DOCSLIB.ORG

Paste Deposition Modelling, Deconstructing the Additive Manufacturing Process: Development of Novel Multi- Material Tools and Techniques for Craft Practitioners

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paste Deposition Modelling, Deconstructing the Additive Manufacturing Process: Development of Novel Multi- Material Tools and Techniques for Craft Practitioners PASTE DEPOSITION MODELLING, DECONSTRUCTING THE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESS: DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MULTI- MATERIAL TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CRAFT PRACTITIONERS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Esteban Schunemann Department of Engineering and Design, Brunel University London 2015 ii I. Abstract A novel paste deposition process was developed to widen the range of possible materials and applications. This experimental process developed an increasingly complex series of additive manufacturing machines, resulting in new combinations of novel materials and deposition paths without sacrificing many of the design freedoms inherit in the craft process. The investigation made use of open-source software together with an approach to programming user originated infill geometries to form structural parts, differing from the somewhat automated processing by 'closed' commercial RP systems. A series of experimental trials were conducted to test a range of candidate materials and machines which might be suitable for the PDM process. The combination of process and materials were trailed and validated using a series of themed case studies including medical, food industry and jewellery. Some of the object created great interest and even, in the case of the jewellery items, won awards. Further evidence of the commercial validity was evidenced through a collaborative partnership resulting in the development of a commercial version of the experimental system called Newton3D. A number of exciting potential future directions having been opened up by this project including silicone fabrics, bio material deposition and inclusive software development for user originated infills and structures. iii II. Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to both my supervisors, Dr. Sarah Silve and Dr. Richard Bateman, without whom this project would have been impossible, the advice, guidance, critique and assistance in report writing was instrumental in the success of this research project. I would like to thank Dr. Atanas Ivanov, Prof. Kai Cheng and Prof Tony Anson whose enthusiasm, support, provision of facilities and equipment were pivotal for the research. I must acknowledge Brunel University and the School of Engineering and Design, including academic and technical staff, in particular Dr. Richard Rakowski for his words of encouragement and for allowing me to teach alongside him, giving me a positive change in routine. Paul Barrett, for his patience in my endless requests for laser cutting, and Paul Yates for his knowledge and expertise in CNC machining. I also recognise the input by MSc students Efthimios Drakos and Jonathan Oxley for collaborating with me during the research project and bringing in valuable enthusiasm, feedback and companionship. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the following people whose advice and enthusiasm were of great benefit during the metal clay study development and validation: Helen O'Neal from the PMC studio whose vast knowledge in PMC and the provision of materials were of great help for the feasibility study and the latter applications of AM in metal clay; Frank Cooper from the Jewellery Innovation Centre in Birmingham City University for his support of the project as a judge in the Goldsmiths' 2013 awards; Ann Marie Shillito for including my work in her book; Digital Crafts. And last but not least Silvain Promount from IMakr for his valuable support, patience and faith in the project which has led to a partnership and a start- up that will allow to project to remain alive for years to come. iv I recognise that this research project would have been impossible without the funding provided by the Doctoral Training Grant scheme by the EPSRC, (ET/P504848/1) for which I am very thankful. v III. Declaration Author’s declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Taught Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, this work is my own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of others, is indicated as such. I have identified all material in this dissertation which is not my own work through appropriate referencing and acknowledgement. Where I have quoted or otherwise incorporated material which is the work of others, I have included the source in the references. Any views expressed in the dissertation, other than referenced material, are those of the author. SIGNED: ……………………………………………………………. DATE: …………….. (Signature of student) vi IV. Publication And Awards Arising From This Work Making futures 2013, paper and presentation, peer-reviewed Paste Deposition Modelling (PDM) A hybrid ALM/Craft process Praxis & Poetics 2013, paper and presentation Additive Manufacturing with Precious Metal Clay (PMC); Aesthetic Opportunities that Bridge Digital and Traditional Craft ResCon 2013 Brunel University, Research Student Conference, Abstract and presentation Books Some research outputs have also been published in Digital Crafts; industrial technologies for applied artists and designer makers. By Ann Marie Shillito. pages 114 and 124. Awards Silver and Joint winner of the 3D technological Innovation award at the Goldsmiths' Craft and Design Council 2013 awards. Inclusion of silver piece "Seashell" in the curated Ganoksin online gallery. 3rd place in the EPSRC science photo competition 2013, equipment category. vii V. Table of contents I. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ii II. Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... iii III. Declaration ....................................................................................................................... v IV. Publication And Awards Arising From This Work ........................................................... vi V. Table of contents ........................................................................................................... vii VI. List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xii VII. List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xxiv VIII. List of equations ............................................................................................................ xxv IX. Nomenclature .............................................................................................................. xxvi Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aim ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Structure Of Thesis ............................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Chapter Introduction ........................................................................................... 7 2.2 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing .............................................................. 8 2.2.1 File processing .............................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Build Times in ALM ..................................................................................... 10 2.3 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) ................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Motion control ........................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 G-code, machine programming ................................................................. 14 2.4 Additive Manufacture Systems .......................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Fused Deposition Modelling and Fused Filament Fabrication ................... 18 2.4.2 StereoLithography Apparatus (SLA) ........................................................... 27 2.4.3 Laser Additive Manufacturing .................................................................... 31 2.4.4 Inkjet 3d Printing (3dp) .............................................................................. 38 2.4.5 Inkjet 3DP in metals ................................................................................... 43 2.4.6 Polyjet, Multi Jet Modelling (MJM) And Multi Jet Printing (MJP) ............. 44 2.4.7 Laminated Object Manufacturing .............................................................. 46 2.5 Ceramic Additive Manufacturing ....................................................................... 48 2.5.1 Robocasting ................................................................................................ 48 2.5.2 Unfold......................................................................................................... 50 viii 2.5.3 WASP - Large Delta ...................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wire Embedding 3D Printer
    Wire Embedding 3D Printer Jacob Bayless, Mo Chen, Bing Dai Engineering Physics University of British Columbia April 12, 2010 Preface This project began when, seeking a self-sponsored project, we decided to pursue the concept of open-source hardware. While searching for a project to develop, we happened upon the RepRap 3D printer. The potential to close the gap between software and hardware that a 3D printer could offer was apparent, and we immediately set out in search of ways to improve the device. Thus began what would become the SpoolHead project, but we three may not claim all of the credit. A large share of the credit goes to the inventors of the RepRap itself, primarily Adrian Bowyer and Ed Sells, but also many other contributors. We also should thank Sebastien Bailard for promoting our project and helping us manage documentation. All of our work on the RepRap would never have been possible if we had not come across Wade Bortz, an inventive and unbelievably generous Vancouver RepRap developer who offered to print us a full set of Darwin parts. When we found that our extruder didn't have enough torque, Wade gave us one of his own geared extruders to \test out". He patiently bore our nagging questions and bicycled all the way to the University of British Columbia campus to attend our presentations. Wade represents the best example of how a community can build itself up around a project and bring people together. It was already near to the end of February when we came into contact with Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Printing of Concrete Structures
    Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER 3D printing of concrete structures Wolfs, Rob Award date: 2015 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain 3D PRINTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES GRADUATION THESIS R.J.M. Wolfs Eindhoven University of Technology Department of the Built Environment Master Architecture, Building and Planning Specialization Structural Design Title: 3D PRINTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Report number: A-2015.85 Version: 1.0 Date: February 2015 Student: R.J.M. (Rob) Wolfs ID-number: 0675429 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Graduation committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. T.A.M. Salet 1 (Chairman) Dr. Dipl.–Ing. J. Beetz 1 Dr.-Ing.
    [Show full text]
  • Neonate: Reinventing Open Source 3D Printers NEONATE: REINVENTING OPEN SOURCE 3D PRINTERS
    Neonate: Reinventing Open Source 3d Printers NEONATE: REINVENTING OPEN SOURCE 3D PRINTERS 1AMEY BAVISKAR, 2AMEYA JHAWAR, 3SOHAN MALEGAONKAR, 4ARTH VASAVADA 1,2,3,4Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Maharastra Abstract— In this paper we are presenting a open source software Neonate, which is combination of two existing open source software OpenSCAD and Printrun using Slic3r and OCP (One Click Print) Paradigm. Neonate that allows the fast development of 3D objects for fabrication on 3D printers. Fabricating with Neonate helps user to easily modify, share or print the 3D objects. Usage of three different software just to print an object is an arduous job. Instead of choosing strenuous path for printing an object this paper allows user to use a single software. As a non searched result, we have observed that Neonate also helps users to save their time. Keywords—Neonate, 3D Printer, Open Source, OpenSCAD, Printrun, OCP Paradigm I. INTRODUCTION later, in May 29th the first replication was achieved. Since then, the reprap community (original reprap 3D printing is a technique of creating 3D solid objects machines and derived designs) has been growing of practically any shape from its digital model and exponentially. The current estimated population is using almost any material. With the use of additive around 4500 machines. The second reprap generation, manufacturing, it refers to creation of objects using called Mendel, was finished in September 2009. Some sequential layering. It is exactly opposite of traditional of the main advantages of the Mendel printers over subtractive process such as drilling, boring and many Darwin are bigger print area, better axis efficiency, other similar processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Risks Report 2017 12Th Edition
    Strategic Partner of the Report The Global Risks Report 2017 12th Edition Strategic Partners Marsh & McLennan Companies Zurich Insurance Group Academic Advisers National University of Singapore Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of Pennsylvania Contents 4 Preface By Klaus Schwab 5 Foreword 6 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 10 Part 1: Global Risks 2017 – Economy: Growth and Reform – Society: Rebuilding Communities – Technology: Managing Disruption – Geopolitics: Strengthening Cooperation – Environment: Accelerating Action 22 Part 2: Social and Political Challenges 23 2.1 Western Democracy in Crisis? 29 2.2 Fraying Rule of Law and Declining Civic Freedoms: Citizens and Civic Space at Risk 35 2.3 The Future of Social Protection Systems 42 Part 3: Emerging Technologies 43 3.1 Understanding the Technology Risk Landscape 48 3.2 Assessing the Risk of Artificial Intelligence 53 3.3 Physical Infrastructure Networks and the Fourth Industrial Revolution 58 Conclusion 60 Appendices Appendix A: Description of Global Risks, Trends and Emerging Technologies 2017 Appendix B: Global Risks Perception Survey 2016 and Methodology 68 Acknowledgements As in previous years, the analysis contained in this Report builds on the Preface annual Global Risks Perception Survey, completed by almost 750 members of the World Economic Forum’s global multistakeholder community. The year 2017 will present a pivotal moment for the global community. The threat of a less cooperative, more inward-looking world also creates the opportunity to address global risks and the trends that drive them. This will require responsive and responsible leadership with a deeper commitment to inclusive development and equitable growth, both nationally and globally.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Printing at the Florida Public Library
    Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 1 • What is 3D “printing” • A bit of HISTORY • Types of 3D printing technology • Really Interesting 3D printing Applications! • Bringing it Home Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 2 • “A process for making a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model, typically by laying down successive thin layers of a material”. • 3D Printing is also referred to as- “ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING” Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 3 A “Three-Dimensional Digital Model” (Paper ‘n Pencil holder designed by students in recent FPL class) Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 4 Finished product printed with the library’s 3D printer Student Product Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 5 • Invented in 1983, 3D printing is not all that new • Chuck Hull, recognized as the “inventor” of 3D printing, filed for a patent August 8, 1986 • Hull coined the phrase “Stereo Lithography” for the technology used in his 3D printer when applying for the patent (granted March 11, 1986) • Let’s watch a brief CNN interview with Chuck Hull Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 6 • The year 2005 is a notable point in the history of 3D printing. This marks the start of the RepRap Project by Dr. Adrian Bowyer at Bath University in England • RepRap is short for replicating rapid prototyper. RepRaps are 3D printers with the additional ability to produce most of the parts necessary to assemble another identical printer. Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 7 “Darwin” The First RepRap Printer Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 8 • With the history lesson covered, let’s look at 3D Printing in the 21st century • What Technology is used to print 3D? • How do you actually make a 3D printed object? Prepared by-Robert Persing April 2017 9 Concrete Type Technologies Materials Thermoplastics (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on 3D Printing and Its Effects on the Future of Transportation
    CAIT-UTC-NC19 A Study on 3D Printing and its Effects on the Future of Transportation September 2018 Submitted by: Omar Jumaah, Doctoral Candidate Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 98 Brett Road Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058 [email protected] External Project Manager Patrick Szary, PhD Associate Director, CAIT Central Administration Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 100 Brett Road Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058 [email protected] In cooperation with Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey & State of Department of Transportation & U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration i Disclaimer Statement The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT) is a National UTC Consortium led by Rutgers, The State University. Members of the consortium are the University of Delaware, Utah State University, Columbia University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Texas at El Paso, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and University of South Florida. The Center is funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation. ii CAIT-UTC-NC19 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. CAIT-UTC-NC19 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date A Study on 3D Printing and its Effects on the Future of Transportation September 2018 6.
    [Show full text]
  • A Low-Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer Gerald Anzalone, Chenlong Zhang, Bas Wijnen, Paul Sanders, Joshua Pearce, Chenlong Zhang
    A Low-Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer Gerald Anzalone, Chenlong Zhang, Bas Wijnen, Paul Sanders, Joshua Pearce, Chenlong Zhang To cite this version: Gerald Anzalone, Chenlong Zhang, Bas Wijnen, Paul Sanders, Joshua Pearce, et al.. A Low- Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer. IEEE Access, IEEE, 2013, 1, pp.803-810. 10.1109/AC- CESS.2013.2293018. hal-02119701 HAL Id: hal-02119701 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02119701 Submitted on 4 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Received November 5, 2013, accepted November 20, 2013, published 00 xxxx, 0000. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2293018 A Low-Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer GERALD C. ANZALONE1, CHENLONG ZHANG1, BAS WIJNEN1, PAUL G. SANDERS1, AND JOSHUA M. PEARCE2 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Corresponding author: G. C. Anzalone ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Technical progress in the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) community has enabled a distributed form of additive manufacturing to expand rapidly using polymer-based materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Effecting Real-Time Optical Monitoring of Fused Filament 3D Printing Siranee Nuchitprasitchai, Michael Roggemann, Joshua Pearce
    Factors effecting real-time optical monitoring of fused filament 3D printing Siranee Nuchitprasitchai, Michael Roggemann, Joshua Pearce To cite this version: Siranee Nuchitprasitchai, Michael Roggemann, Joshua Pearce. Factors effecting real-time optical monitoring of fused filament 3D printing. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Springer Verlag, 2017, 2 (3), pp.133-149. 10.1007/s40964-017-0027-x. hal-02111406 HAL Id: hal-02111406 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111406 Submitted on 26 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Preprint: Nuchitprasitchai, S., Roggemann, M. & Pearce, J.M. Factors effecting real-time optical monitoring of fused filament 3D printing. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 2(3), pp 133–149 (2017). doi:10.1007/s40964-017-0027-x • Open source code for Matlab https://osf.io/hwdzm/ Factors Effecting Real Time Optical Monitoring of Fused Filament 3-D Printing Siranee Nuchitprasitchai 1, Michael Roggemann 1, Joshua M. Pearce 1,2,* 1. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton MI 2. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton MI * corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This study analyzes a low-cost reliable real-time optimal monitoring platform for fused filament fabrication-based open source 3-D printing.
    [Show full text]
  • Live Software for Reprap Assembly Workshops
    Torbjørn Ludvigsen Live Software For RepRap Assembly Workshops MASTER'STHESIS SUPERVISOR:MARCINJAKUBOWSKI EXAMINER:MARTINROSVALL DEPARTMENTOFPHYSICS UME AUNIVERSITY˚ This document was compiled on June 16, 2016. Status: Defended and approved This work is licensed under a Attribution 4.0 International licence. Copyright © 2016 Torbjørn Ludvigsen Abstract A key step when initiating robot powered production is setting up the control software. This can be a threshold for operators, especially if the software is fragmented and system requirements are extensive. One way to address this is to pre-configure all the control programs and bundle them with a system that fulfills all the requirements. In this work a live Operating System (OS) is loaded with control software and configured to meet the needs of those who have just as- sembled their first 3D printer. The problem of downloading, configuring and installing various 3D printer controlling programs is reduced to the problem of distributing and booting the live OS. The solution of loading it onto bootable USB drives is tested and evaluated in the context of a commercial RepRap Assembly Workshop (RAW), an event where people pay for RepRap 3D printer parts as well as assembly and usage supervision. The RAW is unusually short, so the bootable USB drives' potential to help RAW hosts with particularly tight time schemes is tested. The results show a limited success. The USB drive is documented not to work for 3 participant groups out of a total of 11 groups. As a solution to fragmented software and diverse system requirements, the live OS is found to work well once booted.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix to the Paper 3D Printen Van Scheepsmodellen SWZ-Maritime 2012
    Appendix to the paper 3D printen van scheepsmodellen SWZ-maritime 2012 This appendix contains additional material to the paper (which is in Dutch): • An abstract in English. • Links to relevant websites. • Additional figures and photos, which could not be accommodated in the paper. Abstract The paper 3D printing of ship models is aimed at methods for fast and low-cost fabrication of scale models of ship designs. After a survey of different fabrication technologies it is concluded that for Do-It-Yourself (DIY) printing the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), where a model is built up from tiny layers of plastic, is most appropriate. A driver in this conclusion is the emersion of low-cost FDM printers which are also available in the form of open- source hardware, such as the Dutch Ultimaker. The authors have access to appropriate software for the design of a ship hull as well as the internal arrangement, and this software was used to produce 3D printing files for the Ultimaker for two examples. These artefacts are presented and the experiences are discussed. One conclusion was that although the models where not always perfect (e.g. due to shrinkage strain), they might serve very well in the design process of a ship. Subsequently, the question of outsourcing is addressed, and a comparison is made between DIY and full-service outsourcing. Outsourcing brings more accurate model production technologies into reach of the common man, and examples of such are shown. The paper ends with an outlook into future developments. Links • The Reprap project: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap • Ultimaker 3D printer: http://blog.ultimaker.com/ • Personal Fabrication, in the Netherlands, in a FabLab: www.fablab.nl • Fablab Utrecht: http://www.protospace.nl/ • PIAS hull shape design module Fairway, with a brand GUI: http://www.sarc.nl/fairway/development • PIAS lay-out and compartment module Newlay: http://www.sarc.nl/pias/development • Outsourcing of 3D prints, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • General Design Procedure for Free and Open-Source Hardware for Scientific Equipment Shane Oberloier, Joshua Pearce
    General Design Procedure for Free and Open-Source Hardware for Scientific Equipment Shane Oberloier, Joshua Pearce To cite this version: Shane Oberloier, Joshua Pearce. General Design Procedure for Free and Open-Source Hardware for Scientific Equipment. Designs, MDPI, 2018, 2 (1), pp.2. 10.3390/designs2010002. hal-02111390 HAL Id: hal-02111390 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111390 Submitted on 26 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. designs Article General Design Procedure for Free and Open-Source Hardware for Scientific Equipment Shane Oberloier 1 and Joshua M. Pearce 1,2,3,* ID 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-906-487-1466 Received: 4 December 2017; Accepted: 22 December 2017; Published: 30 December 2017 Abstract: Distributed digital manufacturing of free and open-source scientific hardware (FOSH) used for scientific experiments has been shown to in general reduce the costs of scientific hardware by 90–99%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reprap Project
    CASE STUDY: THE REPRAP PROJECT 3D PRINTING 3D Printing Today • 3D Printing in the news: 3D printed… • Organs, toys, cars, buildings, astronaut food • 3D printers (I’m so meta even this acronym…) • 3D Printing Materials commercially available today • Plastics • Ceramics (including food grade) • Metal • Rapid prototyping accessible for artists, engineers, etc. 3D PRINTING 3D Printing Technology for RepRap • Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Method of 3D printing in which thin filament of material is pushed through a heated nozzle and deposited layer-by-layer on a surface • Based on US Patent 5,121,329 (first full description of FDM technology; now expired) • Objective of the RepRap project: create an open source 3D printer capable of printing all of the parts necessary to build a new RepRap (assisted self replication) 3D PRINTING Anatomy of an FDM 3D Printer • 3 Axis CNC Platform: Provides motion for the tool head and print bed in the X, Y, and Z axes • Extruder: Geared mechanism which accepts filament and feeds it into the hot end • “Hot End”: Heated nozzle which receives filament from the extruder and deposits it on the print surface • Control Electronics: Used to control movement of tool head and print bed, heating controls for print bed and hot end, homing and other features • Sensors: Provide feedback to control electronics about the position of tool head and print bed, as well as other features 3D PRINTING Anatomy of an FDM 3D Printer • Filament: A “wire” of material on a reel which is used by the 3D printer to create the 3D shape •
    [Show full text]