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Karen Stark SAINTS, STONES, AND SPRINGS: CULT SITES AND THE SACRALIZATION OF LANDSCAPE IN MEDIEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2014 SAINTS, STONES, AND SPRINGS: CULT SITES AND THE SACRALIZATION OF LANDSCAPE IN MEDIEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE by Karen Stark (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 SAINTS, STONES, AND SPRINGS: CULT SITES AND THE SACRALIZATION OF LANDSCAPE IN MEDIEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE by Karen Stark (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 SAINTS, STONES, AND SPRINGS: CULT SITES AND THE SACRALIZATION OF LANDSCAPE IN MEDIEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE by Karen Stark (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor Budapest May 2014 CEU eTD Collection I, the undersigned, Karen Stark, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person‘s or institution‘s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 21 May 2014 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank, first and foremost, my supervisors, Gábor Klaniczay and József Laszlovszky. Their support and guidance have been invaluable, and I have been able to grow and develop as a scholar under their teaching. A big thank you also to Stanislava Kuzmova, Cristian-Nicolae Gaşpar, Ildikó Csepregi, Marianne Sághy, and Beatrix F. Romhányi who shared with me their vast knowledge on Central European saints and Central European holy places, and to Judith Rasson for her valuable feedback on my writing. I am also indebted to Eszter Konrád, who helped me to begin learning Hungarian and assisted me with numerous Hungarian translations, and to Aniello Verde for his kind help with Latin and Italian translations. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and sister for their gracious support of my research. CEU eTD Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: HAGIOGRAPHY, MIRACLES, AND THE PRESENTATION OF SACRED LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Skalka nad Váhom ....................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Jasna Góra.................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Margaret Island .......................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Pool of St. Stanislaus ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Gellért Hill ................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO: BETWEEN HISTORY AND FOLKLORE: THE HISTORIC ―REALITY‖ OF SACRED LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Capistran‘s Well ......................................................................................................... 26 2.2 St. Ulrich‘s Spring ..................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Ivy Well ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Mátraverebély Holy Well .......................................................................................... 32 2.5 Marianka .................................................................................................................... 36 2.6 St. Martin‘s Mountain................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER THREE: CENTRALITY VS REMOTENESS: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SACRED SITES ...................................................................................................................... 40 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX: SITE CATALOGUE .......................................................................................... 71 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 99 CEU eTD Collection i LIST OF FIGURES1 Fig. 1 St. Ulrich's Well and Chapel with the Parish Church of St. 99 Clement in the background. Heiligenbrunn, Austria. Fig. 2 Plaque dedicated to St. Gerard. Bakonybél, Hungary 100 Fig. 3 Plaque in the inner wall of the Ivy Well at Bakonybél 101 depicting St. Gerard's tame wolf and fawn. Fig. 4 Pilgrims collect water from Ladislaus's Spring in 1962. Image 102 from plaque at Mátraverebély. ―Szent László-forrás,‖ Kelet- Cserháti Erdészet (2014). Fig. 5 Major military and trade routes in Central Europe, 13th-14th c. 42 See fn. 127 for full references. Fig. 6 Hermits' caves at Mátraverebély. 102 Fig. 7 Lazar Map or Tabula Hungariae, 1528.Plihál, Katalin and 103 Antal Guszlev. ELTE Térképtudományi Tanszék.―A Lázár térkép települései.‖ Accessed May 16, 2014. http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/lazar/ Fig. 8 Close-up of Lazar Map showing the location of Mátraverebély 104 (here, Werbil). Ibid. Fig. 9 Ottoman map showing Buda and Pest from the East. Braun, 105 Georg and Franz Hohenberg.Theatri praecipuarum Totius Mundi Urbium Liber Sextus Anno. Cologne: National Széchényi Library, 1618. Fig. 10 Stone well outside the convent at Olomouc. Possible site of 106 Capistran's Well. Fig. 11 Well inside the Observant cloister in Olomouc. Possible site of 106 Capistran's Well. Fig. 12 Map of Cracow, 10th-12th c. The church of St. Michael at 107 Skałka is seen in the bottom center of the map. Carter, F. W. Trade and Urban Development in Poland: An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795. Cambridge CEU eTD Collection Studies in Historical Geography, Book 20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Fig. 13 Map depicting Buda, 13th-14th c. Notice St. Gellért‘s Chapel 108 at the southern edge of Buda at the base of the map. Györffy, György. Pest-Buda kialakulása: Budapest története a honfoglalástól az Árpád-kor végi székvárossá alakulásig [The 1 Please note: Unless otherwise noted, all photographs taken by the author, April 2014. ii formation of Budapest: The history of Budapest from the original settlement in the Arpadian Age to the development of a chief city]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1997. Fig. 7, 95. Fig. 14 Woodcut map of Cracow from the Nuremburg Chronicle, 109 1493. Schedel, Hartmann. Chronicle of the World. The complete and annotated Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493, ed. S. Füssel, 2001. Fig. 15 The monastery at Skalka nad Vahóm overlooking the Vah 73 River. Fig. 16 St. Ulrich's Well and Chapel. Clement's Church can bee seen 75 behind. Fig. 17 A pilgrim fills bottles with water from St. Ulrich‘s Spring. 76 Fig. 18 Side view of one of the possible ―Capistran's Wells.‖ The 78 Franciscan church stands just to the right. Fig. 19 The holy well and chapel at Bakonybél. 80 Fig. 20 View of the pilgrimage church at Mátraverebély. The site is 82 currently undergoing massive renovations. Fig. 21 Plaque at Mátraverebély describing the well's origins. 82 Fig. 22 The Pool of St. Stanislaus. 84 Fig. 23 The Church of St. Michael and the Pauline cloister at Skałka. 84 Fig. 24 The pool into which the holy stream at Marianka flows. 86 Fig. 25 ―Lourdes‖ style grotto with votive offerings at Marianka. 87 Fig. 26 St. Margaret's grave as it currently appears at Margaret Island. 89 Fig. 27 Ruins of the Dominican convent on Margaret Island. 90 Fig.

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