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Journal of Cave and Karst Studies Editor of the National Speleological Society Malcolm S

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Journal of Cave and Karst Studies Editor of the National Speleological Society Malcolm S August 2004 JOURNAL OF Volume 66 Number 2 ISSN 1090-6924 A Publication of the National CAVE AND KARST Speleological Society STUDIES Ten Acre Room, Cumberland Caverns, Tennessee Journal of Cave and Karst Studies Editor of the National Speleological Society Malcolm S. Field National Center of Environmental Assessment (8623D) Volume 66 Number 2 August 2004 Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CONTENTS 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20460-0001 202-564-3279 Voice 202-565-0079 FAX Article [email protected] Application of resistivity and magnetometry geophysical techniques for near-surface investigations in karstic terranes in Ireland Production Editor P.J. Gibson, P. Lyle, and D.M. George 35 James A. Pisarowicz Wind Cave National Park Article Hot Springs, SD 57747 605-673-5582 Estimating subterranean species richness using intensive sampling [email protected] and rarefaction curves in a high density cave region in West Virginia Katie Schneider and David C. Culver 39 BOARD OF EDITORS Anthropology Article Patty Jo Watson Department of Anthropology A Late Tertiary origin for multilevel caves along the western Washington University escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee and Kentucky, St. Louis, MO 63130 established by cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be [email protected] Darlene M. Anthony and Darryl E. Granger 46 Conservation-Life Sciences Julian J. Lewis Long and Deep Caves of the World 56 J. Lewis & Associates, Biological Consulting 217 West Carter Avenue Bob Gulden Clarksville, IN 47129 812-283-6120 Guide to Authors 58 [email protected] Earth Sciences-Journal Index Article Ira D. Sasowsky Landform differentiation within the Gunung Kidul Kegelkarst, Department of Geology University of Akron Java, Indonesia Akron, OH 44325-4101 Eko Haryono and Mick Day 62 330-972-5389 [email protected] Book Review Exploration Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science 70 Paul Burger Cave Resources Office 3225 National Parks Highway Carlsbad, NM 88220 (505)785-3106 [email protected] Paleontology Greg McDonald Geologic Resource Divison National Park Service P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2821 [email protected] Social Sciences Joseph C. Douglas History Department Volunteer State Community College 1480 Nashville Pike Gallatin, TN 37066 615-230-3241 [email protected] The Journal of Cave and Karst Studies (ISSN 1090-6924, CPM Number #40065056) is a multi-disciplinary, refereed journal published three times a year by the National Speleological Society, 2813 Cave Avenue, Huntsville, Alabama Book Reviews 35810-4431 USA; (256) 852-1300; FAX (256) 851-9241, e-mail: [email protected]; World Wide Web: http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/. The annual subscription fee, worldwide, by surface mail, is $18 US. Airmail deliv- Ernst H. Kastning ery outside the United States of both the NSS News and the Journal of Cave and Karst Studies is available for an addi- P.O. Box 1048 Radford, VA 24141-0048 tional fee of $40 (total $58); The Journal of Cave and Karst Studies is not available alone by airmail. Back issues and [email protected] cumulative indices are available from the NSS office. POSTMASTER: send address changes to the Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 2813 Cave Avenue, Huntsville, Alabama 35810-4431 USA. Proofreader The Journal of Cave and Karst Studies is covered the the following ISI Thomson Services: Science Citation Index Donald G. Davis Expanded, ISI Alerting Services, and Current Contents/Physical, Chemical, and Earth Sciences. JOURNAL ADVISORY BOARD Copyright © 2004 by the National Speleological Society, Inc. Printed on recycled paper by American Web, 4040 Chris Groves Carol Hill Dahlia Street, Denver, Colorado 80216 USA Horton Hobbs III David Jagnow Front cover: Ten Acre Room, Cumberland Caverns, TN. Photo by Bob Biddix. See Darlene M. Anthony and Darryl E. Julia James Kathy Lavoie Granger, p. 46. Joyce Lundberg Donald MacFarlane William White P.J. Gibson, P. Lyle, and D.M. George - Application of resistivity and magnetometry geophysical techniques for near-surface investigations in karstic terranes in Ireland. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 66, no. 2, p. 35-38. APPLICATION OF RESISTIVITY AND MAGNETOMETRY GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR NEAR-SURFACE INVESTIGATIONS IN KARSTIC TERRANES IN IRELAND P.J. GIBSON Environmental Geophysics Unit, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, REPUBLIC OF IRELAND P. LYLE School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim, NORTHERN IRELAND D.M. GEORGE Environmental Geophysics Unit, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, REPUBLIC OF IRELAND Extensive glacial surficial deposits in Ireland prevent the identification of many karst features. Surface magnetic and resistivity geophysical measurements have been used to identify unknown karstic features. Two dimensional resistivity imaging has located an unknown 210-meter-long, 70-meter-wide and 25- meter-deep collapse feature in eastern Ireland beneath the surficial sediments. A resistivity survey over the Cloyne cave system in County Cork has identified the position of an unknown cave. A magnetic inves- tigation of an infilled paleokarst collapse structure produced a 40 nanoTesla anomaly and illustrates that the technique can be employed in Ireland to locate unknown ones. Although most karstic regions are characterised by caves, collapse features or passageways, such features often do not have a surface expression, and their presence may go unrecorded. Approximately 35% of Ireland’s land surface is underlain by Mississippian limestone, and karst landforms are known from Counties Roscommon, Fermanagh, Galway and the Burren in County Clare (Figure 1). However, most of the limestone is extensively covered by Quaternary glacial sedi- ments, especially in the Irish midlands. It is believed that wide- spread karstification occurred in Ireland during the Tertiary, but the character of such karst landscapes is wholly unknown because of this surficial cover (Drew 1997). Geophysical sur- veying can, in certain circumstances, provide us with the means of locating karst features. A commonly employed geo- physical technique employed in karst terranes is gravity sur- veying because the density contrast between air and rock is large. This has been employed to a limited extent in Ireland (Hickey & McGrath 2003), but a drawback of this technique is the large number of corrections — latitudinal, elevational, topographical, tidal and drift — that have to be applied to the data before they can be modeled. However, there are other geophysical techniques which can be used in karst terranes, two of which are considered here: magnetometry and resistiv- ity (Gibson et al. 1996; El-Behiry & Hanafy 2000). The former technique is used to investigate a paleokarst structure and the latter technique employed to discover an unknown collapse structure and cave in Ireland. The resistivity data were collect- ed and modeled in the field on a laptop computer in less than one hour. The magnetometry study took less than 20 minutes, providing near real-time acquisition of subsurface information Figure 1: Location map showing localities mentioned in the which can be acted on while still in the field. text. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 2004 • 35 APPLICATION OF RESISTIVITY AND MAGNETOMETRY GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES Figure 2: Paleokarst collapse feature in the Carboniferous limestone in County Tyrone, northern Ireland. MAGNETIC CASE STUDY A proton precession magnetometer was used to measure Figure 3: (a) Magnetic susceptibility plot of limestone and the Earth’s total magnetic field which varies with latitude, infilled sediment for paleokarst collapse feature near from about 30,000 nanoTesla (nT) near the equator increasing Cookstown, County Tyrone, northern Ireland. (b) Results to around 65,000 nT near the poles. The theoretical principles of magnetometer traverse across the same feature. regarding such magnetometers can be found in standard geo- physical texts (Sharma 1997; Gibson & George 2003). RESISTIVITY CASE STUDIES Magnetic susceptibility is a property of a body and is a measure of how easily it can be magnetized. Limestone has an Electrical resistivity techniques involve inputting current extremely low susceptibility, thus a collapse feature infilled by into the ground via two source electrodes and measuring the sediment with a higher susceptibility will be associated with potential difference between two sink electrodes — see Gibson higher magnetic readings. Collapse features are known to exist & George (2003) for further details. In this study the process near Cookstown, northern Ireland, but other unknown ones, was automated using a multi-core cable and 25 electrodes and which pose a potential risk of collapse, are suspected. A mag- a two-dimensional apparent resistivity pseudosection was pro- netic study was made of a known one to ascertain if this duced. The pseudosection was modeled using RES2DINV pro- approach could be adopted in the search for unknown ones. gram which utilizes a least-squares optimization approach in Figure 2 shows a funnel-shaped 15m-deep paleokarst collapse order to determine how the true resistivity varies with depth feature. The structure is 8 meters across nearest the surface and (Loke & Barker 1995; 1996). In the examples shown here, is capped by a 1.5 meter thick grainstone which indicates a errors are of the order of 5 per cent. return to marine conditions after the sub-aerial
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