERN QUÉBEC AND AIOS TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ADULTS AND FIFTH INSTAR NYMP'HS

By STEPHEN AKI BRAlMAH /

1 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill Universi ty, in part ial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

1 1 / ;

Department of Entçmology 1 1 1 McGill University 1 / Montreal J Québec 1 1 1 Canada. Maro'h. 1980. . "

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Suggested short title.

MIRIDAE (HETEROPTERA) FOUND ON APPLE TREES IN QuÉBEC.

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., . Table of Contents

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Acknowle dgement SI' ...... 1 ••••• 1 •••••• III • , •• , v

List of Tables ..•• • 1 ..... • • 1,1 •• ...... vi

Li st 0 f Figu.re s ••••••.••••••.•••. 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• vii Abstract ...••...... • ...... Introduction •••.••• ... ., .. , ...... xi Literature Review ••. ~ ..• ...... xii j Part One ...... , , ...... , . 1 Key to twenty-nine species of adult Miridae'

(Heteroptera) on :ap~le trees in S9uthwestern Québec. aspects'of biology, descrintion and North American distribution

Abstract ..•.•....• ...... \ ... • •••••••••••• t ••••

Introduction •••.•• ...... •••••••••• 1 • • • • • .. • • • • •• 2

\ toi Materials and Methode •.• ', .•..•• ...... ~ •••' • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 2

Re sul t s •.• , ••• , .••••....••..•.... t •• • • • ••••• • •• Ii •• • • • •• 3 Key to Subt'amilies of liliridae •• • . . • • . • . . . • . . . • ...... • 3 \. Subt'amily MIRINAE Hahn, 18)1. . •••••••••• 1 ••••••••••• '1 •• 3 ..•

Key to Genera •••••••.•••• • • • • 'lit •••••••••••••••••••••• , •• 4 Genus Taedia Di s'tant, i 88). . • • • • .. • • • • .. • • • • • ... 4

Genus Phytocorip Fal~én. 1814 ••••••••••••••••••• 5 , ,.,. Genus Wilde. Reuter, 187'•• , •••••••••••••••••• 1.' 11 . ~:i:; Genua Lm' Hahn, 1~""", '. · · · · .. · · · · · · · ',. · · 1'1. 11 • () Genus LYlocorls Reuter, 187Si •••••••••••••••,.... 12 .\. \. i ~ _____ \ 1

1 \ 1 1 M 1\ t l 1 ! Subfami y 0 THOTYLINAE Van Duzee, 19,17····.····.···· •• •• 13 r ( Key ta Tribes ...... 13

i Key to Genera ••.•.•••...•..•...••...•...... •. ; ..• 14'~ ! f t ? !Genus Ceratocapsus Reuter, 1875B················· 14 Genus Heterocordylus Fieber, 1858 •.•••.•.•....••• 16 1 f ~ 1 t Genus Lopidea Uhler, 1872 ...... 17 ' Genus Paraproba Dist'ant, 1884 ...... 1-9 1, Genus Diaphnocoris Kelton, 1961 ••..•••..•••....•• 19 1 Genus Pilophorus Hahn, 1826 •••••....•...... ,'•• 20 ,

Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Douglas & Scott, 1865 ••••...•.•• 21 1, j "\ f Key to Tribes . . ' ...... , ...... " ...... 21 1 i 1 ! Genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum, 1855 •...•...•....•• 22 ,1 ) Genus Hyaloiodes. Reuter, 1875~ ..•...••....•.....• 24 1 Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas and Scott, 1865 .••...•...• '••• 25

Key ta Genera...... 26 Genus Lepidopsallus Knight, 192) ...... •• 26 Genus Plagiognathus Fieber, 1858 •....•...••...•.• 27' Genus Campylomma Reuter, 1878 •••...... • 28 Results and Discussion ...... 30

References ...... "...... ,8. 32

\ Part Two , ...... '. • • • • • • • • • -'p 39 Key t'o Sixteen G,enera of fifth instar nymphs of Miridae (Heteroptera) found on apple trees in §outhwestern Québec

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Ab.... stract · , .... · . · ...... · . · . , ... v • •••••••••••• , • • • • • • • • •• 39 . " . .~ 11

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1 Introduction •••••• ...... 40 Materials and Methods ••• ...... 40

Results •••••••••.•• • • • • • • • 1 •••••••••••••••••••••• ... 41 Key to Subfamilies •••...... 41

Subfamily MIRINAE Hahn ... " •••.• 1 • • • • • • • Il ••••••••••••••••• 41 Key to Genera ••...... , ...... 41

Subfamily ORTHOTYLI~AE Van Duzee •• .,...... 42 Key to Genera ••.••••••..••••.•.•• ...... 42 Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Douglas Soott.; .. &'- ...... !J Key te Genera ••••...•....••..•..••.. 1, " " ! Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas & Scott .. ,. 43 i ...... -...... -j Key to Genera•••...•••••...... 43 ! f Results and Discussion •.• ...... 44 References •..• ., ....••...... ••...•...... •. ... 45

Part Three ••••••••••••••••••••••• il ••• • •••••••••••• •••••• 46

Observations on the :f'eeding of :ten predacious species

of M1ridae (Heterontera) contined in field cag~s on apple tte~ s in Southwe stern Qyébec , Abstract ••....••..••••. C1 • ...... - ...... • •• " 46 Introducti~n •...... 47 x Materials ~d Methods ••••••. ! ••• ', ...... ~ •.• 47 \ \ ", Resulte and Piscusaion·•.. .~. ••••••••••••• 1 • ...... , " Referen'tles •••• ...... , ... ••••••• • ••••••• , • of •• • •• 51 J

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Part Four ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Laboratory observations on the feeding of four predacious apecies 'of mirids on the eggs of Pano11Ychus, ulmi (Koch) Abstract ••••...... ·54 Introduction •...... 55 Materials and Methods...... · ...... ·55 Resulta and Discussion...... References •••..... , . , . , ...... · ...... · .64

Part Five ••••••• -- .. • · · • • • • • .• • • · · · • • • · .. • • • • · • · • • • · · • • • · . • 65 General Discussion - Conclusion., .. ,.)" , ...... References •• , ...... • . . · . [;;7

Illustrations. .. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , f • ..... · ... 72

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( Acknowledgements

l s~noerely wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. R.K. . , t Stewart for ~is helpful suggestions during the research " t~ and for his guidance in preparation of this thesis...- l al < ,1 fi ~ so thank Mr. J.J. Jasmin, Director, Agriculture Researcn ~ t Station St. Jean. for permission ta work in the orchards . f ' ~ at the Agriculture Canada Research Farm in Frelighsburg. \ t Thanks are due to the following Graduate Students l , , 1 ~1' and Technicians in the Department of'Entomology, Macdonald College; Mr. Guy Boivin fo'r his assistance in the field - 1 , , 1 , 1 1 ,~ and for the French version of ,the abstract 1 Messrs sae~V \ 1 \ 1 , 1 Ba-Angood, Barry Bendell and Charles Vincent for their \ 1 \ 1 " help in the feeding tests; Mr. Pierre Langlois, Senior \,1 ' ! Il i Teohnician, for his help in preparing photographs of the

il~ustrations and for his assistance in building field cages. Ms. Lynn Wexler, Junior Technioian, who also helped in building the field cages. 1 l would like to express my gratitude ta Dr. L.A.

r~ /' Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute Ottawa, for _/ permission to use figures 5, 10, 15. 16, 18, and 19. l thank the Ghana Government for financlal support

throughout the period l carried out the research. Th~ work , was, in part. supported through an operating grant trom Agriculture. Canada.

Last but ~ot least, l am grateful to my dear wife, o Kwardua. for her patience and moral support throughout the preparation of this thesis.

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tfst of Tables

Table Page 1 1. Food consumed by nymphs and adulte of ten

pradacious mirid species contined, in'field

f .;. c&g'es on apple trees ..... "."." .... ".. """"""""""" ... 50 ," 1 ! ' 2. Mean numbar of aggs of f. Ylm.i (Koch) ,f, consumed'by'the various instars of four , ' pr~dacious mirid spe~ies in the laborato~y •••••••••• 59

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vi " \ 1. (' List of Figures

Figure P~e 1. Tarsal claws of R. provancheri (Burque) ....•.•.•.••• 72 fi ... 2. Tarsal claws of R. ruberc (Linn). .' ...... , .... 72 J. Tarsal claws of 1. vanduzeei Knight ...... •...... ' 72 4. Taedia pallidulla (McAtee) ...... 73 !~. 5.~ Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter ...... ••• 74 o 6. Phytocoris sallcis Knight ••...... : .•...... •• 75

'1. Phy:tocoris clDadensis Van Duzee ••...•...... ~ .... 76

8. Phytocoris neglectus Knight •...••....••'. ~ .•••..•.••• 77

9. Phytocoris ereçtus Van Duzee ....•...... '.....• 78 , .J 10. Lygua lil'Wolaris' (Palisot de Be-lIt2-vo!s) •...... •. 79 11. Lygocorj...s communi§ (Knight) ...... 80 12. Ceratocapsua Modestus. (UhIer) ...... •. 81

1 J. Ceratocapsus pumilus (Uhler ~ •...... : ...... • 82

14. Paraproba capi tata (Van Du zee ) ft • : .... '...... • ...... 83 15. Diaphnocorb provancheri {Burque) •...•...... •.....•• 84 16. Pilophorus perplexus Douglas and Scott •...... · .•. 85 \ 17. Deraeocoris fAsciolus Knight •••.••....• " ••••• ~ •..••• 86 18. Deraeocoris aphidiphagus Knight .•...... •• 87

19. HYaliodes hart! Knight ...... ~ ~ ...... • 88

20. Hvaliodes .vitr!pen~is (Say) ...... " ...... 89 21. Lepidop§allu§ miniscullu§ Knight. • .•..••.... : • • .. • • • 90

22. Plagiognathus pol1tus UhIer ...... ft ft • • • • .. • • 91 '

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Figure Page 2). Pl,wÜognathus obacurus Uhler •• , ...... ,. , • ", ..•••..•• 92 24. CamPylomma verbasc! (Meyer) ••• , ••••••••••....•. , •••• 93 l,

25. Dorsal abdominal gland of~. pallidula ••••.•• & •••••• 94 -r' • Dorsal abdominal gland of canadensis •••..••••..•• 26. fj 8 94 27. Dorsal abdominal gland ~ of 12. provancberi •••.•••• " .•• 94 28. Dorsal abdominal gland of fi. vitripennià ••..•••...•• 94 29. Dorsal abdominal gland of D. fasciolus...... 94, o )0. Consumption of eggs of f. Y1l1i1 (Koch) ~ H. vitri- c

pennis Say ...... : .. r • •••••••• '1 • • •• 60 )1. Consumption of' eggs of f. ulmi (Koch) by Q. pro-- 1 vancheri (Burque) •..•.•... l" ...... , •• ! '. •• 61 , ~ 1 )2. Consumption of egga ôf f. !L1.m!. (Koch) by f· cana-~,' , r' 1 1 denais Van Duzee ...... '•.. : •••...•... ft. 62 1, JJ. c,onsumption oof eggs of f,. ulm! (Koc,h) by )2. tasci-

alus Knight ...... ' ...... 1.' • • • • • •• 63

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1 ( .' , , (- RESUru!: BIOLOGIE ET CLÈ D'IDENTIFICATION·. . DES ADULTES ET DES LARVAES DE DERNIER STADE DES PUNAISES , . ASSOCltES. ~U POMMIER âU QUtB~C La biologie, laa~des'c,ription, et ~la distrlbution, au Nord Am~ri- qué des adultes de. 29 esp~ces, dont 20,'so,nt illustrées, sont données, avec une clé 'd" i'dentification pour les adultes et • f • 1 16 genres de' larves de éïnqui~me stade, Lès sous~familles t ~ , • '*

Mirinae. Hahn, Orthotyl~ae Van Duzee,. Phylinae Douglas et " S~ott, Deraèocorinae 'Do~glas et' Scott, sont representJes. Les larves et les adultes d'especes predatrices ont été mises 'en cage sUr pommier et nourries d'acariens, de leurs oeufs, de pucerons et de chenilles. La plupart des especes s'attaquent aux acariens, à leur~ oeufs et aux pucerons.

r Les larves et les adultes de Diaphnocoris Erovan-

. chéri \( Burque), Hyaliodes vitripennis Say, Deraeocoris ~

ciolus Knight, ~t Phytoc~ris canadensis Van Duzee se sont

nourris d'oeufs d'acarien. Les F~sultats indiauent que 1 Hyaliodes vitripennis et Diahpnicoris provancheri devraie- 1 nt ~tre les plus efficaces. pour le contrôle des verger de ri • .. pommier au Québec. .' :;..:

ix c. t ABSTRACT

{ Twenty-nine species of adulte and 16 genera of ~ t fifth instar nymphe are keyed and 20 adulte illustrated. t Biology, description and North American distribution are ~ f given. The subfamilies Mirinae Hahn, Orthotylinae Van ~, Duzee, Phylinae Douglas and Scott, Deraeocorinae Douglas .., and Scott are represented. Nymphs and adults of ten pre dacious species were confined on Apple and fed mite eggs, mites, aphids and lepidopterous larvae. Most species

~ readily consumed mites, mite eggs~and aphids. Nymphs and adults of Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque), Hyaliodes vitripennis Say, Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight, and Phyto coris canadensis Van Duzee were fed mite eggs. The re

sults lndicate H. vitripennis and ~. provancheri are like ly to be Most beneficial in controlling mites in apple orchards in Québec.

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, \'1 ( 1 - t INTRODUCTION t The Miridae or plant bugs are of.economic importance f 1 because they prey on pests and feed on plants. In apple or i chards the beneficial species are important natural agents l ,i ,t for controlling pests of apples. They prey on mites. mite eggs, aphids, caterpillars and leafhoppers. The phytophagous 1 species are pests of fruit. Damage to... fruit reduces profit

r to farmers resulting from lower yield and reduction in commercial grade of apple. 1 There is no comprehensive information on the mirids l f in apple orchards in Qu~bec" In this study information is provided on the following. 1. Key to twenty-nine species of adult Miridae on apple trees in Southwestern Québec, asnects of

~biology, description and North American distri bution. 2. Key to genera of fifth instar nymphs of Miridae

'; on apple trees in Southwestern Qu~bec'. 3. Field observations on the feeding of ten preda cious species of mirids confined in cages on apple trees. 4. Laboratopy observatiQns on the feeding of four \ p~èdacious species of mirids on the winter eggs_ of PAAODYChus Ylm1 (Koch).

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( LITERATURE REVIEW

The Miridae collected in Québec are characterized by the four segmented antennae, the four segmented rostrum

1 tl and the absence of ocelli. The hemelytron lS typically l, separated into clavus, corium, embolium, cuneus and membra-

1 rie. The nymphe reeemble the adults but Iack the wings ~d ,1 the genitalia. ~he leg consists of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. The tarsus and the structures between

1 them, the parempodia and pulvilli, provide reliable charac; i , ters for separating the subfamilies (Reuter, 1910; Knight, r~ 1918, SChuh, 1976). Literature on the life cycles of mirids in apple 1 orchards in North America ls scanty. LY&18 llneolarls (Pallsot de Beauvois) and Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) pase the wlnter in the adult stage under the bark of sur rounding vegetation or in debris on the ground (Knight, 1921, 1941; Kelton. 1975). The adults emerge in, the spring, mate and the females oviposit. In several dayg the eggs hatch, the nymphe pass through five stages of deve19pment

>IC and become adults. The adults continue ta feed unt'il hi bernation. The other species pass the winter in the egg

stage (Knight, 1941). The eggs are normally inserted in a .1 1 tender part of the hast plant and hatch in spring or summer ~

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( (Stear, 1925, Steiner, 1938; Knight, 1941. Sanford, 1964,

Kelton, 1971). The ~ymphs pass through five stages of " development and at the fiftb. molt become adulte. The 1 t adulte mate, the femalee oviposit and die soon ~fter. Re latively few speeies have more than one generation per year. 1. lineolaria has two generations in eastern Ontario (Guppy, 1958; Loan, 1965). Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque) haa two generations on apple in New York (Steiner, , 1938) and in Nova Scotia (Lord, 1971). CamPylomma verbasei f (Meyer) has two generations on apple in Nova Seotia (Gilli • att, 1935). Three and possibly four generations oeeur in southern interior British Columbia (McMullen and Jong, 1970). Phytophagous speciee are host specifie or are limi 1 ted to a group of related plants. Thus the distribution of host-specifie speeies May be limited to the areas where the , host plant grows. Many species.are omnivorous and readily 1 1 disperse from plant ~o plant have extensive distribution , (Kelton, 1975). Classification (a) Adults ~ The adult classification of the Miridae in this study ie based on the tarsal claws proposed by Reuter (1910).' , The Reuter classification was further extended by Knight

o xiii . . ~:~ ·'li -~,f - ~,. ~ ~\. ~ . ."._ ",? C -"f t. ~L1X'iI SrO! to , • .,,, .... -, " "ha" es. r M 'In ttt=· l

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(1918) and condensed and modified by Carvalho (1955). Schuh t (1976) proposed major changes in ,the above classification " but for practical reasons his proposaIs are not followed, but rather the widely accepted classification of Knight and Carvalho. (b) Nymphe '''. 1 Literature on classification of mirid nymphs ie 1. 1 scanty. Leston and Scudder (1956), Lawson (1959), Herring . !i and Ashlock (1971) provided keys for separating mirid nymphe, :1 from those of 'other Heteroptera. Akingbohungbe et al; (1973) , provided a key to late instar nymphs of Wisconsin mirids • • Akingbohungbe (1974) published a key to the subfamilies of Miridae and proposed possible phylogenetic lineages with characters of the dorsal abdominal gland. (c) Predation Most of the work on predation of mirids on pests in 1 apple orchards was done in Nova Scotla. Gilliat (1935), Lord {1949, 1956, 1962},, Pickett et al. (1946), MacPhee (1953), :MacPhee et al. (1956, 1961). Sanford,(1963, 1964), Iv'IacLe11an

"~ ~. (1963. 1977. 1979) observed the pr~datiort of several species in the field 'On different pesta ,in apple orchards. Lord (1971) observed six " species feeding on mite eggs in the 1a- boratory.

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1\ { f PART ONE

Key te twenty-nine species of adult M1ridae (Heteroptera)

on apple trees in Southwestern Qu'bec, asp~cts of biology,

, ,- description and North American distribution f Abstract Twenty-nine species of Miridae are keyed and twenty , i illustrated. Eight species are new Provincial ~ecords. As- 1 i 1 ! pects of biology. description and North Amsrican d~st~ibu- , iJ . j tion are given. The Bubfamilies Mirinae Hahn, Ortnotylinae Van Duzee. Phylinae Douglas and Scott and Deraeocorinae Douglas and Scott are represented. J

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2 ( Introduct ion

( The purpose of the study was to collect mirids that \ occur on Apple, observe their feeding, study as~ects of 1 ~. . ' their biology and provide a key and illustrations to sepa rate them. No such studies have been carried out in apple 9rchards in Québ~c. However, in Southwest~rn Québec, Parent

~ ,(1958, 1967) mentioned mirids as part of the predator fauna which influenced the population of phytophagous mites. Mailloux et al. (1979) observed Lygus lineolarls (Palisot de Beauvois) but did not report the damage it causes to ap ple. Boivin et al. (1979) compared the life cycles and da

mage ~f 1. lineolaris and Lygocoris communia (Knight).

Materials and Methode

M~ridae in the study were COllec~d.bY using a sw~ep

net. (~Becauee the mirids are fragile and delicàte insects sweeping was done carefully sa a, not to damage the bugs in '1 the net •. The mirids in the net were removed frequently as prolonged sweeping will damage them. Sweeping was.usually done under dry conditions as moisture in the net mats and ruins the specimen. The beating stick and sheet were also \

used. The,. sheet W,"S heid under the branch and the branch 1 was !3ha,rply struck once with the stick. The bugs were jar red looseand fell on the sheet and were picked off quickly \ \ . 3

wi th an aspirator. Specimen; were killed in cyanide vapour contained in a killing bottle. Collections were made in 1978 and 1979 from unsprayed and abandoned orchards in Rigaud (Lat. 45 0'28, Long. 740' 24 ), Ste. Anne de Bellevue (Lat. 4So 38', Long. 73° 58') and from

J. the Agriculture Canada Research Farm in Freligh'sburg (Lat. 540 03', Long. 720 50'). Collections were taken twice a week , throughout the summer. AlI specimens were mounted on points ;f and identified and deposited in the Lyman Museum, Macdonald

College. Illustrations were m~de with the aid of a camera

lucida attached to a wild MS stereoblnocular mi~roscope. \ Additional distributions were taken t'rom carvalh~ (1957 1959) •

Resulta , " Key to Subfamilies of Miridae

J 1. Parempodia large and spindle-shaped (Figs. 1 & 3) •.• 2 Parempodi~ slender and- hairlike (Fig. 2) ••••.••••••• ,1! 2. Parempodia diverging, collar distinct ••••••••• MIRINAE Parempodia converging. collar depressed •• ORTHOTYLINAE

3. Collar pre sent a pulvilli absent ••••••••• DERAEOCORINAE C \ Collar absenta pulvilli present •••••••••••••• PHYLINAE \ \ Subfamily M~RINAE iHahn, 18'1 \ This id the largest subfamily in North America. \ ' \ Species are distinguished by lar~ and free parempodia o • ,'. , \ '{, 1, " . 1 ;3;1', , ~~)~ \ , .' ••,1""l.., ... ------~------,---'~«--t ..... ~ li: { ,. " l t 4 , ( .i. ~ ",' :~':-- diverging at apices and distinct collar; 11 predatory and phytophagous species representing 5 genera of the 1& {" tribe Mirini were collected. ~ i- f i Key to Genera ~ j 1. Pronotum with subexacavated black spots .•..•.... raedia ., Pronotum without subexcavated black spots .•..•..••••• 2 2., Pronotum impunctate; pronotum and hemelytra wi th

sariceous ~ubescencat carina between eyes absent. · ...... Phytocori s Pronotum punctate; pronotum and hemelytra with

simple pubescence, carina present ...••.•....•.. ~J :3. Eyes nearly spherical ...••.•. : ••..... ·...... Lygidea

Eyes elliptical ...... , ...... ~4 4. Pronotum- coarsely punctate, frons with oblique - lines .. • •••.•.•••.••••••.•.••.•.•••.••.•.•.•••.•.. . Lygu.s Pronotum finely punctate, frons without oblique lines.

• ...... III •••••••••••••• 1 ••• , ••••• • L:ygocoris

Genus Taedia Distant, 1883

-, Elongate robust species. Eyes large, carina between them absent. Pronotum with black velvety spot behind each callus. Hemelytra with two types of pubescence; simple haira intermixed with sericeous hairs. Lags long and slander.

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5 !! [.\.. J Taedia pallidula (McAtee) ( [ Paracalocoris hawleyi var. pallidulu§ McAtee, 1916. )80

Length 6.2 - 7.1 mm, width 2.2 - 2.7 mm. Generally mottled brown yellow. Legs marked with red.

Biology. Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl End of May - end

.o~ of June. Adul ts. End of June - end of July. Nymphe reed on mites and mite eggs. Late instar nymphe and adults feed on

i bud and fruit.

ti Remarksl The species is readily distinguished by the black ve Ive t y spot behind each callus (Fig. 4).

Distribution. Minnesota, New Yor~, North Dakota, Ohio, Manitoba, Ontario. Now known to oceur in Québec.

Genus Phytocoris Fallén, 1814

Elongate parallel speoies. Eyes large and prominent, cari

na absent. Pronotum impunctate, pubescence of two t~es,

appressed sericeous hairs mixed with erect simple haira. \ Legs long and slend,r. Seven apecies were collected.

o ______1:1 __ ..... A_' ___ " ______~ __

Key to species

1. First antennal segment thickened •....•••.•. lasiomerui First antennal. segment slender ••••...••.....•...••••, 2 2. Wing m;mbrane reticulate •••.••.•..... '!. ••• conspurcatus Wing membrane marbled •..••....•••....•••...•••..•••• 3 3 • Apical corium wi thout large black marking ..•.. salicit' :f . Apical corium with large black markings ...... 4 4. Apical corium with two distinct black markings •..••...... c ariadensis Apical corium wi th one distinct black mark ...... 5 5. Rostrum less than 2.5 mm •••....••.•..•••...••• husseyi Rostrum more than 2.6 mm ••....•••...... ••• 6 6. Scutellum wi th long oblique black mark each side on apical half nearly meeting to form an inverted V ...... " ...... neglectu.s Scutellum wi th short oblique mark each side on apical half not meeting near middle •.•••••..••.• erectu§

PhytocQriA lasiomerus Reuter i " Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter, 1909' 34 MLength 6.9 - 7.6 mm. width 1.8 - 2.5 mm. Head yellowish brown marked wi th red. First antennal segment thickened. Se cond antennal segment pale, apex black. Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra pale often with reddish tinge. Wing membrane

reticulate • Legs pale.

" ' .'

BiologYI Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs ~ppear throughout July. Adults. End of July - early September. Nymphe and adul t s feTd on mi te s, mi te eggs, a::hidS, and other amall arthropod~.

" " RemarkSI The species ia readily distinguished by the l1 u 1 thickened first antennal segment (Fig. 5). , 1 ~ Distributiont Colorado, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, : :1

1 Montana. New York, Washington, Wyoming. Southern portion 1 t, , 1

r " j of every Canadian province. " ! 1 Phytocoris conspurcatus Knight 1

Ph~tocoris conapurcatus Knight, 1920. 61 ~ - . ~ Length 5.5 - 6.0 mm, width 1.8 - 2.2 mm. Head grey with ~ i '1': brown and reddish brown. Hemelytra grey with brown. Wing membrane reticulate. BiologyJ Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs appear throughout '( July. Adults. Early August - Mid September. Nymphs and adults feed on mites. aphids and small caterpillare.

,Remarkg. The wing membrane ia reticulat~ as in lasiomerys but the firet antennal segment is thinner. Digtribution. Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland. MiChigan, Minnesota, Mississippi,

r Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, pennsylvan~a, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Ontario,. Québ&c • o

\ ~ - --- ~~~-~------

,1 8

Phytacoris salieis Knight Phytocoris salici§ Knight, 1920: 56 Length 5.2 - 6.1 mm, width 1.7-2.5 mm. Head, pronotum and hemelytra marked brown. Hemelytra with slm'Ple hairs inter mixed with silky hairs. Legs marked with, brown.

BiologYI Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs appear in J~ly. Adults. Early August -'mid September. Nym'Phs and adults feed on mites, mite eggs, aphids, and other soft bodied ar , 11 thropods. 1 Remarksl This species ls distinguished by the absence of '\ the black mark on the corium (Fig. 6). 1 Distributions Connecticut, District of Columbia, 1111- nois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne sota, Mississippi, New Hamushire, New York, North Dakota,

Ohio , Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec. . ,

Phytocoris canadensiB Van Duzee

Ph~tocoriB canadensis Van Duzee. 1920. )46 Length 4.8 - 6.1 mm, width 2.0 - 2.5 mm. Head' yellowish / wi th reddish tinge an'ci marked wi th black. Hemelytra greenish

grey to fuscous, with simple hair intermixed with cl~mps of.

white sericeous h~irs, dark harrs arise from dark areas. Legs 1 pale, D'larbled. BiologYI Overwinter' as egga. Nymphs appef!ll' in JUly,; o Adults. Earl)' August - mid Sept~mber. Nymp~s and adults are predacious on small arthropods. \ ,--~_.------,-_.!_- . ,

'i' Remarksa This Bpecies iB similar in appearance to Balieis " but ia. di.s·tinguished from i t 'by the black mark on the corium (Fig. 7).

~ Distrrbutiona Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,'l • Maine , Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania. South Dakota. Ontario. Now known to occur in, Québec.

Phyto~oris husseyi Knight . , PhytocoriQ hu§seyi Knight. 192}~ 6J9 Length 4.7 - 5.3 mm; width 1.1 - 1.6 mm. Head yellowish wi th reddish to black marks. Corium and clavus wi th short erect haire intermixed with tufts of whitish pubescence. J Legs pallid. Biology, Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs appear in

Adults. Mld-August,- mid-Sept~mber. Nymphs and adul s feed on mites, mite eggs, aphids and lepidopterous larvae. '- l ' '.' . , , Distributiona Minnesota, Ohio. Now repoTted Québec. \

Phytocoris neglectu§ Knight ..- \ Pbxtocoril neglectus Knight, a920a 54 \ . mm; " Q Length 6.0• - 6.4 width 1.7 - 2.) mm. Head brown. Hemelytra brown seric~ous hairs sllvery appreseed. mostly in \ small clumps lntermixed ?wl th darker haira. Legs brown.

. , . '. , .. • ,p ,~ 1 .~ ...... ~-,-....,-~ i, 1

Biology 1 Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs appear in July.

Adults' August. This species was not observed fe~ding. Knight (1941) found it feeding on psocids. Remarksl This species ia distinguished by the inverted V

t mark on the basal half ~ scute llum (Fig. 8). . . Distributionl Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michj,gan,

Minnesota. Mississippi. N~w Hampshire, New York, South Caro lina, South Dakota, Washington, Ontario, Québec.

Phytocoris erectus Van Duzee Phytocoris erectus Van Ouzee, 19201 345 Léngth 4;6 - ).7 mm, width 1.4 - 2.,) mm. He~d marked with brown and bl~ck. Hemelytra brown. sericeous hairs. silv;ery appressed Intermlxed wi th slanting darker haira. Legs marked with brown. Biologya Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs appear in July.

Adultsi End of Jult - Early September. Nymphe and adults feed on mites, mite eggs, aphids, and other 'small arthropods. • 1/' Remarks. This species Is similar to neglectus in s~ze and appearance. Females are difficult to separate. Males are separated by differences in the genital claspers (Kni..ght 1941) (Fig. 9). Distribution. Alabama. Distriot of Columbia, Illinois. Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland., Michigan, Minneso.ta.

Missis~ippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, OhtO, Utah. Ontario, Qu'bec, Saskatchewan.

,"-~""'~-. ------'------~ ~r t

, ~ , 11 t ( ! 1 1" t Genus Lygidea Reuter, 1875~ ~ Elongate, paralIel, medium to large species. Eyes almost s~ . spherical. carina between them distinct. Pronotum and

1t hemelytra deeply punctate 1 haira siml'lle long and dense. 1 ~

1 Lygidea mendax Reuter t} ~ Lygidea mendax Reuter, 1909' 47

Length 6.1 - 6.7 mm; width 1.9, - 2.6 mm. Generally orange-red, clavuB, inner half of corium and basal margin of pronotum fuscous to black. Head dusky. nronotum flnely 1 punctate~! -Legs fuscous. BiologYI Overwinters as eggs. Nymphs 1 M~d-June - Early July. Adultsl End of June --end of July. Nymphs and adults c l feed on leaf buds and fruit. 1 RemarkSI This species ls distinguished by orange-red colour. 1 Distribytions Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michi t gan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Nova Scotia. Ontario. Now known to occur in Québec.

Genus LYgUS Hahn, 1833 Oblong or eIongate-oval species. Eyes large. oval, carina between them distinct. Pronotum and hemelytra with long simple haira. *

()

(J'

, _~! IJ

12 i (_\ l J Lygus lineolarle (Palisot de,Beauvois) 1 ~ Capsus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois. 1818. 18? : ! LYgUs lineolaris Uhler, 1872 a 413 K t , Length 5.0 - 5.7 mm; width 1.9 - ).2 mm. Generally dull 1 reddish or brownlsh-yellaw wi th black markings. Hemelytra f ~ coarsely punctate hairs simple. Membrane dusky with faint

white blotches. Legs greenish or ~eddish-yellow. , Biology. Overwinter as adults under bark or in debris 1 , on ground. In early spring they migrate ta apple. Eggs pro , bably laid in herbaceous plants and sorne 'Probably -in apple. Nymphe and adulte feed on fruit. Remark.s.' This specles ls readily distinguished by median

and sub-median diagonal lines on the frons (Fig. 10)." Distribution. This species Is found in aIl agricultural regions in North America and la now known to be the Most widely distributed species in North America .

.& Genus LYgocoris Reuter, 1875~ "'"~ongate-oval. Eyes prominen~. aval. carina between them distinct. Pronotum and hemelytra finely pUl\ctate 1 hemelytra wi th simple long, dense' haira.

LYgocori§ communia (Knight) Lygus cdmmunis Knight. 1916. 346 Length 4.8 - 5.8 mm, width 1.8 - 2.8 mm. Generally pale

brown or dull greenish-Y'~llow wlth brown or fuseous markings. o. .Hemelytra wi th tinely appressed greyish hairs. Legs brownl8h-

\ , J ~- ~""'''-'' ...... - ... - - ,~- .... _.. ~ -"'---"---.-.. --...... -~--- --

t( ~ ~ l, (: .13 yellow with reddish tinge. 1 Biologyl. O'verwinter as eggs. Nymphsi End of May - end ! of June. Adultel Mid-June - mid-August. Nymphs and adults feed on leaf buds and fruit. 1. 1t Remarksa This epecies is distinguished by transverse : \

t reddish lines on irons, liark rays on the pronotum and Median 1 1 1 \ i line on scutellum (Fig. 11). 1 ·1 ,J Distributions Transcontinental ~n the northern part of 1 1 -j ! North America. \ j Subfamily ORTHOTYLINAE Van Duzee, 1917 1 1 1 This is the second lsrgest subt"amily in North America. Spe ! cies are distinguished by large and free parempodia converg ing ât apices; small and depressed pronotal collar. 9 pre datory and phyto-phagous species representing 6 genera and 2 + tribes were collected. , ,

Key to Tribes 1. Hemelytra without transverse' bands of silvery sericeous

pubescenqe ••.••••••••~ .. !.-,••• Y ...... Orthotylini , - ~ Hemelytra with transverse bands of silvery sericeous pubescence •••••••••••••••••••••...••••• Pilophorini

Tribe Orthotylini Van Duzee, 1917 Pive genera and seven species were collected •

, '

, J~" o ). J-r ... _

.,. f 1 f .. f 14 t c.. . Key to Genera

1,\ ~ 1. Two types of pubescence .•.•••.•.•••...•.•..•.••...•• 2 • r One type of pubescence •...•••.•.•••...•••..•.••...•• :3

1 .... 0 \ .1 1 2. Antennal segmants thickened, all nearly of.equal \ thickness •..• ~ ...... Ceratol1capsu.s. \ Antennal segments J and 4 thinner than 2.- •••••••••••• 1 ...... HeterocordYlu's J. General'colouration red, orangg: and black •••• Lopidea General colouration pale green, or wnité ••...•••.•.• 4 1 - 4. Head black ...... Paraproba 1 r f Head green •....•....•.•••.•••...••..•••.. piâphnocoris Î J

Genus Ceratocapeus Reuter, 187512. ! :' Elongate or oval species. Basai margin of head overlans ~ apical portion of pronotum. Eyes prominent, carina bet- . - ~ ween them distinct, Pronotum smooth or punctate. Legs fuscous to black. j

Kéy to Species

0 1. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate ••••••••••.• modestus

Pronotum and hemelytra punctate. Il ..... , •• ; ••••••• Il ••• 2 2. Antennae and legs pale yellow •••.•••.•.••••• digi tulus _ Antennae and legs wi th broWn. • • • . • ... • • . • • • . • •• pumi lu s

~ , ~ . Iw'

, } \ '

\ "

, "-. ---"" - -,-,"--_._--~_._------'" ' ------'

te 15 Ceratoca12sus modestus {Uh1er) ,. 18871 Melina modesta Uhler, 69 , Length ).7 - 4.6 mm; width 1.7 - 2.3 mm. Head 1ight brown, pronotum and scutellum dark brown, hemelytra 1ight' \ , tl ta dark' brown. Dorsum wi th erect hairs intermixed wi th ' 1 1 t c~oselr appressed, sericeaus hairs. Scutellum, clavus and 1• ,-- inner apical margin of carium devoid af haire. Generally yellowish brown to fusoous brown. Legs fuscoue. Biologyl Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl End Qf June - end of Ju1y. Adul tSI Mid-Ju1y - end af August. Nymphs and adu1 ts feed an mi tes and aphids. t RemarkSI This specie's is readily distinguished by , impunotate, pranotum antl heme1ytra (Fig. 12). , 1 , \ ; Distributiona . Eastern United States, Ontario, Québec. 1 .

\ Cèratocapsus digitulus Knight

Ceratocapsus digitulus Kn~ght, 192). 533 Length. J.) - J.8 mm; width 1.4 - 2.0 mm, tum, scute11um, and hemelytra brown. Antennae pale yellow. Hemelytra and pronotum punctate. Dorsum wi th erect dense pubescence Intermixed with 0108ely appressed silvery séri ceous pUbescencr' Generally dark brown wi th 'reddish tinge. ,Legs pale.

\ BiologYJ Overwinter as eggs. ~ymphsa End of June - end

~ of July. ' Adults. Mid'!!Jttly - end of August. Nymphe and

,adul~s feed on'mites and aphids. -\ "- ..

.\ ~, .. r... "' ...... ,., ...... ___• ~ _ .... _ ..."'« .. _ .... ______~_ ..... _ ___'__"'_~_~ _____ •__ ~ ___ .... ___:..- __• ______i '"l,• ..

i" (1 16 Remarksi This species is similar to pumilus in size. t The antennaè and legs are pale yel10w in digi tulus. ~. Distributionl Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts. New York, North Carolina,. Virginia, Manitoba. Ontario. Now 1 f ./ f4ji ! known to occur in Qu~bec. 1 ~ \ Ceratocapsus pumilus (Uhler) f, " , ! tdelina pumila Uhler, 188? 1 69 f 1 r Length ).4 - 4.1 mm, width 1.5 - 2.3 mm. Head, pro- r H ' notum. hemé'lytra dark broi,m. Antennae mostly brown. Dor 1 \ sum with prominent yel.lowish hairs in'termixed with shorter, <

closely appressed.1 silvery sericeous haire. • Generally yel-'

~ , lowish brown to dark brown. Lege fuscous ta black. " Biolo#p(1 Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs and adults appear at the B:~time as digitululi and prey c<>n mites and aphids. Rem k • This was the Most abundant species of Cerato- capsus in the orchards. It is distinguished by the brown r' antennae and legs (Fig. 13). , 1 \ , Distribution. Eastern United States. Ontario, Québec.

Genus Heterocordylus Fieber, 1858 Elongate, robust species. Base of head sharply truncate. Pronotum rugose, hemelytra impunctate. Legs bl.ack.

\ \ .

..1 _------... \

, __~ .• ___ ._ . ______• ______• ___ __.0. __ ___~" __ lta P

t, " i'. i f ,J 17 } (, HeterocordYlus malinus Reuter \ Heterocordylus malinus. Reuter, 1909. 71 -r-t Length 5.7 - 6.6 mm, width 1.9 .. 2.7 mm. Head and - f , scutellum black, hemelytra and pronotum black or red~ Hairs o.f two types, short simple intennixed wi th short \ scaleli~e hair. Generally black wi th patches of rad on 1i .• basal an~les of pronotum and hemelytra. Legs black • i BioiogY.' Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl End of June - 1 t i mid-July. Adults were collected throughout July. The t f nymphs and adults fee~ rn new shoots and fruit. Remarkss The nyulp, are simil:ar to those of Lygidea me·ndax .... in colour and appearance. Late instars of malinus are dark red, those of mendax are lighter.

Distributions Illinois, Indi8.?a, Iowa, Michig~; ,. , Minne sbta, Mississippi t Missouri, New Hampshire. New York,

Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ontario. Now kn~wn to oceur

in Q4~bec. Genus Lopidea Uhler, 1872 Elongate, parallel species. Head verttéal, eyes protruding,

carina 'between them di stinct ." Pronotum impunctate t haire

simple f Legs black.

Key to Sp8lCies

\ 1 • 'Second . antennal segment in male as th~ck as front tibia ••.•••..•••.••.••••••.••••••••.•. !nstibilis Second antennal segment ,thinner than front tibia ••••• . . ·'. , O ',,' •••••••••• t •••••••• , •• ~ •••••••••••••••• • ';'Odil

\ \ . , ,

Lopidel instabilis (Reuter) Lomatopleura instabiliQ Reuter, 19091 72 . Length 5.1 - 5.8 mm; width 1.7 - 2.5 mm. Generally bright red, Middle portion of hemelytra black wi th short pale haira, scutellum wi th stiff bilack hairs. Legs black. Biology! Overwinter as eggs. Nympha. End of June - end Qi July. Adultsi Mid-July - end of August. Probably breeds on herbaceous plants in the orchard but the nymphs and adults readily migrate to apple. The type of damage they cause to apple was not observed. Remarksl This speoies is distinguished by the thickened second antennal segment. Distribution. Connectiout, .Mississippi, Missouri, Ne braska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Québec.

Lopidea media (Say) Cavsus Medius Say, 1832. 22

Length 4.9 - 5.8 mIDI width 1.0 - 1.9 mm. Pronotum reddish-orange. Hemelytra wi th simple haira. Scutellum wi th

shor:t stj,ff haira. Legs fuscous to black. , Bi.ologv. Similar to that of instabilis. \ Remarksl This species is similar in size and appearance to instabilis. Separated by the thinner, second antennal seg ment. \ pistributionl A commop and widely distributed speciea , e"st of the Rocky Mountains.

- n .'1 'J __ P • 'lM • / \ f 'L ". t,,. '. "!.

1, i , (, 19 l } ~ Genus Paraprobâ Distant, 1884 f Elongate, slender, delicate speciea. -Head vertical, black,. ~", f carina absent. Pronotum and hemelytra with simple haIre. ,t ~ ~ ~ Paraproba capitata (Van Duzee) \ , j \ Diaphnidia ciPitata Van Duzee, 1912, 490 } - Diaphnocoris capitata Kelton, 19611 566 , f Paraproba capitata Kelton, 1965' 1028 Length 2.8 - ).5 mm; width 0.7 - 1.2 mm. Head black, \ 1 éyes removed from margin of pronotum. Pronotum and hemelytra j1 , pale green. Biologys Overwinter as eggs. Nymphs, End of May - end of June. Adultsi End of June - end of July. Nymphà and adults feed on mitei;, mite eggs, aphids, leafhoppers and l other soft bobied arthropods. Remarks, This species la readily distinguished by the black head (Fig. 14). . Distribuitonl Dfstrict of Columbia,' Illinois: Iowa, - \ Maine, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Nova Scotia, Ontario,

; Québec. l'

" Genus DilJ2tlnocorl" Kel ton, 1961 Elongate, slender, delicate species. Head oblique. Eyes globo se , carina between them almost obsolete. Head, preno- " tum and hemelytra pale green. Pronot~· and hemelytra with \ (:). simple haira. \ \i.I

J' / . . '.-,.~-... ~ ------~----~--~ .. ----~------._- -- ._. ------_..... , 1 ,;

20 ,\ (. , t t Diaphn~coris provanch~ri (Burque) l, Malacoris provancheri Burque in Proyancher, 1886. 144 1 ~ Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, 1895. 44 r~ ~ Diaphnocoris provancheri Kelton, 1965. 1025 5, l' l: Length 3.7 - 4.0 mm, width 1.0 - 1.7 mm. General colou- \ v ration green. Second antennal segment o:ften black. Eyes removed from anterior margin of pronotum. Pubescence, white and stiff. Hind tibia often black. Biologya Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl June - July. Adul tSI July - September. Nymphe and adults feed on mi tes,

mite egg~, aphids, soft bodied arthropods. L t ,i Remarksl This species is distinguished by the pale overall 1 ! colour and often by the fucoue second, antennal segment and hind tibia (Fig. 15). Steiner (1938) and Lord (1971) re~orted two generations on apple.

\ Distribution. Eastern United States, -Alberta, British \ Columbia, Ontario, Qu~bec. , ' ' ~-';~~.. ,Ir Tribe Pilophorini Reuter

One genua was collected~ Genus Pilophorus Hahn, 1826 Slender, brown or black, ant-like species. Hemelytra con atricted at Middle. Haire of two typee, serlaeous, haire apd simple black haira. Compressed and carinate vertex of head \ , , : overlape anterior margin of pronotum.

", \ 0

\ \ ~)

(. 21 Pilophorus perplexu§ Douglas and Scott Pilophorus perplexus Douglas and Scott, 1875. 101 < Length J.5 - 4.3 mm. width 1.1 - 1.6 mm. General colouration dark brown. Head. pronotum and scutellum fuscous-brown • ta black. Hemelytra uniformly dark-brown with minute yellow hairs. 1 Biologyl Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl ~n(Lof iJuly ,- • \t--,," 1 early August. Adults were collected throughout August • ! .. 1 1 Nymphs and adults feed on mites, mite eggs, aphids, and other 1 soft bodied arthropods. 1 Remark§. This speoiés is distinguished" by the t;rans l ,[ verse silvery lines on the clavus ahd corium (Fig. 16). Distribution' Eastern U.S.A., Nova Scotia, Ontar,lo. Now

known to occur in QU'bec.l,.

Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Douglas & Scott, 1865. , \ This ia a relatively small subfamily. ~pecies are distin \

guished by distinct eleft, at base - c:irf,- claws (Fig. 2). 5 spe- . ..~ eies representing 2 tribes were collected.

Key ta Tribes 1. Oval. medium ·to large size, generally dark, membrane with two cells ••••••••••••••••••••• Deraeocorinl Narrow. slender species. transparent hyaline, 'glassy hemelytral membrane wi1ih one ce],l-•••• Hyallodinl \

~ __.'.'" •• ~~_.tr J ...... ___ ~ a , / ., ..----, "~--- '~_ ...... -...... _-..~ ------"'"------.\ .. t! ~ tJ i , ; t L

l i, 22 f Cl 1 Tribe Deraeocorini Douglas & Scott, 1865 ! Three species in the genus Deraeocori§ were collected. ~ Genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum, 1855 1 .. 1 , 1 , 1 Genarally dark, oval or oblong-oval, robust medium to large , 1 , \ .. species. Eyes large and widely separated, smooth trons. Pronotum and hemelytra distinctly punctate.

Key to Spec'ies 1. Scutellum punctate •.••••••••..••••...•.•...••• nebulosug, 1 • j Scutellum impunctate •••••••••.•••••.••••.•.•••.••••... 2 2. Wing membrane wi th distinct rounded tucous spot at apical hal! •..•••.•••••.•••.•..••••..•.•• fasciolug, i 1 Wing memb~ane 'infuscated but wi thout rounded spot at

1 apical hal! •••••..••••••.••.•...•....• aphidlphWg, "1

Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) Cam,ptobrochis nebulosus. Uhler. 1872, 417 l ' Length J.2 - ~.2 mm. width 1.2 - 2.6 mm. Generally 1 dark or fuscous t\...-blaCk ~i t'h pale mark~ngs. ~gs banded " '. 1 fuscous and dark. \, BiologY'1 Overwinter as adults. Nymphs were collected throughout August. Adults. May - mid-September. Nymphe l, 'ancf adults feed on aphids.'

Remarksl This species is raadily d!stingUished by t~e

small size and punctate scutell~m.

\ " \ , ) , ' - .~ .. . ------.----'--.~-~~1Ii;'" - - _. ----~. ----'----'------

'\ Distribution. - Common in Eastern U.S.A., Texas, Colo- ra(io,. Nova Scotia. Québec.

Deraeocoris'fasciolu§ Knight Deraeocorls fasciolus Knight, 19211 123 Length .5.9 - 6.8 mm; width 2.4 - 3 •.5 mm. Generally " brownish-yellow with fuscous punctures; vertex with brownish transverse markings. Legs greenish-yellow.

Blologys Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl E~ly June - mid

July. ~ultsl End of June - mid-August. Nymphs and adults ,

_ v feed on aphids. Nymphs and adults are ~sually found in j 1 leaf curIs w~th aphid colonies. . ;

Remarksl This was the most ab~ndant species of D,raeocoris in the orchards. It ls reaàily distinguished by the rounded fuscous .J!pot on apical haIt" of membrane (Fig. 17).

Distribution. Illinois. New York. Nova Scotia, Qu~bec.

Deraeocor!1 aphidiph&gQs Knight .' DerleoOor1u ~phidiphagus Knight. 19211 134

\ Length 5.1 - 6~6 mm, width 2.8 - 3.2 mm. Generally dull • brownish-yellow, thickly marked with fuscous punctures. Head with a b-.r at base of vertex. Legs pale yellow. BlologY. Similar to tlsciolugo

Remarksl This 'species is simil~ in ~ize and appearanc8\ to "sciolus. Separated by the fuseous membrane (Fig. 18) • . , .

1 _ , . ' \ r

Distribution. Eastern U.S.A., Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, North & South Dakota. Nova Scotia, Ontario,

~ Québec.

Tribe Hyaliodini Carvalho & Drake, 1943 \ • Two species af Hyaliades were collectel1: Genus Hyaliodes Reuter, 1875A Elongate-aval slender species. Eyes on anterior lateral portion of head. Head narrow behlnd eyes to form a dis

" tinct neck. 1 Key to Species i 1 1. Collar, calli and areas lateral ta ca11i dark-brown 1 or black ...... hp.rti Ca11ar, cal11 and areas 1atera1 ta ca11i colourless ...... vitripennis

HYaliodes harti Knight " - HYaliode§ hart! Knigh.t, 19411 57 , \ Length 4.0 - 4.6 mmi width 1.2 - 1.7 mm. Genera11y pale, tranelucent. Lege yellowish-pale.\ Heme1ytra wi th . recumbent, white shiny haire. Biologyl Overwinter as eggs. Nymphe were ~ollected {I , throughout July. Adulte. End of July - end of August. Nymphs'and adults feed on mites. mite eggs and aphids;

'..., ~J l ·)-.-"...,.-~-...-,---_ ... __ ....,-_ ...... ~------_. l f i (. 2.5 Remark§. This species ls distinguished by the irregular shape of the inverted Y mark on the membrane (Fig.19). Distribution. Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, New .• York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Nova Scotia, Ontario. Now known to oocur in Quibec. 1,' -r li ~ 'Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) 1 ~ • t l Capeua vitripennis Say, 1832. 24 t Length 4.1 - 4.8 mm, width 1.4 - 2.0 mm. Generally {f pale yellow. Head, clavus, edge, of coastal margin yellowJ basal half of pronotum coarsely yunctate. Legs dull yellow.

BlologYI Similar· to hartl. > , i Remarksl This species is similar in size and aupearance to harti. It is separated'from it by the colourless caIlar Î ! and calli (Fig. 20). Distributions Eastern U.S.A., Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec.

Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas & Scott', 1865 1 ~ This is the third largest subfamily in North America. Spe- \ cies are ,distinguished by the absence of pulvilli between claws. 4 species representing , genera of the tribe Phylini were collected •

. , - . 26

Key to Genera

1. Dorsum with white scale1ike hairs intermlxed with i erect simple hairs ••...... •.••• Lepidopsa1lus Dorsum wi thout scalelike hairs·••••.••.•••..•.•..•.• 2 1 2. Species over 4.0 mm; head pronotum and hemelytra mostly black •...... •.•.•...•.• P1agiognathus

Species less than J.O mm, head prono~um and heme-

1 1 1yt ra ye llowl eh •••••••..••••••.•.•••• C ampy10mma

Genus Lepidopsallus Knlght, 1923 Short, ovate. Head broad, genera1ly fuscous to dark. 1 1 Dorsum wi th scalelike hair13 Intermixed with erect simple \ hairs. Hemelytra dark. Legs short and darkr.

Lepidopsallu,s mlnisculus Knight Lepldopsallus minisculus Knight, 1923a 472 ri

\ Length 1.8 - 2.7 mm, width 1.0 - 1.7 mm. Generally black and moderately shining. Membrane and veins uniform- . \ i 11y f,'USCOUB. Lege black.

Biology, Overwinter as eggs. Nymphe 1 Early July

mid-July. Adults. Early Jury - mid-August. Nymph~ ~d

- adulte feed on mites, mite' egge. aphid~. other soft bodied \ 1 arthropods. . '\ \ • 1 Remarks. This spec~es is-readlly distinguiehed by the

.. 1 ~\ white scalelike pubescence (F~g. 2-1) •

\}l: 1'.,4" . Distribution' New York. Now known\ ta- occur in Qu'bec. ~ " @ !; \

, • ,. tl"~ \ -----.... _------"...,---~_\-_~._-----~~,_ ...... ~ \ \,

Genus Plagiognathus Fieber, 1858 Elongate, medium size species. Hemelytra wlth yellowish ,. white or black ha~s. Legs fuscous ta yellawish. 1

1 Key to Species 1 1. Pronotum and hemelytra black •••••••..••••..• polltus Pronotum and hemelytra with palemarkings .• obScurus

Plagiognathus politua Uhler , Plagiognathus poli tus Uhler. 18951 52 Length J.5 - J.8 mm; width 1.3 - 1.5 mm. Head black; j f t', pronotum and hemelytra generally,dull brown to 'black, heme- ,

1 1 ly~ra ~ith y~llowish-white hairs. Femora plack. tibiae l yellowish. BiologYI Overwinter as eggs. Nymphsl Early June -

early July. Adults were collected t~roughout July and Au- gust. Nymphs and adults feed on mites, aphids. and cater- l , pillars, and.also on fruit. Rémarks, This, species la readily distinguished by the black hemelytra (Fig. 22).

Distribution. COlQrado, Connectic~t, Massachusetts.

Montana, New York.'O~tario. Qu'bec • ./

\ \ ('

/ .>-....~"' .. ~ ...... iI' ...._ • .....,..,...... _____--..._. ___ _.--_ , '.

" 28 i (~: Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler 1 Plagiognathus obscurus UhIer, 1872& 418 \) Length J.7 - 4.4 mm; width 1.3 - 2.1 mm. Head black,

pronotum dull brown to black"hemelytra with. black and pal~ ! 1 markings and yellowish-white haira. Legs dull yellow. Biologr' Similar to politus. -1, i Remarks. This'species ia larger than politus and is j also separated from it by the pale markings on the hemely 1 1 tra (Fig. 23). 1 l \ Distribution. Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michi 1 gan, Minnesota, New York, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, ·1 1 Qu~bec •

Genus Campylornma Reuter, 1878 Small, generally pale-yellowish species. Legs pale, hind _.t'emora wi th black dots. Campylomma verbasct (Meyer) Capsus verbasci Meyer, 18431 70

,Length 2~1 .. 3.0 mm, width 0.9 - 1.7 mm. Oblong-oval. " generally pale to greeni~h-yellowJ hemelytra with suberect dusky hairs. Legs yellowish. Biol.oQ:1 Overwinter as eggs. Nymphe and adulte were collected througbout the summer. Nymphs and adults feed on , fruit and mites, aphids,. leafhoppers and other orchar.d pesta.

. \. \ \ ,! _ .. , , ~'.~ -,,,'" < • ~ 1'" ~ "'"'" :~~""I.~-.._ ...... ~ ____ :.:... ' " ~ \ ~ r , , ,""1" ,'" .. ~,

o \ 29 ! Remarks. This species is readily, disti~ished by , , the greenieh-yellow hemelytra (Fig. 24). Di'stribution.' Eastern U.S.A .• British Columbia, Nova Scotia. Ontario, Québec.

'" 1 1 \ r

~/ r i ! Î ,1 ,; ; , . , 1

~ -

,i(

1 ,-~' \ " ,

. '

.,"'~ J. 1 ,~ • r ~ \. ; ':f ~ >, " 30 , ( t, ,t Results and Discussion ~ The ~lassifieation of adul t Miridae found in the i ~ apple orehards of Seuthwestern Québec is based on external , /1

1 t " morphologie al characters. Because the 29 'species'could be i "t ,\ easily separated by their external appearance, no attempt f /~s made to use the genitalia., Th~ tarsal claw characters ! ~ (;Ii elaborated by Knight (1918) were used to separate the subfamilies. To separate the genera and species size, colour, pubescence, punetuation and other visible markings on the head were used. The tarsal claw terminology of Schuh (1976) was not followed because 'it is not praetical. The 20 illustrations are intended te help in the identification of spe'cies. Eight species Taedia pallidula, Phytocoris

canadensis, Phytocoris husse~i, Lygidea mend~, Ceratocapsus digi tulus,. Heterocordylu§ malinus. R:yaliodes "'.b'arti and Lepidopsallu§ miniscullus are new Provincial records. 'rhe observed biology of -mirids in apple orchards_ / in southwestern Québec is similar to/many mirids known from eastern North America as reported by Blatchley (1926). As

r the cli~atic conditions influence the plant development in tpe- region, the Miridae biology i5 closely linked to the plant development. ln Southwestern Québeo overwintering , eggs start hatching\ as the buds open up in early May. Early

< > ,. , \ _·T>Jo<<<~'''''''''_''_''''''''''.''''' ____''. ______'''''I'''''_-'''''':'''-' _____ '''' ______"\,...-. ____ , ,______t:. !

season species emerge in Northern Vermont and central New York by mid-April (Knight 1941) and earlier further, south. , ) Diaphnocoris provancheri was present in the.. orchards from early June to late September. iwo generations have been reported in apple orchards in New York (Steiner, 1938) and Nova Scotia (Lord, 1971). A slmilar pattern is demonstra ted by Campylomma verbasci. The adults were collected from

middle of June to late August. T'wo gen~rations were obsetved for this speciea in Nova Scotia (Gilliat, 1935) and three , \

and possibly. four 0 generations from the Southern interior of British Columbia (McMullen and Jong. 1970). The hibernating,species emerge in early spring as soon " - ...... - as the snow malts and the weather is warm enough. , Lygus lineolaris feeds and breeds on great varie~y <' of plants (Kelton, 1975). In eastern Ontario two generations . ' for this species have been reported (Guppy, 1958, Loan.

II- 1965). No attempt, was made to determine the number of gene-, rations for the species in Southwestern Québec orchards •

. l ., • . . ;.

----~~-- .. ------..:...... ------_.-.. "

References ~--, ( Blatchley, W.~ 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of Eastern North America wi th e special reference ta the faunas of Indiana and Flarida. Nature Publi., Indianapolis. Boivin, G., R.K. Stewart, G. Mailloux, I. Rivard' et R.O. Paradis. 1979. Observations sur la punaise de la pomme. Lygocoris communis (Knight) (H'mipt~resl

Miridae). Phytopro~ection. 60(2).119-124. .. *Carvalho, J.C.M. 1955. Keys ta the gênera of Miridae of the world (Hemiptera). Bol. Mus. Pavaense. Emilio Goeldi. 11(2).1-51. ' *Carvalho, \ J.C.M. 1957-1959. A catalogue of the Miridae of \ the world. Pts.' 1-4. Archos. Mus. nac., Rio de J., (0 Brazil. *Carvalho, J.C.M. and C.J. Drake. 1943. A new genuB and the new species of Neotropica1 Dicyphinae (Hemiptera). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 3(1)187-89. \ '" *Distant, W.L. 1850-189'. ,Insecta. Phychota Hemiptera - He- teroptera. Biologia cent. am. 1 462 pp. Douglas, J.W. and' J. Scott. 1865. The BritisIT Hemiptera - VoL ~1 'HemipteraIHetero'Ptera. 672 P'P' London.\

Douglas, J.W. and J. Scott. 18,5. Briti~~ Hemiptera addi tions and corrections. Entomologist's·Monthly Ma

ga~ine. 12(5).100-102. -, \

\ ,-.,,..,,.-~---~--,------_..:...------

33 G *Fal16n, C.F. 1814. Specimen novam Hemiptera Disponendi Methodum Exhibens 26 pp. Lund. *Fieber, F.X. 1858. Criterien zur generischen Theilung der Phytocorides (Capsini aut.) Wien Ent. Monat 2, 311. Gilliatt, F.C. 1935. Sorne predators of the Euro'gean red

mite, Paratetranychus p-ilosus C. & F., in Nova Soo 1 tia. Cano J. Res., D,13119-38. '1 1 Guppy, J.C. 1958. Insect Surveys of clover, alfalfa and i birdsfoot trefoil in eastern Ontario. Cano Ent. 1 901523"'531. .! *Hahn, C.W. 1826. Icones ad Monographiam Cimicûm. Ip., 1 / 24 pls. ,Q

1 *Hahn, C .\\1. 1831-1835. Die Wanzenartigen Ins~cten. Vol. 1-3. Nuernberg.

"'"'\ Kelton, L.A. 1961. A new nearctic genus of Miridae, wi~h

\ notes on Diaphnidia Uhler 1895 and Brochynotocoris Reuter 1880 (Hemiptera). Can. Ent. 93( '1) .566-568. _. ------\. - - - Xelton. L.A:- 1965~ Diaphn~di~ Uhler and Diaphnocoris Kpl-

ton in North America (Hemiptera,Miridae). Cano ~nt. 97(20),1025-10JO. K~lton, L.A. 1971. Review of LYgocoris species found in Cana.da and Alaska (HeteropteraIMiridae). Mem. Ent. Soc. 'Canada. No. 83.87 pp-.

\ 34

Kelton, L.A. 1975. The Lygus bugs (Genus Lygus Hahn) in North America (HeteropteraIMiridae). Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada •. No. 95 101 pp.

Kirschbaum, C .L~ 18.55. "Rhynchotographische B~i traege. Jahrb. Ver. Nat. Nassau 10116)-348. Knight, H.H. 1916. Remarks on Lygus invitus Say, with description of a new species and variety of Lygus. (Hemiptera - Miridae). Cano Ent. 48(10)1)45-349. Knight, H.H. 1918. Synoptic key to the subfamilies of

\ Miridae (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). N.Y. Soc. Jour. 26(1).40-44. Knight. H.H. 1920. New and llttle known series of Phy tocoris from the eastern United States (Heterop tera - Miridae) Bull.' Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 1.5{2-). 49-66.

Knight. H.H. ,1921. Monogr~;ph of the North American spe- "-" eies of Deraeocoris (HeteropteraIMiridae) State Ent. Minnesota. 18th Rep., pp. 76-210.

o -Knight, HIH. 1923. The Miridae (or Capsidae) of Connec- J \ • ticut. ~ W. Britton, The Hemiptera or sucking insects ot Connecticut. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sury •• No. J4

~night. R.H. 1941 .. The plant bugs or Miridae Dt: Illinois.

Bull. I.llinois St. Nat. Hist. Sury. 22. ' , .

/ \

. , ," . , ' -..--.,_.-.....,.... , ---

35 .

Lean, C.C. 1965. Life cyèle and development of Leiophren , pallipes Curtis (Hymenoptera.Braconidae. Euphori- nae) in five mirid hosts in the Belleville dist rict. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ont. 95.115-121.

Lord, F.T. 1971. Laboratory tests·to compare the ~redatory

value of six mirid species in ~ach stage of deve \ lopment against the winter eggs of the European \ red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari • ..:'etranychidae). Cano Ent. 103.1663-1669.

~lailloux, G., R.O. Paradis et J.G. Pilon. 1979. néve 101'- , ment saisonnier de la punnai-se terne, Lugus line- .' l olar!@ (P. de B.) (Hémiptère.Miridae), sur frai-

po~iers élers, frambuisiers et dans le sud-ouest o du Qu~bec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Québec. 24s48-64. McAtee, W.L. 191:6. Key to the Nearctic species of Paraco+o

coris (Heteropte~a.Miridae). Ann. Ent. Soc" Am. \ 9( 4) J 366,-390. :, ~j " / McM.ullen, R. D. and C. J ong. 1970. The biology and influence of pesticides on Qampylomma verbasci (Hetero'p tera-Miridae) Cano Ent. 102.1390-1394. *Meyer. L.R. 1843. Verzeichnlss der in der Schweiy einhei-' \ mischen Rhyohonten (Hemiptera Linn.). 115 pp.

..• 0

\ / .. l~ 36

Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. 1805-1821. Insectes recueil- ~ , lis en Afrique et en Amérique, dans les· rayoumes d'Oware et en Benin, a Saint-Dominique ét dans les , Etats-Unis pendant les années 1781-1797. Paris. 267 pp. , Parent, B. 1958. Efficacité des prédateurs sur le Tétrany- que rouge du pommier Panonvchus ulmi (Koch), dans.

1 les verge~s du Quebec. Ann. Soc. Ent. Quebec. 4.62-69. Parent, B. 1967. Population studies on phytophagous;mites ',' and predators on apple in Southwestern Qu6bec. .Can.

E~t. 99.771-778.-

Provancher, L. 1886. Petite faune entomologique du Cana~a. / , , Les Hémi~tètes, III. Québec.

, i *Reuter, O.~. 1875â. Remarques sur le cataloguè des.Hémipt~ , i re d'Europe et du basin de la Mediterranée ~ar le Dr. i A. Putton. Pet. Nouv. Ent. 137''547-548.

*Reuter, O.M. 187512.. Capsinae ex America Bor~ali in Museo \

Holmensi asservatae, de~crip,ta. Ofv. K. Veto Akad. Forh. 32(9).59-92.

*Reuter, O.M. - 1818. Hemiptere Gymnooerates d'Europe, du ba- \ sin de la 14editerranee et de 'l'Asie RU1:!se. 2 Acta Soc. Sei. Finn. 13al-188.

Reuter, O.r.l. 1909. Bemerkungen ueber ,nearktische Capaiden nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten. Acta. Soc. SO,1-. Finn. )6(2).1-86. "

,., , ' ~, ~...~ti~:OO- ______...... o..-. ___ ~._ ~ .. "

.. <> )r '0 37- Reuter, O.M. 1910. Neue Beitraege zur Philogenie und Syste- L matik der Mipiden nebst einlei tenden, Bemerkullgen ueber'die Phylogenie der Heteropteren-Familien. Acta. Soc. Sei. Finn. 3711-171. Santord, K.H. 1964... Eggs and oviposition sites of sorne predacious Mirids on Ilpple trees (Miridae IHeteroptera) • .-

\ Cano Ent. 96r1185-1189.

Say,~. 1832. Description of new species o~ Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. New Harmony. 33 pp. 1 '. Schuh, T.R. 1976. Pretarsal structutes in the Miridae (Heteroptera) ~~ th cladistic analysis of re'lati~n- " 1 '1 i ·ships within the family. Am. Mus. Nov. No. 2601'1 1 1-;9.

Stear, J.R. 1925~ Three mirids predaceous on the rose l~af- c ~ 1 hopper on apple. J. Econ. Ent. 18.632-6;6. S'beiner, H.M. 1938. Effect's of orchard practices on natural eriemies of· the white a1'1'le le afhopper • J. Eco. Ent.· J1 (2) 12)2-240. Uhler, P.R. 1872. Notices on the Hemiptera of the western territories of the Uniteq States, chiefly from the \ . surveys of Dr. F.V. Hayden. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Montana. 18,1. 394-4)). \ \ ~ . . Uhl~r, P.R. 1887,.' Observations on North American Capsidae .. • ri th descriptions of new species. No. 3:' Ent. Am. "

. ,~ \ .- .' o 38 Uhler. P.R. 1895. HemfP$e~a of COlorado, in Gillette, C.P. and C.F. Baker. 'UIL Colorado Expt. Sta. 31&53-55. Van Duzee, :t:P . . 1912. Hemipterplogical Gleanings. Buffalo

co - Soc. Nat. Sei. Bull. lO(-:>-- 2) 1477-512.

Van Duzee. E.P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America \ \ 1 north Of Mt;!xico (Excepting Aleurodidae, Aphididae and Coccidae r. Univ. California FubL Tech. Bull. -r• )( Ent. 2(14)&1-902. Van Duzee. E.P. 1920. 'New Hemipterous insects of the genera

Ar&dus. Phytocoris .~d Canmtobrochys. Cali~. Acad. , Sei. Proc. Sert 4 91332-256. ~

*Referenees not sêen in original. .. \' - ,f

.. ; "

,\\ .. \

0' \ r \ \

, , , ' ',~, ",'

':', r. "" j "

~~ t -, j u , / ~- ~ ,: \~ :~, ~ \ ',,'- ,'~::~: ' ':::l:', ': ~:~:-:-::~~\~·t:·.} -" ,

\ 39 ." CI

, Key to Sixteen Gener. of fifth instar nyJIlt)hs of Miridae . (Heteroptera) found on apple trees in Southwestern Québec Abstract 1 ~ /' Sixteen genera of fifth inst'ar nymphs of Miridae 1 are keyed. The subfamilies- represented are Mirlnae Hahn, - Orthotylinae Van Duzee. Ptl:ylinae Douglas and Scott. and

Deraeocorinae Dougl~s and Scott. \

\ , , , '

, . ..

, .

" , , -

- P, \ " , " , ",' ",',: • ", 1 ;, L ,,' ',,1'::"'" \

Introduction

Because the immature stages of mirids feed continu ously they may be regarded as' more harmful or beneficial in

apple o~chards than adults_ Large populations of phytopha gous species may quickly damage the cropt Similarly, large populations of predatory species May quickly reduce the po pul.ation of harmful pests. Thus identi-fication of the mirid nymphs ia ueeful for effective integrated control programa. Li teratune on classification of mirid nymphs ia scanty. Leeton and Scudder (1956), Lawson (1959), Herring 1 and Ashlock (1971) nrovlded keys for separating mirid nymphs 1 from those of other Heteroptera. DéCoursey (1971) and Aking bohungbe (1974) provided keys to the subfamilies of mirids.

':> Akingbohungbe, et, ai. (1973) nrovided' a key ta late', , instar .

nymphe of Wisconsin mirids. . ,j As there ls no comprehensive study of immature stages , on apple in Québec orchards this study"~_as .~ndertaken to c01- le ct the nymphs on, apple __Egld-t-g" ------~~------provide a generic key ta aepa- r,

Materials and Methods'

Nymphs were col.lected at the three 'localitiea in Bouthwestern Québec mentioned in Part 1. Tl)e collectecf nymphe were kil1ed in vapour of ethy1 'acetate. C.olour descriptions and morphological examination were done in the laboratory un-'"

\ \ ...... _~, ~"' -- ...... ------,..-.-

.,.."..."".. ~""""~,.. 17' , \ l ; , 1 $ ~ i. Ci 41 der a Wild MS stereobinocular m~croscop~. Illustration$ of 1 the dorsal abdominal glands were made wi th the aid of a ca mera lucida attached to the microscope. The nymphs are se

1 f pàrated into subfamilie s usihg the tarsal claws of ,Knight

1 { (1918) ahd abdominal glands of Akiz:gbohungbe (1974). ! t, Î Results

Key to Subfamiliea f . 1 1. Faremp'odia membranous, either converging or parallel • i ·(Fig:l)~•• : ..•••...... ••.....••.... •. 2 Parempodia either bristle-like or absent (Fig.2) .•• J

1 2. Dorsal abdominal gland secondarily paired or nearly ''f sa (Figs. 25- & 26) ...... MIRINAE

Dorsal abdominal gland not ~econdarily paired

(Figs. 27 & 28) ...... ORTHOTYLINAE 3. Tarsal claws large, base with 'ditrnct cleft (Fig.2) ••••••••••••••• • • • • e ••• , •••••••• •• DERAEOCORINAE Tarsal claws devoid of distinct cleft •...••• PHYLINAE -1

Subfamily MIRINAE Hahn

Key to Genera , 1. Dorsum with five distinct black s~otsl two on protho- rax. two on scutellum, one near dorsal abdominal gland ., o-pening ••...••.....•••..•••...••.•..... ~~ ~ ...•... . LYgUs 1 le)

\ j6' r t 1 42 Dorsum wi thout fi ve spots as above •••••••..••...•••..•• 2 2. Antennal' segments 1, 2, and 3 with long setaceous .. pubescence or compressed hairs •••••.••••.•.••••••• 3 Antennal segments 1, i, and 3 not as above •••. ' ..••..•.• 4

3. Body green or pale green, oval •••••.•....•••••. Lygocori§. ~

Body bright red, elongate ••..•••..•••.....•.• f ••• Lygid~a 1 1 4. Antennal segment 2 longer than width of head across 1 eye s ...... Taedia 'Antennal segment, 2 âé long as width of head across eye s ...... Phytocoris

1 Subfamily ORTHOTYLINAE Van Duzee t 1 1 Key to Genera i ~ 1. Body ant-like ••....•.•...•- ....•••..•.•...••••• Pilophorus \ -! Body not ant-like ...... 1 •••• '" •• '2 ! 2. Antennal segments 3 and 4 inflated; subequa~ in thick-,

ness •...... •...... •••..••••• r ••• ceratocaps~ /, Antennal segments 3 and 4 not as above ••....•.....•.•.• 3 3. Colour· predominantly red •••...•••...... •..•...•. 4 ';j - - \ Colour predominantly pale-green, yellowish-green or pellucid wh! te ...... , ...... 5 4. First and second abdominal segments banded wi th red •••••

,q •••• ~ ••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 •••• • .,Lopidea First and second abdominal segments not banded as

\ . ,\ abov~. : ..•..•••••..••••....••..••••••• HeterocordYlus

•

~ \ ". ,., -~---".---

li 8 .. ' .. \ ...... ~------'--

43 c

\ 5. Colour pellucid white J antennal segment 2 longer than J

...... 1 ...... • Parapro b§ , Colour pale-green or y:ellowish-green; antennal segment , r 2 equal to or shorter than J ••....•.... Diaohnocoris

Subfamily DE-MEOCORINAE Douglas and Scott

1 Key to Gj\Oera 1

1. Abdomen prolonged into red or fUSCOUB tail-like exten 1 tian J obody slender., devoid of stout bristle 1 dor Î \ 1 sal abdominal gland as in fig. 28 •••....•• Hyaliodes Abdomen without tail-like extention; body oval, with erect stout bristles, dorsal abdominal gland as in

Fig. 29 ...... 1'", ••••• Deraeocoris

Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas and Scott 1 Key'to Genera

1. Body generally red; antennal segment :3 white ..•..... ~ .•• , · ...... , ••••• !..e uidopsallus

\ Body not red, antennal segment 3 not as above •...... •. 2 2. Body generally dull green; hind tibiae lacking black

knee spots •. 1lII'" ...... Campylomma Body generally pale; hind t i biae wi th black knee

o spot s ...... ~ ... . Plagiognath\1s

o -~~--_., '

III .... 1 F

~ 44 û , Reaul ts and Discussion

Fifth instar nymphs were collected in the apple orchards. in Southwèstern Québec. The nymphs represent \ ,/ th'e 16 genèra of adulte dealt with in Part I. As the

<~. nymphs may be regarded as more beneficial or more harrnful \ than the adul t S F a key to separate them ls urovided. The tarsal claws of Knignt 1918 and the abdominal glands of \ \ Aklngbohungbe .(1974) were used to se-pa;-ate the nymphs.

,VI!f!'t

" 45 "

, Refèrences f~ j Akingbohungbe, A'.E. 1974. Nymphal characters and higher class 'II ification analysis in the Miridae (HemipterasHeterop i , tera) with a 'subfamily key based on the nymphs. Cano : l 1 Ent. 106.687-694. . Akingbohungbe, A.E., J.L. Libby andR.D. Shenefelt. 1973. . j . Nymphs of Wisconsin Miridae (HemipteraIHeterootera). \ 1 Un~v. of Wisconsin - Madison College of A.griculture 1 \ 1 f and Life Sciences R2S61. DeCoursey, R.M. 1971. Keys to'the families and subfamilies i of the nyrnphs, of North American Hemiptera-Heteron- tera Proc. Entamol. Soc. Wash. 73(4) :41:r.. 428.

\ / ' Herring, J.L. and P.O. Ashlock. 1971. A key to the nymphs of the families of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) of America North of Me'Xicb. Fla. Entomologist. 54(3')1207-212. Knight, H.H. 1918. Synoptic key to the subfamilies of Miri dae (Hemiptera-Hetero-ptera) N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 26(1)s40-44. Lawson, F.A. 1959. Identification of ."t,he nymphs of common families of Hemiptera. J. Kansas Ento!llol. Soc. 32 s 88-92.

~ Leston, D. and G.C.E. Scudder. 1956. A key to the larvae of \. the, families of British Hemi-ptera-Heteroptera.Ento- mologist.89122)-2:31." \ o \

\ , ' o 46 PART THREE

Observations on the fe-eding of ten predacious speoies of 0", . Miridae (Heteroptera) confined in field cages on appl.e trees in Southwestern Qué'bec A};>straot The nymphs and adults of ten preda~ious sp~cies of Miridae were confined on apple trees. S'Decimens were fed mi te eggs, mites, aphids and l.epidopterous larvae that are normally fO,und as pesta of ap'Dles in Qu6beo • ./ Most speoies readily consumed mited, mite eggs and aphids.

\ , ,

)

, ~ J 1

. " ":\' ( \ \ \ \ -"'\

·f•

INTRODUCTION

Predacious Miridae found in apple orchards in South western Québec prey on many soft bodied... arthropods such as mite eggs, mites, aphids and lepidopterous larvae. These 1 mirids are beneficial because they prey on pests that are. ~ 1 n~rmally found in apple orchards. In spi te of ... their benefi 1 cial effects the feeding habits and the type of prey they \

consume ls not ~ell known. The predation of several species of mirids in a'Pple orchards on 'different pests was observed in Nova Scotia (Gilliatt, 1935, Lord, 1949, 1956, 1962, Pickett et al.;

19461 MacPhee, 1953; MacPhee and Sandf(\)fd, 1956; ~961;- Sandfo'rd, 1963, 1964; MacLellan 1963, 1977, 1979). This study was undertaken to ob,serve the food co~n sumed by ten predacious mirids confined to cages in the (field in Southwestern Québec.

Materials and Methods Jty. This experiment was conducted in the abandoned apple

orchard in the Morgan Arboretum, ~1acdonald Campus, ~te. Anne de Bellevue (Lat. 450 38' , Long. 73 0 58') in the summer o~

1979. Nymphs and adults were confined in screened 16.0 Je \ 9.0 Je 9.~ cm cMes in the field. Non-fruiting clusters were inserted through a hale in the bottom of the cage which was

then plugged with a split cork, notched to receive the \ stem. "----,-.. ------*_._------,.;-.---- .<

Cages we re fas tened to support ing branches' wi th flexible

wire. The branches chosen were, usua~ly, about fi ve feet from the base of the apple trees. Two cages' were used u • . / for each predator species. Nymphs were confined, to one cage and adul ts were confined to another. The' experiment was carried out throughout the summer because of the dif ferent periods of occurence of the various species listed in Table 1. Food was provided in excess of what could be .consumed in approximately equal numbers. The cages were 1eft in the field for two days and then removed to the laboratory for observation. These were rep1aced wi th new cages corîtaining fresh prey and predators. The' number of

. empty eggs and dea~ prey was used as an index to arrive at the predator preference.

Resu1ts and Discussion

Generally the feeding observ~tions indicate that

1 aphids were more readily consumed than the other food. The eggs ,and nymphs of the Eur,opean red mi te, Panimychus ulmi, \ were more readi1y consumed than the adtil ts. The lepidopterous larvae were observed to be 1east consumed (Table 1). In Southwestern Québec Deraeocoris fasciolus ànd' g. , - nebulosus nymphs and adults were 'colleèted in ~eaf':curls wi th aphi d col~nies. Knight.(1941) observed -D. fasciolus , " O·

.., ' \ '.\1''' , '1, .. 2t.... "';,fi ,', . '-'"';--' ..... --'.~------

J.~~ ______~fL- ______~ ______l .._ '

\ 49 (1 in apole orchards in New York. MacLellan (1979) found' the snecies a 'Oredator of anhids in an'Ole orchards in Nova Scotia. D. aphidiphagus is normally found in anhid leaf curIs on e1!l\ but few adults wera- collected in Québec apple orchards in 1978 and 1979. 12. fasciolus and 12· rut.=. bulosus are beneficial agents for controlling a-phids in

a~ple orchards in Southwestern Québec. The three of . 1) ,Phytocoris were also collected a:r-0und anhid leaf -curIs. 1 Le'Oidopsallus miniscullus. Campylomma verbasei and Hyalio 1 1 des vitrinennis have no specifie sites on aople trees. The 1 1 latter species i6 ~so known to be a beneficial predator. 1 Steer (1925) and Steiner (1938) showed that this species 1 ls an imT)ortant nredator of Ieaf'h'onpers. Lord (19'701) re

t)orted i t as a predator of mite e~g\3. McMullet:l and Jong , -(1970) shçwed that Co, verbasci is both oredacious and nhyto - ~ - ,>i , f phagOUB. This eBPab.11i ty is\ 'also •susnected in 1. miniscu-

" , . lus. Dia'Ohnocorls provancheri and Paranro~a cani tat~ rea- ;,lt< .:- ...'~" l' dily p~ey on mite eggs 'and mites and auhid nymphs.' MacLel- "~.,., 11 ,,1 .. • . , lan (1963) showed that Q. -6rO'vancheri 'Preyed on codling moth \

eggs. Gilliatt (1935) and Lord (1971) revorteÀ ~hat this spe~ies i~ a predator of mités.

1.. -

,'~ ,

, , ------~~------~~~------_.\ ~

-50 û

Table 1

'0 Food consumed 'by nymphs and: adulte of ::n ~:::a:~:: .::r:::e::::s~onfined 1. __ _ Prey Panonyèhus Aphids Lepidopteroue /. ulmi larvae ' 1 j • STAGE READILY. STAGE READILY " /

1 Predator CONSUMED CONSUMED 12. f'ascioluS Nymphe ,Adulte " 12. nebulosus Nymphe ,Adulte Not consumed • ,1 : ,!!.minieculluij Egg , - . Not consumed

1 fi: vi tripennig Egg, ~ymph Nymp~s,Adulte Read11y consumed i 1 Q.provancheri Egg, Nymph .NY!Ilphs Not consumed \ l.capitata Egg, NynÎph Nymphs Not consumed . \

1, .f. erectus Nymph:s.Adults Sparingly' consumed .. ; .,' ,~, i .f.canadensis Nymphs.AdUl t,a Sparingly CO)'lsumed l·salieiB Nymphs.Adulte Spàr~ngiy consumed

Q.verbasci ~gg \ 1 .. 'Not consumed

.------\ ______~.------~----~--~------L------,------~

1 .. 1

; /

,. - __...l "~ ___, ___::...".~~ \_~ ______~_:""'~L~ __ • ,~~_ ",~"",," .... 4,. _ ...... -.. ,...,...... -.....-... __... _ )

~ .. --~~I------~------·~'~·~·------~---/~I~\~\. __------

• 1

51 CI References \ ... Gilliatt, F.C. 193.5· Sorne ~redators of the European red " ' mite Paratetranychus uilosus C. & F •. in Nova Sco-::, l' tia. Cano J. Res., D. 1J:19-J8. Knight, H.H. 1941. The !>lant bugs or Miridae of Illinoi,s. Bull. Illinois St., Nat. Hist. Surv. 22. $ Lord. F.T. 1949. The ~pfluence of s~ray nrograms on the , \ fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. rntes and Predators. Cano Ent. 81:202:214 and 217-230.

Lord. R.T. 1956. The influerl€e of spray programs ~n the l' l ,fatma of apule orchards in Nova Scotia. IX. Stu 1 d+es on m~ans of alteri~g ~redator populations. Cano Ent. 88:129-137. . i 'Lord, F.1. 1962. The influence of spr~ programs on the 1 fauna of a'Pple orchards in Nova Scotia XI., Effects,

of low dosages of DDT on' nredator Inonulations. Cano , > ." Ent. 94 J 204-216 • Lord, F.T. 1971. Iaboratory tests to comnare the ~edatOry value of six mirids species in each stage of development against the Wl.nter. .eggs' of the European red \ 'mite, PM0nYchu! .Ylm!. (Acari :Tetranychidae) • Cano Ent.·10).166j-1669.

• ) .

" , - \. '~"'~~--""~"";;''''''''--~\.--.l--<,----- 1

I)iacLellan, C.R. 1963. Predator uo'Oulations and 'Predation on the codling moth in an integrated control or

chard. 1961. # rr.em. Ent. Soc. C~. ;2141-54.

iY.acLellan, C.R. 1977.- Popula~ions of sorne major pe'sts and \heir natural enemies on young and semLdwarf a'Ople trees in Nova Scotia. Cano Ent. 109i797-806. IVIacLellan, C .R. 1979. Pest damage" and insect fauna of

,-' \ Nova Scotia a'Ople orcharçls=. Gan. Ent. 11(9,) s ~,Y ~, : \ , \ 98.5-1004. ." '

MacPhee, A.W. 1953. The influence of sryray nr~grams on

the fauna of auple orchards in Nova Scotia. V. "

O' 1 The uredacious thrips, Hanlothrins faurei Haad. 1, Cano Ent.' 1 8513)-40. l j, li!~cPhee, A. W. and K.H .. Sanford ~ 1956. The influence of 1 , . i s'Pray programs. on the fauna of apple orchaI'!s iri' Nova Scotia X. Su'O'Olement to', VII. Effects on· sorne o beneficial arthro~ods. Cano Ent. 88:6)1-634. , 1 , ! .' J . \ MacPhee, A.W. and K.H. Sanford. 1961. rhe influence of snray programs on the'fauna of'annle orchards ip \ '. '\ Nova Scotia XII. Second su'Oulement to VII. Effects

on M~neficial arthro'9ods. Ca;n. Ent. 9)1671-67:'3 •. 1 . . . McMullèn, R.D. and C.Jong. 0 1970. The biology and influence" of pesticides on CamuyloMmA verbasci (Heterontera' Miridae). Cano E~. 10211)90-1394.

\ . ------LI!!!!I!!!III!!I!!!!!!'!I!!!!"'MI~--_':'-_------=---~~-~--- t .~-

\ \ \ ft i CI \ Pi~kett, A.D., N.A. Patterson, H.T. Stu~tz, and F.T. Lord. 1946. The influence-of soray orograms on the fau na of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. r. An anurai sal of the problem and a method of aporoach. Sc. Ag. 262590-600. Sanford, K.H: 1963. Life hist0ry and habits of Hyaliodes harti, Knight. M.Sc. Thesis Deuartment of Entomolo l gy. McGilL'Univ. (unpublished). Sanford, K.H. 1964. Eggs and oviuosition sites of sorne pre-

1 dacious !Viirids on ~nle trees

.' Cano Ent~ 961~18;-1189.

Stear, J.~. 192;. Three mirids predacious on the roseleaf- hon~er on aoule. J. Eco. Ent. 12:633-6)6. . steiner, H.M. 1938. Effects of orchard nractices on natural énemies,of the white aople leafhooper. J. Eco. . . Ent. Jl(2),2J2-240. \ '

.. .

0, •

. \

\' , \ 1 . .,' ..... ~-- .... _,,_.- ...----- ,

~~~ ____ .______. ______--~ ______~ ______--_.f j l t ~ t 54 "j Ct PART FOUR

Laboratory observations on the feeding of four,predacious

, < J snecies· of mirids on the eggs of Panonxchus .Yl!!!i (Koch)

Abstract Nymphs and adults of four snecies of nredacious

Miridae t Dia'Ohnocoris nrovancheri (Burque) t Hyaliodes vi tri'Oennis S'ay, Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight, and Phyto 1 coris canadensis Val!., !)uzee were confined ta cages and fed 1 eggs of Euronean red mite, Panonychus ll1mi (Koch) in the ! -Iaboratory. Number of eggs consuined daily and at each sta '1 ge of development for each species are tahulated. 'J'he re, 1 sults indicate that !if .vitrinennis in aIl st8;ges consumed

the greatest number of eggs. The l~ast number of eggs was consumed by Q. fasciolus. The two species likely to he most beneficial in controlling mites in aDPle orchards \ in Southwestern Québec are li. vitrinennis and ~. provanche-

\ !

o """.... ,.. )l .....iU4P4A ~".I ____.....______-.:.. ______...-;. __ ;;..- ______

55 1, (,1

Introduction i

If The objective of this study was to observe the quantity\of mite eggs;consumed by Deraeocoris fasciolus t. l Knight, Hyaliodes vitrinennis Say, Phytocoris.c~nadensis \ . ' ! (Van Duzee) and Diauhnocoris provancheri (Burque) in or- 'der to calculate weighting factors for predation by mixed 1 1 ! populations of these species. } / ( \ 1 aband~ned \ \ ~ Samples taken from the orchard in the 1 ïViorgan Arboretum, Macdonald College, Ste Anne de Bellevue 1 0' o' (Lat. 4, ~~; Long. 73 58) using the method of Lord 1 , . "1 \ (1968) showed that these four species were the most abundant i 1 s~ecies of predacious mirids. In Nova Scotia MacLellan (196) and Lord (1971) showed that abundance of individual mirid suécies is not a reliable assessment of their effectiveness as nreâators. The latter author mentioned that the ,consequence of change

in species or in stage of.developme~t are more imnortant than changes in abundancé.

Materials and f\iethods

Té test~the effectiveness of the four speoies each • "1 1 1 was cont'ined ta a cage and fed unl.imi ted amounts of mi te eggs. The cages were made of Lantern glasses 21.5xl0.0 cm. The

cage.was sto~pered at both ends with styrofoam. The ~,bÇlttom ," . stopper was provided with a slit to hold t~e apple twigs and plugged with" cotton. The twigs were selected in the field ";'J"'~+'''I...., ... ~_,, ___~_. ___ -:-. ____ ,____ •

and gravid females were enclosed on them with sleeve cages in July, August and Sentember to lay eggs. Twigs wi th de \ posited eggs were brought into a greenhouse at weekly in- tèrvals from mid-December. The eut end of the twig was kept in water which was changed regularly. The identi ty of the nymphs hatching from the twigs were confirmed to be the sarne as the narent--and then tra.iisferr'~d te the feeding " , cages. t:linter eggs ofithe Eurouean red mite P. ulmi (Koch) [ were collected in the field and fed daily ta the nredators. 1 The eggs on the twigs were counted before ~lacing in the cages and after removal. Eggs were ~rovided in excess of what could be consumed.' The anparatus was nlaced in an " environment cham ber in the incubator room on Macdonald Cam- ... a 1)US. The chamber was maintained at 21 - 22 C, the photo- period was standardized at 16 hours per day, humidity was maintained at 60 - 65 %. 1 t ·Results and Discussion 1 Egg .Consumntion 1 The number of eggs consumed by first and second instar nymphs were added together (Table 2) because the in stars were difficult to separate. Five nymphs were intro duced into the first and second instar cage. Each instar \ lasted 5 - 7 days. After each succeeding molt the lnstars

" O. ·, "

" -~~~. ~ ~i;,.\ 1 1 ~~t: ~~~~~~~-~------..

t1 l ~, 57 J were transferred to the next instar cage. The number of predators alive at each stage Qf develoument i8 shown at , t , > ~ the top of each column of Figures 30 - 33. The adults , , ~ ~.: \ '., 1 were supplied wi th prey until the y died.' . , " t l, 1 t Hyaliodes vitripennis Say

1 This species consumed more mite eggs than any 1 species. ' Nymphs and adults remained more acti,ve than 1 any ether species. Ste~ (19251 and Steiner (1938) sho wed that this species is an imnortant nredator of leafhop pers. Lord (1971) shewed that this species feeds readily on mite eggs. > : / f Diaphnocoris urovancheri (Burque) li " .

This species rated second ~in the consumution of mite eggs. This rating may be somewhat underrated because it is in the field for a longer time than li. vitriFennis 'j in Southwestern Quebec. In Nova Scotia Steiner (1938) and 1 " Lord (1971) observed two. generations~n .apple. Its abili- ty to reduce mite populations in apple orchards have been studied by Gilliatt (19JS), Lord (1968) and MacLellan (1963, 1979). ~ ...... _- -....., ...... _-~ .. -----

Phxtocoris canadensis (Van Duzee)

This s~ecies rated third in egg consumpt~on. Field observations indicate that these suecies oceurs near leaf-

curIs containing a~hids. They sparingly feed on mite eggs.

DeraeocQris faseiolus Knight

This species rates last in egg consumution. 'Knight 1 ,/ . 1 (1941) observed that s~ecies of Deraeocoris prefer aphids f , 1 to other oests.

1 l 1 !

-~-~~------~-- ---~~--- ..

. , 59 -·0

Table 2

!\lean number of eggs of f.. ulmi (Koch) consumed by the' various instars of four predacious mirid species in the laboratory.

SPECIES '. tl.vitrinennis D.nrOvancheri ~.canadensis\~.fasciolus INSTAR ~ 1 st&2nd 159.6 148.7 157.0 75·)

1 Jrd 335.0 308.3 164.7 124.) 4th ,528. J 422.7 322.) 260.7 5th 905·0 779.0 496.) 449.} 1:: Adult 1543.) 1107.0 964.} 681.)

-7

" .

\ .~ ,,"' ..... _.' h ...... ~' -... ~>.~:: ~-;"""0~"'·"'''''''~'''· , " .' .. :' ~... ", "',":- ~, -- , \

60 Fig.30. Consumption of eggs of E· ùlmitKoch).. ... -... by , 0, H.- !!E!!E~~!!:!~ Say. 1600 3

" 1500

1400

1300

12)0

1100 b

• 'd 1000 Q) s ~ 3 0') 900 ~ 0 C) co ~ 800' tlD Q)

G-; 0 700 F-I Q) ,0 600 e ::::s :; 1=: ,. 1=: 5JO lU (\) ~

~, " ' 4°0 ~'f ) 300 ~ ~

200' ,;- " , , \ ~ " 1 ~ .. 100 '\ " ,

e 1.& 2~ :3 ,4 5 adults INBTAR. _Per day,o, . t:::J per instar " , ~Per adult ..., ...... -. _,...41!_"______-.:.. __ -.:. ______.....::..-'-_:...... '- ______~\ ,',

61 Fig.31. Cônsumpti~n of eggs of P. ulmi{KOch) by , 1 ------0\ Q·E~2Y:g~h~~!~Burque). \

1200 2

1100

1000 .. 'd Cl> ~ 960 U,) s:: 0 () 806

U,) ~ - « bD Cl> 700 4-i 0 H 600 Cl> p S Ç$ r= s:: n:I (J) ~ 490

300

.' 200 "

100

'- c ~ IN'STAR. 1 _Per !lay ! ,OPer instar 4)\, , \, gper adult - <)"

(..,

,...- \ \ , \ .

Fig. 32. Consump-tion of eggs of F. ~!m! l,Koch) by

E. S~~~~~~!!~ Van Duzee.

( . 1000 2

900

• '0 800 s(1) ;j If) s:: 700 0 0

1))' !lD 600 !lD (1) It-t 0 500' Fol (1) ..0 3 400 ~ ru~ (1) 300 - ::t: ., 200

100

adul t. 1.& 2. 3 ~ 5 1 ) INSTAR. .per day ,. ,.1t {JI, -r @'~ CJ'Per instar ~ " ~Per a~ult ·";'·.'F d'~ ; •• :.;.,... C'~'~~~~"f-:"""'!~" "i~.'~.~ ...... --4~-'-:_"-- 44* ."•• ,. "

63 Fig.33. con~umption of eggs of ~, ~!m!(KOCh) by', D. fasciolus Knlght -- .. - ... -_ .. -

.')l~ _ (- ~. '1 ,.

, 1 \ 1 1 i- '.

700 • ~ \1) S 600 s::CfJ 0 C) 590 CfJ l1D Q!) ID 400

~ 0 H 300 ID .0 S ~ 200 ~ 100

1. &: 2 3 5 adult

~ INSTAR. • -.per day .---- l' . .' i!er ------/ c:l

) ~ Per ad~t .'

\ , . \, . ' : L' Il ,< . ' l 1 ," " ' ~ s ,~/' " .). ,t • \ • , \ l .,,~,,~ .... , ~"'""I j ..... '"

\ References

., Gilliatt, F.C. l 1935. ' Some nredators of the Euronean red

:1.i te Paratetranychus nilosus c. & F. in Nova 800-'

tij.. Cano J. Res., D. ~3119-J8. Knight, H.H. 1941. The ~lant bugs. or Miridae, of Illi ... 22. nais. Bull. Illinois St., Nat. Hist. Surv. ," , , ,-, Lord. F.T.· 1968. An appraisal of methods of gam~ling anple trees 'and results of sorne tests,using a sampling unit common to insect predators and thelr prey. Cano Ent. 100J23-)).

Lord, F.T~ 1971. Laborata~y tests ta co~nare the predatory value of Six mirid s'Cec,les in each stage of develop- \ ' \.. ment against the winter eggs of the Europe~ red mite, Panonychus. ~ (Acari. Tetranychidae). Cano Ent~ 103.1663... 1669 "

ff.acLellan. C.R. 1963. Predator ~o'Pulations and l1redation -" , on the codling moth in, an integrated cpntrol' orchard . - 1961. kem. Ent. Soc,. Cano )2141-54.

MacLell~, C.R. 1979~ Pest damage and ins~ct fauna of Nova , L ScO,tia apple o'rchards. Cano Ent. 11(9) 1985-1·004.

S~ear. ~.R. 1925. Three mirids nredacious on the rose leaf-

hopper on anple. J. Eco. Ent. 18.6))-636.-, c .. _ ~einer, -H~-19~8: Bffeets of orchard ~raetice8 on natural , , " enemies of the wh! tEt apple leatho'Pper. J. Eco. Ent'.

,, 3~(2) J232-240. n ~ \

\ , \ - -,.' '------~------..---",.--.....-----_. \

, 65 .le , ; 1 PART FlVE J General Discussion - ConclusiGn The t~enty nine s~e?~es of adult Miridae collected 1 1 from anple orchards of Southwestern Québec reuresents the ./ j, , i \ known fauna of the region. '!'hls i8 a small percentage of 1 : , i the ,known faUna of North America (Bfatchley, 1926). Taedia !

pallidula. Phvocotls cana~ensis 1 Phytocoris husseyi t L'wi

dea mendax. Ceratocapsus digitulus. Heterocord~rlus malinu,s, , ~ H~a~iodes harti and Lepidopsallus miniscullus are new Pro

vincial record~. The tw~nty nine'species are widely distri 1 i • 1 buted in eastern Canada and north ea.stern United 'States. No aonarent geogranhical barriers. such as high roountains or large b.odies of water oceur in this area ,which would create

iSG-lation of suecies. lt is nrobable that many of these 5:>e

ci-es ooeur on other 'Olants in Qu~bec. Generally, the taxonomy of the adult ;,.iridae i6 bet

"ter known than 'that of the nYlIl'phs. ~he tarsal'characters , . used in separating the subfamllies as nro~osed by ~euter

(1910) and mop.i.fied by Knight (1918) and Carvalho (195.5) have been 'in use f~ o~er 6e years. The revision of Schuh (1976)

la ado~ted for tarsal claw t~rminology. The i~cl~ded keys , \ r to ad,ult Miridae and nym'9h,s. illustrations, ~iologicaf notes ana overall distributicim of s'Pecies 'collected in Québec or- 'I J ~'

chards s}\~uld be of value to, reséarch SClentists and to atrole" o

1t\'i 1 ..

!JI " J

" . ..,..--.----:--______.::-- ___;...-._~ ___,'II_jl--- ___ • Ilt). l>. l- i , ~ \ -.f, " 66 :' G

, 1 , growers who daily encounter these insects. ~. i Literature,on the classification of the nyrnDh is ~" s,arse. The tarsal characters used for adults may be $ used ta seuarate nym~hs into subfamilies. The structures ~ _. t of t~e dorsal abdominal giand opening r.rooosed by Akinebo- ~ , f hungbe (1973, 1974) were âlso used. f f There are more beneflcial mirid soecies than harm- ,{t 1.: ful ones in the aDole orchards of Southwestern Qu~bec. The beneficial snecies deerease nest nonul~tions in apple or- 1 chards. Snecies of Deraeocoris and Fhytocoris prefer

anhids over mites and, lenido~terous larvae. They are found

ln close association with anhid colonies in leaf~curls. Hyaliodes vitriuennis and li. harti urey on mites in aDule orchardsq The latter species oceur in very low ~mbers. <- Nym'Ohs of known predators consume nrey at different rates , in their developrnent.

, t • :1 ',1 \

....

" . \ :4",. .' e , ' ''l

" \ 'f j' , \ ,~ , , ,u~i~" " , , ,,' } " '~t ~; ~ -{/~ ::'-' -. . . '. 1 1 j:,;,,~ï,;~ .. ~ ~:1 :" ' , , r {,. tt.~1 " , }"", 1 " ~ ,~ :,1~:--', , ,q~J .. I,"r' ~" ',l- .,' '"!f~ V ,~ " ' /~ r--~~---._-----\<,--~---:::'G---t-- ______-

r ë " 67 1 References for Literature Review and Part five 1.

~ c Akingbohungbe, A.E. 1974. Nymphal characters and higher t classification analysis in the );lridae (HemiTJtera: !l 1' Heteroptera) wi th a subfamily key based on the :, f1 t nymnhs. Cano Ent. 106:687-694. i Akingbohungbe, A.E., J .L. Libby and R.D. Shenefelt. 1973.

\ 1 rJymnhs of ~visconsin r.:iridae (Hemi Dtera: P.eteroptera) • ! 1 Uni v. of Wisconsin - ;.:adison College of Agriculture ,1 and Life Sciences ~2561.

-, Blatchley, W.S. 1926. Heterontera or true bugs of Eastern 1 North America w3. th esnecial reference to the faunas - of Indiana and F19rida. Nature Pub!. Indianapolis.

*Carvalho, J .C.M. 1955. Keys to the genera of r.'liridae of the world (Hemi ptera). Bol. rï.us. Daraense Emilio

Goeldi. 11 (2) 11-51.

DeCoursey, R~M. 1971. Keys ta the families and subfami~ies

of the nymphs of North American Hemiptera - H~terop , . 1 " . 1 tera.- Proe. Entomol. Soc'; Wash. 73\4):41)-428. \ Gilliatt, F.C. 1935. Sorne uredators of the Euro~ean red

mi te. Paratetranychus "ilosus C. & F., in Nova Sco- tia • Cano J. Res., D. 13119-38. ------~-• Guppy, J .C. 1958. Insect surveys of cl,overs, alfalfa. and birdsfoot t~efoil in eastem Ontario. Cano Ent. 90'523-531. ,1

·'~"'l~~_~,"",,_""""""-" --~. ______•______.... ' __ 1

1! ~ le., 68 Herring, J.L. and P.D. Ashlock. 1971. A key to the nymphs 1 of the families of Hemi'Otera (Hetero1)tera) of Ame~ t l rica north of rl:exico. Fla. Entomologist. 54( J) : t 207-212. \ Xelton, L.A. 1971. Review of Lygocaris t-p'ecies found in " 1 Canada and Alaska (Hetero'OteraIIiliridae). ~'!em. Ent. ' Soc. èan. No. 83.

::eHon, 1!A •. 1975. The L:reus bugs (Genus Lygus Hahn) of

1 North America (Heterontera:JUridae). ~:èm. En't. Soc. Cano No. 95. 1!. Knight J H.H. 1918. Syno'\')tip key to the, subfamilies of .. ! ~üridae (Hemintera-Heteroptera). N. J. Ent. Soc.

Jour. 26(1) :40-44. " r.

Knight, H.H. 1941. The ulant bugs, or t:.iridae, of Illinois. Bull. Illinois St. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 22. \ Lawson, F.A,. 1959. ~dentification of, 'the nymTlhs of cornm,on

families of Hemi~tera. J. Kansas Entamol. Soc. 1 " 32: 88-92.

Leston, D. and G.C.E. Scudder. 1956. A key to the famili~s ...,. .. 11 •• of British lfern:l!)tera-Heterobtera. 'E~tomol\)ogist. 89'22J-231. 196;. Life cycle ariCi development .of' Lel,ophron

J2i1lipes Curtis ~Hymenopteral Braoonidae t Euphorinae)

~ ~",'" in ,t~ve .mirid h~sts in the Belleville ~istrict. ,1 , Proo. , Ent. Soc. Ont., '9.5 .11S-12L .

\ , 1 .. ' " ." ~,~ l-: ~ 1'";. " , , ,t. l df':,-:',:.~~-;: :', ,j: ,,;'.~ ,"':" ) ~,:J~~i-~ r>~ ~J;'J:,.',t ~tlL,' _ " ' "

Lord, F. T. 1949. The influence of snray Drograms on the fauna of apole orchards in Nova, Scot ilit. Mi tes and Predators." Cano Ent. 81: 202-214 and 217-230.

Lord, F.T. 1956. The influence of soray ~rograms on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. IX. Stu. 'dies on means of altering nredator ponulations. ,\ l î Cano Ent. 88s1'29-137.

Lord, F.T" 1962. The influenc~ of suray l)rogr~s on the

fauna of annle or.chards in Nova Scotia XI • Ef~S ~ of low dosages of DDT on nredatàr Do!-,ulations. ca~

Ent. 94:204-216. Lord, F.T. 1971. Laboratory tests to compare the 'Oredatory

value of six mirids s~ecies in each stage of deve-

IODmen~~ against the winter eggs of the Euronean red mite, Panonychus ulmi (AcarirTetranychidae). Cano

Ent. 1031166J-1669.

j.:acL~llan, C.R. 19~iJ. Predator po-pulations and nredation", 1· i' on the codling moth in an integrated control orchard - 1961. rvlem. Ent. Soc. Cano 32141-54. lr.acLellan,, C.R. 1977. Ponulations of sorne major t'lests and their na"tural enemi~s on young and semidwarf aJule . --,--_.-- t-rees"in-·Nova Scotia. "'Can. 'Ent. 109'797-806. ", M~cLel1an, C.R. 1979. Pest damage and insect fauna of No

va Scotia apple orchards. Can. Ent. 11(9)198S~1004,

/ -.' . ~'" ~ C" ..... ~· ...... """V.-.-.....- __-..... __ ...,...... ______.....;. ______IJl '1

Mac~hee, A.W. 19,3. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. V. The pre dacious thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood. Can., Ent. 85133-40. l\1acPhee, A.Lv. and K.H. Sanford. 1956. The influence of

spray programs on the fauna of apple, orchards in Nova Scotia X. Supplement to vtI. Effects on J some beneficial arthropods. Cano Ent. 881631-6~4. Ma~Phee, A.W. 'and K.H. Sanford. 1961. 'l'he influ~nce of 1 spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in 1 Nova Scotia XII. Second supplement to VII. Ef ! fects on beneficial arthropods. Cano Ent. 93&671- 1, 1 673. MCItiullen, R.D. and C. Jang. 1970. The 'biology and influ enée of pesticides- on Campylomma verbasci (Heterop terall\1iridae) • Cano Ent. 102,1390-1394.

Pickett, A.D., N.fi. Patterson. H.T. Stultz and F.'L Lord. 1 1 1946. The influence, of spray programs on the fauna of' apple orchards in Nova Sootia. 1. An appraisal of' the problem and a method of approach. Sc. Agr. 26- 590-6GO.

*Reuter, O.M. 1910. Neue Beitraege zur Phylog~nie und Syste- matik der Mlrlden nebst einleitenden Bemerkungen

ueber die Phl1ogen1e der Heteropteren-Fami~i_en. Ac ta. Soc. SoL Finn. 3711-171. _, ()

1 \

" , , ' ~

" 1 ___\ • __ . ______,.,.-.. _____ 1_' ~_ f ! ~' ~ 1 , t " 71 { (~i

1 f Sanfard, K.H. 196). Life histary and habits of Hyaliodea 0 ,f , harti, Knight. M.Sc. The~isJ Department of Entomo-\ f

~. ; logy, McGill Univ. (unpublished).

f' !t Sanfard, K.H. 1964. Eggs and oviposition sites of some i predacious Mirids on apple t reea (Miridae,Hemipte \;. ra). Cano Ent. 96,11,85-1189. '

Schuh, T. R • 1976. Pre tarsal structure a in the ~liridae n (HeteropteraJ wi th c'ladistic analysie of relation- ,

ships within the s~bfamily. Am. Mus. Nov. No. 260111-39. Stear, J.R. 1925. Three mirids predacious on the roseleaf happer on apple. J. Eco. Ent. 1816))-636. ! Steiner, H .1\1. 1938. Effecta of orchard practices on natu l '1 ral enemieé of the white apple leafhopper. J. Eco'. Ent. 31(2).232-240.

*References not seen in original.

~ .

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Fig.1 Pilophorus perplexus Douglas and Scott

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