June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16467 EXTENSIO·NS OF REMARKS MILWAUKEE CHILDREN'S HOSPI­ corded in its 41 specialty clinics on an who have attended the Capitol Page TAL'S 75TH ANNIVERSARY outpatient basis. Those clinics are sup­ School. Today, I salute the incumbent ported by the United Community Serv­ Paul Thomas Tucker, of Weirton, W.Va. ices and are manned by members of the As Paul moves into the final week of HON. GLENN R. DAVIS hospital's medical staff who donate their his service of a year and a half-includ­ OF WISCONSIN time and professional know-how to aid ing the second semester of his junior IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the less fortunate who come to them year and all of his senior year at Capitol Wednesday, June 18, 1969 for help. Page School-it is appropriate that we During the illustrious history of the extend to him congratulations on his Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker hospital there have been 13 civic-minded achievements and express gratitude for I take this opportunity today to bring women who gave freely of their time and his exemplary performance both as a to the attention of my colleagues in the energies to act as president of the board Senate page and as a student. House of Representatives and other of directors. The following, all represent­ Paul, son of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tucker, civic-minded citizens who will read this ing families long prominent in Mil­ graduated as valedictorian of his Capitol issue Of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a waukee, Wis., and national service ac­ Page School class this year and earned significant date in the history of Mil­ tivities are to be commended for their a Harvard Universtiy scholarship. He waukee Children's Hospital. It was on dedication: Mrs. Frank Falk, Mrs. F. E. will enter Harvard in September follow­ June .1~, 1894, that the dream, courage, Finney, Miss Alice Bradley, Mrs. Charles ing a summer vacation with his family. and VlSlon of seven dedicated women be­ Catlin, Mrs. Emelie Nunnemacher, Mrs. I know I express the sentiments of Sen­ came a reality with the opening of the Jackson B. Kemper, Miss Paula Uihlein ators and staff and Paul's associates in hospital for the care of sick and needy Mrs. William C. Frye, Mrs. Michael J: the group of pages when I say that his children. Milwaukee Children's Hospital Cleary, Mrs. Alfred J. Kieckhefer, Mrs. efficient and willing services and his was then and remains today, 75 years Cyrus L. Philipp, Miss Catherine B. friendly and courteous manner will be later, the only independent, nonprofit, Cleary, and Mrs. Erwin C. Uihlein, who remembered. He has our best wishes in nontax supported volunteer hospital in presently holds that office. his future endeavors. Wisconsin maintained exclusively for The volunteer board of directors con­ Paul's valedictory address at the Capi­ children who are provided care regard­ tinues today as in the past to benefit tol Page School commencement, held in less of creed, color, national origin or the House Ways and Means Committee ability to pay. ' from men and women representative of the leaders in all walks of life in the auditorium on June 9, was well struc­ The original 10 bed hospital was community. The concept of community tw·ed and was a meaningful and chal­ fo~ded in a rented former residence by service on a volunteer basis that guided lenging presentation. It was delivered in Milwaukeeans Mrs. Carol Allis, Mrs. the founding group continues under the the forceful manner that has marked Clara Adler, Mrs. Frank Falk, Mrs. present administration of Edward J. this young man's history as a high school Eleanor Simpson, Mrs. Charles Catlin Logan, a man of long and distinguished oratorical contest winner on several oc­ Dr. Frances Sercombe, and Miss Alic~ experience in the hospital field. There casions in West Virginia. Bradley. The facility they began has are six auxiliaries with a total member­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ grown during its 75-year histon· in suc­ ship of 350 women who work without sent to have the text of Paul Thomas cessive steps to keep pace with demand compensation in the hospital helping it ·Tucker's valedictory address at the 1969 for its services and to remain abreast of through many and varied activities. Capitol Page School commencement medical progress. Today, the hospital is Truly, Milwaukee Children's Hospital printed in the RECORD. a modern 200-bed teaching hospital that is representative of the type of commu­ There being no objection, the speech is the center of pediatric patient care and nity organizations that quietly, effi­ was ordered printed in the RECORD as professional education in Wisconsin. It .ciently, and effectively have played such follows: enjoys a reputation of having one of the a tremendous role in making our Na­ We stand at the foot of a hill. It is the finest orthopedic sections of any chil­ hill of brotherhood, the hill of human great­ dren's hospital in the world. The so­ tion great. ness, the hill of world unity. Every genera­ called Milwaukee brace, designed and It is a beacon, too, to those in foreign tion before us has tried to climb that hill and perfected by a member of its medical lands who seek new ways to improve each has done better than the one preceding staff has gained worldwide acceptance in their own Nation's health. And each it, but no generation has ever reached the the correction of deformities caused by volunteer, each professional coming to top. Tonight, as we receive our diplomas, we scoliosis. the Milwaukee Children's Hospital to begin the ascent of that long hill, and we learn and observe departs enriched by now ask ourselves if we shall be the first to Milwaukee Children's Hospital Is one reach the peak. Past generations are watch­ of just 21 such voluntary hospitals in our what he or she has seen. ing us; future generations are depending on great Nation that offers complete patient It is a pleasure to direct your attention us. One false step will send us crashing to care for children within a medical school to the contributions Milwaukee Chil­ the bottom. environment. It is affiliated with the dren's Hospital has made to a better way In recent years much has been said and Marquette Medical School, and is ap­ of life for all of us generally and our much has been written about my generation. children specifically. Many people, it seems, doubt my genera­ proved by the Joint Commission on Ac­ tion's ability to achieve success. They look creditation of Hospitals, approved by the to the future with dismay. I look to Amer­ American Medical Asosciation for intern­ ica's future as a time when my generation ship and residency training; approved SENATE PAGE PAUL THOMAS TUCK­ will learn to temper power with wisdom, by the American Dental Association for ideas with action, and hatred with justice. dental residency training, and approved ER DELIVERS MEANINGFUL VAL­ I look to America's future as a time of new EDICTORIAN ADDRESS AT 1969 . horizons, new ideals, and new perspectives. by t~e Wisconsin State Board of Nursing CAPITOL PAGE SCHOOL COM­ I feel certain that the majority of the for 1ts program of nursing of children. MENCEMENT members of my generation feel as I do when In addition, it conducts several para­ I say that I believe in freedom for all. I medical educat1onal programs. believe in peace on earth. I believe in com­ The hospital epitomizes volunteer serv­ HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH passion for my fellow inan. I believe in my i<:e, ~udeo-Christian charity, individual OF WEST VIRGINIA generation. It is because of this belief in the capabilities of my generation that I now d1gruty, and community service without IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES reliance on taxes. submit that we can reach the top of that Wednesday, June 18, 1969 hill. The ascent will be a ditllcult one. The Mllwaukee Children's Hospital in the road is rough and littered with the remnants first 10 months of its history served only Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, it has of generations that have faltered by the 23 patients. Last year, a total of 9,252 been my privilege to have sponsored a wayside. youngsters were treated as inpatients number of young West Virginians who Our success in reaching the peak will not and an additional 34,309 visits were re- have served as pages in the Senate and be a question of ability, for ability we have. 16468 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 It will not be a question of time, for we are the country poses the largest single prob­ Whereas the smuggling of narootl.c drugs young and time is on our side. It Will rather lem for the collectors of the customs and dangerous drugs into the United States be a question of devotion. Will we as a gen· and the Federal courts. poses the largest single problem for collectors eration be sufficiently devoted to the tasks of the customs and for the Federal courts in of achieving freedom and justice for au and I am including 1n the RECORD a copy the southwestern part of the United States; peace among mankind? The answer to this of the resolution by the city of Lawndale and question lies with us and it is a question and a copy of the blll we have intro­ Whereas the use of narcotic drugs and that cannot long remain unantwered. For duced: dangerous drugs by juveniles has greatly in­ we shall never reach the top of that hill RESOLUTION No. 961 creased due to the easy accessiblllty of such unless we now begin to climb. We can no Whereas, the most effective way to stop drugs from Mexico: Now, therefore, be it longer afford to sit back and watch things the lllicit tramc in narcotics and dangerous Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep­ happen; we must move forward and make drugs into our community is to cut off the resentatives of the United States of America things happen. We must have perserverance supply at its source, there should be estab­ in Congress assembled, Tha.t the President is in our efforts; we must have devotion to our lished a joint presidential commission be­ requested to initiate negotiations with the cause; but, above all, we must have strength tween the United States and Mexico to un­ Government of Mexico for the purpose of in our convictions. If it is cowardice to at­ dertake an action program to control the setting up a joint United States-Mexican tempt to talk instead of fight, then let me be flow of narcotics between the two coun­ commission to investigate and to recommend a coward. If it is weakness to want to !save tries, and appropriate solutions concerning the flow human lives rather than destroy them, then Whereas, in 1959, the Board of Supervisors of marihuana, narcotic drugs, and dangerous let me be weak. I do not agree with those of the County of Los Angeles requested drugs between said countries. who say it is a sign of weakness to be op­ President Eisenhower to establish a con­ posed to fighting. I submit that it takes trol commission to which he responded by greater strength to talk than it does to fight, sending a fact-finding team to Los Angeles DEATH OF DAVID WEIDNER IN and I believe that my generation has that and other cities to investigate the drug VIETNAM strength. tramc problem, and But I must now warn all enemies of Amer­ Whereas, in 1962, President John F. Ken­ ica, all opponent!s of freedom and justice, nedy called the first White House Confer­ HON. J. W. FULBRIGHT that they shall find in our generation the ence on Narcotics and Drug Abuse, and, OF ARKANSAS strongest of adversaries. If we must fight, while there was much discussion and debate, IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES then fight we will, and we will win. little action resulted, and As I look through the audience tonight, Whereas, in March, 1968, Supervisor K-en­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 I see many members of my parents• genera­ neth Hahn urged President Lyndon B. John­ tion, and I thank you_now for all you have son to continue to seek at the presidential Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I re­ given us. You have left us a nation the level the establishment of a joint commis­ cently received a. letter from Mr. Jack B. prosperity and strength of which no genera­ sion with, but he could not include it in Harrison of Hazelwood, Mo., with which tion has ever seen before. It can only be with his program at that time, and he enclosed a moving poem which he had the deepest sense of gratitude to you that Whereas, in 1947, a joint presidential com­ written following the death of a young we now accept these diplom~ for we know mission was established to set up controls friend 1n Vietnam. Mr. Harrison's poem that we could not be taking even this first for hoof and mouth disease which was helps to bring home the impact of this step without your help. But it is now neces­ plaquing cattle on both sides of the bor­ war on the tens of thousands of families sary that we ask you to give us even more. der, such a commission is even more needed I appeal to you to have faith in our poten­ for the health and safety of our young peo­ across this land who have lost their loved tial, and I appeal to you to help us when we ple whose lives are daily influenced by the ones in this tragedy. are in need of help. Give us knowledge so ready supply of marijuana, barbituates and I ask unanimous consent to have his that we might know; give us strength so that other dangerous drugs which must be cut letter and the poem printed in the Ex­ we might be strong. off by striking at the steady stream of lllicit tensions of Remarks. And so, I now say to you, the members of tramc across the border of Mexico. There being no objection, the letter the graduating clas!s of 1969, that we can Now therefore, be it resolved, that the and poem were ordered to be printed in reach the summit of that hill of brotherhood. City Council of the City of Lawndale, Cali­ the RECORD, as follows: With an unfaltering courage, an unflagging fornia respectfully requests the President of devotion to purpose, and a never-ending the United States, the Honorable Richard HAzELWOOD, Mo., thirst for the right, we must seek new M. Nixon, to establish a commission with May 26, 1969. dimensions of human understanding. To act the President of Mexico, the Honorable Gus­ Senator J. W. FuLBRIGHT, without haste, to judge without prejudice, tave Diaz Ordaz, to halt the lllicit flow of Senate Office Building, and to search without fear, these must be the narcotics and dangerous drugs between our Washington, D.O. goals of my generation. two countries, and DEAR MR. FuLBRIGHT: The attached was prompted by the death in VIetnam of David Be it further resolved that copies of this Weidner, St. Louis, on May 12th last. resolution be forwarded to Secretary of State I have known young Weidner and his William P. Rogers, Attorney General John family since before he was in grade school. HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 486 N. Mitchell, Secretary of Health, Education, I, with many others, feel this war was not and Welfare Robert H. Finch and to both fought to W'ln, and has become a burdensome California Senators and Representatives in and unhappy drain on our manpower and the Congress who represent the County of flnanolal resources. HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON Los Angeles. OF CALIFORNIA I appreciate your efforts and thoughts tn Approved and adopted on this 2nd day of regards to seeking the proper solution to a.n IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES June,l969. end. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ARTHUR GRIFFIN, Sincerely, Mayor. JACK B. HARRISON. Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. Attest: Speaker, I would like to bring to the GALE F. DREITBACK, IN RETROSPECT attention of my colleagues a resolution City Clerk. From Asia comes a sullen sound, by the city of Lawndale, Calif., urging And dark clouds drift against the sky; the creation of a Presidential Commis­ H.J. RES. 486 We tread upon a foreign ground- sion between the United States and Mex­ Joint resolution to request the President to In valleys low, on mountains high. ico to help control the flow of narcotics negotiate with the Mexican Government So far from home, and yet the call and dangerous drugs between our two for the purpose of setting up a joint United To town ·and village, near and far countries. States-Mexican commission to investigate Goes out, and young men strong and tall the flow of ma-rihuana, narcotic drugs, and Are wont to taste the wrath of wa.r. This resolution asks the President to dangerous drugs between the United States set up a joint commission with the Mex­ and Mexico Call back those few years, if we will­ ican Government as Congressman DicK Remember him we called our son; Whereas Mexico is the primary source of The plans we made and would fulfill, HANNA and I proposed in House Joint supply for narcotic drugs and dangerous When he was just a little one. Resolution 486. drugs brought into the southwestern part of Mr. Speaker, it is my hope and that the United States; and Remember only years ago of many people in California that Presi­ Whereas these narcotic drugs and danger­ We camped beside a crystal stream; ous drugs are subsequently distributed His eyes were bright in campfire's glow­ dent Nixon can be persuaded to take The culmination of a dream. the necessary steps to set up such a throughout the United States; and Commission. In the southwestern part of Whereas 100 per centum of the marihuana Adventure all alone with Dad­ seized by the enforcement omcials in the And as I helped him with his line; the United States the smuggling of nar­ southwestern part of the United States comes I thought 1f he were all I had, cotic _drugs and dangerous drugs into from Mexico; and I would be rich, since he was mine. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16469 Turn back the clock, bring back those days with "white" society. Urban policy must have relationships which do not exist in the com­ And give us but another year; as its first goal the transformation of the plex real world. Moreover, they have typi­ To wander down those old byways urban lower class into a stable community cally been based on "common sense" rather With him whose memory we hold deaz. based on dependable and adequate income than research in an area where common Should we not question those who hold, flows, social equality, and social mob1lity. sense can be notoriously misleading. In the Our future lies beyond the sea; Efforts to improve the conditions of life in words of iJay W. Forrester, "With a high de­ Should we believe what we are told, the present caste-created slums must never gree of confidence we can say that the intui­ Although our thoughts do not agree. take precedence over effort:6 to enable the tive solution to the problems of complex slum population to disperse throughout the social systems will be wrong most of the And, though we march in foreign lands, metropolitan areas involved. Urban policy time." We feel the course is wrong; accepts the reality of ethnic neighborhoods 3. A least part of the relative ineffective­ And ask if this be worth the gift based on choice, but asserts that the active ness of the efforts of urban government to Of our sons, brave and strong. intervention of government is called for to respond to urban problems derives from the J. B. HARRISON. enable free choice to include integrated liv­ fragmented and obsolescent structure of ur­ ing as the normal option. ban government itself. The Federal Govern­ It is impossible to comprehend the situa­ ment should constantly encourage and pro­ tion of the black urban poor without first vide incentives for the reorganization of lo­ TOWARD A NATIONAL URBAN seeing that they have experienced not merely cal government in response to the reality of a major migration in the past generation, metropolitan conditions. The objective of POLICY but also that they now live in a state almost the Federal Government should be that lo­ of demographic siege as a result of popu­ cal government be stronger and more effec­ lation growth. The dependency ratio, in tive, more visible, accessible, and meaningful HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER terms of children per thousand adult males, to local inhabitants. To this end the Federal OF WISCONSIN for blacks is nearly twice that for whites, Government should discourage the creation IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and the gap widened sharply in the 1960's. of paragovernments designed to deal with Children per 1,000 adult males special problems by evading or avoiding the Tuesday, June 17, 1969 jurisdiction of established local authorities, Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. White: and should encourage effective decentrali­ Speaker, at the 1969 Syracuse University 1960 ------1,365 zation. 1966 ------1,406 Although the "quality" of local govern­ Honors Convocation, Daniel P. Moyni­ Negro: ment, especially in large cities, has been seep. han delivered one of the most important 1960 ------1,922 to improve of late, there appears to have been statements I have read on the need to 1966 ------2,216 a decline in the vitality of local political develop a national urban policy and the It is this factor, surely, that accounts for systems, and an almost total disappearance social and governmental challenges much of the present distress of the black of serious effort to reorganize metropolitan which now confront our cities. Stressing urban slums. At the same time, it is fairly areas into new and more rational govern­ thrut groups are now registering demands clear that the sharp escalation in the num­ mental jurisdictions. Federal efforts to re­ on a groupw1se, rather than individual ber of births that characterized the past create ethnic-neighborhood based commu­ basis, that many of the new issues shall twenty-five years has more or less come to nity organizations, as in the poverty program, an end. The number of Negro females under or to induce metropolitan area planning as have to be resolved in policy, rather than age five is exactly the number aged 5 to 9. in various urban development programs, have program terms, and that the United Thus the 1980's wilt see a slackening of the had a measure of success, but nothing like states today does not have an urban present severe demands on the earning power that hoped for. The middle class norm of policy. Dr. Moynihan then went on to of adult Negroes, and also on the public "participation" has diffused downward and delineate what he termed "the funda­ institutions that provide services for chil­ outward, so that Federal urban programs now ments of urban policy." It is that portion dren. But for the decade Immediately ahead, routinely require citizen participation in the of his speech in which Dr. Moynihan those demands will continue to rise--espe­ planning process and beyond, yet somehow suggested 10 basic considerations to be cially for central city blacks, whose median this does not seem to have led to more com­ age is a little more than 10 years below that petent communities. In some instances it borne in mind when constructing an for whites--and will clearly have a priority appears rather to have escalated the level urban policy, which I insert in the REc­ claim on public resources. of stalemate. ORD for the information of the Members 1967 Negro female population It may be we have not been entirely candid of Congress: Age: with ourselves in this area. Citizen partici­ THE FuNDAMENTS OF URBAN POLICY pation, as Elliott A. Grause has pointed out, Under 5------1, 443, 000 is in practice a "bureaucratic ideology," a It having long been established that with 5 to 9------1,443,000 device whereby public officials induce non­ 10 to 14------1,298,000 respect to general codes of behavior eleven 15 to 19 ______1, 102, 000 public individuals to act in a way the officials precepts are too many, and nine too few, ten 20 to 24______840,000 desire. Although the putative object may be, points of urban policy may be set forth, indeed almost always is, to improve the lot scaled roughly to correspond to a combined 2. Economic and social forces in urban of the citizen, it is not settled that the measure of urgency and importance. areas are not self-balancing. Imbalances in actual consequences are anything like that. 1. The poverty and social isolation of industry, transportation, housing, social The ways of the officials, of course, are often minority groups in central cities is the single services and similar elements of urban life not those of the elected representatives of most serious problem of the American city frequently tend to become more rather than the people, and the "citizens" may become today. lt must be attacked with urgency, less pronounced, and this tendency is often a rope in the tug-of-war between bureau­ with a greater comtnitment of resources than abetted by public policies. The concept of crat and representative. The bureaucracy in­ has heretofore been the case, and with pro­ urban balance may be tentatively set forth: creasingly gets its way, and acquires a grams designed especially for this purpose. a social condition in which forces tending weapon against the elected officers of "repre­ The 1960's have seen enormous economic to produce imbalance induce counterforces sentative" government, but it is not clear advances among minority groups, especially that simultaneously admit change while that it gets its results. A process of coopta­ Negroes. Outside the South, 37 percent of maintaining equilibrium. It must be the tion, of diminished rather than enhanced Negro families earn $8,000 per year or more, constant object of federal officials whose pro­ energies, somehow seems to occur. that being approximately the nation median grams affect urban areas--and there are few Something like this may have happened income. whose do not--to seek such equilibrium. to those groups seeking to influence opinion In cities in the largest metropolitan areas, The evidence is considerable that many on matters of public policy which have been 20 percent of Negro families in 1967 report­ Federal programs have induced sharp imbal­ openly or covertly supported by the Federal ed famtly incomes of $10,000 or over. None­ ances in the "ecology" of urban areas-the government. This is a new practice in theless, certain forms of social disorganiza­ highway program, for example, is frequently American democracy. It began in the field tion and dependency appear to be increasing charged with this, and there Is wide agree­ of foreign affairs, and has now spread to among the urban poor. Recently, Oonrad ment that other, specifically city-oriented the domestic area. To a quite astonishing Taueber, Associate Director of the Bureau of programs such as urban renewal, have fre­ degree it will be found that those groups the Census reported that in the largest quently accomplished just the opposite of which nominally are pressing for social metropolitan areas--those with 1 million or their nominal objectives. The reasons are in­ change and development in this area are in more inhabitants, "the number of black fam­ creasingly evident. Cities are complex social fact subsidized by Federal funds. This occurs ilies with a woman as head increased by 83 systems. Interventions that, intentionally or in protean ways-research grants, training percent since 1960; the number of black not, affect one component of the system al­ contracts, or whatever-and is done with the families with a man as head increased by most invariably affect second, third, and best of intentions. But, again, with what only 15 percent during the same period." fourth components as well, and these in turn results is far from clear. Can this develop­ Disorganization, isolation, and discrimination affect the first component, often in ways ment, for example, account for the curious seemingly have led to violence and this quite opposite to the direction of the initial fact that there seems to be so much protest violence has in turn been increasingly po­ intervention. Most Federal urban programs in the streets of the nation, but so little, as liticized by those seeklng a "confrontation" have assumed fairly simple cause and effect it were, iri its legislatures? Is it the case, in -

16470 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 other words, that the process of public sub­ government to adopt as a deliberate policy in what time sequence. (In 1968, for ex­ sidy is subtly debilitating? an increase in its aid to state and local gov­ ample, testing of mechanical tobacco har­ Whatever the truth of this judgment, it is ernments in the aftermath of the Viet­ vesting began on the Eru:~t Coast and the first nevertheless clear that a national urban pol­ nam war. Much analysis is in order, but in mechanical grape pickers were used on the icy must look first to the vitality of the approximate terms it may be argued that the West Coast.) Hence, it is possible to prepare elected governments of the urban areas, and present proportion of aid should be doubled, for it, both by training of those who leave, must seek to increase their capacity for in­ with the object that the Federal government and providing for them where they arrive. dependent, effective, and creative action. This contribution constitute one-third of state Doubtless the United States will remain a suggests an effort to find some way out of the and looal revenue on a permanent basis. nation of exceptionally mobile persons, but present fragmentation, and a certain re­ 5. Federal urban policy should seek to the completely unassisted processes of the straint on the creation of Federally-financed equalize the provision of public services M past need not continue with respect to the "competitive governments." among different jurisdictions in metropoli­ migration of impoverished rural populations. Nathan Glazer has made the useful obser­ tan areas. There are increasing indications that the dra­ vation that in London and Tokyo compre­ Although the sta.ndard depiction of the matic movement of Negro Americans to cen­ hensive metropolitan government is com­ (black) residents of central cities as grossly tral city areas may be slackening, and that a bined with a complex system of "sub-govern­ deprived with respect to schools and other counter movement to surrounding suburban ments"-the London Boroughs-representing social services, when compared with their areas may have begun. This process is to be units of 200,00G-250,000 persons. These are suburban (white) neighbors requires end­ encouraged in every way, especially by the "real" governments, with important powers less qualification, the essential truth is that maintenance of a flexible and open housing in areas such as education, welfare, and life for the wen-to-do is better than life for market. the poor, and that these populatiOns tend to But it remains the case that in the next housing. In England, at all events, they are be separated,....by artificial government boun­ governed through an electoral system involv­ thirty years we shall add one hundred million ing the national political parties in essen­ daries within metropolitan areas. (The peo­ persons to our population. Knowing that, ple in between may live on either side of it is impossible to have no policy with respect tially their national postures. (Indeed, the the boundaries, and are typioally overlooked boroughs make up the basic units of the to where they will be located. For to let na­ altogether.) ture take its course is a policy. To consider parties' urban structure.) It may well be As a minimum, Federal policy should seek there is need for social inventions of this what might be best for all concerned and to kind in the great American cities, especially a dollar-for-dollar equivalence in the pro­ seek to provide it is surely a more acceptable with respect to power over matters such as vision of social services having most to do goal. welfare, education, and housing which are with economic and social opportunity. This 7. State government has an indispensable now subject to intense debates concerning includes, at the top of the list, public edu­ role in the management of urban affairs, cation and public safety. (Obviously there and must be supported and encouraged by "local control." will always be some relatively small juris­ the Federal Government in the perf'Ol'ID.ance 4. A primary object of Federal urban pol­ dictions-"the Scarsdale school system"­ of this role. icy must be to restore the fiscal vitality of that spend a great deal more than others, urban government, with the particular ob­ This fact, being all but self-evident, tends but there can be national or regional norms to be overlooked. The trend of recent legisla­ ject of ensuring that local governments nor­ and no central city should be forced to oper­ tive measures, almost invariably prompted mally have enough resources on hand or ate below them.) by executive initiatives, has been to establish available to make local initiative in public Beyond the provision of equal resources a direct Federal-City relationship. States affairs a reality. lies the troubled and elusive question of have been bypassed, and doubtless some For all the rise in actual amounts, Fed­ equal results. Should equality of educational have used this as an excuse to avoid their eral aid to State and local government has opportunity extend to equality of educa­ responsibilities of providing the legal and increased only from 12% of State-local rev­ tional achievement (as between one group governmental conditions under which urban enue in 1958 to 17% in 1967. Increasingly, of children and another)? Should equality problems can be effectively confronted. State and local governments that try to meet of police protection extend to equality of It has, of course, been a tradition of social their responsibilities lurch from one fiscal criminal victimization? That is to say, should reform in America that city government is crisis to another. In such circumstances, the there be not only as many police, but also as bad and that, if anything, state government capacity for creative local government be­ few crimes in one area of the city as in is worse. This is neither true as a generaliza­ comes least in precisely those jurisdictions another? These are hardly simple questions, tion nor useful as a principle. But on the where it might most be expected. As much but as they are increasingly posed it is other hand, by and large, state governments, as any other single factor, this condition increasingly evident that we shall have to with an occasional exception such M New may be judged to account for the malaise of try to find answers. York, have not involved themselves with ur­ city government, and especially for the re­ The area of housing is one of special and ban problems, and are readily enough seen luctance of the more self-sufficient suburbs immediate urgency. In America, housing is by mayors as the real enemy. But this helps to associate themselves with the nearly bank­ not regarded as a public utility as it is in neither. States must become involved. City rupt central cities. Surviving from one fiscal many of the industrial democracies of Eu­ governments, without exception, are crea­ deadline to another, the central cities com­ rope, but there can hardly be any remaining tures of state governments. City boundaries, monly adopt policies which only compound doubt that the strong and regular produc­ jurisdictions, and powers are given and taken their ultimate diffi.culties. Yet their options tion of housing is very nearly a public neces­ away by state governments. It is surely time are so few. As James Q. Wilson writes, "The sity. We shall not solve the problem of racial the Federal establishment sought to lend a great bulk of any city's budget is, in ef­ isolation without it. Housing must not only sense of coherence and a .measure of pro­ fect, a fixed charge the mayor is powerless be open, it must be available. The process of gressivism to this fundamental process. to alter more than trivially.•' The basic equa­ filtration out from dense center city slums 8. The Federal Government must develop tion, as it were, of American political econ­ can only take place if the housing perimeter, and put into practice far more effective in­ omy is that for each one percent increase as it were, is sufficiently porous. For too long centive systems than now exist whereby in the Gross National Product the income now the production of housing has been a State and local governments, and private of the Federal Government increases one function not of the need for housing as such, interests can be led to achieve the goals of and one-half percent while the normal in­ but rather of the need to increase or decrease Federal programs. come of city governments rises half to three­ the money supply, or whatever. Somehow a The typical Federal grant-in-aid program quarters of a point at most. Hence both a greater regularity of effective demand must provides its recipients with an immediate re­ clear opportunity and a no less manifest be provided the housing industry, and its ward for promising to work toward some necessity exist for the Federal Government level of production must be increased. specified goal-raising the educational to adopt as a deliberate policy an increase 6. The Federal Government must assert a achievement of minority children, providing in its aid to urban governments. This should specific interest in the movement of people, medical care for the poor, cleaning up the be done in part through revenue sharing, displaced by technology or driven by poverty, air, reviving the downtown business dis­ and in part through an increase in categori­ from rural to urban areas, and also in the trict--but almost no reward for actually cal assistance, hopefully in much more con­ movement from densely populated central achieving such goals, and rarely any punish­ solidated forms than now eXist, and through cities to suburban areas. ment for failing to do so. credit assistance. Much of the present urban crisis derives It is by now widely agreed that what Fed­ It may not be expected that this process from the almost total absence of any provi­ eral grant-in-aid programs must reward is will occur rapidly. The prospects for an sion for an orderly movement of persons off dissimulation. By and large the approach of enormous "peace and growth dividend" to the countryside and into the city. The Fed­ the Federal Government to most urban prob­ follow the cessation of hostlilitles in Viet­ eral government made extraordinary and ex­ lems is to provide local institutions with nam are far less bright than they were traordinarily successful efforts to provide for money in the hope they will perform but paJ.nted. But the fact is that the American the resettlement of Hungarian refugees in with no very powerful incentives to do so. Gross National Product grows at a better the 1950's and Cuban refugees in the 1960's. There is a growing consensus that the th.a.n a billion dollars a week, and we can But almost nothing has been done for Amer­ Federal Government should provide market afford the government we need. This means, icans driven from their homes by forces no competition for public programs, or devise among our very first priorities, an increase less imperious. ways to imitate market conditions. In par­ in the resources available to cdty govern­ Rural to urban migration has not stopped, ticular, it is increasingly agreed that Federal ments. and will not for some time. Increasingly, it aid should be given dlreotly to the con­ A clear opportunity exists for the Federal is possible to predict where it will occur, and sumers of the pro~ concerned-indi- June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16471 viduals included-thus enabling them to the whole structure is likely to collapse in a national independence. Israel has main­ choose among competing suppliers of the panic of disillusion and despair unless some­ tained a vigilant watch over her frame­ goods or services that the program is de­ thing like new knowledge is developed to re­ signed to provide. place the old. Here again, longitudinal in­ work of democratic ideals and institu­ Probably no single development would quiries are essential. tional structure since her independence more enliven and energize the role of gov­ Much of the methodology of social science on May 15, 1948. It would almost seem ernment in urban a.ffairs than a move from originated in clinical psychology, and per­ unnecessary to note this historic event. the monopoly service strategy of the grant­ haps for that reason tends to be deficiency­ Each and every day is a testament to Is­ in-aid programs to a market strategy of pro­ oriented. Social scientists raise social prob­ rael's ability to remain a viable nation viding the most reward to those suppliers lems, the study of which can become a social despite the many obstacles which beset that survive competition. problem in its own right if it is never bal­ her. In this precise sense, it is evident that anced by the identification and analysis of Federal programs designed to assist those social successes. We are not an unsuccessful Israel's strength must be viewed in city-dwelling groups that are least well off, country. To the contrary, few societies work light of her receptiveness to the ideals least mobile, and least able to fend for them­ as hard at their problems, solve as many, and of democracy, and also in terms of the selves must in many areas move beyond a in the process stumble on more unexpected historical setting. The forefathers of the services strategy to an approach that pro­ and fulsome opportunities. The cry of the de­ Israelis were the ancient Hebrews who vides inducements to move from a dependent cent householder who asks why the profes­ made the journey to Canaan under the and deficient status to one of independence sion (and the news media which increasingly hand of Abraham. Four hundred years and suffi.ciency. Essentially, this is an income follow the profession) must be ever preoccu­ later they again journeyed back to the strategy, based fundamentally on the pro­ pied with juvenile delinquency and never vision of incentives to increase the earnings with "juvenile decency" deserves to be heard. Promised Land-Israel-led by Moses. and to expand the property base of the poor­ Social science like medical science has been The long and arduous search for the est groups. preoccupied with pathology, with pain. A promised land has continued since the Urban policy should in general be directed measure Of inquiry into the sources of Jewish people lost control of their coun­ to raising the level of political activity and health and pleasure is overdue, and is prop­ try to the Romans. Through the 20 cen­ concentrating it in the electoral process. It erly a subject of Federal support. turies that have passed they have care­ 1s nonetheless possible and useful to be alert 10. The Federal Government, by its own fully preserved their identity, heritage, for areas of intense but unproductive po­ example and by incentives should seek to add and unity. I suppose the most obvious litical conflict and to devise ways to avoid to the amenities of the urban environment. such conflict through market strategies. Thus Although there is little that can be stated example of Israel's tradition would be conflicts over "control" of public education with confidence in this area, it is hardly to the maintenance of the Jewish religion systems have frequently of late taken on the be disputed that most American cities are far and the Hebrew language. aspect of disputes over control of a monopoly, uglier than they need be, and that part of In the path of Israel's development a sole source of a needed good. Clearly some this ugliness is allowed, if not indeed re­ have come economic, political, and social of the ferocity that ensues can be avoided warded by Federal programs. progress which, relative to their scale, are through free choice arrangements that, in ef­ Social peace is a primary objective of social perhaps unparalleled in recent history. fect, eliminate monopoly control. policy. To the extent that this derives from a shared sense of the value and significance Economic development has been especial­ 9. The Federal Government must provide ly phenomenal. If we look at the first more and better information concerning ur­ Of the public places and aesthetic value of the city, the Federal government has a direot days of Israel's independence, the econ­ ban affairs, and should sponsor extensive and interest in encouraging such qualities. omy at that time stood close to the level sustained research into urban problems. Daniel J. Elazar has observed that while Much of the social progress of recent years of that of other developing countries. Americans have been willing to become Israel was far down the scale in degree of derives from the increasing quality and quan­ urbanized, they have adamantly resisted be­ tity of government-generated statistics and coming citified. Yet a measure of this process economic development when compared government-supported research. However, 1s needed. There are not half a dozen cities with Western European countries, and there 1s general agreement that the time is in America whose disappearance would, apart only about a quarter of that of the United at hand when a general consolidation 1s in from the inconvenience, cause any real re­ States. Since that time Israel has order, bringing a measure of symmetry to gret. But to lose one of those half-dozen achieved a relative economic position the now widely dispersed (and somewhat un­ would plunge much of the nation and almost superior to that of some Western Euro­ even) data-collecting and research-support­ all the immediate inhabitants into genuine ing activities of the Federal government. pean countries. Indeed, it has outstrip­ grief. Something of value in our lives would ped countries like West Germany, Hol­ such consolidation should not be limited to have been lost, and we would know it. The urban problems, but it must surely include di:fference between those cities that would land, and Finland on a per capita basis. attention to urban questions. be missed and those that would not be Small though she is, Israel today main­ The Federal government should, in par­ resides fundamentally in the combination of tains her status as a power in the Mid­ ticular, recognize that most of the issues that architectural beauty, social amenity, and dle East and seems likely to remain in appear most critical just now do so in large cultural vigor that so sets them apart. It has that position for some years to come. measure because they are so little understood. ever been such. To create such a city and to Agricultural development is most im­ This is perhaps especially so with respect to preserve it was the great ideal of the Greek issues of minority group education, but gen­ pressive. The amount of land under cul­ civilization, and it may yet become ours as tivation has almost tripled since 1948. erally applies to all the truly diffi.cult and we step back ever so cautiously from the elusive issues of the moment. More and bet­ worship of the nation state with its bar­ About 412,000 acres are presently under ter inquiry is called for. In particular, the barous modernity and impotent might. We cultivation. Just 20 years ago only 75,000 Federal government must begin to sponsor might well consider the claims for a different acres were under cultivation. At the same longitudinal research designed to follow in­ life asserted in the oath of the Athenian time Israel has moved to diversify her dividual and communal development over City-State: economy, by increasing the role of in­ long periods of time. We will ever strive for the ideals and sacred dustry. By 1967 farming contrtbuted only It should also consider providing demo­ things of the city, both alone and with 10 percent of the national income, while graphic and economic projections for politi­ m any; mining and manufacturing accounted cal subdivisions a.s a routine service, much as We will unceasingly seek to quicken the the weather a-nd the economy are forecast. sense of public duty; for 25 percent. (Thus, Karl Taueber has shown how seem­ We will revere and obey the city's laws; With Israel's economic achievements ingly unrelated policies of local governments We will transmit this city not only not have come important steps toward polit­ can increase the degree of racial and economic less, but greater, better and more beautiful ical and social progress. She has main­ differentiation between political jurisdictions, than it was transmitted to us. tained a particularly close attachment especially between central cities and sub­ to parliamentary democracy founded on urbs.) Similarly, the extraordinary inquiry i.nto the freedom and responsibility of gov­ the educational system begun by the U.S. INDEPENDENCE DAY SALUTE TO ernment. The Israelis zealously guard Offi.ce of Education under the direction of ISRAEL freedom of worship, speech, association, James S. Coleman should somehow be estab­ assembly, and the press. lished on an ongoing basis. It is now per­ As a world power Israel has main­ fectly clear that little is known about the HON. ADAM C. POWELL tained excellent relations with the United processes whereby publicly-provided resources OF NEW YORK States and the world community within affect educational outcomes. The great mass IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the United Nations, despite the unfor­ of those involved in education, and of that tunate conflict with her Arab neighbors. portion of the public which interests itself Wednesday, June 18, 1969 in educational matters, continue undisturbed In closing, Mr. SpeaJter, may I express in the old beliefs. But the bases of their be­ Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, the State the hope that the peace which we all de­ lief are already thoroughly undermined and of Israel is a tribute to the very idea of sire may soon come to the Middle East. 16472 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 Given peace for all the nations of the ple and for the people, the built-in contests early in August and the first weekend of area, Israel has much to offer in leading show no signs of perishing from the earth...• racing is now set for September 13 and And so the pulllng and hauling tha.t iden­ 14. the way to economic and social progress. tifies our American political scene, from the precinct level to the highest towers of our I hope that any of our colleagues who Federal government. Hence, the divisions that are racing fans will plan to come to the all too often exceed the limitations of whole­ Alabama International Motor Speedway THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN some debate, the fractures that threaten at Talladega for the inauguration of this POLITICS fragmentation in areas where greater unity of fine track. This article, which appeared purpose is needed; hence the corruptions en­ in the Birmingham News recently, gives gendered by political power; hence the costly more details about the track and I in­ HON. ALBERT W. JOHNSON collisions and collusions among forces; the clude it in the RECORD at this point: OF PENNSYLVANIA conspira.cies that would influence elections, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES government investments leading to waste: TICKETS B EING MAILED-FIRST TESTS SET AT hence, even social upheavals and leading TALLADEGA AUGUST 9 Wednesday, June 18, 1969 court decisions based as often upon chang­ (By Clyde Bolton) Mr. JOHNSON of Pennsylvania. Mr. ing poUtical considerations as upon the law The first lap at speee at Alabama Inter­ Speaker, one of my constituents, and a of the land. national Motor Speedway apparently will be Truly we live in troubled times. Our ship turned in two months. good friend, Samuel E. Leshner, of Brad­ of state rides with shivering timbers in a Roger Bear, promotions director for the ford, passed away on June 9, 1969. He storm-tossed political sea. Sometimes as we 2.6-mile super-track, said Ford and Good­ recently retired from the clothing busi­ read our papers and magazines and follow year will begin a week of tests on Aug. 9. ness, and though over 70 years of age, the network's political newscasts we are Firestone, the other principal builder of enrolled as a student of political science moved to say with the spirit Ariel in Shake­ stock car racing tires, probably will follow the at the Bradford campus of the University speare's Tempest, "Hell is empty; and all the next week, he said. devils a.re here!" Bear said the track had not been informed of Pittsburgh. One of his assignments What, then of the nation's political was to write his concept of "The Future who the driver or drivers for the tests would future-of the system which has survived be. of American Politics." His family has a number of earlier and certainly serious Tire companies normally run tests well be­ been kind enough to send me a copy of storms? Will it collapse under the assault of fore a major Grand National event in an at­ his statement, which I am pleased to sub­ even more rugged circumstance? Are its tempt to come up With a proper compound mit for the RECORD, as follows: days, like those of other political experi­ for the particular track. Racing teams, s~ch ments, definitely numbered? Or will its sys­ THE FuTURE OF AMERICAN POLITICs-A POINT as Ford's sometimes lease a track for prac­ tem of built-in checks and balances, its tice, too. OF VIEW comparatively commodious response to the (By samuel E. Leshner) The first weekend of racing at the $4 mil­ changing needs of people, survive and con­ lion speedway is Sept. 13-14. The Bahama Nothing, it seems to me, is a more power­ tinue in service to the amuent society which 400, a Grand Touring race, is set for that Sat­ ful and direct expression of human nature it undeniably helped to create and bring to urday with the Talladega 500, a Grand Na­ than politics. The form of government may fruition. tional event, the next day. differ from nation to nation and from pe­ The answer as I see it-and I hasten to Bear said construction continues on sched­ riod to period throughout human history, suggest that I am hardly an expert-is re­ ules. Paving is well under way and steps for but the challenges and temptations are fiected solely in the answer to another ques­ the grandstands have been installed. strangely similar. And so are the human re­ tion: What of human nature? Has human Mailing of tickets has begun, and the de­ sponses--in terms of motivations, frus­ nature, not alone on these shores, but in mand indicates a crowd of 100,000 for the trations, satisfactions and the like. Wherever the world at large enough goodness and Talladega 500, Bear said. and whenever people swarm, the need for faith and idealism-mixed in With common Although no ticket count has been made, leadership exists--if only to direct tramc and sense-to deal fairly With itself, meaning the money taken in indicates advance sales establish the claims of identity and common the other fellow along With oneself? Or is are just below those of the Daytona 500 at a purpose. This is as true of a college class mankind deeply and irretrievably convinced comparable date, he said. or club or clique as it is of a university it­ that there is no god but power and no throne The Daytona 500 drew the South's largest self vis-a-vis other universities. And it is and scepter but money? sports crowd, 101,000. Bear said AIMS antic­ as true of a village and county and state as Old Benjamin Franklin, stepping outside ipates more of a day-of-the-race sale than it is of a nation among nations. after attending the birth of our nation, Daytona normally has, though. Heaven knows, this is an obvious state­ identified our form of government as: "A Plenty of tickets are avatlable. Ticket or­ ment of fact. And it is no less obvious that republic, if we can keep it!" And his "we" der blanks can be acquired by writing to wherever the need for leadership exists po­ meant you and I. Uncle Ben also said an­ Ticket Dept., Alabama International Motor tential leaders emerge and present them­ other thing worth remembering and apply­ Speedway, Talladega, Ala. selves--in numbers that forever exceed the ing to the situation in our country and the situation's immediate requirement. And with world today. He told the Constitutional that begins the contest, the conspiracy, the Convention, already beginning to haggle power struggle-however gigantic or minus­ over political considerations, "Gentlemen, cule-however deft or ruthless--however pro­ we'd better hang together, or we'll all hang EXCERPTS FROM ADDRESS BY fane or noble. The struggle, no matter where separately." CLARENCE PALMBY, ASSISTANT the arena and no matter what the terms, And that's just about as far as I fell I SECRETARY OF AGRICUL~E is inevitable. It is a struggle to achieve pow­ can afford to go in the direction of prophecy. er-and thereafter to hold onto its scepter in The people of this country and the leaders the face of those who would snatch it we elect to omce can certainly hang together. away. Or-we can hang separately. The choice is HON. JOHN M. ZWACH The history of man could be written-and up to us. Our political system is ready to OF MINNESOTA in fact largely has been-in terms of this oblige us either way. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES power struggle. From sword and poisoned cup and guillotine to betrayals in smoke­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 filled rooms, the mechanics may ditfer from Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, ·one of the time to time and place to place but the na­ ALABAMA INTERNATIONAL MOTOR most informative, factual statements ture of the contest and the need for at least SPEEDWAY ATTALLADEGA, ALA. some degree of conspiracy remain more or that has recently been issued from the less constant. Department of Agriculture was given in There is also the persistent and seldom an address by the Assistant Secretary submerged contest between the leaders and HON. BILL NICHOLS for International Affairs and Commodity t he led. For blood and sweat and tears are OF ALABAMA Programs, Mr. Clarence Palmby, at needed for support and survival-and it is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Kansas City on May 27. t he lot of the led to supply them. In modern Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Mr. Palmby spoke at the Third Na­ terms, it costs money to support a govern­ tional Feed Production School held in ment-its needed operations and its self­ Mr. NICHOLS. Mr. Speaker, I am ex­ conjunction with other functions of the determined payrolls--and that means reve­ tremely pleased that Mr. Bill France, of nues mostly too little and too late out of American Feed Manufacturers Associa­ taxes forever too high. From this usually one­ the Daytona International Motor Speed­ tion. sided contest between king and subjects-or way, has selected my congressional dis­ The contents of this entire message between bureaucrat and taxpayer-there trict and particularly my home county, provides the base or cornerstone for can be little or no retreat. And even where to construct a new motor speedway. The Congress to consider as we develop plans t he government is of the people, by the peo- first speed tests are scheduled to begin or conduct hearings on a new farm pro- June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16473 gram to replace the expiring one at the What's encouraging about world economic more for farm machinery; they paid 80% end of 1970. I have taken the liberty of growth is the big potential that exists abroad. more for wages. But for feed, they paid 9 Most foreign countries have far to go before percent less than in 1954. Consumers gain editing the address and repeating these they even approach America's consumption from this, of course. When livestock produc­ entire sections that I believe are most of red meats and poultry. ers can produce at lower input cost, they pertinent. Copies of the complete ad­ U.S. Consumption of red meats is the produce more product at lower cost. dress can be secured from the Depart­ world's fifth largest. We are exceeded in our PROBLEMS ment. The excerpts follow: meat-eating only by Uruguay, New Zealand, But as I mentioned earlier, there are some ExCERPTS FROM ADDRESS BY CLARENCE Argentina, and Australia. With an annual consumption of about 180 pounds per per­ problems that will create trouble for the feed PALMBY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF AGRI­ industry in the 1970's. Many of these prob­ CULTURE, MAY 27 son-and further expansion in prospect--our consumption compares with 138 pounds in lems, as today, involve our export markets in Total feed grain utilization, stoked by in­ Great Britain, 124 in West Germany and one way or another. creased animal units in the United States Austria, 71 in the Soviet Union, 67 in Italy, Protectionism, of course, is high on the and stepped up rates of feeding, is running and only 20 in Japan. As you can see there's list of the problems we face. Protectionism at a record level. This heavy domestic con­ much room for further expansion of meat hits us several ways, as can be demonstrated sumption of feed grains this year will more consumption and U.S. feed sales. by examining the situation in our largest than off-set a 23 percent decrease in exports. U.S. consumption of poultry meat has been single market for feedstuffs-the European Total utilization is exceeding 1968 produc­ Community. tion by almost 5 million short tons-which running at about 48 pounds, whereas The Community's common agricultural will bring the prospective carryover to 44 Europe's rate ranges downward from 23 policy for grains sets producer prices at million tons, as compared with about 48 pounds in France and 20 in Great Britain levels well above world prices-about two­ million at the beginning of the 1968/69 to 9 in Denmark, Japan's poultry consump­ thirds above, as a matter of fact. These prices season. tion is only 6 pounds per person. are insulated from the influence of world Corn has accounted for much of the in­ We are vigorously exploiting these pos­ prices by means of fixed threshold or im­ creased disappearance of feed grains this sibilities through the market promotion port prices maintained by levies that vary year. "Free" stocks on April 1 were less than work being carried on cooperatively by trade with changes in world prices. 2.0 billion bushels and were well below pro­ groups and the Department of Agriculture An important ingredient of the system is spective April-September requirements. That in some 70 countries. This program, another a built-in preference for trade among mem­ will mean some withdrawal of stocks from of the favorable long-term factors of the ber countries of Community grains as com­ the loan program or from CCC inventory. 70's, is helping us capitalize on the trade­ pared with grains from outside countries. The corn carryover is now expected to be expending climate that economic growth is The preference established for producers is reduced to around 925 million bushels­ creating around the world. maintained by keeping threshold prices­ about 20 percent less than on October 1, Our own strong agricultural plant is one the prices that must be paid for non-Com­ 1968. of the most favorable factors we have going munity grain-above prices at which trade The October 1 carryover of grain sorghums, for us as we head into the 1970's. Nowhere takes place among Community countries. if disappearance estimates are realized, will in the world is there such an ideal combina­ Surpluses produced under the stimulus of be slightly larger than last season but below tion of soil and climate as we have in the the high protected Community prices are the 1962-66 average. U.S. These natural blessings, plus a superb disposed of in the commercial world market Demand for high protein feeds also has technology, have enabled us to produce feed for wha~ they will bring. This is done by been comparatively strong this year. Con­ grains and soybeans more efficiently than means of export subsidies which the Com­ sumption of these feeds in October-March any other country. munity refers to as "restitutions." By what­ wasup6%. It is universally recognized that the United ever name they hurt us in other countries. Wheat feeding this year is expected to States is the world's most reliable supplier Let me cite two examples: total around 200 million bushels, about a of feedstuffs. That reputation will continue In the Japanese fiscal year that ended third larger than last year and the most to stand us in good stead in a world that is March 31, 1968, the United States sold Japan since World War II. The corn and wheat price almost desperately eager to enjoy the good 108,000 short tons of barley; France sold margin has greatly narrowed, a.s April prices things that science and technology can make Japan about 14,000 tons. In the fiscal year reveal. That month farmers received $2.13 available. But our strategic position does not ending in 1969, however, U.S. barley sales for 100 pounds of wheat--only 13 cents more give us a "lock" on a big importer, such as dropped to only 9,000 tons, but France's than corn. With corn prices expected to hold Japan, just because that country up to now sales-re:flecting wide use of "restitutions"­ firmer this summer than last, seasonal weak­ has looked to us as a major source of supply. soared to 500,000 tons. ness in wheat prices at harvest time would Our efficiency gives us an advantage in the About two weeks ago Taiwan purchased further reduce the margin and stimulate fight for export markets only if we statisfy 1.7 billion bushels of French feed wheat from heavy wheat feeding this summer. our foreign customers with dependable sup­ the European Community at a price of $47.85 plies at reasonable prices. PROSPECTS IN 1970'S BASICALLY FAVORABLE per metric ton, delivered to Taiwan. This It wou\d be hard to overemphasize that fire sale price represented an export sub­ I want to turn now to the subject assigned expression "reasonable prices." Our pre­ sidy greatly in excess of the actual selling me here today-the world feed situation in eminent place as a supplier of feedstuffs has price at French ports. The lowest possible the 1970's. Let me say right off that pros­ been built on a pricing policy that allowed price for U.S. soft wheat delivered to Tai­ pects are basically favorable. There will be our products to compete. We get into trouble wanese ports for nearby delivery is about problems and some of them are potentially only when we deviate from that policy. Three $65.00 per metric ton. serious, but I think the favorable factors years ago, we set price supports for soybeans The feed wheat purchased by Tal wan from will outweigh the less favorable. at a level that was too high. The effect was the Community replaces U.S. No. 2 yellow The brightest single factor in the world to increase competition for soybeans and corn or Thai maize in feed formation. The feed situation ahead is the economic growth products both here and abroad. What hap­ price for U.S. corn delievered to Taiwan for that is taking place all over the globe. In pened: Fishmeal imports have cut into soy­ the same period is about $65.00 per metric my opinion this growth will continue in the bean meal demand in this country. Fishmeal ton. 1970's and beyond. imports will replace 750,000 tons of soybean The poor business judgment being exer­ The U.S. Growth rated, as measured in meal equivalent this year. Another competi­ cised by the Community in offering feed terms of gross national product per capita, tor is a synthetic product--urea-which this wheat at irresponsible prices is impossible is increasing at an annual rate of about 4¥2 year will also replace 750,000 tons of soybean percent a year. Europe's rate is rising at to explain. about 2 percent. Japan is registering a phe­ meal equivalent. Abroad, we ran into in­ Year after year the Community has in­ nomenal increase of about 12¥2%. And what creased competition from sunflower seed, creased the target price for corn and grain may be highly significant from the stand­ reapesse, and fish meal and oil. sorghum to force a greater substitution of point of the future is the growth of the less So this year the Department of Agriculture domestically produced wheat and barley for developed countries, which as a group have had to decide whether to continue a price imported corn and sorghum, as well as to a surprisingly high growth rate of about 3 support policy that was damaging the soy­ encourage corn producers through denaturing percent. bean industry or to resume a course that subsidies to utilize more wheat as animal We know that a strong economy encour­ would permit growth. The decision was to feed. As a result of these and other moves, ages high consumption of feed. The cause­ reduce the support level. Decisions always the use of feed wheat in the Community and-effect chain works this way: Economic are difficult when farm prices are concerned, has increased from an average of 4.5 million growth supports jobs and purchasing power. but in this instance the longtime welfare of short tons in the 1956-60 period to 7.7 mil­ Ability to buy stimulates diet upgrading­ soybean farmers and the industry generally lion last year. usually reflected in increased consumption called for a change. The competitive position of grain sorghum of red meats and poultry. This increased Efficiency in feed production has been a in three major Community markets-West consumption, in turn, calls for enlarged herds major factor in holding down farmers' live­ Germany, Netherlands and Belgium-has and flocks, which mean increased use of feed­ stock production costs. The comparisons be­ been badly crippled as the threshold price stuffs. The currently heavy consumption of tween what farmers pay for feed and for differential between corn, grain sorghum and feedstuffs in the United States basically re­ other items of cost are startling. In 1968 barley has been narrowed. As a result Com­ :flects a prosperity situation, although favor­ farmers paid 24 percent more for buildings munity-produced barley and wheat have able price ratios also are playing a role. and fencing than in 1954; they paid 55 % nearly completely replaced grain sorghum in 16474 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 livestock and poultry rations in the Com­ higher because of the new wheat varieties. of coarse grains for feed. Projections of the munity. Such increases really are a tremendous Organization for Economic Cooperation and The Community's policy of protectionism achievement, especially so for countries Development indicate that use of bread also has encouraged imports into the Com­ that are always walking a nutritional tight­ grains, mainly wheat, in the OECD coun­ munity of many other feed ingredients as wire. tries will show an increase of about 40 per­ substitutes for cereals. The import charges However, there are several factors that will cent by 1975, as compared with 1961-63. The for such ingredients as cowpeas, manioc, corn probably impede expansion of the new wheat. OECD countries include Canada, the United gluten meal, corn gluten feed and numerous A substantial part of available irrigated acre­ States, the European Community and other other items encouraged substantial increases age has already been planted to dwarf vari­ Western European countries, Japan, Aus­ in their importation and use in feed formu­ eties; farmers lacking reliable irrigation can­ tralia, and New Zealand. The OECD also lation. not afford the risk of borrowing money for estimates that feed wheat use in 1975 wlll It could be that soybeans, the U.S. miracle fertilizer and chemicals required to produce be equivalent on a tonnage basis to 11 per­ crop, is also running into protectionist prob­ the new grain. As production increases, farm cent of coarse grain use as compared with 8 lems in Europe. Let me say a few words prices may fall and the priority given to ag­ percent in 1961-63. about it. riculture by the governments of these coun­ A few other statistics may be of interest. We have had a trade with the Community tries may lessen. Unless the marketing and For the developed countries as a whole, grain in ollseeds, vegetable oils and meal of almost distribution facilities are improved, price de­ consumption this year is estimated at 608 $500 million annually. But the policy makers clines may give farmers much less incentive million short tons, of which 76 percent or in the community are now debating a pro­ than at present to adopt the new vareties 464 million short tons can be identified as posal that may greatly damage that trade. and produce more with them. indirect consumption. Of these developed Specifically, the proposal as recommended When we talk about increasing competi­ countries, the United States is by far the by Dr. Mansholt, Vice President of the Euro­ tion, let's not forget feed wheat, which is largest feeder. Our use of grain for feed and pean Community Commission, would con­ becoming a growing factor in world grain industrial use accounts for 38 percent of the stitute an internal tax of $60 a metric ton trade. world total. Next is Western Europe, with 25 on vegetable and marine oils and $30 a Several things are stimulating feed wheat percent; the USSR with 21; Eastern Europe metric ton on oil cakes. The tax on oils would use. I have already discussed the protec­ with 10; Canada with 4; and Japan with 2. be aimed at discouraging the consumption tionist policies of Western Europe, which of margarine in lieu of butter. The tax on encourage wheat production over and above IN CONCLUSION meal would have the objective of bringing usual food and feed requirements. There is Well, these are the things-favorable and the price of meal more nearly in line with the increasing production of Mexican hy­ less favorable--that will shape the feed situ­ cereals and to discourage further increases brids in the developing countries, which ation in the 1970's. Altogether, it's an en­ in milk production. probably will mean some reduction in their couraging future that feed producers and The United States has vigorously opposed demand for coarse grains as well as some de­ the feed industry are heading into. this proposal. We have made it known to cline in the food-aid drawdown on wheat Here at home our population continues to officials of the Community and of the mem­ supplies of the United States, Canada, and expand. We're now a nation of 202 million. ber countries that such a tax would seriously Australia. Also, there is the U.S. wheat pro­ We are adding 2 million people each year. affect our trade and U.S.-Community rela· gram, which allows market prices of wheat That's equivalent to adding two Metropoli­ tions. We have advised them that if the to come closer to coarse grain prices than tan Kansas City Areas to our population an­ tax should be adopted, the United States was the case some years ago. nually. will move swiftly to restore the balance of How much wheat we'll feed in this country With our expanding human numbers, we trade advantage between us. All in all, it's in the 1970's is rather hard to estimate at this are not only eating more meat and poultry in the most serious protectionist problem yet time. The 200 million bushels that we'll feed total, but also more per capita. As compared faced by American agriculture. this year refiect some rather unusual situa­ with the late 1950's, our consumption of all What feed use patterns can we look for tions-heavy wheat supplies all over the red meats has increased by 17 percent--and in the Community in the 1970's? world, smaller world volume of trade, the beef by 33 percent. Poultry meat consump­ There are signs that the Community Is withdrawal of Japan from our market for tion is up 34 percent. These substantial in­ taking a closer look at its agricultural pro­ several weeks, a dock strike. It is conceivable creases far more than offset moderate de­ grams. I heard many expressions of concern that these influences brought prices of wheat cllnes in consmptlon of fiuid milk and eggs. from business and industry leaders while in and coarse grains closer together than we The export situation for fed grains is less Europe on my recent trade trip. That's en­ would normally expect, even with the type of bright than the domestic picture. It appears couraging. But a person would have to be wheat program that we have. Assuming that now that our feed grain exports wlll gain at far more optimistic than I am to see any we continue with wheat and feed grain pro­ a rate of 6 to 7 percent a year in the early early, meaningful change in the protection­ grams of the type we now have, we certainly 1970's. I would hasten to aclcl that this pro­ ist pattern that the Community has set for will feed substantially more wheat than the jection is subject to change without further its agriculture. I am afraid that until the 50 to 60 million bushels fed in the late 1950's. notice. The 6 to 7 percent increase, however, Community, the United States, and other It is conceivable that in future years the means exports in 1975 of about 27 million trading nations decide that national farm United States may feed substantially more short tons as compared with 18.0 mlllion this policies, as well as tariffs and nontari1l' bar­ than the 200 million bushels that will be fed current marketing year. Assuming that we riers, should be negotiated, we can look for this year. maintain our present access situation in the a continuation of the protectionist problems There are two technological developments European Community, we estimate that soy­ we have had to face up to in recent years. taking place in the United States. Their full bean exports in 1975 will be about 430 mil­ Rising competition will be a problem in potential cannot be fully visualized at this lion bushels as compared with 285 milllon the 1970's. time, but both must be recognized as possi­ this year and that shipments of soybean meal Production gains continue in most of the bilities of major magnitude as they may will be over 4.0 million tons, as compared surplus producing countries. As compared affect future feed formulation. These are: with 2.7 milllon this year. with the early 1960's, Argentina has upped (1) The development of hybrid wheat, and So I say again: It's an encouraging future corn production by 44 percent and France (2) the near perfection of high selective that American feed producers and the Ameri­ by 97 percent. France has stepped up bMley amino acid corn. can feed industry face in the years immedi­ output by 25 percent, and Canada by 89 It is entirely conceivable that during the ately ahead. And it's a satisfying future. percent. The Soviet Union has expanded decade of the 70's, the traditional Midwest Feed producers and the feed industry are production of sunflower seed, which com­ cropping pattern may be changed to accom­ essential parts of a livestock economy that petes with our soybeans and cottonseed. modate high yielding hybrid wheat varieties is doing so very much to make American Canada has boosted wheat production by and high selective amino acid corn. agriculture great. You should feel proud­ 21 percent and Australia by 75 percent. And If high yielding hybrid wheat varieties are and I'm sure you are--to be part in these so it goes. further perfected, it is entirely possible that fast-moving days of some really important Crop production also is rising in most of this grain may in increasing volume find its action. the developing countries, but notably in In­ way into feed channels, possibly at the ex­ dia, Pakistan, and the Philippines. In these pense of the old standby-

. . June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16481 have considered coming to Kent to help were Admissions omce on April 14 and 15, by a ment of independence, there has been a sumciently scared or warned by what hap­ group of black students and non-students. growing contrast between the traditional pened to the leadership here that they de­ (Note that the injunction use against non­ and the modem. While the population cided not to come. students at Columbia occurred after the KSU disturbances and the resultant court order is predominantly agricultural and pas­ here.) toral, there are a number of large and INJUNCTIONS: ANSWER TO SDS prosperous new towns. (By Bill Armstrong) "This group vacated the premises at 2 a.m. as soon as their attorneys were provided with Casablanca is not only the-capital. but Court injunctions seem to have been the copies of the injunction. is "the commercial, financial, and indus­ answer to problems in several universities .. On April 17, a group, estimated to exceed trial heart of the country," as John throughout the nation this spring. 200 students and non-students, occupied Phi­ At Kent State, the Students for a Demo­ Gunther has written in "Inside Africa." losophy Hall in an SDS-sponsored sit-in. Morocco is an active and respected cratic Society (SDS) leaders who were barred That group vacated the premises less than an from campus have gone elsewhere-some to hour after the university's injunction was member of the international community. other schools in Ohio. This 1s one reason why served in the building." It is a member of the United Nations it has been suggested that state-wide au­ Kalajian then described a building occu­ and of that organization's specialized thority be given to the Attorney-General to · pation which took place two weeks later, in­ agencies. Morocco participated in the enjoin "hard-core'' revolutionaries from all volving several hundred of the same group: Belgrade conference of "noncommitted" state-supported universities. ..They refused to leave when warned that nations. Morocco's approach to foreign Besides the effect of keeping state univer­ they were violating the injunction against relations may be understood as a blend sities free of violence, the effect of temporary disruptive demonstrations. restraining orders (TROs) against campus .. However, as soon as they heard that the of neutralism, pan-Arabism. and pan­ revolutionaries may also eliminate the clamor court had signed a writ o! body attachment, Africanism. in legislative chambers for restrictive and directing the sheriff of the City of New York Morocco has been striving to overcome much-feared regulations of university ad­ to bring them before the court on charges the numerous complex problems which ministrations. of crimlnal contempt, they scurried from the confront new states. The country has Many college administrators have called building after covering their faces with cloth made remarkable political progress, es­ for "local autonomy" in handling their own to conceal their identities." problems, and this may prove to be a good tablishing a constitutional monarchy in It now seems clear to some observers that 1962 and electing its first parliament in compromise. the cure for campus demonstrations may be Much of the legislation that has been pro­ spreading from one university admlnlstration 1963. Political stability and gradually posed this year, administrators feel. could to another as quickly as the disease itsel1 improving economic conditions auger jeopardize control over local affairs and im­ spread earlier in the year. well for the country's future. pair the free functioning of an academic There are currently two schools of thought Mr. Speaker, I extend my belated community. circulating in universities as to the future warm and hearty congratulations to the Perhaps lawmakers were remembering measures of discipline to be invo""ked. Clearly, Moroccan people as they march forward W. B. Yeats' "The Second Coming" as they uniYersities• student conduct codes as pres­ together. flooded the hoppers of state and national ently written are not equipped to handle legislatures this year with bills to curb col­ revolutionary violence; they wlll have to be lege-age protestors. Yeats wrote: revised. "Things fall apart. The center cannot hold. Some persons would agree with KSU's stu­ Wn.LIAMF.PUTNAM Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world. The dent conduct director, who maintains a pref• blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and every­ erence for internal discipline and arrests--in where the ceremony of Innocence is drowned. that order-before temporary restraining or­ HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND The best lack all conviction, while the worst ders. OF KASSACHUSE"l"l'S are full of passionate intensity." others say that TROs are the key to quel­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As major institutions faced the spring of­ ling and averting future trouble at universi­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 fensive of SDS, they quickly picked up the ties and that they should be served to all use of temporary restraining orders to con­ self-declared revolutionaries. Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, William trol it. The chief task now before the universities University authorities agree about the po­ F. Putnam, president of the Springfield 1s to cool down the state legislatures and con­ Corp., is tency of such injunctions and the net posi­ vince them that problems are locally soluble. Television Broadcasting Justly t!ve aspects of using them. celebrated for the editorials he delivers First, their use does not necessitate uni­ over television station wwr;p in my versity disciplinary action so the orders are home city of Springfield, Mass. Mr. Put­ equally good when issued against non­ INDEPENDENCE DAY SALUTE TO nam's editorials broadcast daily are students, who reportedly have been at the MOROCCO not the tepid sort characteristic of many root of much of the trouble at several television stations. Chary of the FCC, schools, including Kent. afraid to bruise the sensibilities of any Secondly, a court order can immediately HON. ADAM C. POWELL group of listeners, many television sta­ remove the disruptors from campus and keep OF NEW YORK them away. Violators are subject to immedi­ tions turn out editorials designed to ate arrest and sentencing without a jury IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES please everyone and annoy no one. Mr. trial, because the judge issuing the order Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Putnam's editorials are different-dra­ exercises sole jurisdiction in the matter. matically different. Frank, straightfor­ Thirdly, most of the usually bold campus Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, it was Just ward, written in a brisk and lively style, revolutionaries have some measure of respect a short 13 years ago, on March 2, 1956, his editorials take explicit stands on con­ (or fear) of the court's power, and realize that Morocco celebrated its liberation that defiance of a TRO-even by setting foot troversial issues. They stir the kind of from French colonial rule~ discussion and debate any community on campus-may quickly put them behind The kingdom of Morocco is situated at bars. needs to arrive at rational decision in Fourth, schools can avoid calling in out­ the northwestern corner of Africa and controversial problems. Mr. Putnam and side pollee forces and can have the brunt of is bounded on the north by the Mediter­ WWLP are to be commended for com­ the blame absorbed by the court system. This ranean Sea. On the east and the south­ munity service. distracts the attention of the rebels from the east it is bounded by Algeria. By means university, and gives them a vaguer, much of comparison the kingdom is a bit larger The Brattleboro, Vt.. Daily Reformer less familiar target. than the State of California-169,999 has published an editorial paying trib­ Where violations of the injunctions occur, square miles. ute to Mr. Putnam. With permission, as at Dartmouth and Columbia recently, Mr. Speaker, I put this editorial in the what one professor described as "instant The United States has attempted to RECORD at this point: justice" can be dealt. assist the developing country economi­ In {From the Brattleboro (Vt.) Daily Reformer, The judge, acting alone, determines the cally. 1961, for instance, Moroccans June 2, 1969] penalties for violators; at Dartmouth, those were faced with an agricultural crisis who violated the injunction were given 45- and the United States responded to their HELLo THERE, MR. PuTNAM day sentences. request for aid with wheat and animal One of our favorite editorial writers is The use of injunctions at Columbia this foodstuffs to the value of $23 million. not a newspaperman. So our admiration of spring was described by Pro!. Edward Kala­ the dally stint he subjects himself to 1s jian at a conference on "Student Protest and When crop failures in 1961 affected an without bias. Except that we are probably the Law" at Ann Arbor, Mich., two weeks estimated two-thirds or three-quarters of biased in favor of his speaking his convic­ ago: the grain, a relief scheme for the peas­ tions, his sense of fairness and his ability "It was fi.rst used in connection with a sit­ ants was hastily improvised. to provoke other people to think for them­ in which occurred in the Columbia "College Over the years since Morocco's achieve- selves. 16482 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 William Putnam is owner and manager program which is attempting to help the who .has lost both legs and whose two chil­ o! a. TV station, channel 22, operating out Vietnamese refugees in the midst of war dren are in hospitals with wounds. of Springfield, Mass. Editorial comment is COMMUNIST ZONE FLED not frequently heard from TV stations or under tenuous security conditions and from the networks. But William Putnam's with the very limited manpower andre­ But the situation now is vastly improved editorials come over the air daily, and have sources available to the Ministry of over two years ago or even a year ago, as a for more years than any other TV editorial Health, Social Welfare, and Relief of brief chronology shows. the Government of Vietnam. The first wave of refugees in the post­ writer. He calls the shots as he sees them­ French period was the 900,000 northerners on local, state and national a.ifa.irs. His edi­ The article has only one shortcoming (primarily Roman Catholics) who left the torials are well researched; be deals with which I would like to correct. It states Communist north after the division of Viet­ facts; his style is concise and pungent. that only 430 million piasters, or one­ nam in 1954. They built new villages in the We may be wrong, but we are inclined to third of 1 percent of Vietnam's national south and were for the most part success­ think that his task is harder than ours­ fully resettled within three years. which may be one of the reasons why most budget, is available to the social welfare branch of the ministry. It fails to men­ The next wave came when the National TV stations shy away from editorials, along Liberation Front (NLF) began its guerrilla. with other reasons designed to avoid an­ tion that the Ministry's own funds are war in the early '60's. By mid-1965 the num­ noying advertisers, the FCC or their listeners. supplemented by 3.2 billion piasters, the bers of new refugees, the majority of whom Their listeners, of course, include politicians equivalent of $27.1 million from the were fleeing NLF terror, had reached some who can exert pressure against renewal of American Aid Chapter of the Agency 600,000. TV licenses. for International Development. These, however, were not so fortunate as As we were saying, Mr. Putnam's editorial the earlier refugees. They did not have the task may be harder than that of a. newspaper In addition approximately $30 million worth of AID-financed surplus food and political glamour o! the anti-Communist editorial writer-because the TV editorial is northerners, nor were they Catholics com­ three-dimensional while the newspaperman's other commodities are distributed to ing to a. hospitable Catholic regime. They is two-dimensional. What we mean is that refugees, orphanages, homes for the were instead an unwelcome burden to a the newspaperman's job comprises himself aged, and other needy persons. government that had no tradition of social and his typewriter, while the TV man's has In 1969 total American assistance to welfare or public services, that was paper the added factor of appearance before the the refugees will amount to more than thin in administrators, that was only be­ camera. to deliver his message personally. $60 million. ginning to restabllize itself after the 1963 It is difficult for us old hot-metal hacks a.ssa.ssinaton of Prestdent Ngo Dinh Diem, to appreciate what must go on in the mind The article from the Christian Science and was fighting for its life on the battle­ of a TV editorial writer when he moves from Monitor follows: field. his typewriter to face the camera.. Let's say SoUTH VIETNAM'S REFUGEES: Am "TOO LITTLE, The refugees were ignored as well by the that on a. particular occasion he is teeming Too LATE"? Americans, who were fully occupied with with disgust for some politician's high­ (NOTE.-There are 1.3 million refugees in the military side of introducing combat handed self interest, or filled with the frus­ South Vietnam. The government appropri­ troops to Vietnam. tration all of us feel when Congress or the ates one-third of 1 percent of the national In late 1965 a. minimal stopgap program of state legislature ignores a pressing public budget to helping them. But, concerned offi­ aid to refugees at last was begun. In early need, like tax reform. cials point out, there is still no concept of 1966 a. special Commissariat for Refugees On such occasion, the TV editorial writer their long-term rehabilitation into a. struc­ was established by the South Vietnamese faces the camera in order to reach and warn tured society. This problem, they say, has not Government. the listening and viewing public. But what yet been faced.) In the beginning of 1967 the big U.S. mili­ does he actually face in order to deliver his tary sweeps such as "Cedar Falls" and impassioned comment? He is facing a. big (By Elizabeth Pond) "Junction City" were inaugurated in III black camera operated by some sloppy Joe SAIGON.-The refugee program in Vietnam Corps, with villagers forced to move from who couldn't care less about what is being is at the critical point where it is, or should their homes as large NLF-controlled areas said. On all sides of him are four walls, be, moving from emergency relief to long­ were cleared and turned into free-fire zones. within which the heat from the lights is term rehabilitation. But at the moment it More serious quantitatively was the explo­ probably unbearable, and where the constant appears beaded for a. "too little, too late" sion of bitter large unit warfare in the De­ movements of the camera and light crews rating. militarized Zone (DMZ) area.. As U.S. and make him wonder if he is just mumbling to This is not to denigrate etther the Her­ South Vietnamese troops sought to meet the himself or really reaching "those people out culean relief effort that has been made so far threat of main-force North Vietnamese units there" at the end of the air waves. or the dedicated few on both the Vietnamese with frontal assaults, new refugees were cre­ So, as a. constant viewer and listener to and the American sides who have labored to ated at a rate of 10,000 and 20,000 per week. William Putnam's daily editorials we pay our feed and shelter the millions of refugees the One operation cleared 10,000 villagers out of respect to a fellow editorial writer who puts Vietnam war has created. a. battle area within four days. his faith in the democratic system on the Officials point out with some pride that I Corps quickly became the critical area line. He spells out its rottenness when he sees this is the first time in history that wide­ for refugees. In a matter of months half a the system being corrupted by politicians scale care for war-created refugees has been million people or 20 percent of the area's 2.5 who place themselves above it, and he is a. instituted while the war was still in process. million were refugees - not cumulatively, working conservationist in that he tries to Even so, the refugee problems are stag­ but simultaneously. Some were forcibly help conserve the best of the past while gering in that they have a. low-priority rat­ moved against their will by U.S. soldiers, urging reasonable innovations in tune with ing when pitted against continuing military some fied the cross fire or especially Ameri­ our times. operations, intensified peace negotiations, can bombing and free-fire zones of their own It's a. thankless job. But we think it is and political skirmishing in Saigon. Also they volition. · important. may well create the conditions all over again OFFICIALS NOT NOTIFIED for a new Communist insurgency. Frequently, for reasons of · military se­ LEADERS DEPLETED curity, refugee officials were not notified SOUTH VIETNAM'S REFUGEES in advance when a clearing operation was Any war is disruptive. A civil war is espe­ pla:nned and could not .prepare for the sud­ cially brutal. A guerrilla civil war reinforced den influx. More than once a. responsible by massive artillery and air power may be American official was first informed of in­ HON. JOHN BUCHANAN the most cruel of all (short of some nuclear coming refugees by radio from the heli­ OF ALABAMA holocaust). And a war that has raged inter­ copter transporting the refugees. mittently for a. quarter of a. century defies IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Arguments over the military efficacy of comprehension in its results. such operations go on ad infinitum. One Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Apart from the dead, this war has bled school argues that this massive relocation the country of several generations of lead­ deprived the NLF of porters, rice growers, Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, the ers, displaced up to a. third of the popula­ and recruits, as was finally proved in late Christian Science Monitor published on tion, rent the social fabric, destroyed vil­ 1968. June 4 an article on South Vietnam's lages and placed villagers in urban slums Another school argues that the shifts as refugees written by Elizabeth Pond, the and worsening health conditions. conducted were simply irrelevant to the paper's special correspondent in Saigon. In all it has produced at least 4 million main objective of counterinsurgence: se­ Despite its somewhat unfortunate refugees, 300,000 physically disabled, 20,000 curity for the population. headline "Aid 'Too Little Too Late'?" to 50,000 prostitutes, more than 90,000 or­ Whether the relocation was necessary or phans, and no one knows just how many not from a. military point, it did take place, this article is the fairest, best balanced, juvenile delinquents and predelinquents. and took place with a. speed and under con­ and most factual presentation of this One sees the evidence daily-the dirty ditions that made it impossible to care for program ever to come to my attention. homeless shoeshine boy in Saigon, the apa­ the refugees adequately. The writer has made an extraordinary thetic old man in a refugee camp with In refugee camps there were repeated effort to describe the intricacies of a nothing to do, the widow in her late 20's acute water shortages; some near sta.rva- June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16483' tion; widespread malnutrition; extended refugees themselves are reluctant to move would encourage development and yet not breakdowns of distribution either through back in many cases, as they are not persuaded violate traditional local customs, and prac­ sheer lack of cadres or through division of that security exists. tices. goods and money; overcrowding; hazard­ Because of this some observers fear that All oftlcials spoke with urgency. All agreed ous sanitary and health conditions; an ab­ the program may turn into yet another mas- · that the problem had not even been faced sence of schooling for 90 percent of the sive forced relocation, though there is no yet. I Corps refugee children; a frequent ab­ evidence of this so far. In part this is a question of money. The sence of farmland, jobs, job opportuliities, But the resettlement program has suc­ social welfare branch of the ministry had its and vocational training for adults. Above cesses, too. Along the coast of I Corps, new proposed budget sliced in half this year­ all, there was a lack of security, as Viet fishing cooperatives are beginning to work down to 430 million piasters ( $3.6 million) , Cong attacks on the camps amply il­ well. In the Mekong Delta villagers have be­ or one-third of 1 percent of the South Viet­ lustrated. gun drifting back from open fields to the namese national budget. Furthermore, despite, real concern in the wooded canals and roadsides they had left DRASTIC CUTS IN PROGRAM Refugee Commissariat, Saigon - and years before because of continuous infiltra: province chiefs - tended to view the This has meant severe reductions not only tion by NLF snipers and subsequent allied in relief programs, such as orphan assistance, refugees with suspicion as Viet Cong sym­ bombing and artillery strikes. pathizers, which many of them were. but also drastic cuts in planned community The ambitious Pacification Campaign for and day-care centers that were to have been PRESSURE ON CHIEFS this year calls for reducing the present 1.3 the core of long-term community develop­ Then a combination of things happened. million unsettled refugees (the unoftlcial ment. On the Vietnamese side the Commissioner number runs somewhat higher) to one mil­ This a.fl'ects many more people than just for Refugees put pressure on the I Corps lion by this fall. Refugee oftlcials hope to refugees and ex-refugees, while the impact province chiefs to support the program. Ref­ bring it down even lower, to 600,000. on those once dispossessed is likely to be ugee oftlcials were allotted more gas for Meanwhile, conditions at the temporary proportionately greater. transportation. Mobile distribution teams be­ camps are being improved. U.S. funds de­ But beyond money is the deeper question gan to fill the wide gaps left by inadequate voted to refugee programs in the narrow of concept--and a program to implement local cadres. sense are considered adequate now by om­ that concept. The U.S. has accepted and is On the American side, the 1967-69 Ken­ cials. More than 40 percent of refugee chil­ discharging a responsibility for emergency nedy subcommittee hearings spotlighted the dren are reported in school. help to refugees. plight of the refugees and brought con­ TOLERABLE CONDITIONS It has not yet, at least as evidenced in the siderable pressure on the Johnson admin­ The well-known Cam Lo camp south of total refugee and social welfare program, ac­ istration to step up the American effort. the DMZ has a new irrigation system that cepted a responsibility to promote long-term The vast American logistical system was should make the surrounding land arable rehabilitation of these people into a l.'estruc­ then geared up to service the refugee pro­ for the first time in the two years refugees tured society. Nor has the South Vietnam­ gram, and Americans began exercising more have lived there. U.S. Army and Marine ese Government done so. Meanwhile, the control over relief commodities in provincial medics have supplemented the less than NLF is waiting in the wings. warehouses, so reducing illegal diversion of 150 civllian doctors serving the countryside. supplies. Yet serious problems remain. Insecurity Then any progress in meeting the needs is the worst, especially in the three south­ of the refugees was shattered during Febru­ ern provinces of I Corps, where the poorly ary, 1968, with the countryside Tet offensive COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS, defended refugee hamlets have come under HOLLINS COLLEGE, 1969 of the NLF and the North Vietnamese Army repeated NLF attacks by both direct and (NVA). indirect fire this year. Disease and high In this and the subsequent May and Au­ gust offensives almost a million more people infant mortality have been reported in in­ HON. RICHARD H. POFF dividual camps. OF VIRGINIA were made homeless, whether from the NLF­ Seventy percent of the camps (and 90 per­ NVA attacks or from the heavy counterfire IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of allied bombing and artillery in the cities. cent of those in I Corps) are still rated de­ The planned refugee program, itself an ficient by refugee oftlcials in terms of over­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 · crowding, water, jobs, classrooms, clinics, emergency operation. had to be subordinated Mr. POFF. Mr. Speaker, I was much to even more of a crash program. and/or securtty. But there have not been epidemics, nor impressed with a newspaper report of a SWEEPS HALTED has there been starvation. Rudimentary liv­ speech delivered by Dr. John A. Logan, But Tet also brought an end to the wide­ ing conditions at least are on the whole much Jr., president of Hollins College, situated scale creation of refugees by allled military . more tolerable now than they were in 1967. in the congressional district I am priv­ operations. Multidivisional sweeps were Vietnam is fol'tunate. It is .a fertile land, ileged to represent. I made it my business halted as American troops were pulled in rich in natural resources-except in the in­ to acquire a full copy and having read to defend the cities. And this effect was land mountains--and 90 percent of the popu­ reinforced by the tactical preferences of the lation lives in the delta and coastal plain. it I find it even more meaningful than new U.S. commander in Vietnam, Gen. People do not starve when they are ne­ the newspaper story suggested. I would Creighton W. Abrams. The order went out to glected. And Vietnam is fortunate in the like to share it with my colleagues, and avoid creating more refugees by military resilience .and ingenuity of its people, who under leave to extend my remarks, I in­ operations, and with some exceptions this have maintained their identity and cohe­ clude the text in full in the RECORD at principle has been adhered to since. sion over a millennia of sporadic wars. this point: By fall of 1968 the allies had begun a The future remains an ominous question counteroffensive into the countryside, in the mark, however. COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS BY DR. JOHN A. three-month accelerated Pacification Cam­ What happens when a family-and tradi­ LOGAN paign. With the NLF stripping the country­ tion--oriented society is torn from its roots Members of the Graduating Class, the re­ side of guerrillas and political cadres to on the scale that has occurred in Vietnam? marks I bring to you today arise out of a serve main-force units, the allied push met What happens to children who have been genuine concern for the future of my pro­ less resistance than anticipated and suc­ removed from the discipline of fathers, vil­ fession. My profession is teaching and schol­ ceeded dramatically in its aim of widening lage society, and quiet lives as buffalo herd­ arship, even though as a college president I the area of government "presence." boys to the urban slum wot·ld of theft and teach sel~om, and no longer do research in Thus the stage was set by the beginning prostitution? my field of academic specialization. I have of 1969 to get on with the return to villages How does a nation rebuild after so much not changed my profession, but simply my or permanent resettling of the longer-term death and anguish? role in it; as an administrator, my task is to preserve and enhance the environment for refugees that had always been the intended URGENCY VOICED goal of the refugee program. learning by students and faculty at this col­ The bulk of the 1968 refugees, many of Getting beyond charity to "social reform" lege, and the vast majority of my colleagues whom remained in their home areas and and "real planning" was wha.t the Health, in other institutions conceive of their mis­ were employed but simply needed help in Social Welfare, and Relief Minister, Dr. Tran sion in the same way. rebuilding their homes, were on their feet Lu Y, called for in an interview. This has been an especially trying year 'for again. And widening government "control" His deputy for social welfare, Dr. Ton college presidents. No one envies them their in the countryside (or at least lessening That Niem, said the same thing in different job any longer. There was a time, not so NLF control) opened the way for older refu­ words. Until now refugee and welfare pro­ many years ago, when the busy man of affairs gees to move back to their villages. grams have been "conditioned by the war," he used to think longingly about retiring to commented. There has not yet emerged any the tranquil groves of academe to preside as SUCCESSES REPORTED program of prevention or development. Yet a benign autocrat over a peaceful company This program now is in operation. But it "the poverty of people" is what the Commu­ of scholars, old and young, removed from has its drawbacks: The majority of the 215,- nists feed on. the burly-burly of the world. Not so nowa­ 000 who have returned to their vlllages or An American official summed up the need days. The college president find himself cat­ were resettled permanently in 1969 are still as the rebuilding of a social infrastructure to apulted into the arena of social upheaval, 1968 refugees, not the earlier ones. And the replace that shattered by the war, one that at the focal point of the anguish of our so- 16484 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 ciety. An embattled figure, he endures abuse All of this reveals some fundamental mis­ committed by other cl.tizens, from whom, at and villfication, assaults on his privacy and conceptions about the actual powers of the their age, they have no right to distinction." even his person, and he is necessarily and president, and the mode of governance of Student unrest has become a national is­ intensely unpopular with at least some of most of our better colleges and universities. sue, as both Mr. Nixon's statements and the numerous constituencies whose diver­ No president or his administration will long those of the Attorney General and members gent interests he is trying to serve and to exercise authority without the active sup­ of Congress testify. Every local politician can reconcile. He is today's archetype of the anti­ port of the faculty. Faculty power is a fact, expect enthusiastic agreement from his con­ hero, beleaguered and battle-weary. especially in those areas of most intense stituents for any attack on the shocking No wonder then, that so many college concern to dissident students. Faculties must events on our campuses. • • • They 1s6ued presidents are retiring from the fray to more make the decisions about curricular mat­ statements saying tha.t the fundamental congenial pursuits. In the space of a few ters which determine whether courses shall causes of unrest arise from impatience at weeks this year, five presidents of large state be "relevant" in the sense students are de­ slow progress in dealing with national prob­ universities resigned their positions, all giv­ manding, or whether a genuine concern with lems such as Vietnam, poverty, and racism. ing reasons which included some variation good teaching will return to the university. While there is much truth in these asser­ of the plea of "presidential f-atigue•• which Faculty standards dictate a "publlsh or per­ tions, it is no excuse for a failure to take Elvis Stahr, former Secretary of the Army, and ish" policy, faculty decisions determine stronger measures to put our academic house more recently president of Indiana Univer­ whether to accept research contracts from in order. sity, made upon leaving to take his post as what the radicals call the "military-indus­ Very important values are at stake, includ­ president of the Audubon Society. Ray Heff­ trial complex." The same can be said of giving ing the essential freedom of the university. ner, who was an undergraduate at Yale with academic credit for ROTC, or establishing Federal intervention in campus discipllnary me, is leaving the presidency of Brown Uni­ separate black studies programs with open questions has already come in the form of versity after three years in omce because, as admission, no grades, non-academic teachers, statutory provisions for denying Federal aid he put it, "I have simply reached the con­ and soon. to students arrested in civil disturbances. clusion that I do not enjoy being a univer­ The president can have all the "backbone" This is a notable extension of the police power sity president." His tenure was not marked in the world, but if his faculty fails to as­ through the spending power, and may be only by any outbreaks of violence, but one can sume its rightful share of the responsibility, a prelude to much more extensive erosion assume that this outward calm was achieved an appearance of institutional spinelessness of institutional autonomy by many levels of by prodigious expenditures of energy and is inevitable. Harvard's confrontation with government. influence. the SDS over ROTC this spring is a case in The image of higher education among the My old friend, Douglas Knight, is leav­ point. President Pusey acted quickly after poulation at large is in a sorry state, and ing Duke University after six years, the last the expiration of his twelve-hour ultimatum support for our colleges and universities is two of them harrowing in the extreme. He to use police to end the sit-ln. When he went imperiled. In a narrow sense, this means has referred to the "sometimes savage" de­ to the faculty for confirmation of the penal• money. Some business corporations are re­ mands made on the president and his fam­ ties levied against the demonstrators, the ducing support, and many alumni are in a ily, and obvious reference to the fact that faculty wamed and tried to have it both ways, state of impotent outrage. One cannot expect his home was occupied by demonstrators for by voting censure on both the students and that after the war in Vietnam is over, a several days, part of which time he was lying the administration for their actions. The bonanza of public funds will rescue our col­ upstairs seriously 111. vacillation of the Cornell faculty sim11arly leges. Their priority in the scale of national Three of the five campuses of the City reflected a confusion about their own most concerns is dropping with their prestige. University of New York are currently with­ fundamental interests. But far more than money is involved. To out chief executives. The president of one It is difficult to see how any faculty can use an overworked word, our "credibility" is of these, Buell Gallagher of CCNY, resigned countenance the use of force by student dis­ in question. The considerable respect our twice this year. In April he announced his sidents. One of the most clearly established institutions of higher learning have enjoyed intention of leaving in protest ag-ainst crip­ principles in American jurisprudence is that is declining, and with it much of our po­ pling budget cuts by state and municipal the right of dissent extends to every form tential as a humanizing Influence. How can governments. This month he left precipi­ of speech, and includes the right to picket one expect that anti-Intellectualism will not tously in the face of polltical pressures aris­ peacefully, or to stage mass demonstrations, flourish in the society at large, when it is ing out of his handling of rioting by black so long as there is no interference with the openly tolerated on campuses? Surely it is and Puerto Rican students, which led to rights of others, no obstruction of normal evident that the minority of student radicals pitched battles with whites and the destruc­ tramc or business, no breach of p.ny reason­ are aiming not at reform, but at the destruc­ tion by fire of a college auditorium. able law, and no violence or destruction. tion of the university. They are often abetted At the present moment, there are 80 to 100 This is true of our civil society, and observ­ and encouraged by a few members of the four-yea.r colleges and universities seeking ance of these principles is especially impor­ faculty who have clearly abandoned any new presidents. Among them are some of tant in institutions of higher learning. pretense of objectivity, who have deserted the most prestigious institutions in the Many of you w111 remember about the scholarship substituted dogma for reasoned country. Swarthmore ha.s just announced a famous incidents during the early years of argument. These are few in number, but they successor of Courtney Smith, who was tragi­ the University of Virginia. Thomas Jeffer­ have forfeited every claim to consideration cally felled by a heart attack in the midst son, the earliest champion of public higher under the ordinary canons of academic free­ of a violent confrontra.tlon with black stu­ education, and one of the most eloquent dom. The preservation of freedom 1n any dents demanding social programs a.t this spokesmen for personal liberty, described his community assumes the existence of appro­ Quaker institution with a venerable tradition ideal of university governance in a. letter of priate constraints against its destruction. of reasonableness, highest intellectual stand­ August, 1825: There must be order as well as freedom, in ards, and above all, non-violence. "Our University goes on well. We have due balance. Sooner or later, all these posts will be filled, passed the llmit of 100 students some time We must not lose sight of the fact that but how well and for how long are crucial since. As yet it has been a model of order and the essence of the college or university is questions. The average tenure of college good behavior, having never yet had occasion that it is the place, above all other places, presidents is dropping alarmingly. In 1960 for the exercise of a single act of authority. where the truth is sought. The truth as we the average was 10 years, in 1968 it was just We studiously avoid too much government. know it is never perfect, never final. The uni­ under 6. My eight years at Holllns seem We treat them as men and gentlemen, under versity does not possess it, but it values it brief to me, but I am among the veteran the guidance mainly of their own discretion. above all else. It believes in facts, and incumbents in this kind of post. The lack They so consider themselves, and make it searches them out. It maintains a vigilance of continuity in leadership that these sta.­ their pride to acquire that character for their against the abuse of facts, against dishonesty ·tistics reveal is a serious matter in itself, institution." in any form. but perhaps more disturbing is the fact that Shortly thereafter, however, a serious riot This search proceeds through experiment so many of these able and dedicated men are occurred, in which faculty members were in­ and observation; it is refined through debate leaving the profession entirely. They are not sulted and manhandled by masked student and reasoned argumentation. Violence does only weary, but profoundly disillusioned at revellers. The University authorities took not lead to truth, nor does the kind of the manifest impossibillty of maintaining swift action, with resulting changes in policy confrontation politics which are practiced by institutional integrity under present circum­ which Mr. Jefferson described in a second the New Left. Furthermore, these tactics can stances. letter three months later: only lead ultimately to repression, for chaos Some of you may have read the front page invites tyranny. If these things happen, we article in last Sunday's New York Times "We have no further fear of anything of will have lost the precious fruits of centuries about the "new breed" of college president the kind from the present set, but as at the of struggle for freedom of inquiry and being sought these days. As one wit described next term their numbers will be more than expression. it, they are no longer looking for Clark Kerr, doubled by the accession of an additional I return in closing to the college presi­ but for Clark Kent. Superman or not, the band, as unbroken as these were, we mean to dency. Aside from the personal compassion search is for men who can "stand up to stu­ be prepared, and to ask of the legislature a I feel for the many good men who have been dents," who will have no hesitation about power to call in the civil authority in the first mangled by ugly events and by the account­ calling in the pollee, and who have what instant of disorder, and to quell it on the spot ab111ty they must assume for things mani­ President Nixon recently described as "back­ by imprisonment and the same legal coer­ festly beyond their control, I worry about the bone." cl.ons provided against disorder generally future of our noble profession. I speak again June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16485 as the scholar and teacher, who feels strongly a single product, the government has resources of the countryside in order to that his vocation is to aid in the search for considered and is now acting upon sev­ provide a better balance of people, in­ truth which is the necessary foundation for action in behalf of constructive social eral means of diversification. Because comes, and opportunity in our Nation. change. Our ~ociety needs our colleges and of the location of the island, considera­ Much good work has been performed by universities as never before, and our colleges tion has been given to the development Mr. G. B. Gunlogson, Racine, Wis., on and universities need leaders who are edu­ of a free port that would serve the In­ this possibility. He has recently com­ cators, not martinets. Good men will come dian Ocean area in much the same way pleted a booklet on this subject, and I am forward if they can be assured of support that -Hong Kong serves the Far East. inserting a portion of that report here. from their faculties and from the moderate Since the level of technical training is Complete copies of this presentation can majority of students. At the moment, in too considerably higher than many other be secured from my omce or by writing many institutions, such support is at be~t passive and unorganized. countries of the third world, there is a directly to Mr. Gunlogson, 400 Cross Some of you may feel that you have been strong possibility that light industries Creek Road. The title of this work is deprived of something vital to your educa­ devoted to producing finished products "Redistribution of People." tion, that you have been out of the main­ from imported raw materials may de­ The material referred to follows: stream of your generation by h aving spent velop. Because of the great beauty of THE GREAT AMERICAN COUNTRYSIDE four years at Hollins, where the only dis­ their semitropical island, Mauritians This is the heart of all our natural re­ ruption of classes was caused by the Hong hope that it will develop into a tourist sources. It comprises more than 98 percent Kong 'fiu, and the only destruction was the center. of the United States in land area and living 10!>8 of the dairy barns in a fire that was Unlike many of the emerging nations, space. It includes more than 16,000 towns clearly an act of God. As you have gathered and cities up to 15,000 in population ... from my remarks, I could not disagree more Mauritius has a very high level of edu­ cation. There are enough persons trained 2,800,000 farms and the most efficient agri­ thoroughly, and I submit that it is no acci­ culture in the world ... nearly 3 million dent that your experience was atypical in in the professions and the civil service miles of surfaced highways . . . 200,000 miles this regard. This is hardly an apathetic cam­ ranks among the most competent by any of railways ... 250,000 miles of gas trans­ pus, and we have faced many questions standard. There are no less than 32 mission lines . . . electric power everywhere which divided us. Nor have you failed to ad­ newspapers in a number of languages. . .. thousands of parks and recreation areas, dress yourselves to the great issues of our Refusing to adopt a dogmatic foreign lakes, rivers, mountains . . . more than 70 tim~. But we have remained a genuine com­ million people. munity, with a tacit understanding that policy, P1ime Minister Ramboolam has pursued a foreign policy of nonaline­ These 16,000 towns and cities are the every view will be heard, that every question gateways to the country. Much of the vi­ can be rationally discussed and acted upon ment. His country has joined the Orga­ tality, the planning, and the progress in the in an atmosphere of mutual respect and nization of Mricafi Unity and enjoys cor­ countryside are centered around its small tolerance. Sometimes the tolerance has worn dial relations with the United States. cities. They provide business services, educa­ thin, but it has never yet broken. Some­ Indeed, Mauritius has cooperated with tional, health, social, and recreational facili­ times the leprous rage that infects our nation the United States, allowing the island ties, and opporttmities. The country towns has appeared among us, but it has never to be used as a satellite tracking station are the gateways not only to all our land re­ dominated an issue here. Great changes have sources but to a highly diversified economy. taken place in your years at Hollins-in the for the American space program. It is truly edifying to see so much ac­ Farming is by far the most important in­ structure of student government and in its dustry in the country; but the farm popu­ powers, in the shape of the curriculum, in complishment in only 1 year. Perhaps if lation is down to about 10 million, while 60 the rules that govern student life, in the size those prophets of doom had taken a million people live in the towns and small of the college and its physical facilities. closer look at the human resources that cities. Together this population is little more The most remarkable thing about Hollins the Mauritians had available to them is not its academic excellence, but the fact than one-third of the nation's total, yet it that everyone connected with it cares so in­ rather than one or two unfortunate in­ occupies more than 98 percent of the United tensely about it in a positive and comtruc­ cidents, they might not have been so States. In this vast countryside complex pessimistic in considering Mauritius' there are almost unlimited opportuni­ tlve way. Even those In our midst who most ties for industrial development, business and passionately wish it to be different, do so out future. service enterprises, recreational facilities, of affection rather than revulsion. schools, homesites, and congenial living con­ It is no small thing that we have not lost our capacity to laugh, and rarer stlll, that ditions for millions of additional people. THE GREAT AMERICAN COUNTRY­ Actually, a great deal of progress is already we have not lost our capacity to love. SIDE I wish you every success in the adventures under way. Vast physical improvements have been made. The acre yield of some of the which await you, and wi~h you Godspeed. basic crops has been doubled and trebled HON. JOHN M. ZWACH during the last 30 years. All this has gone OF MINNESOTA on without attracting much public atten­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion, yet it has probably contributed more to MAURITIUS 1 YEAR LATER our basic resources than all the skyscrapers Wednesday, June 18, 1969 built during this period. More than 7,000 country towns and cities now have modern HON. ADAM C. POWELL Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, I am vitally highways, power, improved educational OF NEW YORK concerned that the attention of the ad­ health and recreational facilities-often bet­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ministration and Congress be brought ter than found in big cities. to the problems of rural America. There In much of the countryside and in thou­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 is a very close relationship between the sands of its small cities, the record of literacy Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, when Sir economic and social forces starting at and school attendance is higher than in New Seewoosagur Ramgoolam's Indepen­ the country or rural level and the con­ York or Philadelphia. These enriched re­ sequent public recognition of the so­ sources and physical improvements can bring dence Party triumphed at the pools on a new era of development to the countryside. March 12last year, the prophets of doom called urban crisis. Many studies have announced in a chorus of voices that the been made regarding the poverty prob­ NATURAL RESOURCES THAT ARE VITAL TO HUMAN little island in the midst of the Indian lem, and one of them identifies 40 per­ WELFARE cent of the low-income people as living The extent of our dependence on natural Ocean did not have a chance to sur­ resources is something that has never been vive as an independent nation. Prior to in our rural areas. There are about 70 measured or fully defined. It is usually independence there had been consid­ million people living on the farms, or in equated in terms of production of food, erable violence between the Creole and villages or cities with less than 15,000 forests, and minerals. We have looked on Indian communities. Commentators pre­ population. If we have 20 million total land, not as something of which we are a sumed that the withdrawal of British impoverished Americans, then 14 million part, but rather as a purely negotiable and protection could only result in wholesale of them must come from the 70 million profit-producing asset. rioting. Happily enough, the communal referred to above. The logic of this star­ The relationship of land and human ecol­ tling :figure can be quickly ascertained ogy brings us to one of the most critical ques­ rioting that wracked the island prior to tions concerning our future. To what extent the option for independence was not re­ when we recall that these people have can man be alienated from the natural world peated. Indeed the general atmosphere historically had in recent years about and stlll retain the qualities of a human of the island has been cordial. two-thirds of the per capita income of being? Traditionally, the Mauritian economy city dwellers. In the world we live in today, we may need was, and still is, based on sugar. In an Some concrete work is underway to more than ever the aspiration and regenera­ effort to reduce economic dependence on show and to lead the way in using the tion which only the good earth can give. The 16486 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 urge to seek relaxation and enjoyment amidst These advantages may be more important tional association of citizens for countryside woods and waters is universal. This year it is than is generally recognized by industry or development. This will provide the total estimated that there will be 150 million ad­ the local community. Slmilar surveys in dif­ countryside with new representation and a missions to national parks and areas under ferent sections of the country are now under voice at the national level. It will serve as an the supervision of the National Park Serv­ way. They will be of much value to industry agency for education and promotion at both ice. Many more will be seeking enjoyment as well as all small cities. the community and national levels. and relaxation in state parks ancL other areas People in the country are learning that a Improvements in the physical assets have away from big cities. good town must provide business services, been and are beling realized, including mod­ People living in big cities have the means educational, health, social and recreational ern highways, power, education, health, and invariably also have country homes or spend facilities, and opportunities for young people. recreation facilities. Fortunately, these de­ frequent vacations there. The very poor reach To support such a town requires the coop­ velopments are taking place at just the time there only through charity or not at all. eration of all the interests in the commu­ when population and social pressures are Millions of boys and girls go to camps and nity. budlding to pad.ntul heights in the big cities. to farms for brief periods. There are many or­ 5) Farmers, too, would have as much or This is the new and better future which all ganizations, some national in scope, that pro­ more to gain than anyone. It could bring America should be lookng forward to. vide funds to enable city children to enjoy more local processing and packaging of farm these experiences. But there are too many products, as well as increase local consump­ other children in big cities that have never tion and demand for various products of the heard the sounds of birds and little animals land. It would mean more local opportuni­ "THE TWO-EDGED SWORD" IS SUB­ in their native habitat nor breathed the ties for farm families, and there would be JECT OF SBC PRESIDENT'S AD­ fresh air of the woodlands. more incentive to build for the future. Farm­ This pattern of development is essential if ing would become increasingly related to the DRESS we are going to utilize effectively our total total land economy. natural resources. It is no less important 6) More than at any other time in our for the future of industrial development. The history, the whole nation needs the country­ HON. EARLE CABELL countryside is the source of most of our fresh side. Almost wherever we look in the world, OF TEXAS water supply. Notwithstanding the present there is war or the threat of war. This year IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES danger of pollution from certain agricultural billions of dollars are going into defense chemicals originating in areas of highly in­ and to fight a war in Asia. Despite these Wednesday, June 18, 1969 tensive farming, the earth itself is a. vital fac­ great expenditures and efforts, it may be Mr. CABELL. Mr. Speaker, I would like tor in the recharge cycle of water. Pollution assumed that a growing number of inter­ insert in the RECORD the following ad­ continental missiles are zeroed in on every to of all kinds is easier to control, and some dress Dr. A. of the processes are automatic. The process big city in the country. Whatever our de­ by w. Criswell, of Dallas, of photosynthesis is an important factor in fense calculations may be, the nation's ulti­ Tex., before the recent Southern Baptist reducing air pollution. Woodlands and crop­ mate survival would be in the countryside. Convention in New Orleans, where he was lands reduce noise. STIMULATING A NEW SPmiT OF ADVENTURE reelected president of the convention. is Only recently professional planners for The first gain would come from the stir­ Dr. Criswell a great spiritual leader urban areas have been advocating the bene­ ring of individual initiative and imagina­ who is 1n his 25th year of service at the fits of "greenbelts" adjacent to these areas, tkm. The effect would be something like First Baptist Church in Dallas and is in but for most big cities it is too late and too that of the Homestead Act of 100 years ago, his 45th year 1n the ministry. He has con­ expensive to apply this concept. We have just the discovery of gold in the western states, tributed greatly to making the First Bap­ begun to explore how important the green or the concentration of industry during the chemistries of the countrysicLe are to not only tist Church 1n Dallas, with its 15,000 World War. It would automatically lead to members, one of the largest churches in human well-being but to the future prog­ redistribution of people. ress of industry as well. Technology cannot What is needed to bring about this rebirth the world. transform the nature of man, but it can ruin in America. is not so much the expenditure of The address follows: his environment. vast sums of public funds, but rather that of THE Two-EDGED SwoRD THE COUNTRYSIDE :MOVEMENT WOULD BRING understanding and information. We need to (By W. A. Criswell) :MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES TO PEOPLE AND IN­ rediscover the countryside again as it is today The Roman legions conquered the civilized DUSTRY and not as it was a. generation ago. The total world with the double-edged sword. With it 1) There is no other way to make our total countryside needs to be defined and made they overwhelmed the heretofore invincible natural resources and living space available known to the public. It needs more aggressive Greek Phalanx. Fearlessly charging the enemy to the greatest number of people. It would selling of all the things it has to offer for bet­ at close quarters, they outmaneuvered the help to relieve the large cities of the pressure ter living. spearman with their long ja.vellns, the cavalry and problems from excessive population. It The term "rural" or "ru.ra.l America" when with their frightened horses, and even the would make the countryside a more valuable used to define the total countryside as it is footmen with their heavy armor. These le­ economic partner of the cities and a better today-that vast body of America outside gions could and did cut armies to pieces. customer of their services. the boundaries of big-city complexes-is an The fearsome and formidable weapon had 2) It would produce a stronger and broader untorunate term. It tends to perpetuate an a. cutting edge on both sides. It was two­ base fl:lr a new and sustained economic prog­ image and background that go back before edged. This sword is a picture of the Word of ress for the whole nation. Jobs can be cre­ the turn of the century. "Rural America" is God: "For the Word of God is quick, and ated in the countryside far more economi­ decadent, whereas the "modern countryside" powerful, and sharper than any two-edged cally than in big cities. In fact, countless is the future of America. sword ..." (Hebrews 4:12) .It is a. type of the jobs would be created automatically once :MANY POSITIVE FORCES ARE GAINING message of Christ: "And out of his mouth the countryside movement gets under way. MOMENTUM went a sharp two-edged sword ..." (Revela­ S) Markets for a wide assortment of in­ Not long ago Ambassador Karl Rolvaag, tions 1: 16). dustrial goods would expand. People em­ former Governor of Minnesota, wrote: The Christian religion has two sharp, cut­ ployed in small cities and in the country "Sooner or later the rush from country to ting edges. One edge is faith, the other is buy more automobiles, appliances, sporting the cities, and now from the c1 ties to the works. One is believing; the other is doing. equipment, and consumer hardgood.s than suburbs, will return to an exodus back to the One is evangelism; the other is ministering. big-city dwellers. The margin of spendable countryside." A large number of leaders in The Christian religion is a great communi­ incomes is higher, and people can live better industry and government have recently ex­ cation; it is a. great compassion. It is a great on smaller incomes. pressed the need for a better balance between conviction; it is a. great commitment. It ls a 4) Nowhere else are there to be found the urban and countryside economies. During great doctrine; it is a great deed. It is a great greater future opportunities for industry and the last year or two, various bills have been message; it is a great ministry. It is a great new business development. Nowhere else is presented in Congress designed to aid this speech; it is a great sympathy. It is a sublime investment safer. Nowhere else is there a movement. word; it is a heavenly work. It is an eloquent more geographically diversified market for One of these would establish a Commission propaganda; it is a glorious practice. It is a almost every kind of product and service. that could help bring to public attention a noble orthodoxy; it is a magnificent ortho­ Here are green earth, ample living space, and wide range of viewpoints concerning causes praxy. all the vital resources to sustain the highest and solutions of problems that confront both These are the two hemispheres of the standard of living to be found anywhere in cities and countryside. It could help give Christian religion. Separated, they bleed the world. direction to the many discordant policies and themselves white. Together, they are a. glory Studies covering a. large number of in­ forces that have tended to widen the urban­ before the Lord. Cleave the message from the dustrial plants opened in small cities within countryside gap. It is hoped that this meas­ ministry and the whole becomes dust and the last few years have revealed some signif­ ure may lead to a. Congressional Committee ashes before our eyes. Joined with unbreak­ icant facts. In general, the attitude of the on Countryside Affa.irs. able links they become the work of God unto workmen is better than in big-city plants. Everywhere there are area development salvation and with the power of Christ in the They have more pride in their place of work. units and organizations. State and federal redemption of human life. :More of them own their homes and take agencies, colleges, churches, and others are Our ministry and message must be to the more interest in the total welfare of the com­ becoming increasingly active in this move­ whole man. Half a religion is not enough. A munity. They are stable and responsible. ment. There is now being established a na- whole man needs a whole religion. True June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16487 Christianity involves both the body and house." "By faith Abraham ..." How do we with the doctrine, to minister to the needs of the soul, the head .and the heart, the in­ know he had faith? Because "when he was the people. ward and the outward Ufe. A theological called to go out into a place which he should "A local pastor of great austerity dualism that separates the temporal from after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and Climbed upon his high church steeple the eternal, the physical from the spiritual, he went out, not knowing wither he went." To be nearer God, that he might hand the soul from the body, this world from the "By faith Moses ..." How do we know he God's word down to the people. world to come, is alien to the mind of Christ. had faith? Because "he refused to be called A person is a whole bei.ng, a total personality the son of Pharoah's daughter, choosing In his day God said, 'Come down and die.' and is to be ministered to as such. rather to suffer a.ftliction with the people of And he called out from his steeple, In this life we cannot separate soul and God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for 'Where art thou, God?' and the Lord replied, body and even in the life to come the re­ a season." 'Down here among my people.' " generated spirit is to be reunited with the The idea of "love" in the Bible is ever ex­ Jesus' ministry was decidedly, emphati­ resurrected, glorified body. Both make up the pressive, moving, ministering. We know God cally two-fold: meeting spiritual needs and total person. The soul is not to be lodged in loves us because He sent His son to die for physical needs. Forgiving sins and feeding its place and the body in another. Loving us (I John 4:9). He who loves God must love the hungry were a part of his dedicated work. lost souls we minister to human needs. We his brother also (I John 4:21). Loving our The needs of the world greatly concerned seek a balanced ministry of evangelism and brother is a form of loving and worshipping Jesus. The poor, the sick, the unclean, the social responsibility. True pietism and social God, a way of serving the Lord. outcast and the needy were ever on his heart. action are not opposites. Only the monk If there is any reality in the truth we have "Jesus filled with compassion" is ever His seeks to disengage himself from the tensions heard in sermons and in lessons it is be­ endearing name. He drove the money chang­ and trials of society. To become involved with cause we have seen it, experienced it, done ers from the temple of prayer. He condemned the problems of mankind is to follow it, proved it. As long as the message is only the Scribes and Pharisees for their piety with­ the example of Christ who came not to be words and sentences it is nothing. Argue, dis­ out godliness, their orthodoxy without right­ ministered unto but to minister. cuss, preach, debate as we may, it still is eousness. The Christian must express himself in two nothing but breath and sound. The great It was Jesus himself who taught us to pray, directions: vertical and horizontal, toward sermon, the mighty avowal, is still just lan­ "Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on God and toward man. Our relationship to guage untll it assumes the form of :flesh and earth as it is in heaven." The whole range of God is incomplete until it manifests itself blood. It is God Incarnate, God in the :flesh, human life--our unseen motives and our out­ in better relationships with men. Faith and who is Immanuel, God with us. It is the truth ward relationships-are to be brought into works are inseparable halves of genuine translated into life and deed that is really obedience to Christ. He commands us to feed Christianity. Neither is a substitute for the truth. the hungry, heal the sick, visit the impris­ other. Faith without works is dead. The Sav­ Herein is a glory of glories of the Christian oned, clothe the naked, liberate the op­ iour who died for us and by whose atoning religion. All the truth of the Christian mes­ pressed, love the unlovely. Part of the dis­ grace we are saved is the Saviour who answers sage is demonstrable truth. It is truth that cipleship of Jesus is lifting the destitute out prayer in giving us dally bread. takes effect in changed lives, new hopes, new of the gutter, bridging the gulf between races We are to deliver the whole gospel of aspirations. "If any man be in Christ he is a and answering the cries of the helpless. The Christ. We are to preach Jesus born of a new creature" (II Corinthians 9:17). It is loving deed in Christ's name may be a more virgin, the child of prophecy; Jesus dying for truth that becomes flesh and bones as the effective witness for the Saviour than the our sins according to the Scriptures; Jesus Lord Jesus raised from the dead. It is truth mouthing of pious platitudes and threadbare raised from the dead for our justification; that can be handled and seen, proved and cliches. Jesus interceding in heaven for us sinners; tested. The son of a Professor of Systematic The early church, also, shared that two­ Jesus coming again in power and great glory. Theology in a Seminary said to his illustrious edged ministry. The apostles gave themselves But we are also to preach Jesus moved father one morning: "Dad, why did you never to prayer and the ministry of the word whlle with compassion on the multitudes; Jesus tell me about the power of the gospel to the deacons assumed the responsibllitles of preaching hope to the poor; Jesus healing the change human llfe?" The father replied, caring for the poor and servl.ng tables. sick and cleansing the leper; Jesus feeding "Son, I have sought to tell you through all Through the years since, the ohurches and the hungry and strengthening the weak. In the years!" The youth replied, "Well, father, their leaders have been true to those dual re­ the message of Christ there is no confiict somehow I never saw it until last night down sponsib111ties. List the famous preachers and between the Good Samaritan attitude toward at the rescue mission." you will have a roster of men who battled the weary world and the salvation of the Bible religion is experimental religion, for social betterment. Charles G. Finney, who soul by the blood of the Crucified One. Both heartfelt religion, life-changing religion, had last century's greatest revival, wa-s the are a part of the gospel. soulsaving religion. It is a religion that most outspoken preacher of his days against The Christian faith is more than words, sings-- slavery. Charles H. Spurgeon sought to al­ doctrines, sermons. It is also loving dedica­ leviate the plight of the helpless poor in in­ tion in human service, offering hands of "Saved by the blood of the Crucified One, All praise to the Father, all praise to the dustrial England. Dwight L. Moody in help. It is the translation of the word, the America and F. B. Meyer in England were speech, the idea into reality that gives the Son, All praise to the Spirit, the great Three the champions of homeless children. Billy message power and relevancy. A gifted sci­ sundS3 wa-s the greatest foe to the liquor entist one time showed me on a table in his in One, Saved by the blood of the Crucified One." traffic the world has ever seen. laboratory a glass model he had worked out On the mission field the story is no differ­ for the breaking up of molecules in crude oil And it is a religion that sings- ent. The missionaries have led the way in so­ into high powered gasoline. He then took me cial service. William Carey secured passage to the window of his study and showed me a '"Tls the old time religion Makes me love everybody. of the law in India abolishing the cruel prac­ full square mile of heavy industrial, chem­ tice of throwing children into the Ganges ical installation, then humbly, simply said, It will take us all to heaven, It's good enough for me." River. He later led India to pass a law abolish­ "This", pointing to the laboratory table of ing the religious rite whereby a widow was glass tubes and condensers, "is that," point­ "Everybody." forced to self-immolation on the funeral ing to the gigantic plant. The idea translated "Red and yellow, black and white pyre of her husband. David Livingston moved into reality gave it pertenancy. The idea un­ the whole earth against African slave traders. applied is worthless. They are precious in His sight. Jesus loves the many people of the world." He wrote in his diary just before he died on Herein is a marvelous thing. All the great his knees, this sentence. "All I can say in my ideas of spiritual revelation are active, atomic Is there anything wherein we can say, "This solitude is this, may God's blessing rest upon and dynamic; never static, passive, nor dor­ is Christianity, come and see?" Many of us any man, Englishman, American or Turk, mant. The idea of God as the "Logos" in John would point to the great convention, thrill­ who will help to heal this open sore of the 1: 1 is the revelation of the active God that ing with the verdict, "This is the faith I" But world.'' Adoniram Judson warred against the we know in creation and re-creation, the God Jesus never mentioned it, nor did He ever despotic East India Company. of expression toward which Plato and Philo refer to it. Some of us would point to the Nor has the record of our Southern Baptist reached in their philosophy. God necessarily glorious, sermonic peroration, rising with its Convention been any different. Our messen­ moves, advances. He never recedes. His crea­ inspiration to exclaim, "This is the faith!" gers in a-ssembled convocation have spoken tion is followed by redemption. His redemp­ Jesus never mentoned it, nor did He ever out time and again concerning the social tion is followed by sanctification. His sancti­ refer to it. Others of us would point to the and political issues of the day. We have force­ fication is followed by glorification. Convul­ imposing cathedral and following its pom­ fully and emphatically voiced our convic­ sions of nature and nations disorders and pous service reply, "This is the faith!" Jesus tions concerning war and peace, disarma­ dissolution of social orders impede Him not. never mentioned it, nor did He ever refer to it. ment, human rights and liberties, race, pov­ God's sovereign purposes move inexorably on. But He did have something to say about a erty and crime. Were we to do different now It is His will that His saints shall possess the cup of cold water, seeking the lost sheep, it would be to change the course of our earth. knocking at the door, honoring a despised own history. The idea of "faith" in Hebrews, chapter 11, Samaritan. We are not to cower before the world and is above all things dynamic. "By faith Noah This is our heavenly calling, to translate the onslaughts of Satan as though we were .. .''How do we know he had faith? Because the sermon into flesh and blood, soulwin­ craven slaves. We are to press the battle "he prepared an ark to the saving of his nlng and brotherhood, to match the deed against the enemies of God and of mankind.

-, 16488 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 Putting on the whole armor of the Almighty community or get out. And as the President gospel as applicable to all men and able to we are to hold in our hand the double-edged of Notre Dame said, "You have fifteen min­ save all the uttermost. Living together we sword of the Spirit, the Word of God, the utes in which to decide!" should shine as light.s of the Lord in a dark saving, changing, gospel of Christ. The sword The Director of the Federal Bureau of In­ world, adorning the gospel in word and in is an offensive weapon. The two-edged sword vestigation makes this appeal to us: "Never deed. is for attack. Christ expected His gospel to have the churches lived in a time of greater Our spirit and our preaching should be march, go, move, conquer, attack. opportunity to exhibit the importance of positive, not negative. Up, not down. Onward, We have been thrust into a world of con­ faith in God and of obedience to His will, not backward. Victorious, not defeated. Opti­ filet and tension with a two-edged sword, and never in the history of our generation mistic, not pessimistic. Our Lord spoke of not a staff. In the closing day of our Lord's would their failure to do so be more calami­ trials but also of triumph: "In this world earthly ministry, Luke records this conver­ tous." ye shall have tribulations, but be of good sation between Jesus and his disciples: In the name of God, we accept the chal­ cheer, I have overcome the world." We should "When I sent you without purse, and scrip, lenge to resist. In Christian commitment, in pray to lift up the hearts of men, not cast and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they a common determination, we shall march to­ them down. We should be evangels preacb.1ng said, Nothing. Then said he unto them, But gether, work together, struggle together, the good news to our generation; all this now, he that hath a purse, let him take it, strive together. We have no time to divide, with heavenly answers, not with questioning and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no not now; we have no time for petty accusa­ doubts that darken the hopes of men. We sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one" tions and arguments, not now. Our very life should be preaching not what we do not be­ (Luke 22:35-36). is at stake. lieve, but what we do believe. The prophetic outline of Christian history The best defense, the strategists say, is an This is a critical hour and the only way is replete with warnings such as our Lord's, offense. Press the attack to the enemy. Carry out is up. Modern men are weary with being "In the world ye shall have tribulations." The the war to the foe. Alexander the Great was told what they cannot believe. They want to fulfillment of these prophecies is written in asked, "How did you conquer the world?" He know what, if anything, they oan believe. tears, blood, agony, martyrdom and death. replied, "By never turning back!" They are not interested in an emasc\llla.ted, The Christian soldiers have battled paganism, anemic, denatured Christianity, offered to heathenism, materialism, secularism, sen­ "Like a mighty army Moves the church of God; them as a concession to this supposed mod­ sualism, racism, and atheism and the riding ernity of mind. They are frank to say that if powers of spiritual darkness. We are ever Brothers, we are treading, Where the saints have trod; the church is just another conglomerate of just one generation from total eclipse. We are social welfare agencies, if the Bible is so un­ in a war from which there is no discharge. We are not divided, All one body we, reliable you cannot accept it as really true, We shall be the church triumphant in heaven if the Christian faith is based on a gigantic someday but we are the church militant now. One in hope and doctrine, One in charity." fraud about a man who didn't really rise Satan has cast down the gauntlet to our from the dead, then there is no use trying generation. He has defied and defamed God The mystic William Blake said it for us: to modernize all this mess. Just throw it out and dared us to resist. Our days are like those and be done with it. This is what uncounted described as "a fiood after the woman, that "Bring me my bow of burning gold, numbers of students have done. This is what he might cause her to be carried away of the Bring me my arrows of desire. Bring me my spear, 0 clouds, unfold, uncounted numbers of business men have :flood." We are battling for our very existence done. If you persist in handing out stones in the earth. Baptists and Christian believers Bring me my chariot of fire. when people ask for bread, they will quit everywhere face a fiood tide of evil that seeks We shall not cease from battle strife, coming to the bakery. When you g>ive ser­ to down us, bury us. Satan has not only Nor shall the sword sleep in our hand, Till we have built Jerusalem, pents for fish and scorpions for eggs, the blunted our attack but stopped our forward market is ready to close. thrust. In the fair and pleasant land.'' But we are under no compulsion to be Even statistics alarm us in pointing out our American and Christian civilization lie in party to so disastrous a course. Some of us diminishing percentage of believers in the the balance. If we fall here we fail every­ have a deep-seated fear that we shall become earth. Some say that 185 years ago 25 % of where. If we fail now, we, for our part, have like other denominations who, stressing the the world's population was evangelical Chris­ failed for all time. Armageddon is at our so-called "social" gospel (there is but one tian. Today it is 8 % . By 1980 it will be 4 % . door. I lived through World War II. Listen gospel according to Galatians 1 :6-9), have By the year 2000 it will be 2 %. And what of to the men who fought through that terrible lost their institutions, forsaken their mis­ the next century? Last year on all of our holocaust: General of the Army, Dwight D. sionary zeal, given up their soul-winning mission fields Southern Baptists baptized Eisenhower: "There is implied no limit to passion, and have died in their churches 65,000 converts. But 65,000,000 souls were the capacity of science to reach the maxi­ where they have not closed them altogether. born. Carry out tha.t ratio in geometrical pro­ mum destructive effect .•. The only hope But we need not be that way, nor shall we gression through a few years and the :flood­ fOr the world as we know it is in complete become so if we remain true to the basic tide of pagan darkness in the world becomes spiritual regeneration, a strengthening of assignment of the Grea.t Commission and fol­ impenetrable. moral fibre. And again: "I'm convinced from low the divine pattern set by our Lord and Nor is Satan done. He is ploughing us up what I know of world conditions that the His apostles. The extension of applied Chris­ in our own country and among our own peo­ only hope of our day is a religious revival.'' tianity to social issues, making the world a ple. He is demolishing our institutions and General of the Army Douglas MacArthur: better place to live in, must ever be the fruit tearing our social fabric apart with the sordid "We have had our last chance. If we do not of a personal, individual relationship with inroads of crime. For every dollar we spend now devise some better system, Armageddon Jesus Christ. Our social action must have its on our churches we are forced to spend will be a.t our door. The problem basically roots in Christ's redemptive message. The $12,000 on crime and filth. And as though this is theological and involves a spiritual re­ agnostic, the atheist, the infidel, the unbe­ were not evil enough, he has raised up a crudescence of human character. It must liever can engage in social action--and many brand of vipers that sink their fangs into be of the spirit if we are to save the fiesh.'' times do. But the Christian labors in an alto­ the very heart life of our republic. It is called At a banquet in Dallas for Speaker of the gether different kind of a framework and "The New Left." J . Edgar Hoover described it House Sam Rayburn, I was invited to lead from an altogether different motive. Loving in this way: the invocation and was seated by the side God we love and serve our brother. But loving "The mood of the New Left and its philo­ of the illustrious American statesman. In his God must always be first. sophy of life is one of defiance, hostility, and address, after describing the frightful possi­ The Christian message is one with an em­ opposition to our free society. It seeks to de­ bilities of the atomic bomb, he dramatically phasis. Jesus taught and preached with an stroy, not to build. Its whole approach is one turned to me and said, "I a.m not a preacher, emphasis. He himself said there is a first of negativism-to critize, belittle, denigrate Sir, but I believe that if the world and its commandment, then a second. It is this in the principles on which this nation was built. civilization are not to be destroyed, we must His Great Commission, there is order, as well Cynicism, pessimism and callousness are have a resurrection of the old time religion." as content and one is as inspired as the other. its mottoes. As its heart, the New Left is nihi­ The applause was deafening. He later joined The first order is to make disciples, to win listic and anarchistic. the little Primitive Baptist Church near men to Christ. That command is the only im­ "Basic to the New Left's mood is the idea Bonham, Texas, from which church he was perative in the Greek sentence in Matthew that contemporary American society (con­ buried with the President of the United 28: 19- 20. All the other words are supporting temptuously called the "Establishment") is States in attendance. participles. corrupt, evil and malignant and must be de­ There is so much to be done in these try­ We have a first and a primary task, that of stroyed. It mus~along with its Judaic­ ing days and so little time in which to do it, evangelizing the world. Jesus explicitly said Christian values-be liquidated." that the exigencies of the hour should drive so. With gratitude for the moving hand of The evil, vicious implementation of this us to our knees in supplication. Every church God in our midst, making us sensitive to so­ New Left can be dramatically illustrated in should be shocked out of its complacency cial needs, yet we must not be blinded to the the college radicals who are seeking to destroy and lethargy. Working together we should fact that the New Testament places the em­ our institutions. Respect for the rights of face a new day of commitment to our heav­ phasis upon the proclamation of the gospel of others can return to the campus only as brave enly assignment. Marching toget her we redemption (I Corinthians 15: 1-4). The administra.tors confront these armed mili­ should seek openness of heart and life and church must ever remember that its major tants with the simple but firm demand that love to all men everywhere. Striving together task is to meet man's most serious need, the they be a cooperating part of the academic we should be of one mind in presenting the regeneration of the soul. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16489 Modern denial for the need of such a gospel speolal mission. If the church is just another delivery of the whole message of Christ. We is loud and vociferous. The blasphemous soclal agency, why bother with the church? have dedicated ourselves to the creation of deniers state their case bluntly, rudely bru­ If the minister is just another soc:lal work­ the brotherhood of the redeemed bought by tally. They say if you have tractors to move er, why bother with being a minister? the blOOd of the Crucified One. We are build­ mountains you don't need faith. If you have But the true church and the true minis­ ing the real and true temple of God with penicillin you don't need prayer. If you have ter are something more and beyond. They jade from the East, coral from India, ebony positive thinking you don't need salva­ represent God as a light in a dark world. from Africa, ivory from the hands of the tion. If you have the state you don't need The church is not the church when it is white man and pearls from the isles of the the church. If you have manuals on science merely a political platform. The church is sea, all encircled with the rainbow prom­ you don't need the Bible. And if you not the church when it is merely a center ises of God. We are waiting for, praying for, have an Edison or an Einstein you don't of social activity. The church is not the working for and belieVing in the coming of need Jesus. They define life in terms of church when it is merely decorating the pig the King and the Kingdom, even as He taught material values. But the gospel message ad­ pen instead of getting the prodigal out of it us to pray, "Thy Kingdom come thy will dresses itself to a far deeper hum.an need, the and at home where he belongs. The church be done on earth as it is in heaven." need of regeneration, the need of a changed is not the church when it is merely denounc­ heart, the need of solving the spiritual prob­ ing, scolding, castigating, browbeating, con­ lem of sin. Tractors, penicillin, manuals on demning. science, affluence, governmental agencies can­ The church is truly the church when it is TOGO AFI'ER 9 YEARS OF not teach it, nay, are objectly helpless before preaching to lost, hopeless men the message INDEPENDENCE it. of hope and salvation, the redeeming grace The Christian religion is essentially a mes­ of God in Christ Jesus. The church is truly sage of redemption. It's fundamental pur­ the church when it is evangelizing, convert­ HON. ADAM C. POWELL pose is to deliver us from the bondage of sin. ing to the faith, wtn.mng to Christ. The OF NEW YORK church is truly the church when it is theol­ It is not in the first place an ethic, although IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES it is ethical. It is not in the first place ogizing, indoctrinating, teaching the mind a theology, although it is theological. It of God as it was in Christ Jesus. The church Wednesday, June 18, 1969 is not in the first place reformational, is truly the church when it is ministering although it carries with it social, cultural, encouraging, helping, lifting up the spirits Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, last and political reforms. It is first and above of downcast men. The church is truly the April, the citizens of Togo cele­ all redemptive. "He was delivered for our church when it is faolng the problem of sin, brated the ninth anniversary of inde­ sins and raised for our justification." battling frustration, disease, hopelessness, pendence from France. These 9 years, This truth can be poignantly seen in a sym­ despair, death. The church is truly the often tense, always ebulllent, have wit­ bol of the church. The symbol of the church church when it is pointing men to the Lamb nessed one of the most exciting examples of God that taketh away the sin of the is not a ·burning bush. It is not two tablets of nation-building in modem Africa. of stone. It is not a seven branched lamp­ world. The church is truly the church when it is worshipping the Lord God and exalting What kind of people are the Togolese? stand. It is not a halo around a submissive They are like Gen. Etienne Eyadema, head. It is not even a golden crown. It is a Jesus our Saviour. The church is truly the rugged, bloody cross. A cross in all its naked church when it is appeaJ.lng for a disciplined President of the Republic, who acqui­ hideousness as the Roman would have it. A life, free from the lusts of the flesh and of esced to the demand of the people that he cross in all its philosophical irrationality as the world. The church is truly the church remaJn in office despite his personal de­ the Greek would have it. But a cross in all its when it reminds the saints that we are citi­ sire to retire from government. They are zens of two worlds, this world and the world power to save as Paul preached it (Galatians which is to come and that we are to glorify men of courage like Avoumissodo Etou, 6: 14). Godin both. over 75 years of age and blind, who can "Have you been to Jesus for the cleansing George W. Truett said in his immortal comment after his long life that "each power, address on the steps of our national capi­ time it rains, the good Lord and the good Are you washed in the blood of the Lamb? tal, "Every organization and agency of the earth give us enough to eat." They are Are you fully trusting in his grace this hour, churches should keep aflame with the pas­ the people of Gbodjome who taxed them­ Are you washed in the blood of the Lamb?" sion of New Testament evangelism ..." If selves to build a health clinic rather than we fall in our social work, agencies of the Paul came to Rome to preach the gospel at government both national and looal will wait for government aid. the center of the civ111zed world. Rome was a take it up. But if we fall in our evangelistism Of the Republic of Togo, the best way city of slavery, but he did not center his assignment there is no other agency to to describe it is "booming.'' In its annual preaching against slavery. Rome was a city of preach the gospel God will remove our lamp­ report, the American Embassy noted that lust but he did not center his preaching on stand. "Lome-the capital and leading port moral reform. Rome was a center of economic As long as Southern Baptists do not em­ city-offers an outstanding opportunity injustice, but he did not center his preaching brace an anemic; enervating theology; as long for manufacturers to take advantage of: on the distribution and equality of wealth. as Southern Baptists maintain an unswerVing First, Togo's central location for the Rome was a city of violence, of bloody gladi­ commitment to the Bible as the inspired torlal combat, but he did not center his Word of God; as long as Southern Baptists West African market; second, a rela­ preaching against the inhumanity of man to believe that men are lost without Christ tively abundant labor market; third, man. Rome was a city built on the spoils of and that our assignment includes reaching customs exemption for imports of raw war, but he. did not center his preaching on all men with the .saving gospel; as long as materials and reexport of finished prod­ pacifism. Paul preached the power of the Southern Baptists repudiate the subtle heresy ucts; and fourth, liberal tax and other cross to save and these cruel enemies of God of universalism, that all are saved anyway; benefits for newly established firms." The and of man fell in their day. Evangelism will as long as Southern Baptists preach that largest industry is a phosphate mine and have a changing effect upon the social condi­ Jesus died for our sins and rose again for our washing plant in the southeastern part tions of man. The power of the gospel in justification and that sinners can come to itself provoked social action-the decay of God for forgiveness and redemption in Him; of the country. It was started just a few the coliseum for gladitorial combat, the out­ as long as Soutern Baptists preach evangelis­ years ago, and last year exports totaled lawing of crucifixion, of the exposure of chil­ tic sermons and offer an invitation, preaching about 1.3 million tons and accounted for dren, of selling into slavery, of imprisonment for a verdict; then our social action will not about 10 percent of the government's for debt, of degradation of womanhood, of a sidetrack us. revenues. In the future Lome looks for­ thousand other social ills. But when we cease to believe the Bible ward to the growth of the mineral in­ Shall we change the gospel message that doctrine of judgment and hell, we shall be­ dustry, hopefully at its current breath­ Paul preached? Update the Bible? Modernize come universalists and not evangelists. When taking pace. In an effort at diversifica­ the Saviour? Re-define God? Update to what we cease to believe that Jesus is God in the date? Re-define to what definition? God does _ flesh, Immanuel, we shall be unitarians and tion, the Datcha textile mill has been ex­ not change. Sin does not change. The need not trinitarians. When we cease to strive to panded and conceivably may ultimately of regeneration does not change. Our involve­ convert the heathen and work only for an be the major supplier of textiles to the ment with the structure of society in its institutionalized Christianity, we shall be large consumer market of West Africa. political, cultural and educational tensions, Westernizers and not Christlanizers. When It would be fatuous to contend that must not blind our hearts to the primary we cease to believe that the Bible is the Word Togo is without problems or that the fu­ need for conversion, for a personal relation­ of God we shall be apostates and not apostles ture will be rosy without further con­ ship with Christ. of the faith. When we cease to believe that certed and sustained effort on the part of The modern, secular pre-occupation of the we are called to win souls, we shall be no church with economic and political consid­ longer fishers of men but keepers of the the people. But the fact is that the people erations makes it just one other reforming aquarium. When we cease to believe in the of Togo are determined to disprove the agency of which there are ten thousand. heavenly mandate of the Great Commission, all-too-common arguments heard in Emphasize the secular and we become like a we shall be dead and not alive. Paris and Washington that Togo's future multitude of other clamoring voices and of With few exceptions, our churches, our is to be no more than that of an African­ no particular, distinctive use. We have no pastors, our people are committed to the style banana republic. Considering the 16490 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 efforts that the Togolese have expended eral of the United States, Mr. Robert F. nedy, the attorney general's interest in some in the past it would appear that the so­ Kennedy." of his official a1fairs flagged. called experts will be proved wrong and FmST REVEALED IN HOUSTON At the time, Katzenbach, was Kennedy deputy at the Justice Department. General Eyadema and Avoumissodo Etou Tolson added that the monitoring device A later attorney general, Ramsey Clark, will be vindicated. "was strictly in the field of internal security, has told reporters that he personally had and, therefore, was within the provision laid never given approval for wiretapping on King. down by the then President of the United · Clark also has said he required the FBI to States." tell him every three months the names of MARTIN LUTHER KING-THREAT The first public revelation that King had people being monitored electronically and TO NATIONAL SECURITY been the subject of FBI wiretapping came that King's name was never reported to him earlier this month in a federal court hearing in that category. in Houston. Robert Nichols, a special agent in the FBI NO DOCUMENT INCLUDED HON. JOHN R. RARICK office in Atlanta, testified that be had super­ If the wiretapping had continued until OF LOUIS IANA vised a device attached to the telephone lines shortly before King's death, it would have at King's home there. been in operation during Clark's leadership IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The wiretap apparently was installed of the department. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 sometime in 1964, and there have been in­ Tolson's letter to Rowan, while saying that dications that the wiretapping continued for the wiretap on King had been "specifically Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the FBI some time after that, perhaps until shortly authorized" by Kennedy, did not say directly has replied to urging by a Washington before King's assassination April 4, 1968. that King himself was the subject under gossip columinst that J. Edgar Hoover be Kennedy was attorney general from January investigation. removed from office because of unauthor­ 1961 until Sept. 3, 1964. In addition, Tolson did not include with ized wiretappings on Martin Luther If the wiretapping had the specific ap­ his letter a copy of the specific document King. The reply is that Bobby Kennedy­ proval of the attorney general, and if it was upon which the claim of authorization ap­ used as part of a "national security" inves­ parently was based. then Attorney General-had authorized tigation, it apparently was not operated in Testimony at the Houston hearing ap­ the FBI wiretapping on King's phone as violation of legal restrictions in effect at the peared to indicate that King himself was the part of a "national secmity" investiga­ time. subject of the investigation, and that this tion. ROWAN BLASTS HOOVER was the reason that his telephone had been National security can only be inter­ Tolson's letter seemed clearly designed to tapped for long periods Of time. preted that the suspect's actions and as­ show that both aspects of legality had been A Justice Department spokesman, asked sociations were deemed a threat, active met by the FBI. HJ.s letter was prompted by whether there was any document to support or potential, to the American people. comments by the columnist that Hoover bad the claim in Tolson's letter, declined a direct been flouting the law by permitting the wire­ answer last night. However, the spokesman Those fully informed of King's true referred to a statement issued by the depart­ mission have remained silent too long. tap on King's phone. Rowan directly accused Hoover of "abuse of contempt for the law." ment earlier this month which had said that We cannot permit this distorted image Branding this a "malicious" and "scurri­ Hoover was "accurate in every respect" when of Dr. King to continue by hiding his lous" article, Tolson invited Rowan to give he had repeatedly told Congress all wiretaps true role. The Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde his answer wide publicity. had been authorized in advance and in writ­ must be exposed. The FBI's new defense of itself seemed ing by the attorney general in office at the If history is to be factual, let it record likely to start a new round of public dispute time the tapping was proposed. over the official responsibility for the use The spokesman thus appeared to be imply­ his promoted plaudets, but also give equal ing that Tolson's letter also was an accurate exposure to the truth-his actions, con­ of electronic listening devices. Three years ago, Hoover and Robert Ken­ description of authorization. fidants, and financiers-which were ac­ nedy, then a U.S. senator from New York, knowledged even by Bobby Kennedy as traded public charges that each other was [From the Manchester (N.H.) Union Leader, a threat to our country and our form of responsible for approval of the use of bidden June 17, 1969] government. microphones, as opposed to direct wiretap, Two KINGS MARTIN LUTHER The American people are convinced for investigation. (By Paul Scott) that someone is hiding the full story on KENNEDY RELEASED LETTER WASHINGToN, June 16.-Public airing of Martin Luther King. They want all the At that time, the late senator made pub1ic the FBI's recordings Of private conversations truth so they can decide for themselves a letter to him dated Feb. 17, 1966, from Dr. Martin Luther King conducted with his what he really was. Courtney A. Evans, who had been assistant protest advisers could go a long way toward Mr. Speaker, I call again on President FBI director while Kennedy was attorney changing the image of the slain civil rights general. .leader. Nixon to authorize J. Edgar Hoover and - Summaries of the recordings, as revealed the FBI to make public the full file on While Kennedy relied on that letter to help him make the point that the use of hidden to members of a House Appropriation Sub­ King's activities, his confidants, and fi­ microphones was not Kennedy's responsibil­ committee, headed by Representative John nanciers, so our people will know why ity, the letter did carry a paragraph which J. Rooney (D-N.Y.), clearly indicate that he was even regarded as dangerous by suggests that Kennedy had been involved King was in direct contact with one of the Robert F. Kennedy. directly in approving the use of wiretaps. most infiuential communists in the U.S. Several news clippings follow my re­ The paragraph read: "On Jan. 10, 1961, With leads obtained from their electronic marks: while you were attorney general designate, eavesdropping, the FBI was able to confirm a memorandum was delivered to you fur­ .that this Kremlin agent, whose influence ex­ (From the Washington Evening Star, nishing a summary on the use of wiretapping tended into the highest ranks of the Com­ June 18, 1969] by the FBI in serious national security cases. munist Party, USA, was one of King's ghost FBI CLAIMS KENNEDY OK'D TAPPING OF Thereafter, individual requests in these ser­ writers and chief advisers on protest strategy. DR. KING'S PHONE ious national security cases for wiretap au­ In addition to the evidence gained from (By Lyle Denniston) thorization were sent to you by the FBI for the King recordings, the FBI succeeded in taking several photographs of the civil rights A top official of the FBI has claimed that approval. These were the only wiretap au­ thorization which were ever submitted to leader meeting with this covert communist official wiretapping of Dr. Martin Luther operator at one of the major U.S. airports. King Jr. had the advance approval of the you." Evans, now a Washington lawyer, said last King, whose assasination in Memphis, late Atty. Gen. Robert F. Kennedy. Tenn., in April, 1968, is still carried as an Clyde A. Tolson, the bureau's associate di­ night that he simply bad no recollection about whether a wiretap authorization direc­ "open investigation" by the FBI, was first rector, defended the legality of the much­ put under government surveillance in 1961 criticized tapping of King's phone in a letter ted at King had ever been involved in his discussion with Kennedy. when the late Robert Kennedy was Attorney dated Monday. General. The letter was sent to Carl T. Rowan, a INTEREST SAID TO FLAG Although Kennedy after leaving the Jus­ columnist for The Star, and was intended If the King wiretap was installed any time tice Department denied any knowledge of as an answer to an article Rowan wrote for during 1964, and if it did have approval by King's surveillance, FBI and Justice Depart­ last Sunday's edition, attacking FBI Director the attorney general, that could have come ment records show he authorized the inquiry J. Edgar Hoover for the electronic spying on only from Kennedy or his successor, Nicholas during a conference attended by FBI Director King. A copy of the letter was sent to the deB. Katzenbach. J. Edgar Hoover, then Deputy Attorney Gen­ editor of The Star. Katzenbach could not be reached immedi­ eral Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, and another "For your information," Tolson wrote to ately for comment on the matter. high-ranking FBI aide. the columnist, "the wiretap on Martin Aides to Kennedy suggested last night, The surveillance Of King, now under fire by Luther King Jr. was specUioally approved in during 1964, the period after the assassina­ several large East ooast newspapers, was the advance in writing by the late attorney gen- tion of his brother, President John F. Ken- outgrowth of information that the FBI June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1649l agents obtained during its investigation of FEDERAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS all bond proposals. Hard-pressed local another national security case. school districts are increasingly looking When King's name was mentioned several toward the State government for help. times by one of the persons under surveil­ HON. WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD My colleagues know, I am sure, that this lance in the case, it was decided that the 0'1 KICBIGAN civil rights leader should be placed under experience is typical and that the finan­ close observation. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cial crisis in the public schools bears on The FBI inquiry, which- continued for sev­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 what the Federal Government should eral years, involved King's trips to Sweden be doing in this area. and East Germany as well as his preparations Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I While all levels of government are to lead the so-called "Poor Army campaign" wish to join with parents and educators making these really tough decisions to disrupt Washington. throughout the Nation in urging that ap­ about education budgets, the affected FOR THE RECORD propriations for Federal education pro­ children are growing up. Time waits for These and other still secret details of grams be increased over the amounts no man. I have no doubt that my col­ King's activities were revealed by FBI Direc­ requested. leagues are keenly aware that precious tor J. Edgar Hoover to members of the A recognition of the need for budg­ irreplaceable time in the individuai Rooney subcommittee shortly before the civil etary restraint in these times of high child's development can be lost and are rights leader was slain. taxes and critical infiation must be giving full weight to what this means Deeply concerned about King's plans to complemented by a recognition of priori­ disrupt Washington, the legislators had re­ ties. Education deserves top priority, in for the children and for the larger so­ quested the briefing so they would be pre­ my opinion. No other domestic program ciety they will enter. pared to blunt his assault on Congress should Following is a summary of the educa­ that become necessary. has so much meaning and impact for tional programs of particular concern So alarming was the FBI's data on King so many people and for the future of to the citizens of Michigan and, espe­ that the lawmakers took the extraordinary America. step of briefing House Speaker John McCOr­ If we can educate more children to be cially, of the 18th Congressional Dis­ mack. This information along with other "achievers," we can go a long way to­ trict. material furnished by the FBI caused Mc­ ward successfully coping with human ESEA TITLE I COrmack to make extensive preparations, in­ problems like apathy and despair in the Financial assistance to local educa­ cluding the alerting of military units, to de­ tional agencies for the education of chil­ fend the capital against King's plans to ghetto, underemployment, crime, inter­ dren of low-income families-authoriza­ cause massive disruption. racial hatred, and the size of the welfare tion, $2,359,554,470; requested appropria­ The House Democratic leaders, all strong rolls. And we will have more and better tion, $1,226,000,000; fiscal year 1969 ap­ supporters of the late President Kennedy, trained people to apply their technical were reputedly shocked at the gutter-type knowledge to the world population prob­ propriation, $1,123,127,000. language King used in private conversations lem, to the need for revolutionary agri­ Michigan educators are gratified that about the late President. cultural developments like miracle rice, an increase over fiscal year 1969 is pro­ Other recordings in the FBI files dealt to the housing problem, and so on. posed for this title, particularly because extensively with his private life, according they experienced a decrease last year. to the legislators, and showed that there Congress has enacted the laws provid­ ing for critical, innovative programs, and But they have serious questions about its were two Kings--one the public knew and ability to meet wage and product cost the other known only to his closest friends the school districts and States have got­ andtheFBI. ten these programs underway. We must increases and its real impact when spread King's leadership task was to give the not renege on our commitment. We must over the whole State. The Detroit over-all movement "motion" and an accept­ not recognize the need and then insure schools, for example, serve the largest able "image" that would attract millions of that it will not be met. Dr. Ira Polley, city in the State and face one of the negroes, young people, the poor, clergy, and superintendent of public instruction in gravest financial crises in the Nation. those disenchanted with the Vietnam war. Michigan, states his case well: The deputy superintendent of schools in His tactics in changing his protest leader­ Detroit estimates that the increase for ship from one of civil rights to anti-war, and State legislatures are being called upon to poverty, and anti-government during the vote new taxes and shoulder an even larger them will be "insignificant." Because of closing days of his life were part of this share of educational costs; and most are Detroit's fiscal crisis, Federal funding grand strategy. meeting their responsibilities. They should has provided the only moneys the pub­ not be expected, in addition, to pick up lic schools could use for program im­ MORE TO COME worthwhile programs which the Congress has provement. Whether most of these FBI recordings, started and then discarded. • •. If the Gov­ Mr. John G. Fernane, director of proj­ since many of them deal with national se­ ernor's 1969-70 budget is passed the Michigan curity cases still under investigation, will Legislature will have raised lts contribution ects in the Berkley School District, poig­ ever be revealed by the Nixon Administration to K-12 education by fifty percent over 1965- nantly refers to the "annual game of fis­ 1s conjectural. 6; if the President's budget 1s passed as pre­ cal roulette" in expressing his disap­ Should supporters of King, however, pump sented, the Congress in the same period will pointment about the steadily decreasing new life into the stalled drive in Congress have decreased its contribution over five per­ funding for the title I program in Berk­ to create a national holiday honoring him, cent. ley. He points out that categorical Fed­ demands could become forthcoming from eral aid has permitted the school district anti-King legislators that Hoover be called Meanwhile, the cost of just keeping to testify. If that occurs, the "Martin Luther federally initiated programs going has to do what simply would not have been King tapes" could become big news. increased. Michigan educators have re­ possible if only local and State funds For now, the only public confirmation of peatedly stressed to me that they need could be relied upon. the King recordings comes from Houston more Federal money each year to meet Title I is designed to perform an im­ Federal Judge Joe Ingraham's hearing in­ normal "cost-of-program" increases mense task-to improve the educational volving the case of former heavyweight box­ even if they do not expand any pro~ level of educationally deprived children. ing champion Cassius Clay. grams. The costs of staffing and equip­ We have voted to extend ESEA for only 2 Testimony by FBI agents in the Houston ping programs steadily rise. The salaries years to give ourselves and the adminis­ hearing revealed that conversations of King tration the chance to evaluate its suc­ and Clay were recorded. In one instance, of Michigan teachers have gone up an Judge Ingraham pronounced it a matter of average of 10 percent over the past year. cess and develop a better law. The State national security and refused to let it be In . the case of ESEA title I funding, of Michigan is conscientiously building made public. wh1ch largely goes for paying profes­ on past successes and correcting past Clay, convicted of draft dodging in June, sional staff, this means that Michigan failures in title I programs. When we ~967, and sentenced to five years in prison, needs approximately $3 million more to consider education programs for the 1s appealing his conviction. The U.S. Su­ maintain the program. In light of this, 1970's, I hope we will be able to evaluate preme Court ordered Ingraham to hold a the proposed $4 million increase is hardly what ESEA did do and not what what hearing to see whether illegal wiretaps testi­ it might have done if it had had more mony was used to convict Clay. impressive. And this is one of only a lim­ ited number of programs in which Mich­ money. Both the movement to mark Kipg's birth­ ESEA TITLE II day as a national holiday and the Houston igan stands to gain at all. court hearing clearly indicate that the final So far in 1969, local taxpayers in School library resources, textbooks, chapter in the Martin King story is yet to Michigan have rejected 45 percent of and other instructional materials-au­ be written. all millage proposals and 68 percent of thorization, $206,000,000 ; requested ap-

-- 16492 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 proprlation, $0; fiscal year 1969 appro­ modern foreign languages, and other mize their potential contribution to priation, $50,000,000. critical subjects-authorization, $290,- society. Dr. E. Burrows Smith, chairman of the 000,000; requested appropriation, $0; In a comment typical of those I have department of romance and germanic fiscal year 1969 appropriation, $78,- received, the director of student services languages and literatures at Wayne State 740,000. of the Rochester Community Schools University and a member of the Royal This program has been found to be writes: Oak School Board emphatically states popular and valuable in Michigan for Many pilot studies and newly inaugurated about Federal library-support programs: several reasons: First, it reaches into all programs from elementary school through Rarely has the expenditure of so little types of school districts; second, the lo­ junior college levels are In critical stages of money had such a wide impact and brought cal matching fund requirement insures growth. It 1s very likely that with the com­ so many benefits to school children, college the concern of the local school people plete withdrawal of support many of these and university students, researchers and the for what is being done with the money; programs will collapse and the investment general public. made to this point will be lost as well as the third, the requirement that the money anticipated future benefits. Similarly, State education administra­ be used for equipment and materials is tors have stressed to me that this is one an incentive to local school districts to I concur with his view about lost in­ program which definitely provides clear make acquisitions in this area. The facts vestment and question whether we will and tangible benefits. supplied by Dr. Polley attest to the pro­ make a genuine saving by not capital­ I think it is particularly significant gram's popularity: Local school districts izing on our investment in these new that in Michigan not only have title II have requested twice the available programs. moneys been able to provide updated and amount of Federal money; the number A counselor who participated in a pro­ creative materials for the teaching of all of projects submitted each year since gram which wa.s discontinued because children, and particularly the disadvan­ the program was enacted a decade ago of inadequate funds writes: taged and mentally retarded, but it also has ranged from 480 to 575; an average "I regretfully left behind my children and has enabled libraries to be established of 93.2 percent of the public schools have parents in great need of the services pro­ in schools which previously had none. participated. vided by the program (the area. has a great Dr. Polley points out that 16 percent of Michigan will lose $3,400,000 in grants many one parent homes, children who have the elementary schools in Michigan still and $86,000 in administrative funds if to cope with poverty dimculties, and high do not have a centralized library and the proposed budget is approved. This school dropout rate, etc.) . 45 percent do not yet have a profes­ is the only Federal money which the And, representing a somewhat dif­ sionally trained librarian. schools can use for the purchase of equip­ ferent segment of the society, a psychol­ ESEATITLE m ment. ogist in private practice writes: Supplementary educational centers A constituent says: In my practice I have experienced the and services-authorizations, $556,500,- As a taxpayer I want my dollar's worth problems that have been caused by the 000; requested appropriation, $116,393,- in education. I feel that my dollar has been lack of competent counseling in the schools. well spent In the NDEA Title lii program. Only In the last few years have I noticed 000; fiscal year 1969 appropriations, some improvement. This I feel has been the $164,876,000. Urging full funding for this title, title result of NDEA. As in the case of title I, we are talking II, ESEA, and title VI, HEA, another LIBRARY SERVICES AND CONSTRUCTION ACT about dynamic, developing programs constituent writes: Dr. Polley points out that, as a re­ rather than static acquisitions of facU­ All over this country, the salaries of our lties, equipment, and materials. The loss teachers are being Increased and we expect sult of Federal aid and in anticipation of of $1,900,000 in funds for grants and that this will result in an improvement in continued support, libraries in the State $147,000 in funds for administration will the quality of faculties. However they must of Michigan have hired more staff, ini­ necessitate reducing the budgets of most also be provided With materials that Will tiated services, and expanded facilities, Michigan title ill programs by 40 per­ provide the more efficient and effective util­ including through rental. In addition, cent. Over 1. 7 million schoolchildren ization of their time and training. the State has responded to the Federal will be affected. Michigan's title III NDEA TITLE V- A presence by increasing its own level of projects have been successful. If this Guidance, counseling, and testing; spending in this area. Audio-visual spe­ significant cut is approved, these 53 identification and encouragement of able cialists and librarians throughout the projects will be terminated or crippled students-part A: State programs­ State express concern for funding for all after only a few years of life. elementary and secondary schools and library-support programs in ESEA and Michigan's projects range from help junior colleges-authorization, $40,000,- HEA, as well as LSCA, pointing out for the mentally retarded to help for the 000; requested appropriation, $0; fiscal shortages of librarians and materials at potential school dropout, from help for year 1969 appropriation, $17,000,000. all levels. the child in the city to help for the child This year, Michigan suffered a decrease If the drastic reductions of funds for in the rural community. The differential of $300,000 in grant funds. If the re­ library support and construction are education project in my congressional quested appropriation is approved, the approved, the evidence is that the re­ district has received widespread recogni­ grant allocation to Michigan will drop sult will be a sense of disappointment tion for its innovation and creativity. An from $700,000 to zero. This will mean and suspicion of the Federal Govern­ elementary school principal from Madi­ that some recently instituted guidance ment's real interest in and recognition son Heights tells me: and counseling services will be seriously of the educational function of libraries. Educators from many cities and states or fatally crippled, since they cannot HIGHER EDUCATION across the nation have visited to observe continue to operate without some Federal Student financial assistance: eco­ first hand the new and impressive programs assistance. And, already, because of re­ nomic opportunity grants, national d«­ initiated here. ductions in the current budget, efforts fense student loans, college work-study. The educators from this school district to extend these services to the remaining Administrators of institutions of higher are confident that, if they can continue school districts with none at all have education in Michigan have expressed to be funded, what they are doing will been restricted. to me their almost desperate concern have a national impact. As an urban State, Michigan has given about student financial assistance pro­ A key element in title III is the de­ particular attention to providing coun­ grams. As Dr. D. B. Varner, Chancellor velopment of new educational tech­ seling for inner-city youth to encourage of Oakland University in my District, niques, the evaluation of their opera­ and guide them toward acquiring the puts it, they are "in deep trouble." tional success, and the dissemination of necessary skills and education to partici­ Impending reductions in appropria­ the results of these evaluations. A reduc­ pate fully in the society. Helping dis­ tions are only part of their problem. tion in funds at this critical time in the advantaged youth to develop construc­ The $16 million reduction in EOG funds development of these projects will have, tive direction to their lives is completely to be used for the 1969-70 academic year I believe, serious implications for millions in accord with the social goals of this is already a fait accompli. Available of other children. administration. Furthermore, in our money for the various programs has to NDEA TITLE UI complex society, youth from all back­ accomodate both renewals and initial Financial assistance for strengthening grounds can use competent assistance in loans or grants, and the ability to award instruction in science, mathematics, making the decisions which will maxi- first-year assistance has become gravely June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16493 limited. Disadvantaged students have that Congress will not carry through with Corporate budgets and planning, declara• greater difficulty in competing for as­ the financial support necessary to mak­ tions of estimated tax, payroll deduction sys­ tems, the stock market--all are left in a sistance from other sources, such as ing the programs meaningful. state of uncertainty and confusion as the private scholarship funds and private Because of the categorical aid for­ surtax question drifts closer to the deadline. lending institutions. mulas, some Michigan school systems an­ If Congressional leaders are holding off on The investment in the upward bound ticipate receiving less Federal money for the surtax for bartering purposes with the program and similar programs the vocational education in fiscal year 1970 White House on unrelated issues and pro­ schools have developed is endangered. It than in fiscal year 1969 unless the au­ grams, the ploy is unexcusable. But the pro­ is now estimated that many students who thorizations are fully appropriated. It is crastination is no less inexcusable for any have been successfully motivated by estimated that a minimum of $75,000,000 other reason, including inertia. these programs to pursue their educa­ above the budget request is needed for tion after high school simply will not be the States even to continue programs at able to get the money to go on. their present levels. HOSPITAL AND HEALTH SERVICES In the consideration of appropriations I have also received correspondence for higher education at a time when about·the damaging effects of not fund­ budgetary restraint is necessary, I would ing the work-study program. Although HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN give very high priority to student finan­ $35,000,000 was authorized for both 1969 OF MASSACHUSETTS cial assistance. What the colleges have and 1970, the program has been effec­ I N T HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to offer the student and what the college tively killed by lack of actual and re­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 graduate has to offer society will be lost, quested appropriations. It was able to if young people with the potential for survive in 1967 only through a transfer of Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, recent success cannot afford to· go to college. $10,000,000 from OEO. The Office of Ed­ Federal health :::-rograms, including There are several other critical areas of ucation has advised me that it believes medicare, medicaid, Hill-Burton Act, and interest. Students who are engaged in the elimination of the program will be par­ related programs, are of greatest im­ long and expensive advanced training tially offset by the Neighborhood Youth portance to the American people, and which is mandatory for the medical pro­ Corps in OEO and by the cooperative ed­ this Congress must be prepared without fessions are apprehensive about reduc­ ucation program written into the 1968 delay to take broad, sweeping action to tions in the Federal health professions amendments. Comparing the total of round out a total, health-hospital pro­ loan program. $70,000,000 authorized for the work­ gram that will be truly adequate to do College administrators in my area ad­ study and cooperative education pro­ the tremendous job that has to be done vise me that they have been able to use grams with the $14,000,000 requested in the interest of the people of the coun­ to great advantage moneys from title for cooperative education only, I doubt try, their health, and social well-being. VI-A, HEA, financial assistance for the whether the recognized benefits of the I will not discuss in detail what we improvement of undergraduate instruc­ work-study program can be retained have done to date, or what we have failed tion-equipment. The impact of the without an appropriation for fiscal year to do, or the many respects in which availability of funds to purchase modern, 1970. what we have done may have fallen far specialized equipment and materials has short of reaching the goals that we must extended to curricula and basic instruc­ reach to make proper provision for the tional approaches. And these acquisitions DAWDLING ON THE SURTAX health and hospital needs of the Ameri­ have enabled instructors to maximize can people. their teaching competence. The passage by the House of H.R. Title II-C, HEA, provides funds to the HON. MARTIN B. McKNEALLY 11102, the Medical Facilities Construc­ OF NEW YORK tion and Modernization Amendments of Librarian of Congress to strengthen col­ 1969, presents striking evidence of the lege and research library resources. A I~ THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES growing concern in the Congress over the constituent has pointed out to me that he Wednesday, June 18, 1969 problem of adequate medical facilities. I feels an attempt to save money in this am proud to be a cosponsor of this area will be "shortsighted," because it Mr. McKNEALLY. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remar·ks, I am pleased legislation. would ''cost research libraries across the These are tremendously important country many times this amount, since to insert the following interesting edi­ torial on the surtax which appeared in needs, as those of us in the Congress who each library would be required to dupli­ have long worked on these problems well cate the work which is now performed as the Journal-News of Nyack, N.Y., on Tuesday, June 10, 1969: recognize. a centralized service." I think it is becoming increasingly rec­ Finally, I was also impressed by a letter DA\VDLING ON THE SURTAX ognized also by the country that the from Dr. William C. Stewart, president Not many weeks ago Congress was com­ great needs that have sprung up in these of the Walsh College of Accountancy and plaining that it didn't have enough work to occupy its energies because President Nixon's areas in recent times, and the fantasti­ Business Administration in Detroit, in budget and program weren't yet in hand. cally unbelievable, rapid rise and incredi­ regard to the elimination of funds for What's the excuse now? ble escalation of medical and hospital fiscal year 1970 for title I, section 104, In particular, what excuse is there for needs and costs must be dealt with HEFA. He has worked for 4 years to pre­ dawdling on the President's request for an directly, speedily, and most compre­ pare for the construction of a facility in extension of the surtax? hensively on a crash basis, by this C.on­ the 18th Congressional District which The House Ways and Means Committee gress, if we are to avoid the charge of would permit graduates of community was expected to act on it during the past week, but it didn't. Meanwhile, the days failure and neglect on the part of the colleges to take their junior and senior flick off the calendar and the tax will ex­ Congress to measure up to its responsi­ years in business administration. He pire June 30 unless extended. bility in relieving the American people points out that no collegiate institution President Nixon has asked that it be con­ of the inadequacies of service and the offering a BA in business administration tinued at its present rate of 10 per cent astonishingly high, unbearable costs of exists in this suburban area of Detroit through Dec. 31, then cut to 5 per cent for these vital services which they face with over 2,000,000 residents. Without the first half of 1970, after which it would today. the HEFA grant on which Walsh College be dropped. We happen to agree with the President I know that a great many earnest, has counted, it will not be able to fill this that the proposed extension is necessary well-meaning groups, public-spirited need. both as a source of revenue and as a brake leaders and people have worked tirelessly VOCATIONAL EDUCATION on inflation. for Federal health-hospital programs in Last year Congress reaffirmed its sup­ But, whether one agrees with that view or the past, and I do not wish to criticize port for vocational education by amend­ not, the Ways and Means Committee re­ any of them, because they all acted from ing the Vocational Education Act of 1963 mains culpable for prolonging an uncertainty finest motives and in their time made to include innovative programs and new that is clouding a lot of planning, both 1~ and out of government. great contributions which everyone formulas for distributing funds to cer­ Appropriation bills cannot be intelligently appreciates. tain categories of need. Michigan educa­ considered-nor can many major components However, there is no question but that tors deeply appreciate this expression of of the proposed federal budget--when pros­ in the first instance, most of these pro­ continued support, but are apprehensive pective federal income remains unclear. grams have not been adequately con- 16494 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 ceived, and we have come into a period on a different basis, and that a national domiciliary care in this Nation. Such an of crisis in relation to medical and hos­ health insurance program, privately attack will take huge funds? pital services in this country where ac­ based and federally subsidized, might This Congress can no longer ignore celerated crash programs are necessary have been a better way across the board these insistent critical demands and I to prevent truly chaotic conditions that of handling these medical and hospital hope that our appropriate committees are now rapidly developing. programs. which may well be directly concerned Our medical services are the greatest But we are facing conditions now, not with the development of new approaches in the world. We have some of the finest a theory, and we do not have time to and measures for improving handling doctors and bos:pitals in the world, real waste. we must move just as fast as we medicare will give these questions the leaders in these fields. Yet it must be can, first, to provide adequate hospital green light, and not consider them faced by this Congress now that the way accommodations which must be set up in the ordinary way, or even in the rou­ the costs of medical services and hos­ very rapidly if we are to meet the needs; tine way that may entail some de­ pitalization are skyrocketing in this second, to set up new techniques and lay, and rather put consideration and country day after day, month after systems for handling these costs on the action on these questions on a man­ month and year after year, that the time basis of sound insurance principles cov­ datory, crash basis, because time is of is now at hand where only the very ering every contingency. the essence here, and we do not have wealthy can afford to be sick, and have Congress has already spent a great a moment to spare, since the time the means' to pay the huge, hospital bllls deal of time studying these questions so is coming before long when we w111 be that are entailed for treatment and hos­ that there is considerable know-how, engulfed by new, developing needs, press­ pital care these days. both currently available and procurable ing in upon us from the inadequacy of Yes, the rich can pay these costs, and upon request, to round out the informa­ the tools, and systems we have set up in the poor, providing they are lucky enough tion required to set up new programs, these areas, and by new gigantic costs to get into a hospital these days, can usu­ supplement and modernize the old, and far more than those which beset us to­ ally fall back on public welfare. But most fill the gaps that have been created by day, which could even stagger the imagi­ of the hard-working, industrious, honest the unanticipated demands that have nation and cause much hardship. people of this country, who comprise an grown up by reason of the population To be sure, these needs cannot be ap­ overwhelming number of the active work­ explosion and the improvement in the proached in any routine, casual fashion. ers, small businessmen, professional state of the arts of science and medicine Above all, they must not be allowed to groups, and other members of our great that have evolved so many new treat­ take on dilatory characteristics. They middle class and skilled workers, are lit­ ments and methods that are very costly, must be pressed with real resolve to come erally weighted down, totally unable to to be sure, but that have to be utilized, if up with some answers as quickly as pos­ bear the high, current costs that are re­ the American people are to secure the sible, which will reject picayune solu­ lated to being ill in this great society that benefits to which they are · entitled of tions, and feeble efforts, and strike out we hold up as being the richest and most new scientific advances and medical with boldness, with a sense of emer­ powerful in the world. techniques. gency, and with the willingness to pro­ For example, I have a friend and con­ I have not referred to so-called rest vide the money, whatever it is, to do this stituent who recently became an emer­ homes and other places providing domi­ great humane job that must be tackled gency patient in one of the greatest hos­ ciliary care for the elderly that are a with full realization that it has to be pitals in the country, located in my own necessary part of any worthwhile medi­ done as soon as this Congress can do it, State. He was hospitalized in a medium­ cal system in this country. and as soon as this Government can size room in this famous hospital with The facts show that there are the put these new laws into effect, because two other men. All three patients were greatest limitations and changes in this adequate care at reasonable costs for quite sick, and required expert care field, as well as great vartations in stand­ human beings is something that cannot around the clock. The cost of the room ards, and unfortunately in all too many wait for routine legislative machinery alone, not including medical or nursing cases, in a large percentage of these to slowly grind out results while we are service, medicines, biologicals, use of op­ domiciliary institutions there are glaring faced with a combination of inadequate erating rooms, and so forth, was for each deficiencies in providing proper, expert existing fac1lities and excessive costs. one of these men, $80 per day, or a total service and good care in highest Let us get going fast to provide ade­ charge per day for this one medium­ standard, well-constructed, modern-type quate, decent medical and hospital care sized room of $240, or a total of $1,680 buildings, where service and care of this for the American people, and let it not per week for one hospital room. kind should and must be dispensed. be said that we have not done our job, Added to this, of course, was the cost We cannot have our elderly, or our in­ and have not measured up to the needs of nurses around the clock which would capacitated people living in fire traps, of the American people in this advanced be $210 per week per nurse, or $630, for and ill-kept, unkempt, dirty surround­ 20th century for adequate and modern round the clock nursing for 1 week. ings in buildings that cannot pass ele­ medical and hospital care under efficient, I realize that the rates in all hospitals mentary public inspection as proper well-financed, suitable plans and costs may not be so high as the one just homes for human beings. to do this greatest social job of the cen­ quoted. However, they are going up very I do not want to belabor this point, but tury. rapidly and are reaching a point where it is a very important one because it in­ it is almost impossible, even for people volves our elderly people who, after a with the most generous health coverage long lifetime of hard work, and devoting CORRECTING THE BALANCE to meet the payments without paying themselves to the upbringing, support substantial amounts out of their own and education of their families, :find pockets. themselves in their later years becoming HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL In any case, these amounts are far sick and disabled without adequate liv­ OF NEW YORK more than their incomes permit, and far ing environments and without adequate IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES more than their insufficient resources care and treatment, and without money allow. or resources or insurance to pay for the Wednesday, June 18, 1969 This is happening in every sizable total treatment they do get. Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, the community throughout the Nation, and I do not like to use the word "massive," New York Times, in an editorial "Cor­ is a very serious situation that is not because perhaps it is overdone in describ­ recting the Balance," recently addressed only putting intolerable burdens on the ing social and other national needs these the problems of legislative-executive gainfully employed, but even greater ones days, but I can conceive of no other way relations, particularly in foreign and upon the retired classes, and the munici­ to express the idea of needs in this com­ defense affairs. palities and States that have to PQY these bined medical-hospital area than to say The editorial expressed agreement with high costs for the indigent, the helpless, that they can be achieved only by a the conclusions of the recent Congres­ and those with no means to provide for "massive," urgent, highly accelerated at­ sional Conference on the Military Budget themselves. tack upon the entire problem and all its and National Priorities which proposed a I know that there are some who believe ramifications which spread over a wide better congressional review of the entire that medicare should have been set up area of medicine, hospitalization, and military budget process but also of the June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16495 basic decisions on where our national 1n this country. It also proves conclu­ petroleum industry pays a numoor of other priorities lie. sively that prices on oil and gas have re­ direct taxes. One of these, the severance tax, is paid only by industries which extract nat­ The editorial follows: mained relatively stable during the re­ ural resources. The fact is that in 1966 (the CORRECTING THE BALANCE cent 10-year inflationary period which latest year for which figures are available) Although President Nixon naturally re­ has seen the average price for all items the oil industry paid $2.5 billion in direct frained from identifying those critics of the included in the Consumers Price Index taxes, which amounted to 5.1 cents for every military whom he challenged in his Colorado go up by 21 percent. dollar of gross revenue. The direct tax bur­ speech, members of Congress have been quick The Keeler letter should be read care­ den for all U.S. business corporations was to pick up the gauntlet. Rejecting the Presi­ fully by all serious students of the de­ only about 4.5 cents per dollar of gross reve­ dent's vaguely addressed strictures on isola­ pletion rate question, and by all objec­ nue, or about 10 % less than petroleum's. tionism, unilateral disarmament, and an Percentage depletion has benefited the "open season on the armed forces,'' they tive observers of the American petroleum consumer by helping keep petroleum prices show every intention of mounting a sharper industry and its record. low. That the consumer is the beneficiary is and more profound opposition than any Mr. The text follows: clearly shown by the oil industry's profit Nixon has yet confronted as President. This PHILLIPS PETROLEUM Co., record. Over the 20-year period through 1966, is a new installment in a perennial classic Bartlesville, Okla. the earnings of U.S. petroleum companies of American history-the power struggle be­ W. W. KEELER, averaged 12.5% of invested capital, versus tween the legislative and executive branches, Chairman of the Board. 12.7% for all manufacturing companies. Of especially in foreign policy. DEAR. STOCKHOLDER: Issues Vitally affecting the 25 leading U.S. industrial corporations Strong support for this interpretation is to the petroleum industry are now the focus of on the basis of sales, seven are petroleum be found in the June issue of The Progressive, more public attention-in the press and in companies. But not one of these petroleum the entire content of which is devoted to the Congress-than for many years. companies is in the first 75 on the basis of proceedings of the Congressional Conference For example, wholesale tax reform plans return on invested capital. on the Military Budget and National Priori­ have made tax provisions related to the pe­ Critics charge that because of the per­ ties. While all but one of the 36 Representa­ troleum industry, such as 27~ percentage centage depletion provision, petroleum pro­ tives and nine Senators who took part in depletion, the subject of widespread discus­ ducers recover their costs many times over. those proceedings in March were Democrats, sion and comment. A petition to allow a The fact is that although the oil industry their approach is philosophical and institu­ special import quota for a proposed refinery realizes about $1 billion a year through the tional rather than partisan. Fearing "the in Maine has brought about a Presidential operation of this provision, it invests about transformation of the United States into Commission to review the entire oil import $5 billion a year in the U.S. in searching a dUferent sort of civilization-into a na­ control program. Prices of crude oil, natural for and developing new petroleum reserves. tional security state," they call for watchdog gas, and petroleum products are in the spot­ The principal objective of the oil import committees to analyze all military spending light. The recent, unfortunate offshore oil control program is to help insure our na­ and investigate the whole military-industrial spill accident at santa Barbara, California, tional security. Unlimited importation of oil establishment, as well as a Joint Committee not only has focused unreasonable attention would discourage exploration and drilling on National Priorities to establish a revised on offshore drilling practices but also has efforts of the domestic petroleum industry order of the country's interests. stirred up other controversies regarding oil and critically impair its ability to supply our Since the Vietnam war and the whole industry matters. national demands when foreign sources were doctrine of the "containment" of Commu­ The serious probleins of the petroleum cut off. In the event of another international nism are basic in the arrangement of such industry concern you as a stockholder of war, which, considering the nuclear standoff of the major powers, could well be non­ priorities, it is obvious that the conferees and Phillips. Also, because they affect our na­ their supporters want a much greater foreign tion's energy supply and its security, they nuclear and of long duration, the positi<>ll of policy role for Congress than it has lately concern you as a citizen. Although the in­ the United States would be critical. To real­ enjoyed. To their number must be added dustry has seemed on the defensive in rela­ ize the danger in relying on foreign oil, we many others who question the Pentagon's tion to these problems, the facts show that have only to recall that oU movements judgment on the antiballistic missile system; from the key standpoint of best serving the through the Suez Canal have been cut off others who are appalled that the C-5A trans­ vital interests of our nation and petroleum twice in the past 15 years. port is to cost the taxpayer-s $2 billion more consumers, the industry has a strong and Another result of inadequate import con­ than Congress had been told it would, and justified position on every one of them. The trols would be a weakening of our national still others who resent the Defense Depart­ comments which follow are intended not economy due to the decline of the domestic only to brief you on important aspects of petroleum industry. The economic impact ment's bland denials that it had been testing would be felt by numerous levels of gov­ nerve gases in Utah when it certainly had. some vital petroleum industry issues, but also to encourage you to look more deeply into ernment deprived of tax revenue, and by There is no immutable position to be several industries and thousands of small taken on the question of legislative-execu­ them. businessmen who rely on a healthy petro­ tive balance, because no perfect balance is Critics attack percentage depletion as one leum business for their existence. The out­ possible. But when either branch gets too of several tax provisions alleged to be "loop­ flow of capital to other nations, resulting far out in front, an adjustment is clearly in holes." Percentage depletion is not a "loop­ from increased emphasis on exploration out­ order. We agree with the Congressional con­ hole." Congress, after searching inquiry, in­ side the United States and payments for in­ ferees that, at least as far as the Pentagon corporated percentage depletion into our Fed­ creased imports of foreign oil, could seriously is concerned, the time has come for such a eral tax laws 43 years ago for specific pur­ damage our nation's balance of payments correction. poses. Today, despite constant Congressional position and thus further weaken our review, the provision remains virtually un­ economy. changed. Weakening both our national security and 0~ INDUSTRY LEADER POINTS TO Minerals, such as petroleum, by nature have economy is a high price to pay for what THE RECORD a dual character. In the earth, they are part would amount at best to only a small sav­ of their owner's capital assets. When pro­ ings for consumers in prices of petroleum duced and sold, part of the value received products. Moreover, the savings to customers HON. ED EDMONDSON represents capital, and part income, making would disappear within a short period of it difficult to establish an equitable taxation time. Already 21 % of our nation's oil supply OF OKLAHOMA basis. In keeping with the basic principle is from foreign sources. If we become de­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that income but not capital should be taxed, pendent on oil from foreign nations we know Congress adopted the principle of percentage Wednesday, June 18, 1969 from experience that the foreign countries depletion which today applies to over 100 would then increase the price of their oil. Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, one minerals, including oil and gas, as a means Facts show that existing petroleum in­ of the leading executives and spokesmen of fairly taxing the income derived by ex­ dustry provisions and prograxns have been of the petroleum industry in the United tractive industries. working exceedingly well in providing con­ A compelling reason for adoption of per­ sumers reasonable prices for petroleum prod­ States is a distinguished constituent, centage depletion was to supply an incentive ucts. For 1968, the average price of all iteins W. W. Keeler, who is chairman of the for owners of capital to accept the great included in the Consumers Price Index had board of the Phillips Petroleum Co. risks involved in the search for and develop­ risen 21 % over the 1957-1959 base period. Mr. Keeler recently addressed a letter ment of mineral resources which are so es­ Yet, the average nation-wide retail price of to the stockholders of Phillips which sets sential to our economy and security. History gasoline in 1968, exclusive of taxes, was only the record straight on a number of ques­ shows the incentive has worked well in 6% higher than the 1957-59 average. The tions which have been raised in attacks achieving its purpose. It would be risky to price of crude <>il in 1968 was 2 % lower. currently being launched against the discard or weaken a system which has worked A person cannot properly evaluate the crit­ well over a long period of years in supplying ical significance to our national interests American petroleum industry. petroleum and other essential minerals. of the factors which I have discussed in this The record cited in the Keeler letter Critics maintain that the oU industry does letter by examining them only one at a time. provides a strong defense for the historic not pay its fair share of taxes. This simply They must be considered as a combination depletion rate allocated to oil and gas isn't true. In addition to income taxes, the in relation to the effect on our nation's en- CXV-- 1039-Part 12 16496 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 ergy policy. For what is of overriding im­ unprepared for, too long been denied the Point, New York, home of the United StateS portance to the national interest is the net facilities necessary to assure fulfilment Military Academy, has been continuously effect of all of these factors in fulfilling huge of air transportation's promise of saved garrisoned since its establishment and is the coming demands for petroleum. oldest active installation of the United States Petroleum-oil and gas-supplies 75 % of time. Army. our nation's energy needs. The U.S. govern­ With another hundred million per­ Early during his two-year tour of duty at ment predicts that demand for petroleum sons yet to join our population before West Point, Colonel Kosciuszko fashioned wlll rise by 50 % of current levels by 1980 this century closes, and with the increas­ with his own hands a small fountain in the and will more than double between now and ing dependence upon the air mode of midst of a garden he planted on a terrace in t he end of the century. Yet, despite the com­ travel and transport, the current frus­ the west shore cliffs overlooking the Hudson ing requirements, proved domestic reserves trations of air travel threaten to go be-­ River. The garden was said to have been of crude oil declined during 1968 for the sec­ Kosciuszko's favorite retreat and a place ond year in a row and now stand at the yond mere discomfort to disruptions of where, as one writer stated, he "dreamed of lowest level in 10 years. economy-shattering proportions. This his beloved and distant land." The fountain As for natural gas, exploratory drilling for threat cannot be allowed to become real­ was described as a "curious water fountain this vital energy source in the U.S. has de­ ity, and that is why the President's mes­ with spouting jets and cascades." Jets, in the clined by over one-half in the past 10 years, sage is so welcome. form of irontulips are still installed and mainly because Federal regulation of natural The President's proposals look to both functioning. They are not the original jets. gas producers has kept natural gas prices un­ an alleviation of the present congestion From 1780 until the Academy was estab­ realistically low. Since 1954, the year Fed­ apd a prevention of future problems by lished at West Point in 1802, the garden ap­ eral regulation of producers began, the ratio parently was forgotten. Then in the summer of natural gas reserves to annual production an infusion of funds into airport con­ of 1802, Cadet Joseph Swift, first cadet to has declined from 23 to 1 to less than 15 to struction and improvement and into a graduate from West Point, and Lt. Alexander 1. In 1968, for the first time in history, U.S. continued study and planning of new Macomb repaired the garden and fountain, natural gas production exceeded new reserves and better airport systems. His outline according to Swift's memoirs. The name added, and total proved reserves of this re­ of the means of financing this program "Kosciuszko" was cut into the lip of the source declined. In a statement to a Con­ basin at the pool and is still legible. gressional subcommittee this past April, with a tax on users presents what I have John F. O'Leary, director of the U.S. Bu­ long believed to be the most effective and PRESIDENT MONROE VISITS GARDEN reau of Mines, said: "We are beginning to equitable apportionment of this added Swift also wrote that President James discem already the outlines of a major burden. Surely the slight increase in Monroe "met officials of the Academy in the shortage of natural gas." In response to costs to those who use and those who Garden of Kosciuszko." questioning in the hearing, he estimated that supply air travel will be paid with small Cadets, mostly seniors, contributed out of by next winter natural gas distributors will complaint if the results are an end to the their own pockets toward upkeep of the be unable to provide service to new custom­ frustrations and expense of these coun­ Garden. Some classes in those years up to ers because of supply shortage. 1842 contributed 25 cents each month; later It is no surprise that U.S. petroleum re­ ter-productive delays. others gave 48 cents, and in some years the serves are decreasing when it is realized that The picture of a long line of revving contribution was 67 cents each month. With total exploratory dri111ng in the U.S. has de­ jets is today an unfortunate reality. No the small classes it is obvious not much was clined more than 30% in the last 10 years. one is laughing anymore at the para­ given to upkeep. The petroleum industry needs greater ·in­ doxical juxtaposition of man's techno­ In 1858, the historian, Benson J. Lossing, centives rather than reduction of incentives logical prowess with his helplessness-­ paid a visit to the garden and later described if our nation is to have sufficient, reasonably what first looked like slapstick has be­ it as "a beautiful and romantic spot, shaded priced, reliable supplies of petroleum essen­ come absurd, and portends a tragedy by a weeping willow and other trees, and tial to its future security and economic having seats for those who wished to linger." strength. unless halted. The President's sugges­ With the passage of time, the willow and the I hope my comments will encourage you tions aim at making this picture but an wooden seats have disappeared. Still remain­ to leam more about these issues. If you de­ unpleasant memory to the air travelers ing, however, are identifying marks of a sire supplemental information on them, of the future. more permanent nature. In the mid 1850's, please write to me at the Company's head­ the words "KOSCIUSZKO'S GARDEN 1779" quarters in Bartlesville. I hope also that you were etched in the rock face above the north will communicate these facts to your friends, KOSCIUSZKO'S GARDEN end of the garden and a hundred years later, associates, and community and governmen­ a plaque was installed above that inscrip­ tal leaders, and put special emphasis upon tion which reads: their vital influence on our nation's future HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI energy supply. KOSCIUSZKO'S GARDEN BUILT 1778 OF ILLINOIS This Garden was constructed as a retreat Sincerely yours, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES W . N. KEELER. by Colonel Thaddeus Kosoluszko, Polish Pa­ JUNE 2, 1969. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 triot, fortifications engineer for the Conti­ nental Army 1776-1783, during his tour of Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, on this duty for the purpose of constructing fortifi­ Sunday, June 22, 1969, the Kosciuszko's cations at West Point. PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON Garden dedication will be held at the Through the years the garden has periodi­ U.S. Military Academy at West Point, cally been renovated, replanted and tidied by AIRPORTS AND AffiWAYS interested cadets and post personnel, but the N.Y. absence of any continuing maintenance has In conjunction with this historic pro­ resulted in a loss of the original beauty for HON. CLARENCE J. BROWN gram I insert into the RECORD a brief his­ which the site was noted. This neglect was tory of Kosciuszko's Garden at West compounded during the early 1960's when OF OHIO Point by Maj. Gen. Charles G. Stevenson, two construction projects in the vicinity of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES retired: the garden impeded access to it. One of these Monday, June 16, 1969 [From the Polish Weekly St raz, projects, a major addition to the west Point February 1969] Army Mess on the cliff above the gar­ Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, den, further resulted in cluttering the site any traveler who has spent limbo-like THE "BITTERSWEET" STORY OF KOSCIUSZKO'S with debris from the area above the garden. hours amid the echoing commotion of an GARDEN The other effort, construction of a ramp from airport lobby or seated aboard one of In the year 1778, elements of the Continen­ the level of the Plain past the garden on the those graceful giants whose takeoff has tal Army established a garrison and erected river, or east, side to the cadet athletic facili· fortifications at West Point to deny the link­ ties on the river level below, did however been nowadays predictably delayed ing up of British forces moving north and serve to open the garden spot to view daily by knows something of the problem to south along the Hudson River. This key the many cadets enroute to and from their which the President has addressed him­ fortress, which served for a time as the head­ physical training classes. self. That traveler, initially bemused over quarters of Gen. Washington, was designed In 1964, the Superintendent took steps to the fact that men capable of landing on and constructed under the supervision of have the garden, its approaches and sur­ the moon are having increasing difficulty Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, renowned Polish roundings restored to their original condi­ flying to the next city, has had his be­ patriot and military engineer. Many of its tion within the limits of the use of govern­ musement changed to consternation as original components have been preserved ment funds and personnel for such purposes through the years and others are in the imposed by regulations. Under the Post En­ his unproductive vigil wears on. And the process of being archeologically surveyed gineer's supervision, a general cleanup of airlines, as helpless as the passengers with a view to accurate restoration prior to the area was accomplished to include the they serve, are equally victims of an in­ the Bicentennial celebration of the Ameri­ repair of paths and old stone steps leading creased air traffic that has too long gone can Revolution. The military post at West into the site, the cutting away of brush. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16497 v:lnes and sapplings, and the planting of attack of a maniac inside this Chamber The tragic plight of Mr. Kochubiyevsky new trees in places designed to enhance the is unnecessary separation between peo­ is not unique among the Jews of the appearance Of the area. However, the plant­ ple and Goverrunent, while a rule against As ing of flowers and shrubs and the installa­ Soviet Union. visitors to Russia have tion of a rock garden and other decorative the free speech of an unobstructing few indicated, many Jews desire to emigrate items necessary to recover the real beauty outside this building is indispensable to to Israel. Of course, the authorities deny of the original garden and preclude water security? them this right. However, Mr. Kochu­ erosion of the terrace lie Without the realm Mr. Speaker, it is the function of se­ biyevsky's case is distinctive in that he of restoration and maintenance effort that curity to protect lives, not egos. has made a courageous appeal to the can be undertaken With appropriated funds. Yet, from the steps of their Capitol, public. It is estimated that a sum of $2,000 would without blocking anyone's way, Quakers This is but another sad example point­ be required to purchase and install initial plantings, rock formations, fountain fittings go to jail for making public the identity ing up the contradictions between SOviet and benches and to landscape the site and of our war dead, after the John Birch assertions and practices. Despite Pre­ its entrances considered necessary for full Society receives a prize from the Ameri­ mier Alexei Kosygin's statement in De­ restoration. The garden could then be main­ can Legion for doing the same thing in cember 1966, that families who want to tained in perpetuity with an annual outlay Indianapolis. be reunited with relatives abroad would of approximately $500. The total amount Mr. Speaker, the document reads: "find the door open," as well as consti­ required then to provide for the garden's No law ... abridging the freedom of speech tutional guarantees and international initial restoration and its perpetual main­ ... peaceably to assemble and to petition treaties to which Russia is a party, the tenance would be $12,000 of which $10,000 the Government. SOviets continue to maintain barriers would form a maintenance endowment fund. against Jewish emigration. DETAILS OF PROPOSAL It does not read, "Unless the Speaker But I would prefer to permit Mr. The Superintendent, United States Mili­ and Vice President think otherwise." Kochubiyevsky to speak for himself. For tary Academy, has approved a proposal sub­ Mr. Speaker, a quarter of a century mitted by the Polish American Veterans of ago Pastor Niemoller said of Nazi Ger­ the RECORD then I submit first a brief Massachusetts, Inc. pursuant to a resolution many: history of his case, and then Mr. Kochubiyevsky's moving letter to Secre­ adopted at its annual convention in June, They came after the Jews. And I was not 1967. a Jew. So I did not object. tary General Leonid Brezhnev and First Under the proposal, the Veterans will Then they came after the Catholics. And Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist sponsor a drive to raise the sum of $12,000 of I was not a Catholic. So I did not object. Party Piotr Shelest: $2,000 which about wlll be spent for initial Then they came after the trade unionist. THE CASE OF BORIS L. KOCHUBIYEVSKY plantings, including rock gardens: placing And I was not a trade unionist. So I did Boris Lvovich Kochubiyevsky was born ln of benches and other renovation and re­ not object. storation work. The balance of $10,000 wlll Kiev, the Ukraine, in 1936. His parents were Then they came after me. And there was killed by the Nazis at Babi Yar, the charnel · be invested by the Superintendent's Fund no one left to object. and the income therefrom amounting to house on the outskirts of Kiev where tens about $500 annually will be used for main­ Now it is the United States of America, of thousands of Jews were slaughtered in tenance work, all work will be done under September 1941. 1969, and against the wishes of our The boy was brought up in an orphanage the superVision of the Engineer, United Founding Fathers and nearly every other States Military Academy. and attended a trade school. Later, he re­ American, first they come after the ceived an engineering degree from the Kiev It is appropriate, Mr. Speaker, that Quakers. And I am not a Quaker. But I Polytechnical Institute. He had no Jewish we keep in mind the unique historic do object. education or culture and his wife, Larisa points such as this since the greatness Aleksandrovna Kochubiyevsky, is non-Jew­ of our country depends upon the accom­ ish. StUl, his experiences as a Jew in the plishments of the past and the contribu­ Soviet Union made him always aware of his tion of great heroes such as Gen. Thad­ THE KOCHUBIYEVSKY CASE Jewish origins. deus Kosciuszko to the founding of our In June 1967, at a meeting organized at Nation and to its progress and preserva­ his factory to protest "Israeli aggression," tion. HON. JOSHUA EILBERG Kochubiyevsky heatedly rejected the official OF PENNSYLVANIA line and upheld Israel's right of defense. At a subsequent meeting of his factory trade IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES union, his action was discussed and he was QUAKERS Wednesday, June 18, 1969 asked to resign, which he refused to do. At a memorial meeting at Babi Yar in Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, statistics February 1968, Kochubiyevsky once more HON. ANDREW JACOBS, JR. · frequently fail to tell us all. Thousands overtly contradicted an official Soviet line. OF INDIANA die. Thousands sutrer. Thousands are en­ This time he protested the Soviet policy of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES slaved. Millions die. Millions sutrer. minimizing or even keeping silent about the Millions are enslaved. The statistical Jewish massacre at Babi Yar. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 In May 1968, he finally succumbed to pres­ litany drones on but frequently fails to sure and resigned his job. That summer, he Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, "Sticks and touch us. and his wife applied for exit permits to stones can break my bones, but words It is only in the story of one man's Israel; they were refused. But in November, will never hurt me." fight for liberty, one man's fight for they were given permission to leave and were Churchill said: freedom that we come to know in any told to appear at the passport office on No­ You see these dictators on their pedestals visceral way and therefore, any real way, vember 28 to pick up their documents. That surrounded by the bayonets of their soldiers the truth behind the statistic. morning, however, their apartment was and the truncheons of their police. Yet in Sadly Russian anti-Semitism is nearly searched and many of his letters were seized, their hearts there is unspoken, unspeakable among them protest letters written to Soviet fear. as ancient as Russian history itself. That authorities. They're afraid of words and thoughts; this anti-Semitism is now re:flected in the The following week, Kochubiyevsky was words spoken abroad, thoughts stirring at Union of Soviet SOcialist Republics' arrested. His wife, after refusing pressures to home, all the more powerful because for­ international animosity toward Israel is leave him and divorce him, was expelled bidden. These terrify them. A little mouse, an unfortunate, but logical extension, of from the Teachers College where she was a a little, tiny mouse of thought appears in a this deep-rooted prejudice. student, and !rom the Komsomol. His arrest room and even the mightiest potentates are Russia has not concealed her enmity was based on Article 187, Chapter 1, of the thrown into panic. Ukrainian criminal code, and it cited his toward Israel, but of late the Soviets con­ statements at the above-mentioned oc­ Does that sound like America? tinue to insist that anti-Semitism has casions. Then why, in the land of the free must been eradicated from their national life. On January 20, 1969, his pretrial exami­ one be brave simply to stand on the Just as the Marxist promise that the nation was concluded by the local prosecu­ steps of his Capitol and quietly remind State would wither away has proven tor's office and submitted to the court-­ us to remember that once there were false, this claim too cannot stand the where, however, it was sent back for further 35,000 living, breathing, laughing kids white light of careful examination. investigation. The court stated that the evidence was insufficient to support the who are no more because of a war to There recently has come to my atten... charge that he intended to disseminate anti­ protect freedom in Vietnam where there tion the case of Boris I. Kochubiyevsky, Soviet slanders. is no freedom to protect? a young Ukrainian Jew, who survived the The petition to the United Nations signed What kind of logic tells us a trans­ slaughter of Babi Yar, immortalized by on May 20, 1969 by fifty-five Soviet intellec­ parent gallery shield against the sneak Evgeny Evtushenko's moving poetry. tuals, calling for an investigation of "the 16498 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 repression of basic civil rights in the Soviet young man from Maryland, was recently years ago that he is given the Juris Doctor Union," protests the trial and sentence of killed in Vietnam. I would like to com­ degree retroactively now. Kochubiyevsky the week before to three mend his courage and honor his memory Mr. Moss, who last April was admitted to years in prison. practice before the Supreme Court of the by including the following article in the United States, is a member of the District [Text of Kochubiyevsky letter] RECORD: of Columbia Bar and of the Court of MiU~ NOVEMBER 28, 1968. GI KILLED ON SECOND ToUR; FIRsT CHILD tary Appeals. To: The Secretary General of the CPSU Cen­ DUE NEXT MONTH Retired from government service since 1957, tral Commlttee-Brezhnez The First Mrs. Beatrice Lewis, 22, is expecting her Mr. Moss Jr. was employed as an attorney Secretary of the (Ukraine CP) Central first child next month. examiner with the Interstate Commerce Commlttee-Shelest. But last Thursday, the father-to-be, Army Commission and as a Navy Department otllcial Copy: To the Investigator of the Prosecutor's Staff Sgt. Benjamin L. Lewis, Jr., was blown for a period of 20 years. Otllce of the Shevchenko Region of the up by a Viet Cong bobby trap while he was The Parkchester man is president of the city of Klev-V. V. Doroshenko. on patrol, the Defense Department an­ Bronx chapter of the National Association From: The accused of slander against Soviet nounced yesterday. of Retired Civil Employees and is a member reality-B. L. Kochubiyevsky, Jew. Sergeant Lewis, a 26-year-old Baltimorean of the Federal Bar Association, the Bronx I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish who was a native of Washington, was killed Old Timers, Grand Street Boys Association, State. This is my right, just as it is the right two months after arriving in Vietnam on his Golden Legion of Cooper Union, Eternal of a Ukrainla.n to live in the Ukraine, the second tour of duty. Lodge, F. & A.M.; PS 109, Manhattan, Alum­ right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right WORSE THAN BEFORE ni Association; and the Bronx Brush and of a Georgian to live in Georgia. Palette Society. I want to live in Israel. He was part of a four-man advisory team Mr. Moss finally has retired, but the de­ This is my dream, this is the purpose not stationed near the Cambodian border to help cision came hard. After he left government only of my life, but also of the lives of hun­ train South Vietnamese soldiers. Sergeant service he worked for a time as general traf­ dreds of generations which preceded me, of Lewis wrote his wife that "living condi­ fic manager and commerce counsel for sev­ my ancestors expelled from their land. tions are worse" than during his first 12- eral motor carriers in the Metropolitan area. I want my children to study in a school month stint in Vietnam in 1965. Nowadays his time is taken up to a large in the Hebrew language. I want to read A graduate of Eastern High School, in extent by his art hobby. He attends courses Jewish papers, I want to go to a Jewish Washington, where he was captain of the in Brooklyn College. theatre. What is bad in this? What is my varsity basketball team and a member of The octogenarian, who lives at 1596 Un­ crime? Most of my relatives were shot by the baseball team, Sergeant Lewis enlisted in ionport Rd., has a subhobby of making the fascists. My father was kllled and his the Army soon after graduation nine years pencil sketches of U.S. Presidents and of their parents were killed. Were they alive now, ago. wives. He presented such portraits to Presi­ they would stand at my side: Let me go! His wife, who will celebrate a lonely 23d dent and Mrs. Kennedy and President and I have appealed with this request many birthday next week, said he was made a staff Mrs. Johnson and treasures their letters of times to various authorities and I have sergeant last year and had intended to make thanks. He plans to sketch President Rich­ achieved only this: Dismissal from my job; t he Army his career. ard Milhous NiXon and Mrs. Nixon after the the expulsion of my wife from the Institute; Sergeant Lewis had been stationed at Fort Inauguration. and, to crown it all, a criminal charge of Dix, N.J ., and Fort Benning, Ga., and had Some of his pieces were placed on exhibit slandering Soviet reality. Of what does this been stat ioned in France and Germany. in the Bronx Council on the Arts display in slander consist? Is it slander that in the Mrs. Lewis, the former Beatrice Artis, the lobby of the Bronx County Building. multi-national Soviet State only the Jewish lives at 1710 North Montford avenue. Pop art? That's not for him. Maybe great people cannot teach its children in Jewish In addition to his wife, Sergeant Lewis is grandpop art. schools? Is it slander that in the USSR there survived by his parents, Benjamin F. Lewis, is no Jewish theatre? Is it slander that in the Sr., of Washington, and Mrs. Mabel McNeal USSR there are no Jewish papers? Inci­ of Baltimore; six sisters, Miss Lela Lewis dentally, no one even denies this. Perhaps and Mrs. Patricia Lockett, both of Washing­ it is slander that for over a year I have not t on, Mrs. Betty Moore, Miss Mary Alice Lewis, DORRY WOLLSTEIN, OF HAWAII, succeeded in obtaining an exit permit for Miss Sarah McNeal, and Miss Mona Lisa BRIDGES GENERATION GAP WITH Israel? Or is it slander that people don't want McNeal, all of Baltimore; a brother, Jerome TOP ACADEMIC RECORD to talk to me, that there is no one to com­ Lewis, of Washington and a grandmother plain to? Nobody reacts. But even this isn't Mrs. Leah Hart, of Baltimore. the heart of the matter. I don't want to be involved in the national affairs of a State in HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA which I consider myself an alien. I want to OF HAWAII go away from here. I want to live in Israel. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES My wish does not contradict Soviet laws. SAMUEL MOSS, JR. I have an atlldavit from relatives; all the Wednesday, June 18, 1969 formalities have been observed. Is it for this Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, much tha.t you are starting a criminal case against HON. MARIO BIAGGI me? has been said about the so-called genera­ Is it for this t hat a search has been made at OF NEW YORK tion gap represented by college students my house? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES today. College students have understand­ I don't ask you for recommendations for Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ably been characterized as members of mercy. Listen yourselves to the voice of rea­ the youth generation. We ought to re­ son: Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, I was hon­ member, however, that also included in Let me go! ored today by a visit in my offi.ce with the ranks of college students are a signi­ As long as I am alive, as long as I am Samuel Moss, Jr., president of the Bronx ficant number of "older people", who, in capable of feeling, I shall devote all my chapter of the Nationa-l Association of many cases, have made determined ef­ strength to obtain an exit permit for Israel. Retired Civil Employees. Last December, And even if you should find it possible to forts to complete their formal education sentence me for this-! shall anyway, if I an article appeared in the Bronx Press­ beyond the high school level. live long enough to be freed, be ready even Review concerning this energetic gentle­ On June 8, Mrs. Dorry Wollstein, a then to make my way even on foot to the man. As a tribute to Mr. Moss, I should constituent from my State, graduated fatherland of my ancestors. like to include this biographic a.rticle in from the University of Hawaii with the KOCHUBIYEVSKY. the RECORD at this point. highest academic average from the Col­ The article is as follows: lege of Arts and Sciences. She achieved a GI KILLED ON SECOND TOUR: FIRST PARKCHESTERITE, 80, GIVEN DEGREE OF JURIS 3.9-grade point average out of a possible CHILD DUE NEXT MONTH DOCTOR 4.0. Mrs. Wollstein's story, I believe, is The Jr., behind the name of Samuel Moss noteworthy in several respects. For one, can be a little misleading. The Parkchesterlte, she represents a significant number of HON. CLARENCE D. LONG recently awarded the degree of Juris Doctor middle-aged persons now matriculating by George Washington University, Washing­ in our various colleges and universities to OF MARYLAND ton, D.C., is 80 years old. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "keep up" or "get in" with the exponen­ When Mr. Moss was graduated with a tial knowledge explosion which has come Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Bachelor of Law degree from the George Washington University School of Law he to characterize the post-World War II Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, wasn't a beardless youth. He was 53. It's be­ period. Moreover, she has shown, by her S.Sgt. Benjamin L. Lewis, Jr., a fine cause he was an outstanding student !l7 example, that "older people" can adjust June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16499 well to college life. And, finally, in her UTAH mGH SCHOOL STUDENTS One group found one woman whose home own way, she represents the rising social TAKE OVER SCHOOL GROUNDS needed painting. While most of _the group ·went to work scraping off the old paint, _- consciousness for helping needy people others went to stores in town and collected in our country today. HON. LAURENCE J. BURTON six gallons of exterior house paint. I am sure that my colleagues w1ll want By noon the home had a new coat of paint. to join me in congratulating Mrs. Woll­ OF 'OTAH The students capped the day's activities stein on her notable achievements. With IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with a carnival and swimming at their school. the hope that my colleagues will gain Wednesday, June 18, 1969 "It was heartwarming to see this exhibition some meaning in reading more about of community responsibility by our young Mrs. Wollstein's college career, I am Mr. BURTON of Utah. Mr. Speaker, people," Mayor Wolthuis said. "I hope others pleased to submit for inclusion in the at a time when the Nation's newspapers will show a similar pride in other communi­ RECORD an article which appeared in the have been full of reports of campus dis­ ties." Honolulu Star-Bulletin of May 9, 1969. orders and of students taking the law into their own hands, it is refreshing to MIDDLE-AGED COED HAS HIGHEST GRADES read about a high school where students DON JOHNSON (By Judy Chase) have been motivated to do something Whoever said that mature students have specific for the benefit of their commu­ difficulty adjusting to college life didn't know Dorry Wollstein. nity. Such a news headline came across HON. FRED SCHWENGEL Twenty-five-plus years after her high my desk recently from the Ogden Stand­ OF IOWA school graduation, Mrs. Wollstein made up ard-Examiner, Ogden, Utah. It con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES her mind to get what she always wanted but cerns the 1,700 students at Ogden's Ben couldn't afford-a formal education. Lomond High School who gave an effec­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 This June 8, at the age of 45, Mrs. Woll­ tive lesson in civic pride and responsi­ Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, today sein will be graduated from the University bility. I commend the article regarding I submitted a statement to the Senate of Hawaii with a 3.9-grade point average, their "takeover" of the high school the highest in the College of Arts and Sci­ Finance Committee supporting the nom­ ences. campus, and other nearby public prop­ ination of Don Johnson as Veterans' Ad­ "When I first enrolled at the University," erty, to the attention of my colleagues: ministrator. Don is from Iowa's First she said, "I naturally spotted all the mature FIRST "ALL SCOTS DAY" GAINS PRAISE FROM Congressional District and we certainly students first." CITY OFFICIALS are proud of him. I include in the REc­ (Approximately 10 per cent of the stu­ Ben Lomond High School's 1, 700 students ORD at this point my statement made dents enrolled on the Manoa campus full­ gave some of their college colleagues across this morning: time this spring are over age 30, according to the nation an effective lesson in community a University spokesman.) responsibility this week. STATEMENT oF CoNGRESSMAN FRED ScHWENGEL But Mrs. Wollstein said she soon found For about three and one-half hours Tues­ Mr. Chairman, members of the commit­ that "the young people relate just as natu­ day morning, the students took over their tee, it is a distinct honor and a pleasure to rally to mature persons on campus as to other high school campus and assorted other pieces be able to join in recommending Don John­ young people." of public property throughout the north­ son to this important committee for the po­ About having the highest standing in the ern part of the city. sition of Administrator of the Veterans Ad­ College of Arts and Sciences, she said: "Of But their motives-and accomplish­ ministration. course, I was thrilled. ments--differed dramatically from some of President Nixon could not have made a the takeovers occuring on college campuses better selection. Don is extremely well qual­ "And my husband (John, a high school ified for the position of Veterans Admin­ teacher) was very, very proud. I saw the ex­ throughout the country. The Ben Lomond students acted for a istrator. As you know, he has been active in pression in his eyes, and I knew he meant it." veterans affairs since he completed his serv­ Mrs. Wollstein also has the distinction of positive pUrpose: to cleanup the winter's accumulation of debris on school grounds, ice in the Armed Forces after World War II. being the first classical Greek major in the Since joining the American Legion, he has University's history. parks and other areas--some of it deposited by their careless and thoughtless elders. held the office of district commander, state Mrs. Wollstein originally took Greek to commander, and in 1964-1965 he served as meet the language requirement, because she HIGln.Y SUCCESSFUL national American Legion Commander. In thought it would be "exciting" to be able to And their "takeover"-termed highly suc­ this office he not only served the interests read the New Testament in Greek. cessful-brought words of praise from pub­ of all veterans but served his country as "My intention was to be a psychology lic officials, educators and a few home owners well. major," she said, "but, as it turns out, I got who benefited from their show of civic pride But Don Johnson's qualifications are not caught up in Greek and philosophy courses and responsibility. limited to his participation in the activities and only ended up taking two psych courses. "I hope other student bodies will follow of a veterans organization. "I suppose it is the universality and time­ this lead," said Mayor Bart Wolthuis in com­ First of all, Don Johnson is a hard working lessness of Greek thought that intrigues me. menting on the outcome of what students and capable individual who is a successful "There is nothing that we think, feel, say and faculty hope wlll be the first "All Scots businessman. He will bring sound adminis­ or do today that doesn't relate back to the Day" at Ben Lomond: trative experience to the Veterans Admin­ ancient Greeks. The activity was the idea of Ben Lomond istre.tian. In addition, he will bring his "For instance, I've just finished an under­ students and faculty who intended it-in the imaginative, but thoughtful leadership, graduate thesis in which I endeavored to words of one paintbrush-wielding young­ needed now more than ever as we try to meet show that the new morality has its roots in ster-to "show people there's at least one en­ the problexns of many of our boys returning Aristotle's ethics." tire student body in this country with some from Vietnam to civilian life. Mrs. Wollstein said she would like to teach sense of responsibility." Don Johnson also brings to the Veterans classical Greek at the University level some The students moved out on their cleanup Administration the perspective of a man day, so she is hopeful that she will be able campaign following a breakfast at the high who has been involved in community activi­ to begin graduate study in her field this fall. school. Most were on the job by 8:45 a.m. ties and civic affairs. But this depends on whether the Classics About half of them augmented city crews An article which appeared in the several Department can begin offering a master's cleaning parks streets and other public prop­ newspapers after President Nixon noininated degree by that time. erty north of the Ogden River which gen­ him summarized the qualities of Don John­ son this way. If not, Mrs. Wollstein said she will prob­ erally is the area served by Ben Lomond High School. "He is a strong believer in the virtues of ably continue working at the Salvation Army hard work, unswerving patriotism, loyal,ty, Facilities for Children, where she has been "And they did a tremendous job," reports city parks Supt. Clair Bennett. "They cleaned devotion to family, to duty and to constitu­ assisting in the religious education program tional freedoms and rights. But he recog­ and doing private tutoring on a part-time up every park north of the river and most of the streets. nizes his is not the only interpretation of the basis while in college. true worth of these values and he has as deep All this in addition to fulfilling her role "They were well organized and did an excellent job," Mr. Bennett said. "Those stu­ a respect for the rights of others as for his as a wife. own. He has a sympathetic understanding of How did she do it all? dents have a lot on the ball." He said their help saved the city taxpayers the other fellow's position and uses the gen­ "Well, it's terribly important that your several hundred dollars. tle but firm persuasion method to win people husband be in full accord with what you're to his point of view when differences concern doing, as mine is. CLEANED YARDS him." "And you have to learn little tricks-like The remainder of the student body cleaned Iowans are proud of Don Johnson. They carrying a textbook with you everywhere you up the yards of several widows and elderly recognize his outstanding qualifications. They go." people in the northern part of the city. know of his contributions toward making 16500 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 Iowa and his home town of West Branch a Veterans Admlnlstration. He has shown ad­ tion in public service, this time in an ap­ better place to live. They recognize and ap­ m1nistrative ablllty, both from his own busi­ pointive federal position. The prominence preciate that the nation now has the oppor­ ness and as former National Commander of of the positions he's held, his strong run for tunity to benefit from his talents. the American Legion and he has the kind of the Republican gubernatorial nomination We from the First District of Iowa are forceful, outgoing personality that the posi­ in 1968, his age of 45, assure that he'll receive especially proud that one of our residents tion requires. But beyond this he believes in prominent attention for other state and na­ has been honored as Don Johnson has. It is the men who have served their nation in tional positions, elective or appointive in the appropriate, too, to note that he comes from time of conflict and he believes in the country future. West Branch, Iowa, the home town of one which they served. of our great Presidents, Herbert Hoover. He w1ll be a useful member of the Nixon JOHNSON THE RIGHT ~ I have not dealt in detail with Don's bi­ administration. Johnson speaks well and is President Nixon would have had to look ography. It reveals a distinguished career of a forceful personality. He 1s now a seasoned far, wide, long and hard to find anyone bet­ public service and dedication to home and politician and he has survived the rigors of ter suited to head the Veterans Administra­ country and is well known. So what I have an unsuccessful campaign for govet"nor quite tion of the United States than the 1nan he tried to do instead is point to the qualities of well. Some of the lessons he has learned have selected, Donald Johnson of Iowa. Don Johnson which make him such an out­ not been without pain, and they have tem­ Johnson symbolizes the U.S. war veteran standing appointee. pered his political judgment. He is ready for and the things he stands for and Iowans To indicate the high regard held for Don the job. know him not alone for his hard work in Johnson, I would like permission to insert The waiting for official confirmation that the American Legion, where he has served at this point in the record a sampling of the he was to be nominated as a director of the well in every capacity from rank and file editorial comment on his nomination. VA was long and must have been a little member to national commander, but also Mr. Chairman, in conclusion I want to ex­ annoying for, until the P;-esldent makes his for his wlllingness to pitch in and help with press my whole-hearted and enthusiastic announcement, all the other assurances, no civic and governmental affairs. support for this nomination. I am confident matter how gratifying, are not final. As a candidate for the Republican nomina­ that this committee, after the hearing record Johnson had been considered for the post tion for governor last year he conducted a 1s complete, will appreciate the background from the beginning. There was a time, nearly vigorous and high-level campaign, coming of this outstanding man and wlll recommend a month ago, when it was felt that he had in second in a three-man race. He accepted approval of his nomination to the Senate. the inside track. Then, when no announce­ defeat gracefully and pitched in to help the ment came, other names were more promi­ Republican ticket win in November. HE'LL GET THE JoB DoNE nently mentioned-names of men of con­ His travels throughout the nation and the Donald Edward Johnson's appointment by siderable ab111ty and stature. Johnson, with world as national commander of the Amer­ President Nixon as director of the Veterans many good friends in Washington, could ican Legion in 1964-65 have provided him Administration is indeed, as Johnson re­ only walt. Now that the waiting is over there with the broad outlook that will be helpful marked, a challenging one. will be hearings and not all of those who in the vitally important new position he will And the public service record of this 45- check his credenti.a.ls will be favorable to assume upon confirmation by the senate. year-old citizen of West Branch, Iowa (1960 Johnson. Even though he has devoted a good share population. 1,053)-which also gave to the Johnson, by his record and through his of his waking hours since returning from nation's service the late President Herbert personality, will be his own best advocate. We the European theater in World War II to Hoover-would indicate he can fulfill the as­ are certain that he w1ll continue to serve Legion affairs, Don Johnson has found time, signment. his nation with abillty. with his wife, Jean, to rear a family of nine In itself, the VA 1s a mammoth operation, children and to make a success in business. with a budget exceeding $7 billion. And the [From the Iowa City Press-Citizen, His selection by President Nixon, we predict, President has enlarged the challenge to the June 9, 1969] wlll prove to be a wise one. Iowan at the outset with a directive that he find out why Vietnam Wa.r veterans are not NEW VA HEAD taking advantage of benefits. The first major appointment of an Iowan As a first assignment, Johnson, former in the Nixon admlnlstration has gone to national commander (1964-65) of the Amer­ Donald E. Johnson of West Branch. Named WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM ican Legion, 1s to head a new President's head of the Veterans Administration Thurs­ Committee on the Vietnam Veteran. It is day, Johnson has had solid backing for the designed to tailor existing veterans benefit position from Iowa Republicans and others HON. MARTIN B. McKNEALLY programs to needs of fighting men returning in the group. OF NEW YORK from service in Southeast Asia. The appointment is of great interest in Johnson is energetic, and a sort of signal this area and not only because Johnson is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of his determination might be seen in his a longtime resident and known well to huh­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 comment that Mr. Nixon has stressed thet"e dreds, 1f not thousands, of his neighbors. It must be planning for returning veterans, is of particular interest, also, because one of Mr. McKNEALLY. Mr. Speaker, I am and "if it takes a new program . . . that's the Iowa City area's major institutions is pleased to include in the RECORD the fol­ what we must come up with." Veterans Hospital, one of the 166 hospitals lowing fine editorial which appeared in Johnson has held several governmental and 200 clinics in the VA system, the na­ the Journal-News of Nyack, N.Y., on advisory posts and filled numerous other tion's laregst medical program. June 10, 1969, with reference to the leadership roles in this state and in his own In a long career of public service, Johnson President's recent decision to withdraw community. has concentrated on matters concerning vet­ 25,000 American troops from Vietnam: He was president of the West Branch erans, a !act which gives him particular in­ Chamber of Commerce when only 24. He is sights into his new position. He has worked WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM an orphan whose father died in World War I. principally through the American Legion, As might have been expected, doves in the The Johnsons have nine children. The largest of the country's veterans organiza­ United States Senate are critical of the an­ oldest, now 20, is serving with the armed tions, and he has served that organization's nounced decision of President Nixon to with­ forces in Vietnam. members at every level from the local post draw 25,000 American troops from Vietnam. One might say Johnson has been in train­ to national commander. His ability and in­ They would pull out many more of our men ing for this job since he served as a com­ terest was recognized early in the Legion, this year-some of them, indeed, would call bat infantry sergeant with U.S. forces in the for he became Iowa state commander in 1952, home all our forces. European theater in World War II. He was only six years after being discharged from The criticism is more than unrealistic­ decorated for bravery. World War II army service which included it borders on the hypocritical, and even that The choice is an excellent one for several combat in Europe. is stating the case mildly. reasons. Donald Johnson is, as Iowa Sen. As VA hea.d, Johnson wm direct the la.rgest What the President has proposed is a pru­ Jack Miller has observed, a man of high independent agency of the federal govern­ dent good-faith withdrawal, with minimum ideals and personal integrity who well un­ ment with more than 170,000 employes and resultant danger for either the Vietnamese derstands the problems of veterans and has annual expenditures o1 more than $7 billion. people or the American soldiers who must a unique capacity for getting people to work It serves the country's nearly 27 million vet­ remain in Vietnam until a peace agreement together. He can be relied upon to do an erans and their families, making up almost oustanding job. can be negotiated and mutually accepted. half the national population. Besides its hos­ Upon the President rests both the mili­ pital system, the VA administers a massive tary and political responsiblllty for the [From the Tipton Consenatlve, June 12, llfe insurance, loan, education and tra.inlng, 1969] aftermath of any withdrawal from Vietnam. and pension and disability compensation He should not, in the discharge of that re­ THE RIGHT MAN programs. sponsibility, be the target of carping criti­ Don Johnson, by any test that you might It 1s a challenging position. In accepting cism by peace-vote seekers in either the Sen­ use, wlll m.a.ke an outstanding director of the the post, Johnson maintains his particlpa.- ate or the House. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16501 KOCH NEWSLETTER ing the surtax. At that meeting we made it deployment of the Safeguard ABM system clear that we would consider not voting for and the installation of multiple independ­ the surtax extension unless there were the ently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) HON. EDWARD I. KOCH assurance of substantial tax reform. on our offensive missiles. I believe that we OF NEW YORK I am a co-sponsor of major tax reform should suspend MIRV tests with an an­ legislation which closes a dozen major loop­ nouncement that they would not be resumed IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES holes such as the oil depletion allowance, so long as the Soviet Union refrained from Wednesday, June 18, 1969 tax free interest on municipal bonds, hobby testing its multiple warheads. farms and unlimited charitable deductions In another area of weaponry, Representa­ Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, today I am which the wealthy use to evade their fair tive Richard D. McCarthy of Buffalo has sending to my constituents my second share of the tax burden. joined me in introducing a resolution calling newsletter. The report is being sent to Almost every Congressman has introduced for the establishment of a commission to approximately 200,000 postal patrons; it a number of bills to provide tax relief for study the ecological effects of our chemical discusses my efforts in the Congress dur­ the low and middle income taxpayer and I warfare employed in Vietnam with a view I would like to acquaint you with the terms to curtailing the use of chemical and biologi­ ing the last 90 days-since issued my of some of the tax and social security bills cal weapons. first newsletter on March 15. It also gives which I have introduced: And on the Floor of the House, I have the results of the questionnaire contained ( 1) a bill to increase each personal ex­ continued to oppose supplementary appro­ in my first newsletter. emption from $600 to $1200. (The personal priations for the further prosecution of the For the benefit of my colleagues, I exemption has not been increased since Vietnam war which has already cost the lives should like to submit my June 18, 1969, 1948, yet the cost of living has increased of almost 40,000 Americans and $100 bil­ report for printing in the CONGRESSIONAL almost 50 % ) . lion. On May 15, I introduced a resolution RECORD. I might note that the newsletter (2) a bill to increase the standard deduc­ with seven other Congressmen calling on the contains two pictures, one of me in front tion from 10 to 14 percent and to increase President to immediately withdraw 100,000 the maximum allowable deduction from U.S. soldiers from Vietnam and to seek an of my storefront office in New York City $1,000 to $1,800. immediate ceasefire. Th~ recent announce­ and another depicting my participation (3) a bill to give single individuals who ment of President Nixon ordering the with­ in the Quaker reading on the steps of the maintain their own homes the same tax 1ates drawal of 25,000 U.S. troops was a first step­ Capitol. as those now entitled to head of household a halting first step but one in the right di­ The text of the newsletter reads as fol­ status. rection. We all should urge the President by lows: ( 4) a bill to remove the family income letter to propose an immediate ceasefire to limitation ($6,000) for working mothers who stop the killing on both sides and undertake So much has happened in the last three a further withdrawal of troops now. months since my first newsletter to you. seek to deduct childcare expenses. ( 5) a bill to remove the income limitation The estimates on how much can be saved We are moving ahead very quickly on the by judiciously cutting the military budget mass transit trust fund bill which was my for those who are eligible for social security benefits and who continue to work. without endangering our defenses range from first major bill and remains my prime do­ six to ten billion dollars, exclusive of the mestic legislative concern. At this time, 75 Candor requires that I acknowledge that tax reform and tax relief always face strong 20 billion dollars that would be saved if the Congressmen have co-sponsored the bill and Vietnamese war were terminated. It is my in­ Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe, opposUion from powerful lobbies which re­ sist the clos;ing of special interest loopholes tention to work to reduce the military with whom I recently met, has given his sup­ budget. How grand it would be for the cities port for the concept and need of a trust fund. and the Treasury Department which never likes to see its revenues reduced. Therefore, of this country if 30 billion dollars were spent As a member of the Science and Astro­ on their reconstruction rather than con­ nautics Committee, I recently opposed my if you support any of the tax proposals listed above, send a letter to Chairman Wil­ tinuing to spend that same amount for de­ Committee's action in giving NASA $204.9 structive purposes. million more than President Nixon had re­ bur Mills of the Ways and Means Commit­ quested for 1970 manned space flight opera­ tee and Congressman Jacob Gilbert one of MARCH 15 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS tions. I support our space activities, but New York's Representatives on that Commit­ All responses received were tabulated; the because of our pressing domestic needs, I tee, urging their support. It is important results are as follows: if your letter is to have any effect that it be oppose the increase, both in Committee and [In percent] in the House. sent immediately while the Committee is still reviewing the various tax reform pro­ 1. Cease-fire: Favor an immediate cease­ I was asked to attend the Paris Air Show posals. fire in Vietnam: with my Committee at the end of May. I had thought of this trip as a serious one. MILITARY SPENDING AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES Yes ------74 And, in addition to attending the Air Show, The proposed budget for national defense No ------26 I had planned to meet with Members of the for fiscal year 1970 is $77.5 billion. I have 2. Selective conscientious objector: French Ministries of Transportation, Postal been told by some veteran Congressmen that Agree with the Koch proposal to grant Service, and Housing. However, after discuss­ for the first time-since the days of President selective C.O. status to those opposed ing my plans with a number of friends, I Truman, the Congress is questioning the to a particular war and who have re­ decided not to go since a serious trip to the policy assumptions that account for a mili­ fused to serve to date______62 Paris Air Show just is not believable. tary budget that represents almost 50 % of Oppose giving the selective C.O. status The one trip I have taken as a Congress­ our total spending at the federal level. I to those who have refused service to man at my own expense was to Charleston, count myself among those who think it is date but favor granting such status to South Carolina last month a.t the invitation high time we make a fresh examination of those objectors who face military serv- of Ralph Abernathy, Coretta King and the our military expenditures if we are ever to ice in the future______4 Southern Christian Leadership Conference. I substantially reallocate our resources to Oppose any form of selective conscien­ was asked to lend my support to local hos­ pressing domestic needs. This Congressman, tious objector status______34 pital workers who are on strike seeking to along with others, does not intend to leave obtain union recognition from the State for such Inatters solely to the "experts." We have 3. Mass transit: the purpose of collective bargaining and de­ learned from our tragic Vietnam involvement Favor Koch proposal for a Mass Transit that the "experts" do not always know best. Trust Fund to be financed by the 7 % cent wages. I support their right to bargain auto excise tax______86 collectively just as I walked a picket line President Nixon has recently branded those with the New York City hospital workers in critical of our military spending as "neo­ Favor the establishment of a Mass 1961 who were then being denied the same isolationists." He has missed the point. What Transit Trust Fund, but oppose fi­ right of collective bargaining. has happened is that Inany people are begin­ nancing it with the auto excise tax__ 8 Believing that every Congressman should ning to painfully realize that the elimina­ Oppose the establishment of a Mass Transit Trust Fund______6 file a net worth statement annually, I did so tion· of poverty and the renewal of our cities with the Committee on Standards of Official may be more important to the interests of 4. Smoking: Favor the FCC's proposed Conduct. I was one of two Congressmen who our national security than our preoccupa­ ban on cigarette advertising on radio and made this public disclosure; of the 87 attor­ tion with war and armaments. This is not TV: neys in the Congress, 5, including myself, neo-isolationism-it is a matter of demo­ withdrew from the private practice of law. cratic self-preservation and we must get on Yes ------76 No ------24 Taxes, tax reform and inflation are surely with it before it is too late. leading concerns of the 17th C.D. residents. As you may have read, I co-sponsored a (64% of the respondents agreed with the And in view of the enormous tax burden, Congressional conference and report on the Brigadier General and 36% with the Candy local, state and federal borne by the tax­ military budget and national priorities Man.) payers of New York City, it is understand­ which has concluded "that the most urgent SUMMARY OF MY ACTIVITIES IN NEW YORK able why we hear so often that we are "on challenge confronting Congress is to reassert In Murray Hill, working with concerned the edge of a taxpayers' revolt." control of the military bureaucracy and the citizens, we were able to stop the intended A number of Congressmen, myself in­ policy decisions it has preempted." demolition of houses by the federal govern­ cluded, met with Secretary of the Treasury To avoid an unnecessary escalation of the ment which wants to build a post office at David M. Kennedy to discuss tax reforms arms race before holding arms control talks 31st Street and Lexington Avenue. We saved and to hear from him the reasons for extend- with the USSR, I have opposed the proposed the homes of more than 300 people for at 16502 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 least another year and maybe longer. In the Kennedy, a national legal holiday. I am Mr. Shultz has authored several books meantime, I have hi_gh hopes that a reloca­ honored to commend this resolution for about displaced workers, collective bar­ tion assistance blll which I am co-sponsor· ing will be passed in time to help the Murray the consideration of my colleagues: gaining and the labor market and they Hill residents if they are eventually required RESOLUTION MEMORIALIZING THE CONGRESS OF were well known to the assembled dele­ to move. THE UNITED STATES TO DESIGNATE THE gates. He also had made several economic In the United Nations-Tudor City area, BmTaDAY OF THE LATE PRESIDENT, JOHN surveys abroad. again working with concerned citizens, we FITZGERALD KENNEDY, A NATIONAL LEGAL The expertise that he brought to this were helpful in inducing the City Planning HOLIDAY conference earned us the respect of all. Commission to preserve the residential na­ Whereas, The death of John Fitzgerald I know that my colleagues would be in­ ture of Tudor City. Kennedy, the 35th President of the Un1ted. I have registered my protest with Con Edi­ States, numbed the hearts of the people of terested in learning of these viewpoints. son opposing their plan to construct a huge the World; and Flor this reason, I include them with these fossil fuel burning plant and two new im­ Whereas, From his inauguration to h1s remarks. They follow: mense nuclear power plants. I have urged death at the age of 45, President Kennedy Mr. Shultz (Secretary of Labor, United that they apply to the federal government never relaxed his efforts to move the country States)-It 1s a privilege for me to be present for an increase in their allotted supply of toward new plateaus of security, justice and and join in celebrating the fiftieth anniver­ comparatively pollutant free natural gas opportunity; and sary of the n.o. and I have offered to introduce the necessary Whereas, His devotion to high purposes Mr. Mort, may I extend to you my warmest federal legislation to accomplish that. I am will never be abandoned by those who wish congratulations and best wishes on becoming awaiting their reply. for a World in which every man can better the first Workers' delegate to be elected Presi­ Two town meetings were held, one at Julia his lot and live in dignity; therefore dent of a session o! the International Labour Richmond High School on "housing" and Resolved, By the Council of the City of Conference. the other at P.S. 104 on "crime." Two more Philadelphia, That we hereby memortallze Just ten years ago a distinguished prede­ town meetings will be held in other parts the Congress of the United States to des­ cessor of mine, James P. Mitchell, carried a of the District during 1969. ignate May 29th, the birthday of the late letter from President Eisenhower to this body Members of my staff have presented my President, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, a. Na­ reafllrming my country's support of the n.o. views before the Board of Estimate and the tional Legal Holiday. Today, I have the honour and pleasure of City Planning Commission on substantial Resolved, That certifted copies of this Res­ conveying from President Nixon to your Di­ matters affecting our District. In addition, olution be forwarded to the President of the rector-General, Mr. David A. Morse, the re­ they regularly attend meetings of the local United States, the Vice-President, the Pres­ newed testlmo~y of the President's apprecia­ planning boards and other community or­ ident Pro Tempore of the Senate, the Speak­ tion of the work and goals of this Organisa­ ganizations. er of the House of Representatives, and to tion. I should like to read now from that I try to be at a different subway entrance all the members of the Congress from letter: every Friday morning handing out my most Pennsylvania, as evidence of the concern of "On behalf of all my fellow Americans, I recent statement on what I hope 1s a. matter this legislative body. am happy to applaud the International La­ of importance to you. I would appreciate Certification: This 1s a true and correct bour Organisation on its half-century of your introducing yourself to me when you copy of the original Resolution adopted by dedicated service to humanity. next see me there some morning. the Council of the City of Philadelphia on ••since the founding conference in Wash­ SUMMARY OJ' KY ACTIVITIES IN WASHINGTON the twenty-ninth day of May, 1969. ingt-on in 1919, the basic guiding principle Introduction of an Urban Revenue Sharing PAUL D'OaTONA, of ILO's membership has been to advance the President of City Council. dignity of man. And history attests that there Act which would establish the right of urban Attest: areas to share directly in Federal income tax 1s no finer way of achieving this goal than collections set aside in a trust fund and CHABLES H. SAWYER Jr., through meaningful and rewarding labour. divided on a per capita basis. Chief Clerk of the Council. "The United States is proud of the role our Introduction of a blll to establish a Com­ citizens have played in the creation and life mission on Marihuana to examine the medi­ of this Organisation. And we are grateful for cal, social and legal questions pertalnlng to the distinguished service of its Director-Gen­ the use of marihuana and to provide con­ INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANI­ eral, David A. Morse, who has given over two clusions and recommendations for intelll­ ZATION CONFERENCE decades of effective leadership to its worth­ gent public discussion and legislative action while programmes. We consider ourselves on all levels-local, state and federal. privlleged to have been able to aid in the Introduction of the Pollee Compensation HON. WILLIAM H. AYRES preservation of n.o in its d111lcult and criti­ Act of 1969 to improve the quality of law cal years from 1939 to 1945. enforcement by providing temporary federal o.r omo "And we take great satisfaction from hav­ aid for pollee salaries during the current IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing been the nation selected as the site of the Conference which adopted the Declara­ period of local 1iscal cr1sis. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Appearance before a subcommittee of the tion of Philadelphia in 1944. Today, we re­ House Education and Labor Committee, tes­ Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, as a congres­ affirm the basic tenets upheld by this docu­ tifying that the federal government should sional adviser to the International Labor ment and recommit our nation to the course not play schoolmaster with its funds and op­ Organization Conference in Geneva, it charted. posing legislation which would assert federal "We pledge our fullest support to the n.o control over the campuses by withholding Switzerland, I have had the opportunity as it works to meet the challenges of new federal funds in cases of campus disorder. to observe the acceptance with which the member States, striving to translate the so­ Co-sponsorship of legislation requiring the delegates from 114 nations received our cial vision of its founding fathers into ma­ federal government to assume 90% of the viewpoints on a:fl'airs a:fl'eoting labor and terial benefits for their peoples. cost of welfare and medicaid so as to remove industry. "We offer support for the World Employ­ a major burden from the taxpayers of the I am pleased to report that the inter­ ment Programme which continues to offer City of New York. practical solutions to the problems of em­ national climate for our opinions has ployment to enable all men to share more improved over preceding years. fully 1n the fruits of a rapidly expanding I was also most pleased to see the ex­ world economy. JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY cellent reception that the remarks that "Heartened by the past and encouraged by our new Secretary of Labor received dur­ the promise it offers, we rededicate ourselves ing the present conference in Geneva. to the n.o as an instrument toward the HON. JAMES A. BYRNE George P. Shultz's fame as an interna­ realisation of lasting human peace through tional economist had preceded him and the attainment of economic and social justice OF PBNNSYLVANL\ for peoples everywhere. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES his words were well heeded particularly "(Signerl) RICHARD NIXON." by the 70 members of Cabinet rank who Wednesday, June 18, 1969 Today marks my own second appearance attended the conference. this year in support of the International Mr. BYRNE of Pennsylvania. Mr. Included in his speech to the 1,300 dele­ Labour Organisation. At Temple University's Speaker, the Honorable Paul D'Ortona, gates was a message from the President celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary president of the city council of Phila­ of the United States. President Nixon's of the Declaration of Philadelphia and of delphia, has brought to my attention interest and concern in this field dates the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the n.o, it was my pleasure to speak on the Resolution 142, which was adopted back to the time that he was a member same programme with two other Americans by the council at a meeting on May 29, of the Education and Labor Committee who have for years been active and steadfast 1969, memorializing the Congress of the of this body. I am most happy to report supporters of the Organisation. I refer to United States to designate the birthday that it was attentively listened to and George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO, of the late President, John Fitzgerald made a strong impact on the delegates. and Edward Neilan, who has for long been June 18, 1969 .EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16503 · the Employers' delegate from the United penses. Many employem participate in this avoided, both in terms of the society at large States. programme without reimbursement. and of the interests of individual human The Declaration of Philadelphia affirmed We are making a start on child-care cen­ beings. that "all human beings, irrespective of race, tres so th-at mothers may work with the Special mention should be made of the creed, or sex, have the right to pursue both knowledge that their children are adequately role of management skills in the process of their material well-being and their spiritual cared for. economic development. The ILO has made development in conditions of freedom and The eradication of old, time-hardened a significant start in this field, but much dignity, of economic security and equal op­ practices that continue to erect special bar­ remains to be done, even in addition to portunity". Today we go a step beyond the riers against the Negro and other minority what is now being done by the Turin Centre "right to pursue" and we affirm, in the words groups is one of our prime objectives. and the International Institute for Labour of the Director-General in his commendable Racial unrest in the United States has be­ Studies. proposals for a World Employment Pro­ come more apparent today in part because of For many years, the general assumption gramme: "We can make no headway in rais­ the massive efforts, at long last, to remedy was that management and labour relation­ ing incomes and standards of living for the the underlying causes. But whatever the dif­ ships were dominated by a sharp func­ majority of the world's working population ficulties, we are completely determined to tional distinction. Increasingly, however, unless we can create the conditions in which make equal opportunity for all a living real­ we recognise the common interdependence incomes can be earned and improved­ ity. The whole world has a stake in solving of all components of human resources. It is through more productive work." the problem of racial discrimination, and we appropriate, therefore, that the ILO should Jobs, we agree, are the key to a decent are proud to be involved in this process. Ra­ have taken steps to recognise the import­ standard of living, and their creation is a cial tensions, of course, are not peculiar to ance of the competence and commitment of central feature in the process of economic the United States, though our open society management to the achievement of eco­ development. and modern, uncensored communications nomic and social goals. The United States is not ordinarily cate­ may make them more painfully visible. The need to make progress as regards the gorised as underdeveloped, yet we share with Those are a few of our programmes. In all, quality of management, keenly felt and most nations of the ILO the special problems the G<>vernment budget will provide training widely recognised throughout the world, of developing countries. In the United States opportunities in the coming year for more our most difficult development problem is leads naturally to thought about a strategy than a million persons, over and above what for management education. The need exists how to help disadvantaged individuals be­ is provided normally by employers and reg­ come contributing members of society. in a wide range of organisations, including ular school systems. business, publicly-owned enterprises, gov­ We at one time believed that this goal But there are other aspects to a manpower could be achieved through simple reliance on ernment and universities. I should like to programme to improve and use effectively the call attention to current discussions about the process of economic growth. It is true, skills of the work force. A comprehensive sys­ of course, that the capacity of a nation to the creation of an international school of tem of job vacancy information is helping us administration to be located in Europe, sug­ provide its citizens with adequate employ­ to focus more sharply on the targets for ment and income depends ultimately upon gesting what could be a central element in which training is needed. We are also im­ that strategy. the development of industry and the har­ proving the placement process. Computers as nessing of the forces Of technology. However, an aid in processing information about job The label "international" was chosen de­ we now recognise that economic growth of openings and manpower resources are in­ liberately, since the objective is to set up itself does not mean that the problem of creasingly important in achieving swifter an institution of the first rank, attractive to jobs and income will be adequately solved. matching of man and job. the best scholars and students throughout We know that we must give special attention We have begun to decentralise the opera­ the world. The proposal deals with an insti­ to enlarging the productive capacities of the tion of our manpower programme. We believe tution devoted to advanced research, Ph. D. labour force and to assuring that each indi­ that, although central direction is important, education, continuing education of univer­ vidual has the opportunity to use his abili­ the complexity of our economy makes it es­ sity staff and the development as well as ties to the maximum extent. To attain this sential to energise and enlist the services of diffusion of better means for teaching or re­ objective requires not only new approaches smaller geographic and political entities-in search. The institution would have a broad to training and education but also an aware­ our case, the states and the cities in those outlook: economics, behavioural sciences ness that management skills are a key factor states. That will help ensure that the cities and applied mathematics would provide an in the effective use of human and physical and the states have the kinds of training and intellectual basis; a consortium of univer­ resources. related services that will best fit their needs sities would provide institutional sponsor­ This task is equally demanding for both as well as those of the nation. It will also help ship; and international faculty, members at highly industrialised and developing nations, attain local participation in the planning and large as well as permanent and semi-per­ although the nature of the problem will vary achievement of national economic goals. manent members would guarantee a contin­ from case to case. In the United States, we Developing these disadvantaged as well as uous flow of ideas and permit world-wide have made a firm commitment to identify other human resources is part of our total mobility of students. The objective would be those workers who have been denied the full economic and social policy. To quote from a to influence the aspirations of scholars, stu­ range Of job opportunities and to develop report by the Organisation for Economic Co­ dents and universities, including their or­ new channels to employment and income. operation and Development, "an active man­ ganisation and patterns of work and, Help for the disadvantaged worker is, power policy has the special advantage of through them, to achieve a magnificent im­ therefore, given high priority by President being expansionist with regard to employ­ pact on management. Nixon's Administration. Although average ment and production, but anti-inflationary Any effort to establish such an institution unemployment is now at a relatively low with regard to cost and prices". should draw on the full range of interna­ level for the United States, we are not con­ Manpower programmes can increase the tional competence and experience. The tent with the success of the average. Unem­ effective supply of labour, increase output United States, through its private as well as ployment among young Negro Americans in and thereby advance the ability of the econ­ public institutions, would be an enthusias­ large cities is far above the average and our omy to match output and demand. In so tic partner in such an endeavour. If the nec­ concern for this group typifies our concern doing, they provide another tool in the fight essary efforts are forthcoming we may all for all the specific groups in our nation against inflation. capitalise on the growing realisation that a whose situation is worse than the national The new emphasis on manpower policy as rise in the intellectual quality of leadership average. an instrument of social equity and economic is an important means for raising standards Some of these youngsters drop out of balance is consistent with knowledge about of living. school and seek jobs before they are equipped key factors in economic development. Growth In the fifty years since this Organisation for the world of work. One of our pro­ is related not only to direct monetary invest­ wa.s founded, the world has been trans­ grammes provides after-school work so that ment in capital goods but even more deeply formed. New nations have been established, the influence of family poverty as a cause to investment in human resources. A striking new technology has changed our expecta­ of early termination of schooling will be re­ demonstration of that point was made a few tions of what is attainable for the working duced. Where the youngsters drop out of years ago by Edward F. Denison, a scholar in people of the world. Over this period, the school and refuses to return, we try to pro­ this field. He estimated, for the periOd 1950- ILO, based on the tripartite principle, has vide him with a mix of basic education, job 1962, that in the United States education had proved its ability to contribute to the skills and social skills. In some cases we use contributed 25 per cent of the growth rate in achievement of the grand and common ob­ residential facilities to overcome the destruc­ product per person employed. jectives that link the fates of all nations. tive effects of home environments. We all know that the temptation to defer Today we look not to the past fifty years, These efforts are aimed at what we call the invest ment in human resources is great, espe­ but to the tasks and opportunities ahead. hardcore unemployed - usually persons cially if a large labour supply, including child The ILO has played and will continue to whose environment and experience have labour, is readily available. The infiuence of play a vital role in giving increased dignity made them think of themselves as rejects. education and training on output is a long­ to work and the working people. The govern­ They are the most difficult to persuade that range one, dispersed over a long period, and ment of the United States joins in rededi­ they can get and hold a job. For the train­ appreciation of the economic and social bene­ cation to this universal objective. ing of this group the G<>vernment offers to fits requires a long view. The temptation to May I wish GQd-speed. to the ILO as it reimburse employers for extraordinary ex- defer this investinent is a temptation to be embarks on its second half-century. 16504 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 A REALISTIC STRENGTHENED STU­ past school year the actual figure was $641 ernments, and the local governments­ DENT LOAN PROGRAM IS IMPER­ milllon and all estimates for this coming all-must work together effectively, if ATIVELY NEEDED year are now utterly unrealistic. Similarly, the great job is to be properly and expe­ nowhere near the estimated 923,000 students who are projected to get loans this coming ditiously accomplished. HON. HAROLD D. DONOHUE school year will actually receive financial The material follows: help--unless spectacular changes occur in STATEMENT BY THE NASHUA RIVER CLEAN UP OF MASSACHUSETTS the loan terms or the money markets. COMMITTEE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON Eco­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PROPOSALS DEBATED NOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SENATE COMMITTEE Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ON PuBLIC WORKS; PRESENTED BY MRS. An insider report is that the administra­ HUGH F . STODDART, COORDINATOR OF THE tion is debating a package of legislative pro­ Mr. DONOHUE. Mr. Speaker, I am cer­ NASHUA RIVER CLEAN UP CoMMITTEE, Gao­ posals to save the program. The package TON, MASS. tain that the President and every Mem­ could include a hike in the rate ceiling on ber of Congress is deeply concerned with the loans from the current 7 per cent to, say, I am Mrs. Hugh F. Stoddart, Coordinator of the Nashua River Clean Up Committee providing, at the earliest possible mo­ 9 to 9% percent or slightly m~ level at ment, a more realistic and effective Fed­ which the banks could break even; or the representing the 250,000 people in the 31 cities and towns in the interstate Massa­ eral-State guaranteed student loan complete elimination of any rate ceillng on program. this type of loan; or proviso for payment of chusetts and New Hampshire Nashua River a federal "incentive" fee to banks for each watershed. The Nashua River Clean Up Com­ The reenergized operation of such a mittee has been working for clean water in program Js vitally needed by the parents loan; or the addition of "points" which many banks are already charging in order to get the Nashua River since July 1, 1966, the day and eligible children of our middle-in­ around state usury laws. the River became septic, turned grayish come families who have been too long I am not one bit ignorant about the fac­ black and released a putrid stench. The Com­ and too greatly overlooked in this and tors behind the historic climb in interest mittee is made up of the citizens of this other areas of appropriate Federal Gov­ rates. I know it is a reflection of today's region and has received the enthusiastic ernment assistance. enormous inflationary demand for credit and support of service, social and sports organi­ I urge and I hope that the President the federal reserve system's efi'orts to curb zations, local, state and federal officials and the price-wage spiral by limiting the supply the news media. will very shortly submit his recommenda­ The Nashua River Clean Up Committee is tions for a strengthened, workable loan of credit. I recognize that our banks have been forced into an awful bind and that particularly interested in recommendation program and that the Congress will over­ what they are paying for funds to lend is number six of s. 1090: Demonstration of a whelmingly approve such a program in just as startling as what they are charging river basin approach to implement estab­ the near future. for the funds they in turn lend. lished water quality standards. We are also An interested in number five, assistance to excellent article emphasizing the But I submit that it would be a disgrace States for the establishment and implemen­ imperative need and urgency for such a in this era if literally hundreds of thousands tation of comprehensive environmental con­ program, by the noted columnist, Syl­ of students are prevented from going to col­ trol policies, and in number eleven, estab­ via Porter, appeared in the June 16, 1969, lege or vocational school because of our anti­ lishment of a New England trust. issue of the Worcester, Mass., Telegram inflation progra.m-and a great danger to our We have been advised by the New England newspaper, and I am most pleased to in­ entire society. We must keep the student Regional Commission and the New England loan program working through this money River Basins Commission that the Nashua clude it at this point. The article follows: crisis. CREDrr SQUEEZE Hrrs STUDENT LoAN PLAN River has been chosen to be the Demonstra­ tion River for this program, and we whole­ (By Sylvia Porter) heartedly support their choice and recom­ One absolutely dreadful result of the latest ELIMINATION OF POLLUTION MUST mendation. The clean up of the Nashua explosive upsurge in interest rates and HAVE HIGHEST PRIORITY River would not only successfully demon­ brutal squeeze on credit is the near-death strate the effectiveness of a river basin ap­ of the much-touted federal-state guaranteed proach to implement the water quality student loan program, designed primarily to standards, but would dramatically demon­ help middle-income families. HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN strate the tremendous impact on the region's And this threat of extinction comes at OF MASSACHUSETTS economy that the complete restoration of a precisely the moment when applications IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stream would have. The fact that no stream for these loans are headed for their yearly in the United States has been cleaned as a peak-July and August. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 result of widespread but thinly dispersed In bluntest summary, the question facing Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, under funds under the Federal Water Quality Act the banks and hitting the student borrowers unanimous consent to revise and extend only points out the increased need for a is: how can a bank possibly afi'ord to lend my remarks in the RECORD, I include a Model River Demonstration Program where money to students at today's federally-pre­ the federal government would focus its at­ scribed maximum of 7 per cent? pertinent statement by Mrs. Hugh F. tention on one river basin. This is a tre­ How can they indeed? . . . When the in­ Stoddard of the Nashua River cleanup mendously exciting and promising approach terest rate to the nation's prime borrowers committee of Groton, Mass., before the to water quality improvement and economic has been kicked up to a staggering 8% per Senate and House Committees on Public development. cent--meaning the effective rate to these Works. The Nashua River Clean Up Committee most-favored borrowers is at least 10-1 per I heartily commend and compliment understands that the primary reason for the cent? .•• When regular commercial bank Mrs. Stoddart for her leadership and legislative package proposal known as S. loans to students stretch up to 15 per cent 1090 is to increase and enhance the eco­ in annual interest? ... When repayments splendid contributions to the solution of nomic development of New England by pro­ on practically all types of loans begin almost the massive, compelling problems of viding supplementary funds to the states to immediately while repayments on loans un­ eliminating pollution in the Nashua be used to solve problems specific to the der the guaranteed student loan program River Basin, and in the contiguous river region. It also understands that the six gov­ may not begin for five years or more? ... drainage basins, that must be speedily ernors of New England who, with the Federal Putting it even more bluntly: unless the purged of filth, slime, sewage, industrial co-Chairman, comprise the New England loan terms are substantially sweetened and wastes, and other pollutants, if the beau­ Regional Commission, have carefully studied very soon, the program is dead. tiful area embraced by these rivers, regional problems of mutual interest and LAUNCHED 4 YEARS AGO concern, and have agreed on the priority of bodies of water, and adjoining communi­ the problems' importance and need for solu­ When the guaranteed loan program was ties are to be cleansed, purified, re­ tion. The Nashua River Clean Up Commit­ launched four years ago, its terms seemed deemed, and rehabilitated to their rich enough. Specifically, students attending tee 1s very pleased that the six governors and any accredited college, business or voca­ former, natural, scenic beauty, and their the Federal Co-Chairman are stressing the tional school may borrow up to $1,500 (the enjoyable utility as sources of wholesome importance of water and rela.ted land re­ maximum is $1,000 in some states) each recreation and conservational features so sources to the viable economic development year they are in school. If the "adjusted" indispensible to our unrivaled beautiful of this region; particularly, the Nashua family income of the student is less than New England countryside. River. $15,000 a year, the federal government wUl The banishment of all pollution, phys­ An unhappy and unproductive character­ pay the full 7 per cent interest while the istic of New England is heavily polluted student is in school and until repayment ical, moral, cultural, and ideological, is streams with waste land bordering them. No­ begins 9 to 12 months after graduation or one of the highest priorities of this con· where else but in New England will one find completion of study. fused, restless age, and we must not cease land along the rivers worth less than Ian

~·Presen.t sources of wa.ter are inadequate to it played an important role in the success­ TESTIMONY OF J. SINCLAIR meet current demands. If the economies of ful passage of this bill and of a later amend­ ARMSTRONG . Fitchburg and Leom.lnster with the1r heavy ment which made lt possible for the state industrial bases are to continue to prosper, to pre-finance the federal government's share additional sources of water supply must be of municipal and regional construction costs. developed.'' A clean river, particularly in such More proof of citizen interest may be HON. ALLARD K. LOWENSTEIN a small watershed. would help meet these found in the highly publicized 1966 news OF NEW YORK dem.a.nds and encourage prosperity. The stories of former Secretary of the Intedor IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES River has become an open sewer, a menace to Udall's and Senator Kennedy's visit in Fitch­ health and a debaser of land values. For ex­ burg with 500 Nashua River watershed citi­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ample: an owner of land along the Nashua zens following their inspection tour of the Mr. LOWENSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, ear­ River in Pepperell, Massachusetts was given polluted Nashua. River. lier this month, when Mr. J. Sinclair an FHA appraisal of $12,000 for his property Additional proof of citizen interest and Armstrong, a former Assistant Secretary ~ the winter of 1966, followed by a. no-value effectiveness may be found in the records of reappraisal In the summer due to the nui­ the Department of the Interior and the Mas­ of the Navy, appeared before the House sance condition of the River. The River is sachusetts Division of Water Pollution Con­ Appropriations Subcommittee on De­ presently as useless as the land that adjoins trol. The 1966 Merrimack River Project of fense, a series of most unusual events it. The water is used for two purposes only: the Department of the Interior describes took place. Mr. Armstrong tried to tes­ a carrier of industrial waste and municipal some of the activity of the Nashua River tify as a representative of a broadly sewage. People cannot boat, fish, or swim In Clean Up Committee to improve water based group of unusually public-spirited it; nor can it be used for water supply or quality standards for the Nashua River. The businessmen called Business Executives lrrigation; nor can the land along it be 1967 Division of Water Pollution Control's claimed for useful purposes. summary of the public hearing on the Na­ Move for Vietnam Peace. He did not get We believe that the Nashua River possesses shua River contains detailed information to read very much of his testimony. all of the necessary ingredients for a suc­ about the Nashua River Clean Up Commit­ Mr. Armstrong is a man of talent and cessful demonstration program. It is an in­ tee's efforts and successes to achieve clean distinction. He was President Eisen­ terstate river and reputedly the most grossly water. A record breaking turn out of citizens hower's Assistant Secretary of the Navy. polluted river in New England. It is a com­ at the Nashua River Water Quality Standards He is the executive vice president of the plex river combining problems of low flow, Hearing presented testimony persuasive slow movement, varied industrial wastes, U.S. Trust Co., one of the largest trust enough to cause the State to raise the pro­ companies in this country. No one has sludge deposits, algae, combined sanitary and posed requirements for water quality on the storm drains, thermal pollution and dams. It main stem of the Nashua River. ever suggested that he has not served is a relatively small stream flowing 47 miles A record of the Committee's effectiveness his country loyally and well. It seems from its origin in central Massachusetts to for clean water may also be found in the of­ most unfortunate that a man of such its confluence with the Merrimack River in fice of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pri­ achievements, with so fine a record of southern New Hampshire, and drains an area ma.rily through the Committee's efforts, the public service, was not permitted to fin­ of 530 square miles. Most of the land along the River 1s rural, wOOded, undeveloped, with Corps has been persuaded to include low ish testifying before the subcommittee. only a few concentrated municipal areas. Its flow augmentation in their planned reser­ Much might have been learned from such very size and character lends itself well to a voir system for the North Nashua River. an exchange, by all concerned. successful and efficient comprehensive pro­ When it became known last month that We are all, of course, grateful to Mr. gram. 11 million dollars of federal monies the New England Regional Commission had Armstrong for his public service, and for combined with the 9-14 million dollar state chosen the Nashua River !or demonstration of river basin approach to implement estab­ his concern about the public good. I and local share would change this River want, further, to express to him the grat­ from an open sewer into a major asset. Essen­ llshed water quality standards, the Nashua tially, the 11 million dollars would guarantee River Clean Up Committee met with a rep­ itude of many of his fellow countrymen the federal government's share !or the con­ resentative from the New England River Ba­ for his courageous contributions to the struction of the waste water treatment facili­ sins Commission (the agency designated by national debate about American policy ties needed to raise the quality of water to the Commission to coordinate this program) 1n Vietnam. its proposed future highest use and initiate to determine what it could do to best assist Many Members have asked about the innovative technical and technical training in the implementation of this Demonstration events surrounding Mr. Armstrong's ap­ approaches necessary for water quality im­ Program. The advice received was to form a provement. The Commonwealth has match­ watershed association with land trust capa­ pearance before the subconimittee and ing funds available and promised on a pri­ bilities. The Committee began organizing have indicated they would like to read ority basis for the Nashua River. The pol­ such a group with the assistance of a broad his testimony. The relevant documents luting cities, towns and industries are all spectrum of people and organizations in the follow: proceeding on or ahead of schedule to meet watershed. Such an organization will come BusiNEss ExEctrriVEs MoVE FOR VIETNAM their various compliance requirements, and into being this year and will be ready to as­ PEACE in each instance are appropriating their local sist the New England River Basins Commis­ sion in the implementation of a Model River (Statement of J. Sinclair Armstrong, on be­ financial share. half of Business Executives Move for Viet­ Perhaps the most important ingredient for Demonstration Program. The organization will also establish a nam Peace, on the Appropriation Request a successful Model River Demonstration Pro­ !or the Vietnam War, June 9, 1969) gram are people. The people in the Nashua greenbelt along both sides of the River. River watershed form the right combination This greenbelt will help protect the River Business Executives Move for Vietnam of powerful forces to guarantee the success from further pollution, increase the value of Peace is an organization of 2,500 owners and of this Program. These forces are: positive the adjoining property, provide a buffer zone executives of American business corporations local political leadership; willing industries; !or developing communities, help protect in forty-nine states who seek by open and inter-agency cooperation; a sympathetic news our watershed, provide wildlife habitat, aid lawful means to bring about an end to U.S. media; and an enthusiastic and orgahized in fiood prevention and protection, and pro­ participation in the War in Vietnam. citizenry who have dedicated themselves to vide water oriented recreation for the second My own credentials to address you are not the restoration of the Nashua River. most densely populated region in Massa­ impressive compared to those of any of the Proof of the interest and effectiveness of chusetts. Because the River is still so badly Military Sponsors of Business Executives the citizens and their leaders who organized polluted that almost no building exists along Move for Vietnam Peace. However, I do come to work for clean water in the Nashua. River it and because land values are so low, we now here with a background of service in the (The Nashua River Clean Up Committee) have this fleeting moment in time to save Naval Reserve in World War II and as As­ may be found in the records of the governors this land from misuse. The proposed New sistant Secretary of the Navy during two of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Gov­ England trust could assist the organization years of the Eisenhower Administration. I ernors King and Volpe were presented with in achieving that goal which would be an am a life member of the Navy League of the pollution protest petitions in 1966 by the additional boon to the economy of the area. United States and a member of the Advisory top elected officials of the cities and towns We can no longer afford to have our River Council of its New York Chapter. along the Nashua River in the company of all be used for just manufacturing waste and My business experience has been in law of the region's state senators and representa­ as a municipal sewer. We can no longer afford and finance. and includes four years as a tives. Shortly after the presentation of this to have the land along the River be a waste­ member of the Securities and Exchange petition, the Massachusetts Clean Waters land. For the communities in our watershed Commission (two as its Chairman}. also Act was passed establishing the Division of to grow and to prosper and to provide a suit­ under President Eisenhower, and ten years Water Pollution COntrol and authorizing the able environment for this growth and pros­ in my present position as an Executive Vice bond issue of 150 mlllion dollars over a period perity, this open sewer must be restored to President of the United States Trust Com­ of 10 years !or the construction of waste an important multi-use river benefiting all pany o! New York (whose official views I water facilities. The Committee believes that the citizens in the watershed. do not purport to speak for on this occasion). 16506 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969

OUR POSITION AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR quest for NOA of $23 billion and rescind As this has gone along, an economlc ln· We conceive that War to be a material obligational authority heretofore granted to stability has developed that threatens to re· and moral disaster for the U.S., and our spend $25% blllion on the Vietnam War in quire more controls. The Congress has participation in lt to be contrary to our fy 1970. already been asked by President Nixon to country's economic and strategic interests. We urge this Committee to hand this re­ continue the surtax and to abandon the From the moral point of view, the killing quest back to the Administration, and tore­ investment credit that serves as an induce­ and wounding of hundreds of thousands of quire a new estimate based on a planned, ment to industry to modernize outdated human beings in a tiny country on the other phased, complete withdrawal from Vietnam capital facilities and equipment. (Neither of side of the globe that could not possibly en­ of all U.S. forces beginning at once. these restrictive tax measures would be danger the security of the U.S. weighs on We do not have sufficient detailed data nor needed if $12.5 billion could be taken from our national conscience. The losses of our any staff to estimate precisely what this the Defense Budget by ending the Vietnam own precious fighting men, about 42,000 reduced amount should be. In view of the War.) killed and 230,000 wounded so far, is a sense­ diverse considerations involved in such a With the country running out of bank less and cruel drain of our nation's most withdrawal and the · difficulty of making a credit and with interest rates very high, sure­ valuable human resource. precise estimate of its cost (recalling my ly the next steps will have to be direct wage In our third National Meeting, held in own experience as Assistant Secretary of the and price controls and allocations of materi­ Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, May 6, our Navy for Financial Management and Comp­ als. There is beginning to be felt a consider­ members voted unanimously to seek im­ troller of the Navy), I believe that $12.5 bil­ able body of responsible business opinion that mediate withdrawal of all U.S. armed forces lion is a prudent estimate of the cost sav­ unless the Vietnam War is promptly ended from Vietnam. ings that could be made. and unnecessary defense spending curtalled, We have attempted to present that opin­ Economic Factors Urging Immediate Termi­ wages and prices will have to be frozen and ion, and an outline of a specific plan for nation of the Vietnam War vital materials allocated. This would lead to bringing about such withdrawal, developed The national ·economy is endangered by re-establishment of all the old "OPA" ap­ by our Executive Committee and National the excessive defense and space spending. paratus with which business and labor strug­ Council, with advice of our Military Spon­ Such a large proportion of our economic gled, of necessity, during World War II. It sors, to the President, the Secretary of State, effort-10% of GNP-is going into non­ would lead to a statist society. And in that and the Presidential Assistant for National productive activity. The effect of this is de­ statist society, where would be the economic Security Affairs. We invited each of them stabilizing to a free economy. liberties that we Americans hold dear? The to address our National Meeting, or to send This has led, building up fast since 1964, freedom of competitive enterprise for busi­ a representative to hear our views and state to U.S. financial troubles. There were seri­ ness, the freedom of collective bargaining for the Administration's position. We have been ous deficits brought on by the War-( unified) labor, would be lost to Government controls rebu1fed by them, up to now. budget deficits of $5,916 million in fy 1964, in Washington. The economics of the situa­ Accordingly, we deem it an especially val­ $1,618 million in 1965, $3,790 million in 1966, tion tell us that the Vietnam War should uable privilege to present this brief state­ $8,790 million in 1967, and the whopping def­ be ended now in the vital interests of our free ment to this Committee of the Congress. icit of $25,187 million in fy 1968, for a cumu­ American society. OUR Mn.rrARY CREDENTIALS lative five-year deficit of $45,301 million. CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION Business Executives Move for Vietnam In parallel with this flscalinstab1lity, con­ President Nixon also said at the Air Force Peace is privileged to have as expert ad­ sumer prices began running up rapidly in Academy on June 4: visors a distinguished group of retired officers 1964 and are stlll advancing at the fastest "And there can be no question that we of field and flag rank. Among these is one pace in American economic history (at should not spend unnecessarily for defense. who has served with the Joint Chiefs of March, 1969, 125.6 of 1957-1959 base index How much is necessary? The President of the Staff, the distinguished former Marine Corps of 100, and an increase from 119.5 during United States is the man charged with mak­ Commandant, General David L. Shoup. the previous twelve months-a 5% annual ing that judgment." In his article, "The New American Militar­ rate). President Nixon is right that we should not ism", The Atlantic Monthly, April, 1969, Gen­ With enormous U.S. milltary expenditures overseas and trade balances declining, ac­ spend unnecessarily. eral Shoup said: "For years up to 1964 the Unfortunately, with many of the same chiefs of the armed services, of· whom the companied by heavy loss of monetary gold, the integrity of the dollar in international military and diplomatic advisors on Vietnam author was one, deemed it unnecessary and as President Johnson had, such as Generals unwise for U.S. forces to become involved in finance came under a cloud for the first time. The growing non-competitiveness of Amer­ Westmoreland and Wheeler, and Ambassadors any ground war in Southeast Asia". That was Bunker and Lodge, President Nixon seems to the expressed view of the late General of ican industry led to its failure to hold even the American market. This condition mus-t be be making very little progress, either at the Army Douglas MacArthur. "In 1964 there Paris or on the bloody battlefields. were changes in the composition of the Joint regarded as of the gravest importance. In the 1968 Annual Report of the United States But the President is not the only man Chiefs of Staff, and in a matter of a few "charged with making that judgment." months the Johnson Administration, encour­ Steel Corporation is a discussion-pages aged by the aggressive military, hastened into 32-38-on International Competition. On The congress has the power "to lay and what became the quagmire of Vietnam." page 35 a bar chart shows Steel Import Pene­ collect taxes", "to provide for the common President Nixon said to the graduating tration of Domestic Market increasltig from defense", "to raise and support armies", and class at the Air Force Academy, on June 4, 7% in 1964 to 17% in 1968. The Corporation "to declare war" (none has been declared "On the home front you are under attack says: "Moreover, although U.S. technology against Vietnam). U.S. Constitution, Article from those who question the need for a and productivity are improving, in an in­ I, Section 8, "Powers of the Congress". strong national defense and indeed see a creasing number of industries they no longer The President is "Commander-in-Chief of danger in the power of the defenders . . . seem sufficiently superior to offset our hourly the Army and Navy" and "shall from time It is open season on the armed forces". employment cost disadvantage. Further, tech­ to time give to the Congress information on Business Executives Move for Vietnam nological gains here can soon be matched the state of the union and recommend to Peace does not attack the armed forces. We or sometimes surpassed overseas, when capi­ their consideration such measures as he shall favor immediate withdrawal from Vietnam tal is available. In addition, plant and equip­ judge necessary and expedient". Article II, in aid of U.S. strategic defense and vital na­ ment costs are much lower abroad. Thus the Sections 2 and 3. . tional interests. We rely on traditional views U.S. has a fundamental international com­ Constitutional responsibi11ty for these de­ of U.S. mtlitary leaders, which we deem much petitive cost disadvantage-a disadvantage cisions clearly falls on the Congress. They sounder than the present leaders' views. likely to worsen before it wanes." must not be taken by the President nor This adverse condition of American in­ abandoned by the Congress. THE APPROPRIATION REQUEST FOR SOUTHEAST dustry cannot be repaired as long as the The decision of the Congress on whether ASIA OPERATIONS present level of non-productive activity is to continue the Vietnam War-and to permit The Budget of the U.S., FY 1970, pages 73 sustained. The Vietnam War is an important other mistaken adventures of intervention and 74, states $23,025 million as recom­ part of that non-productive activity. like Vietnam to be commenced by the Presi­ mended budget authority ("NOA") for "spe­ The Congress enacted a 10% surtax to dent-will have vital implications for the cial Southeast Asia" and $25,733 million (in­ reduce the deficit, and the monetary author­ future. If the Congress says "no" to these cluding $336 million "economic assistance") ity has brought about tight money. Interest military adventures, free enterprise in a free outlays for special Southeast Asia in fy rates have risen to historic highs. The prime economy will survive and prosper in America. 1970, and military personnel in Southeast corporate lending rate was 7Y:z% but many If the "Congress is acquiescent, condoning Asia, 639,000 in fy 1970. banks were quoting 8%% brokers' loan rates them and appropriating money for them, Secretary of Defense Clifford's Defense Bud­ in New York on June 6. that free society is doomed. get and Posture Statement, delivered in Jan­ The unavallab1lity of credit has curtailed uary to this Committee, which has not been vital national programs for housing, educa­ So, we, Business Executives Move for Viet­ changed by Secretary Laird so far as we tion, and the like. Wage increases to offset nam Peace, urge the Congress to review the know, calls for the level of operations and price increases have continued to spiral. Defense Posture and Budget for FY 1970 and personnel requested in the FY 1970 Budget Military spending for non-productive pur­ revise the Budget so as to deny the President document, for Southeast Asia. poses has pumped money into the economy the appropriations with which to continue Business Executives Move for Vietnam without accompanying consumer and capital the Vietnam War. We urge this in the vital Peace urges this Committee to reject this re- goods. interests of the United States. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16507

Mr. ROBERT A. MASLOW, MAHON. Mr. Armstrong, we are not sitting volvement in Vietnam. The newspapers that Business Executives Move fo1· Vietnam Peace, here for purposes of arguments With the wit­ day and the next gave much space to his Baltimore, Md. nesses who appear before us. We are seeking speech. The attached booklet of proceedings DEAR MR. MAsLow: In accordance with your information and the views of Witnesses. of the meeting and the montage of news­ request, your appearance has been scheduled ARMSTRONG. No, sir, and I thank you very paper headlines is submitted as proof of my before the Subcommittee on Defense Appro­ much for hearing me. statement. priations at 11:45 o'clock on June 9, 1969, MAHON. I would like to say further for the Prior to the formation of BEM I was active in Room H-140 of the Capitol. record that you state that you speak for in getting business executives and owners to Due to the limited time available and the 2300 businessmen. I assume that these 2300 sign an Open Letter to President Johnson number of individuals who wish to testify, it businessmen didn't have the opportunity to which was advertised in The Washington is possible to allot only 15 minutes for your read your statement. This doesn't represent Post in February 1967 and in The New York oral testimony, including the testimony of precisely the views probably of all these 2300 Times on May 28, 1967 (Copy attached), those who may accompany you. businessmen. I doubt that they have ever These led to the formation of BEM. In the It is requested, in the interest of time, that all met together and discussed these issues. Open Letter and in BEM's literature it has oral testimony be confined to one representa­ ARMSTRONG. No, sir. Excuse me, that is been stressed that the signers or members tive for the group. Other witnesses may have not correct. stood for ending American participation in their statements submitted for inclusion in MAHON. I say not all of them. May be a the Vietnam War and that we support the the printed hearings. The Subcommittee also small group or maybe several hundred. principles of the Geneva Agreements of 1954. urges that the size of groups be held to a ARMSTRONG. We have had three conven­ Mr. Armstrong showed me two days ago minimum. tions here, sir, including one on the sixth the statement which he presented to your Prepared statements, ten copies of which of May. The position I speak for ... committee this morning and I found it com­ should be furnished the Committee at the MAHON. How many were here on the sixth pletely in accord with the position of BEM. time of the hearings, should be limited to of May? I enclose the resolution which was unani­ about six letter-size pages, typed only on ARMSTRONG. 350. Our resolution was cir­ mously adopted by the Emergency Meeting one side of each page. culated and we presented a memorandum of BEM held in Washington at the Hotel A witness list, showing the name and title signed by 750 members to the White House Maytlower on May 6, 1969. I enclose a pro­ of the witnesses to be printed in the hearings, on this position.... Excuse me for correcting gram of that meeting which was attended should also be submitted in triplicate at the you on the record. by between 300 and 400 persons. On May time of the hearing. MAHoN. I don't think you are correcting 7th, our Executive Committee and National Although maps, pictures, graphs, groups of me. I said I was satisfied that 2300 members Council agreed on six specific steps to rec­ telegrams, petitions, etc., may be submitted had never met at one time and agreed on ommend to the Administration and Congress for the information of the Committee, it is these statements and you say that 300 plus to carry out now. The heart of the May 6th not feasible to include them in the printed did meet. resolution and the May 7th stops were em­ record. A summary listing, however, may be ARMSTRONG. On the sixth of May. We were bodied in an advertisement which was run submitted for the record. visited and addressed by many very distin­ in The Washington Post on May 12th and in Sincerely yours, guished members of the House and Senate The New York Times on May 18th. I en­ R. L. MICHAELS, on that occasion.... We were addressed by close a copy. Copies of this ad were sent to Staff Assistant, Defense Subcommittee. Representative Findley, by Senator Yar­ everyone of our over 2500 members. Not one borough and Senator Fulbright and Senator of them has questioned me, or, so far as I Cooper, all of whom are supporting our point know, any member of the Executive Com­ PARTIAL TRANSCRIPT OF THE HEARINGS OF THE of view on this subject. We believe we are a HOUSE .APPROPRIATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON mittee or National Council about the ap­ very responsible group of people. DEFENSE, JUNE 9, 1969 propriateness of it. It is in accord With the MAHON. I wouldn't think even the Sen­ position that we held all along. MAHON. As a former Assistant Secretary of ators you named support precisely what you Instead of trying to throw doubt upon the Navy, of course, you recognize that all have said. whether Mr. Armstrong properly represented of this discussion we are having in this ARMSTRONG. No, sir. the position of BEM and its members, it country about the desirability of our being MAHON. I hesitate to agree that what you seems to me that it would have been in ac­ in the war is weakening the country at the have said is completely in keeping with the cord with the democratic process if you had Peace Conference and is weakening our views of the Senators you named. addressed yourself to some of the problems posture in Vietnam. I think you agree to that. ARMSTRONG. That is right, sir, but on the which he raised and which confront this ARMsTRONG. Sir, I don't believe the effort question of the immediate commencement of country and the world. In particular, we that we are making to extricate the United a phased and complete withdrawal from Viet­ business executives know that when a policy States from a commitment that is very nam, this has been submitted to our mem­ · is not bringing the desired results it should damaging to our economic and stategic posi­ bership and has the broad approval of our be changed. Some of us do not understand tion if in any way weakening America. I 2300 members. why we claim to be fighting for the right of believe, Sir, we are strengthening America. MAHON. I wish you would submit for our the people of South Vietnam to determine MAHON. I am not talking about America attention the precise wording of the sub­ their own destiny when they are being gov­ in the long run or in a certain context. You mission. Everybody is in favor I would hope erned by a group of generals in Saigon who know that our opponents, if they feel that of the honorable end of the war at the earliest fought on the side of the French against we are just about ready to pull out, will not possible moment. those of their countrymen who were fighting make major concessions toward a peace or ARMSTRONG. It was published in an adver­ to throw off foreign domination, and who acceptable compromise. If we had had large tisement in Section 4 of the New York Times restricted the candidates in their last presi­ organizations during the World War II and on a recent Sunday and I will submit that dential election and who refused to allow World War I of American citizens tending to for the record. peace candidates to run. undermine the war effort, we would not have I understand that you accused Mr. Arm­ done as well in those wars, I assume. Would strong of endangering the Paris peace talks JUNE 9, 1969. you agree? and endangering our men in Vietnam. If ARMSTRONG. Sir, the situation here is en­ Hon. GEORGE H. MAHON, you feel that way towards him you should tirely different. We were fighting a war in Chairman, House Approp1·iations Committee, feel it towards all of us in BEM. We feel which we had been attacked by Japan in The Capitol, Washington, D.C. it is you who are making our men risk their W.W. II. But there is not any question that DEAR MR. MAHON: Mr. J. Sinclair Armstrong lives for no good reason. I cannot speak for a tiny country ten thousand miles from has told me of certain questions which you all of us in BEM as some joined because they here, 17 million Asiatics are threatening the raised about his testimony and this organi­ felt it wrong to use American men and dol­ security of the United States and in the zation. I respond, with sadness that in a Con­ lars in a land war in Asia, others joined meantime we are drawing the vital resources gressional hearing the loyalty and integrity because they were against the U.S. trying to of America ... of a witness such as Mr. Armstrong should be the world's policeman; others, because MAHON. You feel that we should just place be questioned in ways which sound reminis­ they were morally incensed by powerful our forces on ships and get out of Vietnam, cent of the Joseph McCarthy era. America supporting the reactionary side in generally speaking? I understand that you questioned how long what they considered to be a civil war and ARMSTRONG. Yes, sir ... "BEM," as we call this organization for short, supporting it in ways which are turning MAHON. You are a former Assistant Secre­ has been in existence. We started in August much of the population of the country tary of the Navy and yet the present Secre­ 1967 and held our first national meeting in against us. tary of the Navy and the Secretary of De­ Washington, D.C., on September 27, 1967. We in BEM have not taken our position fense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff tell us At that meeting Senator Thurston B. Mor­ lightly. We have considered informed military that what you are saying is wrong. ton, Republican, Kentucky, and permanent views and have among our military spon­ ARMSTRONG. Yes, sir. chairman of the Republican National Con­ sors General David M. Shoup, retired (in MAHoN. That we should bring this war to vention, said "The last three years have wit­ 1962) commandant of the Marine Corps; an honorable conclusion is much to be nessed a disastrous decline in the effective­ General Samuel Griffith, USMC (retired); desired ... We cannot tlee in confusion from ness of American foreign policy. The root Admiral Arnold E. True, USN (ret.). These our commitments. cause of the trouble is the bankruptcy of our officers and others fully support our position. ARMSTRONG. Sir, I believe when you made position in Vietnam." He stated that he wa~ They have friends in the contlict. And they a mistake it is very honorable to admit it ... wrong in supporting increased American in- are critical not only of such operations as 16508 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 "Hamburger Hill" but also of our inter­ Is not to clarify the edict. Which people? ln the foreign aid program, but as heralding vention in the Vietnam situation. They .and Whose needs? How many desires? What ca­ a. new U.S. foreign policy stance towards the we are calling for the United States to end pacities? To further suggest that it is "in­ Third World. Undercutting the two myths its mllitary participation in the Vietnam. digenous institutions" which should be de­ cited previously, Fraser has suggested that War. veloped prompts a wonderful semantic game "A basic reorientatlon in our thinking is We have attempted to influence President of defining such an institution-let alone required to put soclal and political evolution Nixon to change the Johnson policy but ap­ the more practical problem of identifying as the first concern [of our foreign assistance parently with no success. Many of us here one which satisfies the demand that it meet program) with economic aid playing the sup­ contributed to political campaigns, some of a. country's "particular requirements for porting role rather than the other way us very substantially. Many have made pub­ sustained economic and social progress." around." 2 lic statements such as the 36 on the en­ In general policy pronouncements ema­ Morse has been equally emphatic. "The closed sheets. If we cannot persuade the nating from A.ID., the words "as appro­ deficit in our thinking about development has President to change U.S. policy. then we will priate" or "where appropriate" are usually -been that we have concerned ourselves prin­ do all we can to persuade the Congress to employed in recognition of the diversity of cipally with but one aspect: economics. In­ create conditions which will force him to the situations applying in the underdevel­ creasingly we are discovering that this is change. If this Congress wlll not act, then oped parts of the world. No such modifica­ inadequate. It is not enough merely to pro­ we shall try to change the make-up of the tion appears in the lanaguge of Title IX. vide more economic resources ... We must next Congress. We will do this to save Amer­ Yet responsible implementation of the pro­ give equal attention to the development of ican lives and the free economy of our be­ vision requires an assessment in depth human resources, in short with political loved country. of individual country situations to deter­ development." 3 Sincerely, mine the applicablllty of this title. When, To follow a mandate described 1n these HENRY E. Nn.ES, under what circumstances, in which sectors terms, political development would become Chairman, Business Executives Move and geographical areas is an increase in pop­ either of co-equal importance with economic For Vietnam Peace. ular participation actually desirable? In development, or the primary objective of the many country situations, should not pri­ foreign aid program. The implications of this mary attention be focussed upon improv­ are far-reaching. They may be seen to suggest ing the quality of participation rather than that the U.S. Government conscientiously TITLE IX-A NEW DIMENSION IN upon means to increase the quantity of it? seek to support overtly the processes of social FOREIGN AID-II Increasing participation and consequent de­ and political change in the Third World. In Inands on a. political system without a cor­ so doing, it must also attempt to build or responding increase in the capacity of the strengthen those institutions-whether eco­ system to acknowledge and meet at least a nomic, social or political-which wlll regu­ HON. DONALD M. FRASER portion of them could prove disfunotional, larize and constructively contain this process OF MINNESOTA destabillzing, blatantly irresponsible, and in within a responsible or "democratic" frame­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES no one's interest-"the people," the host­ work. government or the United States. Wednesday, June 18, 1969 To turn to the HFAC reports on this title Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, the Agency and its subsequent amendment is far from PITI'SBURGH'S 339TH MEDICAL for International Development has dif­ helpful.1 Indeed, further confusion can HOSPITAL RESERVE ~T TOPS result by what some consider an implied ficulty interpreting the will of Congress expansion of the mandate. The text of Title FOR 1969 just as any Government agency does. IX refers only to "democratic private and lo­ John Schott describes the problem of cal governmental institutions." Yet the first interpreting the law dealing with politi­ report implicitly recognized that such insti­ HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD cal development in the less developed tutions are functionally inseparable from in­ OF PENNSYLVANIA countries. This section of the law is stitutions at other levels of the society and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES known as title IX of the Foreign Assist­ suggests that the goals of Title IX can best Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ance Act. be achieved "through the building of demo­ cratic private and public institutions on all Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, I am As Congress proceeds with hearings on levels-local, state, and national." Both very pleased that the 339th Medical Hos­ foreign aid for fiscal year 1970, Profes­ Title IX itself and an early section of the pital General in Pittsburgh has been se­ sor Schott's paper will help our under­ report suggest that popular participation !s lected to receive this year's award as the standing of the interaction between AID a desirable goal insofar as it contributes to outstanding large unit by the Reserve and the Congress. I enclose it herewith: "economic development." Whether it is to Officer's Association. INTERPRETATION OF TITLE IX be considered a "good unto itself"-as may be argued-is not clear. Yet at the very end The honor comes to Col. George R. To whom and to what does AID respond­ of the report, the Committee advises A.I.D. Gallagher and his men who have exhib­ to the specific wording of the legislation, to that the objectives of Title IX may involve ited in this training year a sincere con­ the explanatory reports of the House For­ a "change in the approach of the Agency," cern, interest, and devotion to the health eign Affairs Commit tee on that provision, to that it should develop new criteria in the the intent of the authors and sponsors of care of their patients which will emi­ area of institutional development to judge nently qualify them to take care of the the legislation who will question the Agency the success of its efforts, and that it should on its response? Indeed, given a raft of evaluate its assistance efforts "not only in sick and wounded should their unit be policy priorities and increasingly limited re­ economic terms, but in terms of the extent called to duty. sources, to whom on the Hill does the Agency to which our aid encourages democratic proc­ This is no less a testament to the vari­ choose to respond-a Bradford Morse or a esses." Here it might appear that the Com­ ous Pittsburgh hospitals who have as­ Wayne Morse, a Fraser or a Fulbright? mittee intends economic and political devel­ sisted the men of the 339th in their prep­ The legislation itself-were it to be taken opment to be seen as dist inguishable, albeit aration for duty, and I would like to take seriously-is enough to cause consternation reinforcing, goals, both of which are to be this opportunity to also compliment among officials responsible for its implemen­ pursued concomitantly and with equal vigor tation. To play upon the vagueness of the them in this endeavor. within a redesigned foreign aid program. Sincere congratulations are in order mandate and to analyze its language would Owing to the ganerality which character­ be the height of pedantry. But key words izes statutory law, Executive Branch deter­ for all concerned. such as "maximum participation" which is mination of Congressional intent often en­ to be assured, and "democratic ... institu­ tails resort to private consultation with the !l Donald M. Fraser, "New Directions in For­ tions" which are to be encouraged, bewilder legislation's sponsors or to a more subtle eign Aid," World Affairs, Vol. 129, No. 4 rather than elucidate the thoughtful opera­ examination of their public utterances. To (March, 1967), p. 250. Earlier in the same tor astonished as he is by the complexity of follow this procedure with respect to Title IX article Fraser states: "There is increasing t he developmental process and the diverse results in a further expansion of the mandate. evidence that the major shortcoming in the and often incompatible objectives he is in­ The two principal proponents of Title IX­ developing nations lies in their political and st ructed to pursue. How does one determine Congressmen F. Bradford Morse (R., Mass.) social structure. Until we address ourselves when "maximum participation" has been and Donald M. Fraser (D., Minn.)-appear to to this reality, little progress will be made. achieved? What are the characteristics of a view Title IX as not just a new priority item The formulation should be inverted. The "democratic private . . . institution"? problem of the developing nation requires at­ To m.odify this basic mandate, initially tention to the social and political structures. 1 thought to be too ethnocentric and overly See Foreign Assistance Act of 1966, Report These must be changed to release the energies generalized, by stating that programs de­ of the Committee on Foreign Affalrs, House of individual men and women who want to signed to carry out the purposes of this title Report No. 1651, 89th Congress, 2d Session, improve their lot. This will lead to economic should "recognize the differing needs, de­ and Foreign Assistance Act of 1967, Report of progress." Ibid., pp. 245-246. sires, and capacities of the people of the the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House a The Congr essi onal Record, February 27, respective developing countries and areas" Report No. 551, 90th Congress, 2d Session. 1967. June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16509 SURTAX "COMPROMISE" LEGAL AND MORAL REASONS FOR licity about Judge Crockett may have been THE ACTIONS OF JUDGE GEORGE averted. But in doing so, justice would have CROCKETT IN THE NEW BETHEL been denied. HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI INCIDENT I deplore the senseless shooting of the OF NEW YORK policemen. I also deplore the armed assault on a church, particularly a church occupied IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR. by men, women and children, whom we must Wednesday, June 18, 1969 presume to be innocent until and unless OF MICHIGAN evidence to the contrary is presented. I de­ Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, there is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES plore, too, that so many innocent people considerable debate about the proposed were rounded up by the police, incarcerated surtax extension and the so-called com­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 for many hours in violation of their rights promise which has been suggested. Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, we as a as citizens, and that some officials who are The basic need, as I have said before, sworn to enforce equal justice have com­ society have reached the point where we plained because I have done so. 1s a major reform of our tax system and must decide whether or not we are finally Michigan law requires-does not suggest, elimination of the many loopholes and ready to make the necessary commit­ but requires-that "any judge who willfully inequities. ments to protect the life and well-being or corruptly refuses to consider an applica­ An editorial in the June 16 edition of of the citizens of this Nation who have tion action, or motion for habeas corpus, is the Buffalo, N.Y., Courier-Express takes for too long a period of time been de­ guilty of malfeasance in office." an interesting view of the situation as nied many of the rights to which they Moreover, "any justice of the Supreme follows: Court and any judge of a Circuit Court may are entitled under the Constitution. issue a writ of habeas corpus ... upon his SURTAX "COMPROMISE" BAD GIMMICK One of the most fundamental areas of own motion whenever he learns that any The so-called compromise designed to win our concern must be the observance of person within his jurisdiction is illegally re­ extension of the 10 per cent federal surtax­ the civil liberties of individuals who are strained of his liberty." By statute, Circuit as worked out by the Republican White House detained by police o:Hicers and, by virtue Court, as used in this rule, includes Re­ and a clique of holdover Southern Democratic of their lack of amuence, find that proper corder's Court. czars in the House of Representatives-is legal counsel is unavailable to them. We Justice last Sunday demanded a prompt an impudent affront to every American citi­ must impress upon our police o:Hicers and judicial examination and processing of the zen who is caught in the relentless wage­ persons arrested. If there was any sound price squeeze. legal o:Hicials the fact that they must ob­ legal basds for their detention, they were de­ In the words of Rep. Henry Reuss (D.­ tain evidence only through constitutional tained; otherwise they were entitled to be Wis.), it won't satisfy anyone. While there is and legally acceptable means. It is in released and they were released upon reason­ no question but that several million low­ this context that I wish to redirect my able bond. income, poverty line families should and colleagues' attention to the incident at Let us review the sequence of events fol­ must be granted some form of tax relief or the New Bethel Baptist Church. It is my lowing the shooting of the officers and the income incentives, the log-rolling deal on storming of the church by police, which oc­ surtax extension is not the way to do it. Tax belief that the actions of Recorder's curred some time before midnight Satur­ relief for low-income families-along with Court Judge George Crockett with regard day. taxation of notorious tax avoiders in high­ to this incident were indicative of the At 5:00 a.m. I was called-not by the income brackets-belongs in an over-all pack­ type of regard for the rights of accused police but by Representative Del Rio and age of tax-reform legislation aimed at the persons which is necessary if the judicial Reverend C. L. Franklin, the church's pastor, basic Internal Revenue tax-rate law. process in this Nation is ever to become who came to my home and awakened me. Some of the most optimistic apologists for just and fair, and if the safeguards of As presiding judge of this Court for the day. the surtax have long since stopped claiming the rights of the accused which are built I went immediately to the police station. I it has checked infiation up to this point. requested a list of the prisoners and was They say that it may do so in the future but into the Constitution are ever to become told-about six hours after they were taken they now put the emphasis on the need for relevant to the cases of all Americans into custody-that police didn't know whom revenue to create a large budget surplus. who find themselves detained by police they were holding. If there are any "tentative" signs that the o:Hicers; especially during the crucial I then talked with Commissioner Spreen devastating infiationary fever may have period before and during arrest. who agreed to furnish a list. He also agreed slackened, these signs are not the work of I have asked that a statement by Judge to set up a courtroom on the first fioor of the surtax; they are the result of outrageous­ Crockett be included in the RECORD along the police station. I requested that the ly high interest rates depressing such key in­ Prosecutor be called, and Assistant Prosecu­ dustries as construction. But the Commerce with a report by the Law Committee, tor Jay Nolan arrived. The press was present. Department index of 12 closely-watched New Detroit, Inc., so that my colleagues Mr. Nolan, the police and I agreed on the series of economic indexes shot to new highs might be made more aware of the need processing of the prisoners. They were to be in April-84 per cent of these key indicators for constant vigilance in the protection brought immediately outside the temporary expanded compared with 38 per cent in of the constitutional rights of all Amer­ courtroom in groups of 10, beginning with March. And consumer prices are running icans, without regard to race or economic the women. But they appeared before me in­ at an annual rate of 6.5 per cent com­ status. They follow: dividually and each was interviewed sep­ pared with 4.5 per cent in the last quarter of arately by me in open court. 1968. STATEMENT BY JUDGE GEORGE W. CROCKETT, The cases of 39 arrestees were then heard The surtax adds to infiation rather than APRIL 3, 1969 and determined as follows: cooling it because it forces labor unions and The distortions of fact and the confusion Fifteen Detroit residents were released on business managements to infiate the prices over this Court's actions in the recent events $100 personal bond to reappear at noon. of goods and services in order to keep up at New Bethel Church compel me to make One man (the church jandtor) was dis­ with the tax drain. Because the surtax is certain facts clear. I am personally deeply charged with consent of the Prosecutor. never likely to work unless a whole series affronted by reports and stories which have One man from Ohio was released on $100 of factors are applied in balance-including clearly and deliberately twisted the truth personal bond and ordered to reappear at wage and price controls or strict guidelines­ and the law in this matter. noon. it should be dropped. More serious than any harm to me per­ Twenty-two persons from out-of-town If the question is replacement revenue­ sonally is the profound damage being done were remanded to custody until noon. and it seems to be--then Rep. Wilbur Mills, to this Court and to our entire community -All persons released on personal bond ap­ chairman of the taxwriting House Ways and by those who would use this tragic affair peared at noon as directed. Means Committee, should face up to the to intensify community hostilities which are Further hearings were terminated by the "gut" issue and present an honest tax-re­ already so deep and divisive. entrance of the Wayne County Prosecutor form bill. Plugging current leaks could easily The actions taken by me in my capacity as who, in the presence of the Court, issued provide a substitute for the the estimated presiding judge, following the New Bethel verbal orders to the police countermanding a $10-blllion yield from the war surtax, in con­ Church shootings and the mass arrests, were court order. The Prosecutor, in the presence junction with the excess war-profits tax legal, proper and moral. Indeed, it is pre­ of the Court, prevented the police from pro­ which, at an 85 per cent rate, would bring in cisely because I followed the law, equally ducing any further arrestees for the hearing. about $10-billion alone. and without partiality, that questions and I have condemned the Prosecutor's action At the bitter end, it is the Vietnam war accusations are being raised. If I were to as not only contemptuous, but also as hav­ which is the root cause of wage-price infia­ have reacted otherwise, if I were to have ing racial overtones. tion. Unlimited defense-production profits ignored my judicial and constitutional re­ Subsequently, in a letter to presiding have been permitted twice as Iong-more sponsibilities and followed the often ac­ Judge Robert E. DeMascio dated April 1, I than six years-as they were during the Ko­ cepted practices of condoning long police declined to press the formal contempt charge. rean confiict. Certainly a balanced anti-in­ detentions, of ignoring prisoners' rights to To pursue the contempt proceeding, I felt, flation program is vital, but a year of "grad­ counsel and of delaying the hearing on writs would aggravate the already tense com­ ualism" has achieved little. of habeas corpus, possibly the adverse p-ub- munity confrontation. 16510 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 Moreover. the Prosecutor himself, after the to be uprooted, let the news media and all To a significant extent the reporting of contempt incident, and before the Court re­ other forces of truth and justice concentrate events subsequent to this incident as they convened at noon and after the Court re­ on the underlying causes of crime and social involve the Recorder's Court have contrib­ convened, himself released or requested the disorder as described by the Kerner Com­ uted to the divisiveness. release of !sOme 130 arrestees. mission and as identified by virtually every In making the statement public, New De­ It is essential to emphasize that the vast responsible commentator in America. The troit seeks to act as a reconciler in the majority of those released, approximately causes are steeped in racism ... racism in Detroit community through the education 130 persons, were released With the Prosecu­ courts, in our jails, in our steets and in our of the public to a greater understa.nding of tor's concurrence. Despite this fact, the press hearts. the laws involved in the case. The integrity has several times referred to my actiOWI in of our Constitutional order rests on public terms of "unwarranted leniency". There was THE NEW BETHEL REPORT: "THE LAW ON support and such support cannot exist with­ no unwarranted leniency. TRIAL'' out public understanding. Our city des­ By noon, the number of prisoners whose LAW COMMI'rrEE, NEW DETROIT, INC. perately needs mutual trust and confidence. disposition was under question had been re­ Self-government cannot exist without self­ duced sharply. Out of approximately 142 Paul D. Borman, Associate Dean, Wayne discipline. All authority must be account­ persons arrested, only 12 remained to be State University Law School. able. Such mutual trust, self discipline and processed. Two of these prisone:m I ordered Arthur M. Bowman, Director. Neighborhood accountability can be encouraged by greater Legal Services, Inc. understanding of our laws and of the role of held without bond because there was evi­ George E. Bushnell, Jr., Past President, dence to do so. Another I released on $1,000 the judiciary in interpreting and. applying bond after his attorney said he would vouch Detroit Bar Association (Disqualified at his them. 1-... request--Member, State Judicial Tenure for him. At the outset we emphasize that the Commission). question is not whether the Judge's rulings The other 9 prisoners were those who, Phlllp F. Collsta, Acting Dean, University police said. had positive nitrate tests. On were legally :flawless. In the interpretation of Detroit Law School. and application of Constiutional standards this question, I hold that such ~ts are un­ Michael Domonkos. Professor of Law. Uni­ eonstltutional when taken without the pres­ regarding detention, probable cause and versity of Detroit Law SchooL the right of counsel, there is no "perfect ence of counsel or at least upon advice to Gilbert Donohue, Professor of Law, Uni­ the prisoner that he is entitled to counsel ruling.'' versity of Detrolt Law School. In evaluating the Judge's rulings, the only at this critical step in his interrogation. For John Feikens, Sr., Chairman, Law Com­ me to have held those 9 men, without obJec­ legitimate inquiry is whether such rulings mittee, New Detroit, Inc. had reasonable basis in the law. A judge tive evidence and under those circumstances, W111iam B. Gould, Professor of Law, Wayne would have been improper. The pollee had need not be perfect, for the appellate process State University Law School. assures a remedy for those who dispute a many hours to identify those nine men. They Michael Josephson, Professor of Law, ruling. . should know who they are. If th<>'ie men s. Wayne State University Law School. In our opinion there is more than merely committed a crime, the pollee must gather Archie Katcher, First Vice President, evidence to make a case that will hold up in a justifiable basis for his oonduct and exer­ Dc. trolt Bar Assoc. cise of judicial discretion. There is little court. They still can do so if their investiga­ Raymond w. KTolikowskl, Attorney at tion warrants it. question that Michigan law placed upon this Law. .Judge, as a presiding judge of the Record­ I am most anxious that criminals be ap­ Senator Emil Lockwood, Majority Leader, er's Court, the responsibility of b&lng avail­ prehended, tried and brought to justice. But Senate of the State of Michigan. able for and making a judicial inquiry into I will not lend my office to practices which John E. Mogk. Professor of Law, Wayne challenges of illegal detention. subvert legal processes and deny justice to State University Law Sch{)()l. Accordingly we adopt the position paper some because they are poor or black. Thomas J. Marcom, Task Force Leader, Law .hereto annexed in the hope that, with the I understand, of course, why the hue and Committee, New Detroit, Inc. understanding that a knowledge of the facts cry arose. An angry Prosecutor, lacking po­ Harold E. Mountain, Past President, and of the law brlngs about, our community lice evidence or testimony which might pro­ Detroit Bar Assoc. will be reconclled and reunited. In the name duce a probable suspect, and resentful that Thomas L. Munson (Concurring) Past o! the rule of law, we urge all in our com­ ordinary and undemocratic pollee practices Pres., Detroit Bar Association. munity to respect and defend the independ­ were challenged, chose to divert publlc at­ Harold Norris, Professor of Law, Detroit ence and the integrity of the judiciary. Only tention to Judget Crockett. And some of C liege of Law. In this way can we preserve, protect and de­ the media, particularly the Detroit News, Frederick A. Patmon, Attorney at Law. fend the liberty and security of every person picked up that lead and began their cam­ William T. Patrick. Jr.. President, New in our City. paign to help the police and the Prosecutor's Detroit, Inc. STATEMENT OJI' FACTS office continue their efforts to dominate and Representative William A. Ryan, Speaker, The relevant facts as presented to Judge control the courts and legal processes. The House of Representatives of the State of George W. Crockett appear to be: judiclary cannot allow its independence to Michigan. 1. The Detroit Police Department was be threatened ln this fashion. Stephen H. Schulman, Professor of Law, called to the New Bethal Church shortly Finally, and regretfully, let me repeat that Wayne State University Law School. before Midnight on March 29, 1969 as the this whole case does have racial overtones. Louis F. Simmons, Jr., Past President. result of a shooting in which tragically one Can any of you imagine the Detroit Pollee Wolverine Bar Association. police officer was killed and another wounded. invading an all-white church and rounding Myron H. Wahls, President, Wolverine Bar The police subsequently took into custody up everyone in sight to be bussed to a whole­ Association. some <>ne hundred and forty-two persons sale lockup in a police garage? Can any of Edward M. Wise, Professor of Law, Wayne who were found inside the Church. you imagine a church group from, let us say, State University Law School. 2. Approximately six hours later, the Rosedale Park, being held incommunicado Senator Coleman A. Young, Co-Chairman, Presiding Judge of the Recorder's Oourt for for seven hours, without being allowed to Law Committee, New Detroit, Inc. the City of Detroit was contacted by two telephone relatives and without their con­ BOARD OF TRUSTEES, NEW DETROIT, J:NC. private citizens, and told that the Detroit stitutional rights to counsel? Can any of you Pollee had taken upwards of a hundred peo­ justify the }ailing of 32 women all night long John W. Armstrong, Mrs. Lena Bivens, ple into custody including at least thirty when there was admittedly not the slightest Paul Borman, Brock Brush, M.D., Mrs. Gerald women, some of whom were accompanied by evidence of their involvement in any crime? Bright, Rev. Malcolm Carron, S.J., Walker children; that all of the persons were being Can anyone explain in other than rascist L. Cisler, Wardell Croft, William M. Day, detained at the First Precinct Station a.nd terms the shooting by police into a closed Frank Ditto. had been refused permission to make phone and surrounded church? John Dodds, Norman Drachler, Ph. D., John Feikens, Sr., Max M. Fisher (Chairman), calls or otherwise contact attorneys, rela­ If the killing had occurred in a white tives or friends. neighborhood, I believe the sequence of Henry Ford, II, Hans Gehrke, Jr., Delos Hamlin, Norvell Harrington, Joseph L. Hud­ 3. The Judge then proceeded to the First events would have been far different. Be­ Precinct Station where he met with the De­ cause a terrible crime was committed, it does son, Jr., Richard F. Huegll. troit Police Commissioner and requested a not follow that other wrongs be permitted or Arthur L. Johnson, W1lliam R. Keast, list of all of those held in custody so that condoned. Indeed, constitutional safeguards Ph. D., Raymond W. Krolikowski, Senator their names could be inserted on a Writ of are needed even more urgently in times of Emil Lockwood, Ralph T. McElvenny, Habeas Corpus which he had prepared. The tension than in ordinary times. Roland A. Newhart, Wllliam T. Patrick, Jr. Judge also requested and was granted a The best guarantee to avert the kind of (President), John S. Pingel, Hon. Curtis room for the hearings on the Writ, and he Potter, Rev. Robert L. Potts. asked that the Wayne County Prosecutor be social disaster that occurred in Detroit in Walter P. Reuther, James M. Roche, Rep­ 1967 is prompt judicial action with strict resentative William A. Ryan, Mel Scheets, notified of such hearings. observance of constitutional rights. Hon. Robert R. Tindal, Lynn A. Townsend, 4. The Habeas Corpus proceedings com­ I intend to continue to maintain law and Mrs. Jean Washington, Stanley J. Winkel­ menced at 6:40 A.M. Sunday morning and order in my court by dispensing justice man, Jack Wood, Senator Coleman A. Young. were open to the public. The cases of thirty­ equally and fairly, by protecting each indi­ nine suspects were then heard and deter­ vidual's rights, and most importantly, by up­ INTRODUCTION mined as follows: fifteen Detroit residents holding the independence of the judiciary The tragic events ot March 29, 1969 at the were released on One Hunru..ct Dollar per­ and the dignity of this court. New Bethel Church have considerably In­ sonal bond to reappear at noon; one man If the real dangers to our community are creased racial tensions in our community. (the Church janitor) was discharged with June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16511 the consent of the Prosecutor; one man from Presiding Judge of the Recorder's Court, priate. ''(T) echnical defects in the pleadings Ohio was released without bond and ordered Judge Crockett was "charged with the gen­ should not forestall relief if an 111egal deten­ to reappear at noon; twenty-two persons eral supervision and superintendence of the tion is ... brought to the judge's atten­ from out-of-town were remanded to custody work of the Court." 1 Subsection (c) of that tion." 1 until noon. rule also requires that applications for Writs Still another basis for the propriety of the 5. The Judge then ordered the release of of Habeas Corpus be presented to the Presid­ Writ issued in this case is found in the lan­ another Detroit resident on One Hundred ing Judge. guage of M.C.L.A. § 600.4307 giving "any per­ Dollar personal bond. At this point the Pros­ We believe that Judge Crockett's response son" (including the Judge) the right to bring ecuting Attorney entered the room and to the complaints of Representative Del Rio an action for Habeas Corpus. The breadth countermanded the Court's order releasing and Reverend Franklin must be viewed in of this provision elevates the scrupulous pro­ this suspect. Notwithstanding the Court's the context of his duties as Presiding Judge. tection of the Constitutional rights of those warning of contempt proceedings, the Pros­ The purpose of a Habeas Corpus proceeding detained over technical standing require­ ecutor in the presence of the Court directed "is to cause the release of persons illegally ments. the police to retain the suspect in custody confined, to inquire into the authority of law Finally, we must go to the provisions of and further ordered that no additional sus­ by which a. person is deprived Of his lib­ Michigan Court Rule § 712.7 which grant at pects be brought before the Court. The Court erty . .." 3 The importance of these proceed­ least some Michigan judges the power to had no alternative but to recess. ings in preventing any prolonga,tion of an issue Writs on their own motion: 6. At noon of the same day, the Court re­ illegal detention has been explicitly recog­ "Any Justice of the Supreme Court, any convened and approximately one hundred nized in Michigan. Writs of Habeas Corpus judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and and thirty prisoners were released -either at are returnable "forthwith, or at the nearest any judge of the Circuit Court may issue a the request of the Assistant Prosecuting At­ available time or place" (Emphasis added) .4 writ of habeas corpus, or an order to show torney or with his consent. The sixteen sus­ Moreover, the Michigan Supreme Court re­ cause, upon his own motion whenever he pects who were ordered to reappear did so. cently held that in the protection of a crim­ learns that any person within his jurisdic­ 7. The Assistant Prosecuting Attorney inal suspect's rights, "Magistrates of Michi­ tion is illegally restrained of his liberty." requested an adjournment of the hearing gan . . . (are) on legal duty at all times; The question remains whether a. judge of for twenty-four hours on seven of the re­ Sunday, holidays or no." 5 It appears that the Recorder's Court of the City of Detroit maining suspects-four of whom had tested these specific mandates, which show no ref­ has the powers enumerated in Court Rule positive on a nitrate test; one who, though erence for either the hour or the day, create § 712.7. Some guidance is provided in M.C.L.A. not tested, was believed to have had nitrate a duty in a Presiding Judge notified of an § 726.17 which sets forth the powers of a traces on his hands; and two others who illegal confinement to determine whether judge of the Recorder's Court with respect to showed no signs of nitrate but were wanted immediate judicial intervention is required Habeas Corpus. It read as follows: by the Assistant Prosecutor for further in­ to preserve the rights of citizens within his "The judge of said Recorder's Court shall vestigation. jurisdiction. possess the same power to grant writs of 8. The Court denied the motion and The facts which confronted Judge Crockett habeas corpus, returnable before himself, to granted the Writ releasing the seven suspects in the early morning hours of Sunday, March adjudicate thereon, and do a4 acts in vaca­ on the grounds that the People did not show 30, 1969, illustrate precisely the kind of ex­ tion touching any suit or proceeding in said probable cause to hold them and that the igent circumstances which makes the twenty­ court, as is now, or may be possessed by the Police violated the Constitutional rights of four hour on-call availability of judges neces­ Judges of the C~rcuit Courts of the State, some of the suspects by denying the right sary. The law does not require that the one in matters before said Circuit Court." (Em­ to counsel during the administration of the hundred and forty-two (142) persons being phasis added.) nitrate tests. held at the police station be without remedy While we have found no case which chal­ Based upon the foregoing facts, certain until Tuesday morning (Monday was a court lenges the power of a Recorder's Court judge legal issues are raised. These issues relate holiday), since this would subordinate the to issue a Writ of Habeas Corpus on his own to (1) the Court's prompt inquiry at the rights of the individual to mere formalities. motion it is argua,ble that the use of the police station of the allegations relating to n. THE JUDGE HAD THE AUTHORITY OF LAW IN word "grant" in § 726.17 as opposed to the the incommunicado detention of the sus­ ISSUING THE warr OF HABEAS CORPUS word "issue" suggests that a Reoorde-'s Court pects; (2) the issuance of the Writ of Ha­ WHETHER IT BE DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN UPON Judge is denied the power clea.rly conferred beas Corpus; and (3) the release of seven THE ORAL APPLICATION OF .TWO crriZENS OR upon judges of both the Circuit Courts and suspects over the Assistant Prosecutor's ob­ UPON HIS OWN MOTION the Court of Common Pleas. This interpreta­ jections. tion is not supported by the purport of the Substantial controversy has surrounded legislation establishing the Recorder's Court At the outset of this discussion we must Judge Crockett's issuance of the Writ of emphasize that the question is not whether which has sought to equate that Court's Habeas Corpus for the one hundred and powers with those of the Circuit Courts. The Judge Crockett's rulings were legally flaw­ forty-two (142) persons held at the First less. In the interpretation and application general jurisdictional section of the statute Precinct Police Station. From this contro­ creating the Recorder's Court is M.C.L.A. of Constitutional standards regarding deten­ versy the serious charge that the Judge tion, probable cause, and the right to coun­ § 726.11. Among other things, it empowers sel there is no "correct" ruling. The very abused his judicial responslbililties has the Court to: "do all lawful acts which may complexity of these problems demand that emerged. The import of this charge warrants be necessary and proper to carry into com­ a judge be given wide latitude in his judg­ a thorough examination of the pertinent law. plete effect the powers and jurisdiction given ments, for only he has full access and ex­ Under Section 600.4316 of Michigan Com­ by this act, and especially to issue all writs posure to all the relevant facts. Thus, in piled Laws, a judge empowered to grant the and process, and to do all acts which the evaluating Judge Crockett's rulings based Writ of Habeas Corpus may do so upon circui t courts of this state, within their re­ upon the evidence presented to him, the only "proper application." The application "may spective jurisdictions, may, in like cases, legitimate inquiry is whether such rulings be brought by or on behalf of any person re­ i ssue and do by the laws of this state • . ." were plausibly based in the law. strained of his liberty." e (Emphasis added.) Thus, either Representative Del Rio or l. THE PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE RECORDER'S On the basis of the :(oregoing analysis, we Reverend Franklin could have brought a conclude that the Writ of Habeas Corpus COURT HAD THE AUTHORrrY OF LAW TO GO TO formal complaint requesting the Writ. Never­ THE POLICE STATION TO INQUmE AS TO THE issued by Judge Crockett, whether it is theless, Judge Crockett chose to bring the deemed to be upon the oral application of ALLEGATIONS THAT PEOPLE WERE THERE BEING Writ in his own name. Whether this decision ILLEGALLY DETAINED Del Rio and Franklin or his own motion is was made in order to save time or for some supported by the laws of Michigan. At approximately 5:00 A.M. on Sunday other reason is immaterial. Since it was Del morning, March 30, 1969, Judge George W. Rio and Franklin who brought the facts to ID. THE JUDGE'S RELEASE OF SEVEN SUSPECTS, Crockett, Jr. was awakened at his home by a the Judge's attention and requested that the NOTWITHSTANDING THE OBJECTION OF THE State Representative, Ja,mes Del Rio, and the Judge act, in a. real sense they were the com­ ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR, IS AUTHORIZED BY pastor of New Bethel Church, Reverend C. L. plaining parties. Although Section 712.3 of LAW Franklin, and told "that a homicide had oc­ the Michigan Court Rules envisions a formal It is important to note that on Sunday, curred at or near New Bethel Church .•. written application for a Writ of Habeas March 30, 1969, there were actually two ses­ sometime around midnight of last evening; Corpus, it is reasonable to conclude that sions at which persons held in custody were tha,t the Detroit Police had taken upwa,rds of under the circumstances the oral application brought before the Court. The first session a hundred people into custody including at was sufficient and that Del Rio and Franklin (hereinafter, Morning Session) convened at least thirty (30) women, some of whom were did "properly apply" for the Writ. This view approximately 6:40 A.M.9 and was recessed at accompanied. by children; that all of the is consistent with that of the commentators about 8:00A.M. The second session (herein­ arrested persons were being detained at the Honigman and Hawkins stating, "the form after, Afternoon Session) reconvened at noon First Precinct Station and had been refused and sufficiency of all pleadings must be deter­ and continued through the afternoon. permission to make phone calls or otherwise mined •by construction of the rules which During the morning Session thirty-nine contact attorneys, relatives or friends; that will secure substantial justice on the merits cases were heard. Fifteen Detroit residents these prisoners were not being held pursuant •• .' " 1 Consequently, if the Recorder's Court were released from custody on One Hundred to any warrant or other court order." 1 As Judge- is deemed not to have the power to dollar personal bond and one Ohio resident issue a Writ on his own motion a liberal in­ was released on his personal bond. All sixteen Footnotes at end of a.rticle. terpretation of the oral appllcation is appro- were ordered to reappear at noon. Twenty- CXV--1040-Part 12 16512 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969

two persons from out-of-town were remanded citizens to easy arrest is deeply embedded in warrant a prudent man to believe that the to custody.10 Only one person, the Church the Fourth Amendment.13 As a consequence, suspect had committed or was committing janitor, was discharged and this was with the notion of "probable cause" is an essen­ an offense.'' (Emphasis added.ps the consent of the Assistant Prosecutor. By tial safeguard to the individual liberties of It has been repeatedly emphasized by the virtue of these actions and the Prosecutor's every American citizen. Yet while the Bill of Supreme Court, that where there are numer­ actions, final disposition of the Writ of Rights protects a person from arbitrary in­ ous actual or potential suspects, without Habeas Corpus was postponed for several vasions of his person or property, it author­ further evidence of individual guilt, all oj hours until noon. izes arrests where the officer has probable them may not be arrested, nor may any one At the commencement of the Afternoon cause to believe that a person has com­ be arrested at random. In Wong Sun v. Session the Assistant Prosecutor, Jay Nolan, mitted a felony. Thus, if the police had United States,t9 an informant had said that informed the Court that the police had re­ probable cause to believe that each of the "Blackie Toy," the proprietor of a laundry leased "upwards of a hundred people" in seven suspects in question had committed a on Leavenworth Street, had sold an ounce accordance with the understanding he had felony at the time they were first taken into of heroin. There were several Chinese laun­ with the Court because their investigation custody, it follows that they had probable dries on this street, and apparently more determined that "we had no basis to hold cause to hold these men and the Writ than one Toy. It was held that the arrest of them." u Of those arrested at the time of the should have been denied. one of them was unlawful because there hearing neither the Assistant Prosecutor nor In this case the police responded to a call was no showing that the officers "had some the Court knew exactly how many people had for help by a wounded officer. When they information of some kind which had nar­ been taken from the New Bethel Church.l2 arrived at the scene they found two seriously rowed the scope of their search to this par­ Contrary to the reporting at the time, it is injured policemen-one officer later died in ticular Toy." (Emphasis added). now clear that virtually all (142) of these the hospital.14 According to Commissioner Similarly in Mallory v. United States,:o in­ persons were released by or at the request Spreen's statement, which was given to the volving a rape by a masked individual, the of the Assistant Prosecutor. Thus, if there is Judge during the early morning conference only three persons who fit the general de­ any dispute it must involve the release of the at the police station, responding police units scription of the rapist and who had access seven persons whom the Assistant Prosecutor "entered the New Bethel Church, Phila­ to the basement where the rape occurred sought to retain in custody. As to these delphia and Linwood, and the responding were arrested. The court said: "Presumably, seven the question is: did the prosecution officers were met with a hail of gunfire. When whomever the police arrest they must ar­ offer sufficient legally obtained evidence additional officers arrived at the scene, they rest on 'probable cause.' It is not the func­ against these persons to establish probable were successful in ent ering the church under tion of the police to arrest, as it were, at cause that each had committed a crime? If fire and effected the arrest of many of the large and to use an interrogating process suoh evidence was not offered to the Court, participants ... three rifles, three hand guns at police headquarters in order to determine the detention of such persons was improper and a quantity of ammunition have been whom they should charge before a commit­ and the Judge was obliged to order their confiscated. A group of persons are in cus­ ting magistrate on 'probable cause:" (Em­ release. tody for questioning in the matter." 15 phasis added) . Recognizing that the Court must rule If we assume these facts to be true, the While the police had at the New Bethel upon the legality of a detention based only officers had probable cause to believe that a Church one hundred and forty-two (142) upon the evidence offered at the Habeas felony had been committed. Moreover, they suspects, it was never shown to Judge Crock­ Corpus Hearing an examination of such evi­ had probable cause to believe that the felony ett by the Prosecutor that they had infor­ dence is required. Against two men the had been committed by some person or per­ mation at the time of the detention as to any Assistant Prosecutor offered no evidence sons in the New Bethel Church. The question person or persons which could narrow the other than the fact that each was inside remains, however, whether this nature of focus of guilt to meet probable cause stand­ the Church when taken into custody. A probable cause was sufficient to justify the ards. The very fact that all one hundred and third man had been taken from the Church; arrest of all one hundred and forty-two (142) forty-two (142) persons including the wom­ although he refused to take a nitrate test persons. en and children were taken into custody and there was evidence that a police detective In examining this question we are not in­ that all but ten were ultimately released by saw a "speck" of nitrate on his hands. As sensitive to the difficult circumstances which the police or the Prosecutor because they to the remaining four suspects who had been confronted the police. The ·situation was "had no basis to hold them" !!1 fails to sup­ taken from the Church, the paraffin nitrate most volatile-it was late at night in an area port any contention that the police had tests showed positive signs of nitrate on their of substantial social unrest. An attempt to probable cause at the time of the arrest. hands. properly isolate and interrogate the one hun­ Since the Assistant Prosecutor presented no If the seven suspects in question were dred and forty-two (142) possible assailants evidence to the Court which would distin­ laWfully under arrest by Constitutional and witnesses may have been dangerous as guish the seven suspects he sought to retain standards at the time of the hearing, their well as impractical. In addition, the crime from the rest of the persons taken from the continued custody was legal and the Writ involved was a most serious one which war­ Church en masse, it must be assumed that should have been denied. On the other hand, ranted vigorous pursuit of the criminals. the Assistant Prosecutor's concession of no if they were not under arrest or if the ar­ As Mr. Justice Jackson pointed out in his probable cause was equally applicable to rests were not made upon probable cause, dissent in Brinegar v. United States,18 when them at the time they were taken into cus­ further restraint would be in violation of the public interest is great and the offense tody. their Constitutional rights. The question grave, the courts will strive hard to sustain This conclusion does not suggest that the could be easily disposed of if we can con­ actions by the police which are fairly ex­ police are helpless in such situations. Had the clude that there was sufficient legal cause ecuted and in good faith. However, exigent prosecution introduced any evidence that to justify the arrest of all one hundred and circumstances can do no more than justify the shooting had occurred from inside the forty-two persons found in the New Bethel a liberal construction of probable cause; they Church in the presence and view of all the Church. In such instance each of the seven cannot dissolve the requirement. "(I) f sub­ persons inside, it is possible that sufficient men were lawfully arrested and their con­ jective good faith alone were the test, the inferences of a conspiracy among such per­ tinued detention on the same basis as the protections of the Fourth Amendment would sons could be elevated to probable cause. arrest would be proper. This position is not evaporate, and the people would be 'secure Similarly, had the prosecution offered any without appeal and it merits substantial in their persons, houses, papers, and effects' evidence which would connect the guns or discussion. only in the discretion of the police." 17 ammunition with any person or persons, A. Were the seven suspects under lawful ar­ One basic principle which must remain in­ probable cause may have existed. Unfortu­ rest at the time they were taken into cus­ violate is that guilt is personal. In the ab­ nately, there was no such evidence presented. tody at the New Bethel Church? sence of evidence of conspiracy each person Instead, the Assistant Prosecutor's sole reli­ is entitled to be judged only upon the evi­ ance on the mere presence of each suspect in This aspect of the discussion is devoted to dence against him as an individual. Group the Church was made clear throughout the the concept of "arrest" as it relates to various guilt or guilt by association has no place Transcript.22 preconditions set forth by the courts and in our law. Speaking for the majority in As a result of the foregoing analysis we the United States Constitution. We are aware the Brinegar case, Justice Rutledge stated: of the terms, "arrest for investigation" and conclude that in the absence of evidence and "The history of the use, and not infre­ coherent argument to establish a conspiracy "limited detention" which imply a lesser quent abuse of the power to arrest cautions standard of cause and a narrower invasion among the one hundred and forty-two (142) that a relaxation of the fundamental re­ persons taken from the New Bethel Church, of liberty. Such concepts, if valid, provide quirements of probable cause would 'leave a reasonable incubation period during which a ruling that there was no showing of prob­ law abiding citizens at the mercy of the able cause to justify the arrest of any of these the detention may mature into a full blown law officers' whim or caprice.'" arrest. Insofar as these terms are applicable persons is amply supported in the law. Con­ to the situation at hand they are discussed Thus, "the constitutional validity of an sequently, as to those suspects whose con­ in another portion of this paper. arrest depends upon whether, at the moment tinued detention was sought with no further the arrest was made, the officer had probable cause than their presence in the Church The principle that it is better to allow cause to make it--whether at that moment (only five of the seven showed signs of some guilty men to go free than to subject the facts and circumstances within his nitrate), a finding of no probable cause and knowledge and of which he had reasonably a granting of the Writ of Habeas Corpus Footnotes at end of article. trustworthy information, is sufficient to was justified. A more detailed discussion of June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 16513 the release of the two non-nitrate suspects After an extensive colloquy with the As­ On the basis of the foregoing facts, we con­ further supports the propriety of the Court's sistant Prosecutor and defense counsel,28 the clude that the nitrate test is sufficiently un­ actions. Court discharged one of the suspects who had reliable to warrant a finding that a posi_tive One of these suspects was a resident of New tested positive for nitrate on the paraffin test result on such test without other substantial York. The Assistant Prosecutor asked the administrated by the police. The Court · evidence does not establish probable cause Court to retain custody over this man for st;a,ted: to believe a suspect has been involved in a a short period of time so that the police "You still have the right to get a warrant shooting. could check for a criminal record. At this if you have sufficient evidence to show prob­ 2. May the results of the nitrate tests be point the Court stated: able cause and you have the right to come used to show probable cause if they The CoURT. It is not solely whether this back to this Court and I am sure that any were taken after an arrest made on less man has a record. What is there you think judge of this Court will give you a warrant than probable cause? justifies this Court in detaining this man? under those conditions. For the present you Assuming the positive results of the nit­ What relationship does this man have to the fail to show probable cause and the police rate tests would provide sufficient cause to alleged criminal acts or act? have violated a Constitutional right of this hold the suspects at the Habeas Corpus Mr. NoLAN. Your Honor, he was arrested in defendant." zr (Emphasis added.) hearing, serious Constitutional questions are the premises where the-after the shoot­ It is not absolutely clear whether the involved in the use of such tests here. The ing on the street and the officers undertook Court released this suspect (and the other record leaves little doubt that the nitrate to enter and there was firing lnside there. four) because even with the nitrate test tests were administered after the suspects Other than that, that is the extent of what there wa>'> no probable cause or on the had been removed from the Church to the I have. grounds that the nitrate tests were uncon­ police station. In fact, the Assistant Pros­ • • • stitutionally administered and without them ecutor requested additional time from the The CoURT. All you have against this man there was no probable cause. Since he re­ Court to complete these tests (it is note­ is that he was among the hundred who were ferred to the tests as "impermissible" 28 the worthy that the tests were performed even attending whatever the affair was and he latter interpretation is probably the correct though the Judge specifically denied this is from New York? one. However, we will evaluate the first alter­ request and asked that no tests be given Mr. NoLAN. Yes, slr. native as well because it is material to the prior to the Habeas Corpus hearing) .82 Thus, The COURT. Is that all? development of the whole question of prob­ if the original detention is deemed to have Mr. NoLAN. Yes, sir.23 able cause. been an illegal arrest, the evidence which At this point the Judge ordered the sus­ 1. Was there probable cause to believe that derives lmmediately from such an arrest is pect released and Mr. Nolan requested that the suspects evidencing nitrate traces com­ considered the "fruit of the poisonous tree" the Court maintain jurisdiction over the per­ mitted a crime? and it may not be used for any purpose in son by placing him on bond. The Court the prosecution of the arrestee.33 asked defense counsel whether he would Although the Supreme Court has indicated If, on the other hand, the detention which agree to such a procedure; counsel opposed in Mallory v. United States and Wong Sun v. led to the nitrate tests was proper even the suggestion. The Court pointed out that United States that there can be no probable though there was insufficient probable cause it had no authority to confine the suspect to cause where the evidence points equally to to authorize an arrest by Constitutional Detroit by way of personal bond and re­ several suspects all of whom could not be standards, the evidence might be considered. leased him because the prosecution had "not guilty, the discovery of nitrate traces on five This result is possible if we can conclude shown anything to establish some probable persons found inside the Church adds mwte­ that the police had a legal right to remove cause to indicate that this man is guilty." 24 rially to the likelihood that each was in­ the suspects from the Church to the poUce The other non-nitrate suspect was Alfred volved in the shooting. Whether lt adds station without placing them under full ar­ Hibbitt. The Assistant Prosecutor requested enough depends, of course, on the reliability rest. Herein we must discuss the concept of a 24-hour adjournment. Defense counsel of the nitrate test. If it is reasonably reliable a "limited detention." asked the purpose for which the prosecution and it may be legally considered, a finding To some courts an arrest invoking the sought to hold the suspect and the Assistant of probable cause is appropriate. Fourth Amendment standards occurs as soon Prosecutor stated: The theory of the test is that nitrates con­ as a person is taken into custody and re­ Mr. NoLAN. In the alternative, his physical tained in gun powder often become embedded strained of his full liberty, even for a short presence will not necessarily contribute to on the surface of the skin after a gun is period of time.:w. There is, however, authority our investigation. I want to be frank with the fired. To perform the test, layers of warm for the position that every detention of an Court. Our concern is that after we-with liquid paraffin, interleaved with layers of individual does not constitute an arrest. the possibility of a showup, there could quite gauze for reinforcement, are brushed or These courts would make a distinction be­ likely be a showup. But other than that, we poured on the suspect's skin. The warm tween an arrest and an investigatory deten­ don't intend to question him or give him a sticky paraffin opens the skin's pores and tion and permit the detention "on grounds nitrate test or anything like that. He had picks up any dirt and foreign material pres­ less stringent than the probable cause re­ his.26 ent at the surface. When the paraffin cools quirement for an arrest." 35 Inasmuch as the Ultimately, with the assurance of the de­ and hardens, it forms a cast which is taken Supreme Court declined to decide whether fense counsel that the suspect could be pro­ off and processed with certain chemicals. persons may be detained for investigation duced if called, the Court released Mr. Rib­ If blue dots appear, it provides evidence that on less than probable cause,oo the question bitt on $1,000 personal bond. Over a week the suspect has recently fired a weapon. is open. later, the Prosecutor's office issued a warrant In practice, however, the authorities are Recently, the highest court in New York on Mr. Hlbbitt and ln accordance with the vlrtually unanimous that the test is en­ endorsed the practice of reasonable investi­ Court order he voluntarily gave himself up tirely unreliable. The President's Commis­ gatory detentions stating that, "The public to the police without incident. Based upon sion on the Assassination of President Ken­ interest requires that such interrogation the foregoing facts we conclude that the nedy (Warren Report) pointed out that in (while a citizen is restrained of his liberty) Court's release of these men was totally con­ experiments run by the F.B.I. it was shown not be completely forbidden so long as it sonant with the law. that, "A positive reaction is ... valueless in is conducted fairly, reasonably, within proper B. Was there legal cause to hold the five determining whether a suspect has recently limits and with full regard to the rights of suspects who revealed evidence of nitrate fired a weapon." 211 One reason for this is that those being questioned." a1 The Second Fed­ while they were in custody? "contact with tobacco, Clorox, urine, cos­ eral Clrcuit put it more strongly: metics, kitchen matches, pharmaceuticals, This prerogative of police officers to de­ At a Habeas Corpus hearing the prosecu­ fertilizers, or soils, among other thi.ngs, may tain persons for questioning is not only tion must show probable cause to hold the result in a positive reaction to the paraffin necessary in order to enable the authorities suspect at the time of the hearing. This fact test." 30 to apprehend, arrest, and charge those who indicates that there may have been a legal Henry W. Turkel, M.D., the coroner for the are implicated; it also protects those who are basis to find such cause against the suspects City of San Francisco, ran independent and readily able to exculpate themselves from who revealed particles of nitrate from the controlled tests and he concluded: "It is being arrested and having formal charges paraffin test. Three issues are raised by Judge doubtful that anyone would have sufficient made against them before their explanations Crockett's ruling as to these men: 1) does trust in the dermal nitrate test to bring a are considered." 38 the existence of nitrate on the hands of a criminal charge or institute a criminal pro­ suspect combined with the presence at the Even more to the point the Vita court ceeding on the strength of the findings of stated at p. 534 "the plain unvarnished fa~t Church provide probable cause that he was this test alone ... In sum total ... the test involved in the shooting?; 2) may the re­ that without such power society would often (is) less than worthless." 31 Finally, he points find itself helpless to solve crimes and pro­ sults of the nitrate tests be used to show out that: tect its members." The same concern for probable cause 1f they were taken after an "The lnspectors of the Homicide Detail of public safety is reflected in the Uniform arrest made with less than probable cause?; the San Francisco Police Department were Arrest Act, a statute proposed in 1942 by the 3) may the results of the nitrate tests be questioned as to their recollection of cases Interstate Commission on Crime (adopted used 1f such tests were taken while the sus­ in three states) which permits the police to pect was being held incommunicado and not in which paraffin glove tests served in any advised of his right· to counsel? degree to incriminate or clear a suspect or detain for questioning any person against defendant. Not one instance was recalled whom the officer has a reasonable suspicion.31 where it served a positive role, despite their The case which confronted the Detroit Po­ Footnotes at end of article. cumulative forty-nine years on the detail." lice at the New Bethel Church provides a 16514 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 perfect example of a situation where a de­ tioning under carefully controlled conditions power of the police to arrest suspects for tention for investigation might be appropri­ protecting his Fifth and Sixth Amendment investigation, it is understandable that both ate. At the time of police entry they had rights. Mass detentions for questioning are the Prosecutor and the police were disturbed no way of knowing which persons of the one never permissible." (Emphasis added.) 46 and surprised by Judge Crockett's refusal to hundred and forty-two (142) found in Not only does this case involve a "mass permit this illegal method of investigation. the Church had been involved in the shoot­ detention" which runs afoul of the law, but Moreover, any rebuke of the police which may ing. Moreover, to question all one hundred during the detention the suspects were held be implicit in the holding that the arrests and forty-two (142) persons at the Church incommunicado and without being informed were improper may be unfair in the face of may have been as dangerous as it would have of their Constitutional rights. Judge crock­ reasonable reliance on the assumption that been chaotic. Under the circumstances the ett's emphasis of this point at the Habeas the Detroit Judiciary would continue to removal of these persons to the police station Corpus hearing was quite legally sound. ratify the practice t hat the Prosecutor's where screening, sorting and questioning Moreover, the suspects in issue were not office sanctioned. could be carried out in a more orderly fash­ merely questioned during the detention. The However, notwithstanding the good faith ion was reasonable. The importance of pre­ courts have made it cleax that even when a of the police in "removing" the suspects en serving material witnesses is recognized in · pre-arrest detention is lawful the police may masse to the police station, the validity of Michigan as in other states by conferring not search the suspect without probable the conduct must be viewed in terms of the upon the Judge the power to order the cause.•e A nitrate test is clearly beyond individual rights involved. In addition, the custody of such a witness. In view of all of "questioning." Although the Supreme Court long acceptance of a liberal policy toward these facts we believe that the police action has probably conferred the power to take a investigatory arrests should not have affected taken at the New Bethel Church in regard to nitrate test against the will of the suspect, Judge Crockett's analysis of the Constitu­ the detention and subsequent relocation of such a test, like the taking of a blood sam­ tionality of the practice. Indeed, the ca.nons persons for whom there was insufficient ple, would be considered a search and the re­ of Judicial Ethics of the American and probable cause was not unreasonable. quirement of probable cause prior to the test Michigan Bar Associations require that a Assuming then that a pre-axrest detention is explicit.47 The search and extraction of ni­ judge resist pressures from whatever source was appropriate so that the police could pur­ trate traces from the skin is not conceptually in applying the mandates of the Constitu­ sue a prompt and thorough course of investi­ different from the search of one's pockets for tion. Canon Three states: "It is the duty of gation, we must consider whether the discov­ a gun. Thus, we must conclude that upon all judges in the United States to support ery of nitrate traces on five of the suspects any theory of pre-arrest detention, the the Federal Constitution and that of the was a. legitimate part of the detention. In Court's ruling that the nitrate tests in this State whose laws they administer: in doing this case the nitrate tests were performed at case were impermissible was consistent with so, they should fearlessly observe and apply about 9:00 a.m. Sunday morning,40 that was the law on this point. the fundamental limitations and guaran­ after the Morning Session and about nine One last possibility must be discussed with tees." hours after the detention began. This fact regard to the prosecution's legal right to fur­ The law on arrests for investigation is not raises the important issue of time. The pur­ ther detain suspects without probable cause. equivocal; an arrest cannot be made for in­ pose of permitting a pre-arrest detention is This relates to the concept of arrest for in­ vestigation without charging the defendant to afford the police an opportunity to com­ vestigation which is a rather unsubtle vari­ with the commission of a legally defined plete some preliminary investigations which ation of a "pre-arrest detention." crime.53 Moreover, suspects cannot be arrested may result in probable cause to arrest. Yet Professor Wayne LaFave, appointed by the and booked on technical charges necessary even the few courts which have advocated American Bar Association to study arrest to give the police time to work on the in­ such detention powers have been emphatic procedures in the United States, reported vestigation.54 65 The Horsky Report at p. 60 that the detention be brief. The Uniform that in Detroit "arrests for investigation" referring to the efficacy of arrests for in­ Arrest Act states, "the total period of this de­ were a common practice.48 vestigation, on less than probable cause, tention shall not exceed two hours." 41 The The importance of this fact is that the con­ concludes that "the prosecutor cannot intro­ detention approved of in United States v. cept of arrest for investigation implies, as duce in evidence articles taken from the Rundle, 4.2 was "reasonably brief ... only five does pre-arrest detention, that at any time prisoner-not even his fingerprints." The to ten minutes." The New York Court also of the detention the police have insufficient reasoning of the Horsky Report is directly expressed a concern for the duration of the evidence to justify an arrest for a specific applicable to the nitrate test results and such detention approving a one hour detention crime. The difference is that under the arrest evidence is unavailable to the Prosecutor.Ge and emphasizing the need for brevity by stat­ for investigation practice, the police deten­ Finally, we cite the thoughtful opinion of ing, "Lengthy detention on mere suspicion tion is thought to be a matter of "right" and Judge Sobeloff in a case strikingly pertinent breeds abuse of those safeguards which a few if any safeguards are afforded. The De­ to the one at hand: civilized society must erect to protect even troit Bar Association has been concerned "In ordering the issuance of an injunc­ the most reprehensible of its members." ta with this problem for years and as early as tion we have not blotted from our considera­ Only the Vita case provides language which 1960 the Special Civil Rights Subcommittee tion the serious problems faced by the law might justify the nine hour detention of the sought to end the practice in Detroit. The enforcement officer in his daily work. His suspects prior to finding probable cause. In problem was so great in fact that they re­ training stresses the techniques of the pre­ that case, they approved an eight hour de­ ported somewhat proudly that the number vention of crime and the apprehension of tention where the circumstances justified it of "illegal arrests" in Detroit were being re­ criminals, and what seems to him to be the and where the "investigation was conducted duced by almost 25 % (nevertheless they con­ logical and practical means to solve a crime with dispatch . .." « sidered about 31 % (or 13,000) of all arrests or to arrest a suspect may turn out to be a These authorities cast substantial doubt that year as being without probable cause deprivation of another's constitutional rights. upon the legality of the nine hour detention and therefore illegal) .•9 And where one policeman is killed and an­ prior to the discovery of evidence which may This history makes it clear that when Judge other wounded, the police and the public, have permitted a finding of probable cause. Crockett refused to allow continued deten­ too, are understandably outraged and im­ Under the law, a pre-arrest detention must tion solely to permit investigation, he was not patient with any obstacle in the search for result in either release or arrest upon prob­ breaking new ground in insisting that the the murderer. While fully appreciating the able cause within a short period of time. If practice was illegal. Not only had the Civil exceeding difficult task of the policeman, a the suspect is detained beyond that point he Rights Subcommittee sought to eliminate court must not be deterred from protecting is considered under illegal axrest and evi­ such arrests but· a well-publicized report rights secured to all by the Constitution. from Washington, D.C. declared in 1962 that dence which derives therefrom (e.g., positive "The Police department is society's instru­ nitrate results) cannot be used. In this case, arrests for investigation were unconstitu­ mentality to maintain law and order, and to tional, unwise, and unnecessary.50 It pointed however, the detention of one hundred and be fully effective it must have public con­ forty-two (142) persons complicates the in­ out further that in well over 90 % of the cases the police ultimately released the suspect fidence and cooperation. Confidence can vestigatory process substantially. There may exist only if it is generally recognized that without even bringing charges.61 have been some reason why the paraffin tests the department uses its enforcement pro­ could not have been administered sooner. In LaFave's article further indicates how the cedures with integrity and zeal, according to any event, the mere passage of time under practice of holding suspects for the purpose law and without resort to oppressive meas­ these extraordinary circumstances should not of investigating them has been effectively ures. Law observance by the police cannot be preclude the evidence. sanctioned by the Detroit Courts and the divorced from law enforcement. When offi­ Unfortunately, the other safeguaxds were Prosecutor's Office. If a Writ of Habeas Cor­ cial conduct feeds a sense of injustice, raises ignored during this prolonged detention. pus was brought by or on behalf of a person barriers between t he department and seg­ Each court which has authorized the use of held in investigatory custody, it was the ments of the community, and breeds dis­ investigatory detention has insisted upon the practice of the Prosecutor to request and the respect for the law, the difficulties of law Court to grant an adjournment for up to zealous protection of the suspect's Constitu­ enforcement are multiplied." 57 seventy-two hours so that the police might tional rights. The New York Court con­ In view of our analysis of the issues in­ cluded its opinion as follows: complete their investigation. This is precisely the technique employed by the Assistant volved we conclude: First, that the nitrate "We hold merely that a suspect may be Prosecutor who in at least one case asked the test s were not sufficiently reliable evidence detained upon reasonable suspicion for a Court to adjorun for twenty-four hours so the to require a finding of probable cause to hold reasonable and brief period of time for ques- police could check the record of an out-of­ the suspects. This conclusion is supported state suspect.t>2 by the apparent lack of confidence in such Footnotes at end of article. 1 In view of the long history of unhampered tests shown by the Prosecutor's office. Al- June 18, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . 16515 though they had positive test results they To state it positively, I believe that under When the facts are confused or unknown, neither sought a warrant nor brought a applicable law Judge Crockett acted within the circumstances in dispute and the pres­ charge. Second, that even if the tests were permissible and accepted limits of judicial sures great, it is not surprising that reason­ prima facie probable cause, the tests were discretion in holding court at the precinct able judicial minds might vary in their con­ taken in such a questionable time and man­ station and in his decision of the several clusions. But the judge on the spot can only ner tha-t their exclusion by the Judge was legal and factual issues that came before make them on the basis of the evidence prop­ fully justified. him on that Sunday. erly before him. 3. May the Results of the Nitrate Tests Be Since the majority and I now agree in I am seriously concerned with the possible Used if Such Tests Were Taken While the substance on the validity of Judge Crockett's consequences of the majority conclusion that Suspect Was Being Held Incommunicado conduct with respect to his convening of the original arrests in the church were prob­ and Not Advised of His Right to Counsel? court early Sunday morning, his issuance of ably unlawful. We don't yet have all the the Writ of Habeas Corpus and his decision facts necessary to decision, but most of us The Court's ruling in this regard was pri- have heard the police network tape which marily based upon Wade v. United States,r.s to release the so-called "nitrate suspects" on the evidence (or lack of it) then before reported shooting from the church. If the a recent United States Supreme Court case police on the scene reasonably believed this which held that a line-up for identification him, I shall confine my remarks to the arrest issue (without detracting in any way to be true, I believe they were fully justified purposes was a "critical" stage which entitled in entering and securing the church, using the suspect to the presence of counsel. Thus, from the conclusion stated above) and to comments that I think should be made. only the force necessary to do so. To say as if the taking of a paraffin nitrate test is some have said that any further investiga­ analagous to a line-up in that the lawyer is I cannot accept the main thrust of the majority as to the original arrests. After all tion must have been conducted on the scene needed to assure fairness of the procedure, seems to me to require that we must invite the pollee committed Constitutional error in discussion is sifted, I interpret them to con­ clude that the arrests were probably unlaw­ a riot rather than make the necessary arrests :fa111ng to offer each suspect the assistance of and conduct the investigation and court counsel. On the other hand, if a nitrate test ful. I refuse to decide that issue. We don't know that we have all pertinent facts (and hearing in a protected area. I do not believe is closer to fingerprints, where the method of that this is good sense or good law. taking them is well established and the re- the majority proceeds only on the facts 11ab111ty recognized, no counsel is required. presented to Judge Crockett) and I would 2. The nitrate suspects The courts have not yet resolved this issue leave final determination to a proper tribunal As stated a-bove, I agree with the majority and the Judge's ruling might well turn upon where all the facts are presented and tested. that Judge Crockett faced issues of law and factual considerations relating to the spe­ This is one area that likely will be thor­ fact which he decided within the bounds of cifics of nitrate testing and not legal rules. In oughly explored in any later trial of those permissible judicial decision. This is not to this regard the well-known deficiencies of who were arrested in the church. say that all lawyers and judges would agree the test may be a relevant factor in that a But I don't think the legality or illegality with his conclusions. But the right to knowledgeable attorney could assure that of the arrests is necessarily pertinent to decide necessarily includes the right to be foreign materials are not touched by the Judge Crockett's hearings on the Habeas wrong. And this is the reason for appellate suspect. One court has lent credence to the Corpus Writ. Obviously, if the original arrests courts. I have no doubt that the Constitu­ Judge's position, however, as it refused ad­ were unlawful the continued detention could tionality and reliability of nitrate testing in mission o:t the results of such a test after not be justified. But I am not at all sure the absence of counsel for the accused will specifically distinguishing it from finger­ that Judge Crockett made any such deter­ be decided soon-perhaps as a result of this printing.59 Although this judgment is prob­ mination. At least his conduct in holding incident. Until it is decided, la-wyers and ably the most questionable of those dis­ some and bonding others is not consistent judges will differ as to what that decision cussed, we must conclude that Judge Crock­ with such a ruling. should be. But Judge Crockett was acting as ett's ruling was not so far afield of the estab­ But assuming the arrests were lawful under a judge and not an interloper when he made lished law in this area as to warrant even present Constitutional law, the persons in his decision to refuse to consider the nitrate the slightest implication of incompetency custody were entitled to know the charges evidence in determining probable cause for or impropriety. against them and have a speedy hearing as to continued detention. IV. CONCLUSION the lawfulness of their continued detention. CONCLUSION When Judge Crockett learned early on Sun­ The Judiciary is not so sacred that it is If this city is not to be permanently di­ day morning that there were no charges and vided, then we must hold fast to the rule of beyond criticism. Every judge of this land no evidence to support a cha.rge, he acted has an obligation to the people and the right law and not of men. If we don't, the only al­ within the permissible bounds of judicial ternative is law enactment and enforcement of citizens to disagree with or protest any discretion in discharging the janitor and or­ ruling is ingrained in our political system. by brute force. An independent judiciary is dering others to return at noon. an indispensable part of our rule of law and However, when the criticism turns to vitu­ By noon, most of those arrested had been perative accusation, and the integrity and must be preserved and defended. It may need released and Judge Crockett had to decide reforming and enlargement, but it must re­ competency of a judge is challenged, we only as to the few remaining. And he could think there is a special need for sober exami­ main. If it does not, our liberties go with it. act then only on the basis of the evidence I have yet to meet the man or group of men nation of the situation. Now Detroit is dis­ presented to him. While some judges and law­ turbed that much of the criticism surround­ to whom I would entrust the power to de­ yers might differ with the conclusions he cide my rights and privileges independently ing Judge Crockett's rulings after the New reached, there is no sound basis for saying Bethel shooting has been provoked by inac­ of the law. Have you? that there was any judicial impropriety in curate reporting of facts and inadequate un­ FOOTNOTES the action he took. derstanding of the law. We hope that this 1 Certificate On Habeas Corpus Hearing, memorandum will be helpful in dispelling COMMENTS March 30, 1969, page 2-3, hereinafter "Cer­ widespread misapprehensions of fact and 1. The confusion inherent in a mass arrest tificate." law, explaining the judicial role in our legal situation 2 Rules for the Recorders Court of the City system and restoring calm and perspective Ever since July of 1967, various groups of Detroit (Feb., 1955), Rule I. to our society. have been working on plans for handling 3 People v. McCager, 367 Mich. 116 (1962) . Not every lawyer or judge will agree with mass arrests and the processing of prisoners 4 G.C.R. 712.5. every ruling made by Judge Crockett. There in the event of another emergency. At least 5 People v. Hamilton, 359 Mich. 410, 416 has never been a judicial ruling yet that has one of these plans called for the establish­ (1940). met with unanimous approval. Yet neither ment of temporary court f'RCillties in the sev­ G M.C.L.A. § 600.4307. legal disagreement nor the frustration re­ eral precincts to facilita.te the speedy process­ 7 M.C.R.A. § 712.3, Commentary p. 127. sulting from our inability to immediately ing of arrested persons. It is obvious that s M.C.R.A. § 712.3, Commentary p. 127. solve every crime and catch every criminal these plans have not been perfected and D Certificate 6. can justify a personal attack upon a Court communicated to the necessary officials. I 1° Certificate 7. which has exercised its authority in good suggest we waste no further time and put the n Transcript 11. faith and with the support of state laws and plans in order so that all concerned will know 12 Transcript 11, 69. the United States Constitution. Based upon the ground rules under which they will work. 13 Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98, 104 our examination of the facts and law in­ I agree that in emergencies the court should (1959). volved in this case, we are convinced that be taken to the precinct if safe to do so, but u Certificate 5. Judge Crockett's actions were taken in good I do not agree that court should be held in a lli Certificate 5 . faith with ample legal basis. We hope that police station. Any coordination and a-dvance 16 Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, this will be the end of the matter. planning should take this into a-ccount. 183 (1948). Whlle I have concluded that Judge Crock­ 11 Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 97 (1964). CONCURRING REPORT-WITH COMMENTS ett ha-d a Constitutionally valid base for his 18 Beck v. Ohio, supra. I concur with the majority report's con­ decisions, I cannot say that other judges 111 Wong Sun v. United States, 371, U.S. 471, clusion that Recorder's Court Judge George could not have decided differently and also 481 (1963). W. Crockett, Jr. was not guilty of judicial been legally correct. The facts and circum­ !.'0 Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449, misconduct in his handling of the 142 ar­ stances always enter into and control the 456 (1957). restees resulting from the horrible events Constitutional accuracy of a decision as to :n Transcript 11. at the New Bethel Church. the violation of a given individual's rights. !!!! Transcript 41, 44, 57. 16516 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969

23 Transcript 41, 42. resources by his open, flagrant opinions, Between 1965 and 1967, the Parvin Founda­ 2' Transcript 43. appearing in Playboy, opinions which are tion gave $70,000 to the Center for the Study • l!S Transcript 39. based upon such shoddy research. of Democratic Institutions, an offshoot of m Transcript 45-51. Columnist James J. Kilpatrick wrote a the Foundation for the Republic. Douglas is !l7 Transcript 51. chairman of the Center. He has received 28 Transcript 58. suitable comment upon this sordid inci­ plump stipends from both the Center and 29 Warren Report, p. 561. dent in last evening's Washington Eve­ the Foundation. 30 Warren Report, supra. ning Star, and I herewith bring it to the It is too much. The Supreme Court i~r 31 46 Journal of Criminal Law ana Crimi­ attention of my colleagues: ought to be-the most revered institution in nology 281, 283 ( 1955) . JUSTICE DOUGLAS' ARTICLES FOR our public life. The nine men who sit on that 3!l Transcript, 49-50. PLAYBOY DECRIED court have an obligation for propriety be­ 33 Wong Sun v. United States, yond the obligations of other men. Those 371 U.S. 471, South Carolina's Senator Thurmond had who can't measure up ought to stand down. 485 (1963). a tough time on the floor the other after­ M United States v. Mitchell, 179 F. Supp. If that shoe fits Douglas-and it does-let noon, trying to build his case for the resig­ him put it on. 636 (D.C. 1959). nation of Justice William 0. Douglas. It as United States v. Rundle, 274 F. Supp. 364 was not, to speak truth, the senator's most (1967). shining hour, though it might have come of! as Rios v. United States, 364 U.S. 253 (1960) better without the incessant interruptions of 37 People v. Morales, 290 N.Y.S. 2d 898 Senator Kennedy. Yet Thurmond was right: COMMENDATION TO U.S. SENATOR ( 1968). Douglas ought to resign. as United States v. Vita, 294 F. 2d 524, 530 ROBERT P. GRIFFIN It is not a matter of one thing, or two (1961). things, or three. The extra-curricular activi­ 38 Uniform Arrest Act § 2, 28 Virginia L. ties of this busy jurist are one fuzzy thing Rev. 351,321 (1942). after another. Nothing patently illegal. Noth­ HON. GUY VANDER JAGT •o Transcript 47. ing covert or crooked. But Douglas flirts with OF MICHIGAN 41 Uniform Arrest Act, Section 2 (3), supra. impropriety with a brand of arrogance all IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 42 United States v. Rundle, supra, p. 369. his own. He does not exactly disgrace the &a People v. Morales, supra, p. 907. robe he wears; he merely leaves it a little Wednesday, June 18, 1969 «United States Vita, supra, p. 531. v. bit soiled. 4D People v. Morales, supra, p. 907. Mr. VANDER JAGT. Mr. Speaker, the There is, for example, the matter of Doug­ 46 United States v. Rundle, supra, p. 370. las, the freelance writer, contributor to Play­ Michigan State Senate, having as its •1 Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 768 membership 20 Republicans and 18 (1966). boy magazine. The current (July) issue of Hugh Hefner's effulgence, intended for soph­ Democrats, on May 21, 1969, unani­ 48 "Detention Investigation by the Police: mously adopted a resolution commend­ An Analysis of Court Practices," Wash. Univ. omores of all ages, carries a lengthy article by the Justice, this one dealing with the ing U.S. Senator ROBERT P. GRIFFIN for L. Quar., June 1962, p. 338. dam-building sins of the Corps of Engineers. 49 28 Detroit Lawyer 21, 22 (1960). his straightforward approach to the It is Douglas' fourth contribution to Play­ GO Kamisar, Book Review, 76 Harv. L. Rev. Fortas case. 1502, 1504 (1962). boy in a span of eighteen months. His first article, on invasions of privacy, appeared in It is proper that the State senate take 61 Report ana Recommendations of the December of 1967. A second, on water pollu­ this action because all of us in Michigan Commissioner's Committee on Arrests for do take pride in the way Senator GRIF­ Investigation, District of Columbia, (Hor­ tion, appeared in June of 1968. A third, on sky Report) 1962 p. 58. civil liberties, ran in Playboy for January, FIN conducted himself during the entire 1969. Now this. 1>2 Transcript 41. Fortas matter. Viewed on their merits, the articles are 63 Collins v. United States, 289 F. 2d 129 I submit the full text of the resolution (5th Cir. 1961). unexceptional. There is not an original idea for inclusion in the RECORD, as follows: in them, but they are well documented and MStaples v. United States, 320 F. 2d 817 SENATE RESOLUTION No. 64 (5th Cir. 1963). strongly presented. If any other conserva­ tionist or libertarian had written them, one A RESOLUTION OF COMMENDATION TO U.S. GG Manual v. United States, 355 F. 2d 817 (5th Cir. 1965). might remark only his astonishment that SENATOR ROBERT P. GRIFFIN Playboy should have published the pieces. 58 See also Bynum v. United States, 262 F. Whereas, The role played by S-enator Rob­ 2d 465 (1958). And there's the rub. Hefner didn't buy these ert P. Griffin in the Supreme Court drama essays for their content; he bought them for 57 Langford v. Gelston, 364 F. 2d 197 (1966) involving Justice Abe Fortas has not only atp. 204. their byline. And that's what Douglas sold. increased the stature of Senator Robert Grif­ Now, Playboy isn't obscene. By definitions 88 Wade v. United States, 388 U.S. 218 fin in the eyes of the citizens of the State of (1966). Douglas helped to write, it sails to the wind­ Michigan and the citizens of the United ward of the law. The magazine is a lumpy 88 Brooke v. People, 339 P. 2d 993 (1959). States of America, but has also elevated the concoction of bare bosoms, first-rate writing, United States Senate to its rightful position he-she jokes, and Professor Hefner's porten­ as an equal branch of government of the tous advice to the lovelorn. It makes mUlions. United States government; and It attracts letters and articles from Senators, Whereas, Senator Robert Griffin's persist­ IMPROPRIETIES OF JUSTICE bishops, and assorted literati. (Next month: ent course of action in scrutinizing the ac­ DOUGLAS Frank Church.) Mainly it attracts aging tivities of Justice Abe Fortas and insisting sportsmen, out to ogle the centerfold bunny. upon the traditional role of checks and bal­ The point is that Playboy simply is no place ances by the three major branches of the HON. WENDELL WYATT for an associate justice of the United States federal government have not only vindicated Supreme Court to propound his views on the constitutional form of government of our OF OREGON public affairs. If such a publication is not United States of America, but has also once IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES beneath Douglas's dignity, it is beneath the again emphasized the dominant role that Court's dignity. It is almost immaterial to the legislative process should play in a dem­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 inquire what Douglas was paid for the ocratic system of government; and Mr. WYATT. Mr. Speaker, I was as articles. (He won't say; I have asked.) What Whereas, Senator Robert P. Griffin's calm, Hefner bought for his money was some of the deliberate and legal approach to the prob­ shocked as the gentleman from Okla­ respectability of the highest court in the homa Arizona has disclosed, he did of the Michigan Senate expres5 great pride las. Congressman EDMONDSON, yesterday, a free-lance article on folk singing for the in the statesmanlike conduct of Senator Rob­ commented upon the gross inaccuracies March issue of Avant-Garde, the latest enter­ ert P. Griffin in the Fortas matter and along and distortions in the article. I commend prise of Ralph Ginzburg. Whatever may be with all the citizens of the State of Michigan him for his scholarship in bringing this said of the Playboy contributions, this exer­ pay tribute to the wisdom, fortitude and ju­ cise for Avant-Garde was plainly an impro­ to the attention of the Members. dicial-like calmness by which Senator Robert priety: Ginzburg is a notorious pornographer, P. Griffin conducted himself in this trying The truly shocking aspect of this inci­ denounced by five of Douglas's colleagues as situation in that his conduct can only mean, dent is the total attitude of a Justice of a panderer. and rightfully so, a maturity befitting a great the Supreme Court toward an agency of Much has been written about Justice member of a great deliberative body, the the U.S. Government in a field of interest Douglas's part-time executive duties as presi­ United States Senate, and that added honor which is frequently before the Supreme dent of the Parvin Foundation, yet much and prestige has been bestowed not only Court for decision. Justice Douglas has remains obscure. He resigned in April from upon Senator Robert P. Griffin but also the the $12,000 job. It is a legitimate inquiry to State of Michigan by this outstanding clearly disqualified himself from any ask what he did to earn the money. Mr. United States Senator from the State of participation in cases involving water Justice Douglas isn't saying. Michigan; and be it further June 18, 1969 E~TENSIONS OF REMARKS 16517 Resolved, "That a copy of this resolution In contrast with Scandinavia and if I had failed this young soldier and failed be transmitted to Senator Robert P. Griffin. my country. Why, I asked myself,- did he Great Britain, home help services, de­ have to die on a distant battlefield while Adopted by the Senate, May 21, 1969. signed to permit the aged to remain in BERYL T. KENYON, I stayed at home, safe from the bullets that Secretary of the Senate. their own homes, have not been given had ripped his body? sufficient opportunity to develop in this But then as I reread the article for a sec­ country. Patients in many kinds of in­ ond time I began to realize the full sig­ stitutional settings could be cared for nificance of what his father was trying to SERVICES OF HOME MAINTENANCE in their own homes, provided services are say. I realized that the field of combat his WORKER SHOULD BE PROVIDED available. One recent study in Syracuse, son died upon is only one of the battlefields UNDER MEDICARE PROGRAM that America must fight on. And as he ful­ N.Y., :financed by the U.S. Public Health filled his duty against the Vietcong, I must Service, showed that "21 out of every 100 fulfill mine against an enemy at home, an HON. JACOB H. GILBERT patients in nursing homes could have enemy just as dangerous and one which is OF NEW YORK been appropriately cared for at a less in­ not being adequately met. tensive level of care, such as home care"; His enemy carries a Communist made rifle IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and "23 out of every 100 persons in domi­ while mine carriers a picket sign with a Wednesday, June 18, 1969 ciliary homes could have been living in Communist inspired slogan upon it. His en­ semi-independent living units, had such emy fires rockets and artillery rounds, while Mr. GILBERT. Mr. Speaker, I want mine hurls Molotov cocktails and rocks. His to call to the attention of my colleagues facilities been available in the com­ enemy storms the barricades of freedom in in the House, my bill, H.R. 10296, which munity." a liberty seeking country in Southeast Asia, will amend title XVIII of the Social Se­ Mr. Speaker, I repeat that our senior while my enemy hurls himself against the curity Act to authorize payment under citizens deserve a realistic choice between barricades of America's cherished institu­ the program of health insurance for the remaining in familiar surroundings with tions. And while his enemy seeks to tear the aged for services furnished an individu­ the help needed, or institutionalization. American flag from its lofty perch and drag al by a home maintenance worker-in To give the senior citizen the most appro­ it through the mud of a rice paddy, my priate care as part of a medical plan will enemy seeks to burn our flag in front of the such individual's home-as part of a eyes of the world. home health services plan. be used for those who must have that Yes, the conclusion is obvious, the enemy Medicare has provided some needed kind of intensive care. Let us be realistic, is the same whether he wears the uniform medical services to most of our senior and give the senior citizens the care they of a Communist or Nazi soldier or the un­ citizens. In addition to hospitalization need and spend the taxpayers money only orthodox garb that is characteristic of the and outpatient care, it also provides for for essential services. I urge my col­ New Left. They all seek the same objectives, some services in the patient's own home. leagues in the House to give their support the destruction of our country and the lib­ to my bill, H.R. 10296. erty it holds so precious. There is one aspect of this service, how­ So it is to defeating this enemy, wherever ever, which I feel must be strengthened. he may be found, that I have rededicated Home health services provided under myself. I stand before you today as a rep­ title XVIII of the Social Security Act­ resentative of a new group of young Amer­ medicare-do not include home main­ COMBATTING THE NEW LEFT icans. A group that shares my inherent belief tenance service. Home maintenance serv­ in the principles of the greatest nation the ice includes help with shopping, cooking, world has ever known. laundry, and housecleaning. This is the HON. JOHN R. RARICK We are prepared to go on the offensive,· OF LOUISIANA here on the L.S.U. campus and on campuses simplest and least expensive form of all over the country. No longer will we tol­ help which could prevent or postpone IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES erate the misdeeds of a violent minority that placement of an aging person in -a hos­ Wednesday, June 18, 1969 hides behind the sacred guarantees of our pital, nursing home or other institution. constitution while it seeks to destroy the Frequently, such services on a part-time Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the true very institutions that were constructed by basis will not only make it possible for mood of our young People can best be it. the elderly person to remain in familiar judged by their individual expressions. And what of our enemy, who are they and surroundings within his own home and Mr. Mike Connelly is a junior in busi­ what do they believe? Well, the Students for in his own community but, in addition, ness administration, pursuing prelaw, a Democra~ic SocieJ;y, which seems to speak it can save the community the cost of at Louisiana State University in Baton for the New Left, has a.S its professed goal Rouge, La. He is also president of the the destruction of the establishment. That more expensive forms of care. means you and I, gentlemen, and everything At the present time, the medicare Louisiana State University Chapter of we believe in. It includes our economic and legislation provides home maintenance the Young Americans for Freedom. political systems as well as our belief in God care to an older person only when it sup­ Recently Mike presented a talk to the and our very moral fiber. And what do they plements personal care such as feeding, Baton Rouge Rotary Club which I feel offer as an alternative? Well, I guess it was bathing, transfer in and out of a wheel­ is worthy of consideration by our col­ summed up best by one of SDS's own na­ chair, and so forth. However, a person leagues. With young men like Mike Con­ tional leaders when he said that "we seek nelly for our future leaders, I feel our to destroy the establishment in the hope that with a serious heart condition or dis­ out of the rubble something better will abling arthritis might be able to take country will be in capable hands. emerge". When asked what that something. care of his own personal needs but not I include his speech in the RECORD at better might be, he said ·they hadn't thought be able to shop, cook, or do houseclean­ this point: about that yet. Well, I have thought about ing and laundry. COMBATTING THE "NEW LEFT" it and I can readily predict what will come about if the New Left has its way with (By Mike Connelly} 1 Today's aging were yesterday's labor America. It will be Communism or Facism force. Today's senior citizens are the men The other night as I was thumbing or some other form of tyranny that seeks to and women who throughout their work­ through the new issue of Reader's Digest I end forever the God-given rights of man. ing years have supported themselves, came upon an article of great significance And what about their methods? Well, the educated their children, and have been to me. It was a eulogy written by an an­ New Left has adopted the old Communist productive members of society. Today guished father to the son he had lost on supported philosophy that the end justifies there are over 19 million persons, aged the battlefield in Vietnam, and as I read it, the means. We all saw the pictures of the I knew that it was going to make my task Democratic . convention in Chicago when 65 and over in the United States, most before you today much easier. The man who chaos and violence reigned supreme. Where of whom have been forced to retire from wrote the article was rededicating himself Vietcong flags flew side by side with the their jobs. In my own city, New York, to the principles that his son had died for, black flag of anarchy and the blood red flag there are over 1 mlllion senior citizens. and I found myself making the same re­ of Communist inspired revolution, and then Many older persons live in isolation, dedication. Upon reading the article for the when the demonstrations flared into the in­ their · children have moved away, and first time I felt a sense of failure. I felt as evitable violence that accompanies New their friends have died. Most live on ex­ Left events, the press and the presidential tremely limited incomes. The approach­ 1 Talk presented to Baton Rouge Rotary commission had the utter audacity to term ing disappearance of the three-genera­ Club, Wednesday, May 21, Capital House, it a police riot. I believe I would have swung Baton Rouge. Mr. Connelly is a Junior in a pretty mean billy club myself if someone tion household and the extension of the Business Administration at L.S.U., pursuing had shouted obscenities at me for twenty­ retirement years have created an urgent a pre-Law degree. He is President of the four hours and showered me with every­ need for creative planning to keep the L.S.U. Chapter of Young Americans for Free­ thing from eggs and tomatoes to golf balls aging in their own homes. This is de­ dom and represents that organization in this with spikes in them to homemade spears. sired by most of our senior citizens. speech. Yet as vicious as the New Left was at Chi- 16518 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 18, 1969 cago, it is nothing to what they are doing on In short, gentlemen, we offer a new philos­ pitch in every year to make this annual the campuses of America's first educational ophy to our students. It is a philosophy event a success and their efforts for the institutions. As a student this is what con­ of positive action. A philosophy of patriot­ cerns me most. I recently returned from a. ism, pride, honor, and responsibility. We do most part go unnoticed. trip to Washington, D.C., wheTe I attended not ignore the problems of our nation, our Through the years there has been one a. conference on S.D.S. There were students state or our university, but we do believe man in particular who has labored long from a.ll over the country there, from such that there are no problems so great that and hard to keep things moving on the campuses as Berkeley, San Francisco State, our nation cannot solve them through its diamond and on the Hill, and that man Columbia, and Chicago, and from them I established institutions without the de­ is John "Skip" Maraney of the House learned the real story of S.D.S. These were struction of those institutions! Clerk's staff. Skip was on the original students who had listened with sympathy to As a student I cannot help but favor an baseball game committee back in the the promises of student rights that S.D.S. increase in student rights, but I favor them had offered. They had seen the problems only if they come With an increase in days when our former colleague, Carroll that truly exist on many campuses and they student responsibility. Responsibility, that is Kearns, of Pennsylvania, and Sid Yu­ had yearned to find a. cure. a word the New Left seems to have excluded dain, of Roll Call collaborated to get the Yet now they were banning together to from its vocabulary. My fellow students can­ national pastime back into our National face an even greater problem, that of the not and Will not exclude it from ours. It is Legislature. self-imposed tyranny of the New Left. I too much a part of the nation that we love. Skip has performed a variety of chores heard many stories and they both shocked We are Americans and proud to say it. for this event, and this year his per­ and frightened me. They were stories of We do not try to hide the lump we get in beatings and the threats of beatings given our throats as the National Anthem is played formance in making all the congres­ to conservative students, and of the open or the stars and stripes pass in review. sional game arrangements was as usual violence at San Francisco State, Columbia, Patriotism is not just a word to us, it is excellent. and so many other campuses. Stories of har­ a way of life. There Will be no American flags So, Mr. Speaker, to Skip and his as­ assment of professors and administrators, burned in our presence, and no funds will be sociates on the staff, let me say thanks be they conservative or liberal, who refused collected on this campus to aid the Vietcong. for a good job well done. to do the bidding of a minority of militant Our university is a part of our country and students. They talked of the complete lack we intend to see that it fulfills its obligations of freedom of speech at such places as not only to the students who come here for ROTC STUDY Berkeley and New York University, where an education, but also to the people and virtually anyone not on the far left cannot government that support it. speak without being shouted down, humil­ We want the doors of our university opened HON. CARLETON J. KING iated and threatened with physical violence. to all opinions, and we will respect the rights OF NEW YORK The students I talked to have become of others to disagree, for this is a part of our disillusioned with and fearful of SDS, and heritage. But we will no.t glorify treason by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES finally they have become angry and in some calling it dissent, and we will not stand by Wednesday, June 18, 1969 cases militant. Who can blame them? I cer­ quietly as someone advoca.tes the violent tainly cannot. It is not hard to become dis­ overthrow of our country. We cannot con­ Mr. KING. Mr. Speaker, the ROTC is illusioned with an organization whose na­ done violence in any form against our uni­ an institution that every college and uni­ tional leadership opposes American involve­ versity or country. versity should be proud to have on its ment in Vietnam, yet supported the Too much blood has been lost and too campus. Without ROTC, the United Russians invasion of Czechoslovakia as an many tears shed in defense of America for States would have had an extremely dif­ internal Russian affair. Inconsistent, you say, us to allow the university to be used as a not really when you consider that almost half ficult time finding the officers necessary staging ground for the destruction of our to lead our military forces in defense of of the delegates to SDS's recent national society. We Will not allow ourselves to forget convention were also members of the Chi­ the sacrifices that your generation and the American freedom in World War IT, in nese Communist Progressive Labor Party. generations before you have made for us. Korea, and now in Vietnam. The service Perhaps you think that it cannot happen And we pledge to you that our campus will academies cannot begin to supply the here. There is an SDS on the campus now remain open and our nation free. number of officers needed in times of na­ and a so-called Student Liberal Federation With your help our movement can perhaps tional emergency. which has adopted many o! SDS's programs. spread to other campuses, and enlist the Recently, there have been outbursts Already there have been instances of guest support of all students that feel as we do. speakers on the campus being shouted down, against the Reserve Officer Training We are going to turn off the New Left, and Corps on several of our college and uni­ and the use of violence against conservative with the help of all Americans and the prin­ students. The Student Liberal Federation ciples of our nation a.s our guide, we Will turn versity campuses. Some of the universi­ has decided not to follow the rules and reg­ on a bright new tomorrow. ties have gone so far as to yield to the de­ ulations set down by the university. And So we return now to the story of a young mands of a small handful of SDS-type the other night the SLF brought a member man who should be here With metod~. He malcontents by reducing the ROTC to of SDS's national executive committee to and many like him could testify to the great­ an extracurricular activity without ben­ speak on the campus. Need I say more? ness of America. But they could not be here efit of academic credit. But, gentlemen, you see before you one because, you see, they have already given student among many that is not going to Fortunately, the United States is not their testimony With their lives. They died without academic leaders who are will­ stand by and let the forces of anarchy have at Bunker HUl, Gettysburg, Iwo Jima, and their way here at L.S.U. Two new organi­ Korea, and they are dying now in a place ing to condemn current trends and de­ zations, the Young Americans for Freedom called Vietnam. Throughout two centuries velopments with respect to the down­ and the Collegiate Conservative Union, have and countless battles our countrymen have grading of the ROTC. An exchange of been formed on the campus with the pri­ died for America, now it is.time we started correspondence concerning the retention mary objective of mobilizing students to living for it. of the ROTC program at Cornell Uni­ counteract the New Left. versity has recently been called to my at­ Our program is relatively simple. Through the Collegiate Conservative Union we plan tention, and I would like to share it with to launch a philosophical attack on the CONGRES5IONAL ROLLCALL NIGHT my colleagues. Attached is a memoran­ chaotic ideas o! the New Left. Through the BASEBALL GAME dum from Prof. Gordon P. Fisher to Dean use of literature supplied by our national L. Linscott of Cornell University and organization, the Intercollegiate Studies In­ Dean Linscott's reply regarding the stitute, we plan to flood the campus with HON. FRANK M. CLARK ROTC study at Cornell. the writings on the philosophy of our OF PENNSYLVANIA Mr. Speaker, this correspondence has nation, and through the Young Americans IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES been brought to my attention by Maj. for Freedom we plan to expose the hypocrisies Gen. Laddie L. Stahl, USAR, the com­ of the New Left, and force them to do battle Wednesday, June 18, 1969 on grounds where they will surely be de­ manding officer of the 98th Division, a feated. The first issues of The Collegiate Mr. CLARK. Mr. Speaker, this year's training division consisting of 3,200 of­ Conscience have appeared on the campus. It record crowd at the eighth annual Con­ ficers and enlisted men. General Stahl is a conservative newspaper that not only gressional Rollcall Night Baseball Game has been an outstanding military officer exposes the New Left, but offers realistic is a tribute not only to the good sports­ since receiving his commission in 1942. alternatives to their program. YAF will do manship . of the Members of Congress Since resigning from the Regular Army many other things, too. Included among these are the bringing in of nationally who participate in this great annual in 1954, General Stahl has been employed known speakers, the staging of patriotic event, but it is also a tribute to the by the General Electlic Co. and is pres­ rallies supporting our country and, 1! neces­ hard work of a lot of people here on ently the manager-Research and De­ sary, we will stand in the doorways of our Capitol Hill. velopment Application Service, Research campus buildings to keep SDS from destroy­ The Congressional Secretaries Club and Development Center. ing them. board and the baseball committee really Under unanimous consent I submit for June 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 16519 inclusion in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, education of regular and reserve officer objectivity. I can testify that the Reserve as follows: candidates. In my opinion, mankind has not Officer fulfills this role. MAY 19, 1969. progressed sufficiently to eliminate the need A third argument, although not critical, Re the ROTC Study. for defensive mechanisms, and it is not likely is one to consider. If universities condone To: Dean L. Linscott. in the foreseeable future that the situation and accept vocal extremist groups as a legiti­ By: Gordon P. Fisher. will change. Therefore, the armed forces pur­ mate part of their systems (some of which It may have come to your attention that I pose is to defer...d the nation, uphold the con­ groups publicly advocate the destruction of have been asked to serve on the Faculty com­ stitution, and act as directed by civilian au­ constitutional authority and the nation, by mittee on R.O.T.C. Knowing of your inter­ thority in the best interests of this nation whatever means possible) then it seems the est in this matter, I am asking your assist­ and the world. Members of the services are universities are bound to accept and support ance in striving to reach a point of view that participating in a necessary and an honorable organizations with opposing views (some of is broadly representative of Faculty opinion. profession. (Excesses, mismanagement and which are sworn to defend the nation and It would be most helpful to me to have other deficiencies present in any organization constitutional authority) if indeed they are your views on the R.O.T.C. question in gen­ are not in question at the moment.) to be called universities. eral and a statement of your fundamental I think we ought to assume as a funda­ (2) The answer to (1) was yes, hopefully concern. In addition to other views, I would mental principle that civilian authority supported by satisfactory argument. Should welcome your commen1;s on three points should prevail over the m1litary because of Cornell be so engaged? Yes. We should have particularly: the inherent power of a military organiza­ military officers :1\rom universities which are (1) Should universities support R.O.T.C. tion. In other words, civ1lian influence and not heavily vested in military tradition for programs Bind engage in the education of control of the armed :forces should be a na­ reasons indicated in (1). Numbers of officers regular and reserve military officer candi­ tional concept, a part of the check and bal­ graduating from Cornell, of course, are insig­ dates? Why? ance system to be maintained intact or even nificant. But Cornell is considered by some ( 2) Assuming thBit the answer to ( 1) is strengthened. Military forces, especially of to be a bell-wether university-"the most yes and well-supported by argument, should this nation, do not initiate action unilater­ western of the eastern and most eastern of ally. Armed forces are instruments of civilian the western." Ill considered action by Cor­ Cornell be so engaged? Wha,t, in your view, nell could have inordinate consequences. are the really compelling philosophical rea­ policy. Major confrontations nearly always sons for Cornell to maintain an R.O.T.C. pro­ stem from civilian diplomatic failures. In The principle as stated in (1) is the key. If view of our present global commitments it is the answer to ( 1) is yes, Cornell as a leader gram? Should it be left to other universities should give active support to ROTC pro­ such as TexM A & M, V.P.I., etc. which are amazing to me that incidents of small con­ frontations, which may or may not have been grams. A second reason, Ezra Cornell wanted more receptive, perhaps because of their a university where one could study any sub­ roots in a military tradition, to carry on the result of unilateral military indiscretion, ject--a present day impossibility. I think he R .O.T.C. education? (For example, the pro­ have been so few in number. Indeed, this fact really wanted a university of free expression vision of military scholarships to Cornell is highly complimentary of the judgments exercised by our armed forces. with balanced programs. I do not see ROTC students is not to my mind a compelling rea­ as a threat to any other Cornell program son, although it is certainly part of the price If the armed forces, acting under civilian while retaining value and validity in its own to be paid for abolishing R .O.T.C.) direction and influence, perform their mis­ right. (3) If R.O.T.C. programs should continue sions in the best interests of the United States and hopefully the world, as directed The suggestion has been made to let Texas at Cornell, hopefully with some enthusiasm A & M, V.P.I. etc. produce our military of­ and honest cooperation to insure their by civll authority and do so in a spirit of pro­ ficers. Since the Ivy league produces so many respectability within the University, what tection and defense and not aggression, it leaders in government and politics are we changes, if any, in the content and mechanics seems to me that they are a moral force and indeed suggesting that the Midwestern and of the program would you like to see made? hold a necessary and legitimate place in our Southern schools develop those men who Which are vital? Which should receive top society. Thus, universities have the same re­ have to clean up after the failures of our priority? In parallel, what steps could the sponsibilities to the armed forces as they have proteges? Isn't this an example of the "in­ University administration and other academic to any special interest group-medicine, engi­ equities" that some of our students and departments ta ke on their side to enhance n~ering, agriculture, business, law, industry, faculty have been so concerned about? military officer education and its position in laoor, etc. The argument against specialized (3) The military has given honest coop­ the University? education or training of the military by uni­ eration to this University in the past and I shall be most grateful for your considered versities can be applied with equivalent logic gives every indication of being willing to do response. In responding, pleBISe tell me also to all of these groups. Some say let the mili­ so in the future. In return they should be whether you would object to having your tary conduct their own specialized post­ allowed to perform their teaching role by the statement exposed to the full Committee. I gr~~uate education programs and keep the university without unwarranted harassment. am indebted to those of you who already null tary off the campus. Others may say let Military curriculum should be left to the have sent me statements of your views. the sociologists conduct their own special­ faculty committee on military curriculum Please feel free to extend this invitation to ized postgraduate educational programs and and the military. We have no convincing any of your faculty colleagues. keep the sociologists off the campus. Accept evidence that the military at Cornell are one argument and it seems you should accept operating in any manner inconsistent with MAY 28, 1969. t h e second. Cornell traditions. If you find evidence to To: Prof. Gordon P. Fisher. A second compelling reason stems from the the contrary, my suggestion is that the mili­ From: Dean L. Linscott. philosophy of civilian control and influence t ary will encourage dialogue and bilateral Re: The ROTC Study. of t?e .military and other necessarily au­ action for improvement. I am impressed by Thank you for your memo of May 19 re­ t~ori tanan agencies. To disengage univer­ the general lack of criticism by students of garding the ROTC study. I am happy to for­ Sities from the military will cause a situa­ military courses, the manner of presentation, ward an opinion to you on this matter. Feel tion of inbreeding and seclusion which ulti­ and of the professional competency of the free to expose the statement to the full com­ mately may foster sharp confrontations be­ military professors. I say that there is no mittee if you so desire. tween civilian and military agencies at grass real problem with the ROTC at Cornell. roots as well as top levels. We should keep In summary, I think it would be a serious I will comment on the three points you civilians close to and within the military mentioned first. error for this University to remove ROTC structure who can appreciate the military from the campus. To do so would serve no (1) The universities of the nation should point of view, yet convey effectively to the creditable or legitimate purpose, in my support ROTC programs and engage in the armed forces a sense of civilian purview and opinion.

SENATE-Thursday, June 19, 1969 The Senate met at 11 o'clock a.m., and mercifully quicken all the senses with vealed in Thy Son who went about doing was called to order by the Vice President. which Thou hast endowed us, that each good, and in whose name we pray. Amen. The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward may be an opening door into the presence L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following of the Eternal. However few or many our prayer: days, we thank Thee for life itself and THE JOURNAL 0 God, whose splendor fills the world, that we may serve Thee here. Receive, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I whom we would worship in the beauty 0 Lord, the dedication of energies, that ask unanimous consent that the reading of holiness, and whom we can find in the amid the round of daily duties we may of the Journal of the proceedings of holiness of beauty, who art ever saying keep ever before us the vision of the Wednesday, June 18, 1969, be dispensed "he that hath ears to hear, let him hear" higher kingdom which Thou hast re- with.