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Civil Disobedience Movement Was an Important Landmark in the History of Freedom Movement in India. Indian Freedom Movement, Whic

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Civil Disobedience Movement Was an Important Landmark in the History of Freedom Movement in India. Indian Freedom Movement, Whic CHAPTER-I BACKGROUND OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT Civil Disobedience Movement was an important landmark in the history of Freedom movement in India. Indian Freedom movement, which was confined to the upper class in the society and the urban centres till the end of Tilak era began to gradually assume the character of mass movement in Gandhi era. Civil Disobedience movement was the first political movement to reach the rural parts and different sections of the society. A few years before the actual beginning of this movement many factors were seen operating to prepare the necessary background. Swarajist politics, Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods, influence of Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, peasant awakening, labour organizations, workers strikes and birth of Communist Party, Ail India Women's Conference, Youth Conferences, tour of national leaders etc., significant factors prepared the background of the Civil Disobedience movement. Influence of Gandhiji1 s Leadership: After the death of Lokmanya Tilak in 1920, Mahatma Gandhi assumed leadership of the congress and in the same year he started the non-cooperation movement. His programme of non-cooperation movement consisted of surrender of titles, boycott of schools and colleges, boycott of 2 legislative council elections and foreign goods etc.. There v/ere many political leaders like Deshbandhu C.R. Das who did not favour Gandhiji's programme of boycott of legislative council. But the decision of boycott of the legislative council was taken by the Congress and so they had to accept it. In 1 922 Gandhi ji was sentenced to six years imprisonment. Upto that period he was not opposed by any political group except N.C. Kelkar partly in Maharashtra. However, during the late 1920's nationalist thought began to produce favourable effects upon the masses. Since 1927 Gandhiji's influence among the masses was steadily growing. Gandhiji is rightly called the father of the nation. He advised the people to use Khadi and Swadeshi goods. He devoted his energies for Hindu-Muslim unity, eradication of untouchabiIity and emancipation of women. He brought women and'peasants in the national struggle and that is why Indian masses were attracted largely towards the Congress. He taught the people the technique of Satyagraha, which h8 first evolved in South Africa, and which is less dangerous and more effective. Satyagraha is a simple technique in which men women and children can participate. His Satyagraha was based upon the principle of truth and non-violence (Ahimsa), which he applied for achieving Indian Independence. Kelkar party in Maharashtra, which was influenced 3 by Lokmanya Tilak's philosophy, opposed Candhian philosophy. Further, Kelkar and his followers separated themselves from Swaraj Party in 1926 and formed 'Pratiyogita Sahakarita Party (Responsive Co-operationist Pary). The KeJkar party wanted to revolt against the Congress. In addition to that they wanted to show that they belonged to Lokmanya party and so they named their party as ‘Pratiyogita Sahakarita1. They set an ill example by revolting against the Congress and Swaraj Party. But very soon the Kelpar Party's influence started declining. There were two groups in it even when Tilak was alive. Of these two groups, one was closer to the revolutionary party and in it persons like Kakasaheb Khadilkar, Annasaheb Paranjape, Gangadharrao Deshpande were included. The other group was closer to the moderate party of G.K. Cokhale. Persons like N.C. Kelkar and Dadasaheb Karandikar were included in it. As Tilak's politics was becoming more and more revolutionary, Kelkar and Khadilkar could not see eye to eye with Tilak. After the death of Tilak, the revolutionary persons like Khadilkar, Paranjape and Deshpande joined the non-violent movement of Mahatma Candhi. At the same time the persons like Kakasaheb Khadilkar, Shankarrao Deo, V.M. Bhuskute, Annasaheb Dastane, Acharya Shankarrao Jawadekar, Acharya Bhagawat, Kakasaheb CadgiI, Kakasaheb Kalelkar tried to propoyate Candhian philosophy among the people of Maharashtra, Not 4 only that, but they included many Maharashtrians to take part in Candhiji‘s non-violent movement. So, Candhiji secured good response for his non-cooperation movement and further movements from Maharashtra. At the same time Indian revolutionary philosophy was influenced slowly by the Marxist philosophy and so the Kelkar party started dec Iining.1 During and after the Non-cooperation movement, Mahatma Candhi visited Maharashtra and delivered many speeches at Bombay, Poona, Sholapur, Dhule, Nasik etc.. He attended the first Maharashtra Provincial Conference at Wasai in 1921 in Thana district. On 24 May he visited Barsi and Kurduwadi and on 2 5**'May he was in Pandharpur 2 in Sholapur district. In January 1S24 Candhiji ws released from jail. On the morning of 11 March 1924 he arrived at Bombay and resumed the editorship of Young India and Nava jivan. He delivered speeches at many places and appealed to the public to join the national struggle. On September 4, 1924 he visited Sevasadan and Ahilyashram in Poona and also attended the convocation ceremony of Tilak MahavidyaIaya, addressed the students and appealed to 3 them to struggle for Swaraj. Swarajists1 Politics (Pro-changers—No-changers) ; Candhiji suddenly stopped the Non-cooperation movement due to the Chauri Chaura Incident. Therefor*', 5 many leaders of the Congress were frustrated and Swaraj within one year remained a dream. By the end of 1922 Congress was disturbed on the question of council entry. There were two groups - those who were against council entry were known as the no-changers and those who wished to enter the council were called the pro-changers. On the same issue Gaya Congress was held in December 1922 under the presidentship of Deshbandhu C.R. Das. C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and their supporters wished to enter the council. But they were defeated in the Gaya Congress. After the defeat at Gaya session, C.R. Das resigned the Congress Presidentship and formed a new party named the 'Congresss-Khilafat-Swaraj Party' within the Congress in January 1 923. The main strategy of the party was to carry on constitutional fight in the council. Their aim was mending or ending t,he council. Swaraj Party was quite powerful in many provinces. In Bombay province the prominent Swarajists were: Dr. M.R. Jaykar, N.C. Kelkar, Dr. Munje, M.S. Aney, J.M. Mehta, B.G. Kher, Shantaram N. Dabhoikar, A.G. Muigaonkar, K. Natarajan, K.F. Nariman, J.K. Mehta, Purshottamdas Tricumdas, S.H. Jabhwala, Bhulabhai Desai, R.N. Mandalik, M.B. Velkar, Jafferbhai H. La Iji, M.D. Nanavati, Vitthalbhai Patel etc.. Swaraj Party won many seats in the elections of 1923. On Gandhiji's release from the jail in 1924 Deshbancu.u Das called on him in Bombay and discussed with him matters related to the council entry debate. After much discussion Candhiji agreed that the Congress should help Swarajists and Das assured of his support to the constructive work programme. He also assured that they would leave the council and join Satyagraha campaign under Candhiji if they failed in working at the council. But unfortunately the Deshpandhu died in 1925, Kelkar Party also separated itself from the Swaraj Party in 1926-27. Thus, the work of Swaraj Party became very slow. Though Swaraj Party got many seats in the election, they could not succeed in getting Swaraj.1* Although the Swaraj Party survived for only a brief period, it cannot be denied that the party did render some useful service to the nationalist cause. It raised the enthusiasm of the people who had been frustrated on account' of the sudden suspension of the Non-cooperation movement. By throwing bills and budgets introduced by the government, it created several obstacles. It also drew attention of the government to the infeasibiIity of the system of dyarchy, and generally discredited the British in the eyes of the world. In 1925 it also carried by majority in the Central Legislative Council a resolution demanding the establishment of full responsible government in the country. In these ways the Swaraj Party fostered the cause of national movement and constitutional development but could not succeed in getti ng Swaraj. Labour Organisations: The overproduction crises (Economic depression) of 1929, which covered the whole world, seriously affected the Indian industrial workers. In 1928-29 there arose a wave of factory and railway workers* strike. A special feature of the strike was that they were better organised and more militant. So, the emergence of industrial working class was an independent force. A number of workers' organisations like the All India Trade Union, Cirni Kamgar Union etc. emerged and they organised the workers. They brought about several strikes. In 1923 a big strike bvroke out in Ahmedabad and in 1924 there took place a general strike of the Bombay textile workers involving 1,60,000 workers. The strike lasted for almost three months. In 1925 a general strike took place again among the Bombay textile workers involving 1,52,000 workers, who rose up against the wage cut. The strike ended in a victory for the workers. In 1926, 35,000 men of BengaI-Nagpur Railway went on strike against the dismissal of the trade union functionary. The striking railway men also demanded increase in their wages. The working class became more organised during the period of 1923-30. In April 1928, 1,50,000 Bombay textile workers 8 went on strike under the banner of the Cirani Kamagar Union. The Bombay strike continued for six months with a heavy loss of workdays and compelled the mi I(owners to recognize the revolutionary Cirani Kamgar Union and appointed a committee to enquire into wage-rate. While the strike was in progress at Bombay, the workers tools at several factories in Sholapur and at many stations on Creat indian Peninsular Railway (CIP for short}.5 Another significant development of this period was the emergence of Workers and Peasants Party.
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