Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. utn eeto rsuefo aiepeaos vnhnigdg o te ais sdb indigenous by used canids) other group (or experienced dogs never hunting have Even may predators. Chile creating native of species from native deer pressure no Endemic were selection guanacos. there hunting on Andes, the pressures of predation east group-hunting canids group-hunting e.g. hypercarnivorous e.g. of predators, extinction predators, on cursorial ambush literature of smaller both the inspection consider kicking review We predator we behaviour. guanacos: Here, hunting of including paleoe- unclear. and behaviours canids, is ecologies the domestic However, distributions, Chile their and predators. and South canids, wild America cursorial endemic Chilean pack-hunting South and and southern of guanacos American in absence that South presence suggested the canid previously in of been evolved cology has have It may dogs. deer feral ( American hunting pack guanacos by especially predation Chile, to of species prey Artiodactyl Abstract adaptations prey on parts impacts Rochefort other Benjam´ın and Silva and Chile Chile in in camelids canids and of deer History native of assess conservation to the order to well) in dogs investigation as feral further and center by require guanacos the posed that of America. threat presumably hypotheses susceptibility South the separate (and the of seven to Chile for detail respond account of We to may south attacks. This best extreme dog how strategies. feral and dogs hunting to hunting north ambush species Even within far prey primarily predators. the other native used in guanacos. from been on groups have pressure pressures indigenous to selection predation by hunting appear group-hunting used group creating experienced canids) species never other native have (or may no Chile were of there deer Andes, huntingEndemic the e.g. and of predators, ecologies east antipredator ambush canids distributions, known group-hunting two of their establish e.g. inspection We canids, predators, predator breeds. Chilean cursorial familiaris and smaller Canis guanacos: American including of canids, South Chile behaviours domestic the and on and in defense America wild literature evolved South both have the southern consider may in review We deer presence we behaviour. American canid South Here, of endemic paleoecology and unclear. the However, guanacos is that predators. suggested cursorial pack-hunting previously of been absence has It ( dogs. guanacos feral especially hunting Chile, of species prey Artiodactyl Abstract 2021 3, May 2 1 adaptations prey on impacts Benjam´ın Silva and Chile in canids of History otfia ahlcUiest fChile CNRS of University Catholic Pontifical URCSO NS u´eNtoa ’itieNtrle ai,France Paris, Naturelle, d’Histoire Mus´ee National CNRS, Chile Santiago, CESCO, Biodiversity, UMR and Chile 4. Ecology Santiago, Sustainability, of and Institute Ecology 3. Chile Applied Santiago, of Chile, Center Cat´olica Biol´ogicas, de Universidad 2. Ciencias de Facultad 1. 1 n eeihRoot-Bernstein Meredith and 1 eeihRoot-Bernstein Meredith & yaoe culpaeus Lycalopex ai familiaris Canis yaoe culpaeus Lycalopex epooeta ic h aePesoeeetnto fhypercarnivorous of extinction Pleistocene late the since that propose We . aaguanicoe Lama 1 res eetbihtokonatpeao defense antipredator known two establish We breeds. 2 2,3,4 aaguanicoe Lama r eotdt evr ucpil opeainb pack by predation to susceptible very be to reported are ) epooeta ic h aePleistocene late the since that propose We . uaconcolor Puma r eotdt evr susceptible very be to reported are ) uaconcolor Puma n uhn tadkicking and at rushing and , n uhn tand at rushing and , Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oee,teeaeas eaiua n vltoayfaue fpeaost osdrwe rigt under- basis to cultural trying or when legal consider a to of predators lack of features the evolutionary to and due that behavioural partly noted also is are be Chile there should in However, otherwise. It dogs or offspring. by young lethal posed on control, species predate their to primarily for threat dogs the feral reintroduction of but extent and dogs, the conservation with the humans preventing by vicu˜na factor ( harassed (2018), a al. be et to killed McLaren considered being is to presence susceptible ( particularly dog of be guanaco and to dogs, principally 2020) N´ucleo native feral Guanacos camelids, Grupo by on Chile native WCS predate The comm. and dogs. (pers. experts 2009), feral al. and shepherd et taruka, by (Shuttler of fawns Chile that in state 2007) nest Sieving that (Silva-Rodr´ıguez & birds fox wildlife huemul migratory harass native pudu of and including the on eggs species, with prey deer the competitors to eat likely interference Freely 2010), Chile. more are al. in are dogs species fed Rural threatened ranging poorly freely of 2011). and are populations feral that the Both areas. dogs in deaths agricultural includes reductions ranging roam this significant freely that to cause allowed noted dogs dogs be human-dependent domestic should and it feral damage. although both Mu˜noz environmental by 2014), & as caused (Bonacic well annually as deaths economic sheep represent 57,000 dogs feral feral Chile, by and In posed evolution challenge the conservation knowledge how of the understand state to better the responses to evaluating order by possible review in affect for our researched dogs. interactions evidence end be predator-prey also we Precolumbian the to of and and with all need Chile, ecology deer associated at that of why canids completely hypotheses case domesticated explain more suggesting the as can look species. and on well We it focus deer as dogs. We whether predators American there feral presence. ask prehistoric human to South that to of vulnerable the imply hypothesis, strategies so predators of investment, hunting this are cursorial the radiation reproductive extend America to the and South and adapted during of re-examine locomotion, not camelids present we size, are predators paper, body deer ambush this angle like American In only one of traits South been addressed hotspot deer the have partly a that that must (1998) is and concluded Geist America he dogs, particular? South when like in 2016). question America spread al. this South predators, et of in native (Lessa displace threat wildlife conservation areas sized protected destabilizing medium Brazilian in and familiaris dogs small C. ranging decline predate significant freely and a and Islands diseases, Feral ecosystems Galapagos 1981). the destabilize on Snell may example, & which For ( native 2013). predators, iguanas on Macdonald predation other marine & their in with Hughes of 2014; competition because al. mainly and et conservation, (Ritchie diseases, for of of effects problem negative serious transmission the a that species, are show dogs impacts, Feral dog feral widespread. ( of is review dogs global feral a by in caused (2011), biodiversity to damage The Introduction deer of native evolution of ethnography; conservation hunting; the ambush; to strategy dogs cursorial; predation feral dogs; behavior; by prehispanic prey America. posed South defense; threat of anti-predator the parts Keywords: to other investigation and and respond further guanacos Chile require to been of that in have best hypotheses susceptibility to camelids how separate the appear and seven assess well) detail for to We as account attacks. center order dog may the in feral This presumably to (and strategies. species Chile hunting prey of other ambush south within extreme primarily and north used far the in groups aaguanicoe Lama ipcmlsbisulcus Hippocamelus eaieipcso hetndseis(oet ta.21) h xcl r ossc a such dogs are exactly Why 2017). al. et (Doherty species threatened on impacts negative nlreprso t itrclrne(a´a ta.21;Gn´lz21) codn to According Gonz´alez 2010). 2010; al. (Far´ıas et range historical its of parts large in mlricu cristatus Amblyrhinchus uupuda Pudu Fuc mt-lek20;Crie l 00.Rprsfo eu(Barrio Peru from Reports 2010). al. et Corti 2006; Smith-Flueck & (Flueck iun vicugna Vicugna ipcmlsantisensis, Hippocamelus SlaRd´ge ta.20;SlaRd´ge ivn 02,and 2012), Sieving Silva-Rodr´ıguez & 2009; al. (Silva-Rodr´ıguez et eutdfo h salsmn fdg nteiln (Kruuk island the on dogs of establishment the from resulted ) ,ahg-liuerltv ftegaao r utdand hunted are guanaco, the of relative high-altitude a ), ai familiaris) Canis 2 eras on nnrhr hl,myb killed be may Chile, northern in found also deer a swl-salse lbly on tal. et Young globally. well-established is yaoe griseus Lycalopex aaguanicoe Lama .familiaris C. .familiaris C. setmtdt cause to estimated is ,aecniee by considered are ), (Silva-Rodr´ıguez et nntv species native on Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. la.W ou ncnd ipybcueteeaent n aenvrbe,aygophnigo cursorial or group-hunting when entirely any understand not been, never is to have which and need America, not, we South are America. Thus there of South because cone predators. in simply southern hunting felids canids the experienced evolutionary on group past in focus deer—lack the cursorial We be appeared in and clear. of first may never species—camelids they canids form predator that 2006). group-hunting prey of the establish (Blumstein cursorial Chilean to kind years in need native of any would pressures thousands we key of anti-predator selection of predation, that presence of group tens cursorial the hypothesis Components for to behaviours 945). but the adaptations antipredation (p. pressure, assess of ” predation . suite to . adjust. whole of So, a can loss retain animal under to an is lost enough that this be and behaviours behaviours “antipredation can that differently many independent that behaviour point of completely respond imply valuable of the composite must make this evolution a (2005) the prey Cresswell does are imply and Although Lind necessarily behaviours, predator. not trait? each defense does to adaptive responses this appropriate an predators, different lack lack to they camelids appropriately foxes, problem—that and and evolutionary puma deer including an American predators, vicu˜nas’ them. South main guanaco, ambush If whether of and case grass clear long the entirely the to vicu˜na in not Similarly describes hide call. is (2006) short Oyama alarm guanacos’ stamina. It an greater to MR-B). with giving mortality dogs obs. outrun dog-caused to pers. high unable ( them attributes leaving 2008; Gonz´alez flight, cursorial (2010) fast Baldi but of escape packs, & bursts to predator dog Marino adaptations and ( inspect [1839]; puma vigilance lack and guanacos the group 2015 guanaco runners, predator, demonstrates native than (Darwin that main guanaco rather ambush suggested its The countering bounders been 2016). for approach saltatorial suitable Svenning also they are inspection, suggests & has attacks, which (Root-Bernstein It to “curious” hunters 1998). are late out pack picks deer (Geist too predators American respond stamina more South or also lack calls that one he They notes where what strategy threats. Geist against cursorial prey. defenses possible a its appropriate mean lack down to deer runs appears American the and he South which to the by of distance predators, all predators. “culling” the that notes shortening cursorial (1998) by Geist than 2014). state, as ambush overtaken. feral maladaptive, inspect being its and of gazelle, to In risky chances of likely the be study increase a more to may In likely much it review). is were predator excellent predators an they provides predator cursorial that 1994 a the Inspecting take (FitzGibbon following found is advantage to and/or predation (1994) this ability ambush surrounding predators, gain their against approaching, FitzGibbon either cannot defence is cursorial at, effective it predators and staring escape An that ambush of sizes, distance. so of to consists group short advantage Essentially, which a the group sizes, 2004). inspection” from contrast, tactics, body surprise “predator By al. by predator escape them. et individual different lose calls, prey Caro or for targeted alarm outrun (see suited predators, to strategies be need for predation may prey scanning ambush which as 1999). on, or such al. so pursuit et adaptations and rely (Sarno have may tactics, head it species the defence ( distance; to prey puma short bite turn, a example, crushing from For In specialized prey 1992). a the Sheldon with at 1987; kill rush stalks (Fox or that predator on tactics predators the pounce bringing strategies, killing on ambush can may specialized relying In it Gonz´alez predators, running rather on 2010). until 1992; tactics, its undetected other Sheldon killing on remaining 1987; like specific prey, relies (Fox lack the Canids, biting predator may by the 2004). and down prey, strategies, a. prey to the cursorial the exhaust likely et In to strategies. (Wang 1992) stamina ambush (Sheldon and exceptions or adaptations foragers some (pursuit) cooperative cursorial with either obligate carnivores, scavenge)use are of may as ones (but terms specialized larger kill canids In not strategy. be and Small do hunting foragers, 1992). that its cooperative (Sheldon omnivores and are facultative themselves niche, Canidae) understanding than predator’s (Carnivora: When larger the canids wildlife. most consider: prey Chilean general to to in factors threat niches, key difficult-to-control their two and are large a there present predation, dogs feral why stand .vicugna V. ntePrva ne sapocigpsil het uha os n aigpeaoswhile predators facing and dogs, as such threats possible approaching as Andes Peruvian the in ) .familiaris C. ut npcsuigacroilsrtg Frıse l 00 ici tal. et Ritchie 2010; al. (Far´ıas et strategy cursorial a using packs in hunts 3 < gaesltr oaes ais61 gare kg 6-13 canids foragers, solitary are kg 6 .concolor P. uaconcolor Puma ,wihhnsb solitary by hunts which ), r ambush are ) Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. faln neato ihhmn.A uasarvdi h mrcsa h n ftePesoee and Pleistocene, any the gives of this end 2020), the al. at et consequence Americas Braje a 2018; the be may al. in (G´omez-Carballa which et arrived kya of humans 14.5 all As 1977), around (Clutton-Brock humans. Chile such pelage southern with canids, its in domesticated interaction on of long patches typical a white traits and of morphological head shows bulbous 1880s, a 1977). the Clutton-Brock as mainland by in extinct that (quoted and 1839 tribes Islands, American in Falklands South wrote by of hunting Smith for sightings used Hamilton reported and Charles been historian have that natural there theories Austin English this, also 2011; may of are al. spite There et process (Prevosti In 1870. European extinction as Pleistocene 2015). the the late al. in as although et recently, explorers begining Prevosti distribution fairly 2013; its in extinct al. in went et distribution reductions by belonged, a initiated had wolf) been have genus Falklands have The to the 2009). known as al. canids et known Prevosti Pleistocene 2014; American al. M´endez et (e.g. South now-extinct the was genus of Chile extinct one the only to The related Chile be in canids to American lineage South last this consider 2009) al. previously. species et of one Slater ( 2010), 2013; al. wolves et World (Perini Old lineages (genera two foxes to into World 2009). divided Old al. are to canids et similar American (Prevosti South contemporary prey below). 13 sized (see The hypercarnivores medium the and than large later other much extinct megafauna. and canids hunted non-hypercarnivorous as sloths, have the distributed giant likely end as species, camelids, well most the Pleistocene as would at hypercarnivorous predator, 2018), extinct cursorial The (Prevosti went group-living tropics. Argentina all the as genera in ( south these water far dog of near bush Members living the 2010). canid genus Prevosti except carnivorous the 2004; Pleistocene, in (Sheldon (2021) al. the al. hunters et et of (Wang Perri group by data) included cooperative molecular recently obligatory been to has be cons- it although energetic to America, genera, to likely North 4 due very from size came from also in hypercarnivores thus and distinct ancient large meat American requirements, and hypercarnivores are 70% South were and hypercarnivores 2004) least The 7 Canidae, characteristics 1992). al. at least in ecological of et Particularly at unique (Wang composed which group. have traints diet of the Jaramillo so a and of species, with 2016, and species canid al. (GABI), species 2004), other new et Interchange those of Steppan O’Dea Biotic are evolution 2015, & American Hypercarnivores al. the (Holliday Great et 2018). to Bacon Forasiepi the led (see & in GABI Mya lineages. (Prevosti The America, upon multiple 20 into as 2017). Eurasia South radiated early al. to to they as et first where spread started Mya), spread have also (7-8 may and they however Miocene America which Mya late North inhabited the 3,5 studies, in in at phylogenetic Strait originated for Later, Bering used Canids the criteria Mya. of the formation 3 on the depending around 2004), since al. America et (Wang South canids extinct 16 to Up canids American South ecology hunting their roles, and ecological America. Canids and South behaviours of their cone and Here, southern canids conservationists. the prehispanic to and of of accessible Chile presence way kinds the on any a of for in focusing descriptions evidence synthesized behavioural existing been and ago. review not years ecological have we 500 and canids, around America, American starting South Americas South in the prehispanic canids to dogs of domestic history brought the conquistadors However, European that clear is It Canis, uiynavus Dusicyon .familiaris C. h atrhvn he species three having latter the hyoynadSpeothos and Chrysocyon n hsbcm neonsbebtntncsaiyetnt(orr 09.The 2009). 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All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. shils os h r-ouba rgn fteepsil resi nnw.VnAc ta.(2013) al. Peru- et the Asch including Van breeds, well unknown. American fox- is as recognised a breeds dog), formally Techichi dog), possible several Ona (the these of (the dog of origins dog terrier-like morpho- origins pre-Columbian setter-like (1950) another or Pre-Columbian the a Gilmore and pressures The confirmed dog), selection dog), times. dogs. Fuegian Tehuelche parallel different hairless (the (the that as at dog dog remarking terrier-like America dogs, type a South American hound/greyhound in in South resulted present of constraints been breeds logical have possible may ya, nine 1000 dogs lists around of starting structures morphotypes multiple-use Many in which found Milheira Guedes Spanish), but in ya, 2018). remains, the (1600 deposits al. 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America, North of and record kicking them, chasing to Though them, respond towards llamas running dogs as or American well South walking attack as may calling, guanacos who that alarm them. adaptations adults report them, on be by (1994) to stomping also Powel protected might alerting & often responses by Franklin anti-predator are coyotes behaviors. Juvenile juveniles pressure. adult selection since from the was but distinct mitigate fox may species, attacking this the prey fox, case, large the al. one juvenile least et at on Novaro in pressure to and According cases, (Guzm´an 2009). two high. guanacos in bisulcus is them adult by guanacos several chased of by been kicked have population Tierra to the in recorded and Reserve, are foxes, National pumas Karukinka no foxes the culpeo are in (2009), there 2009) where al. Fuego, et genus (Novaro del 2018, guanacos the juvenile comm. of hunt pers. all opportunistically Tarapac´a), Latorre Chile, undated of (C. in (Region Chile exist Tamarugal fulvipes to canids de conquistadors native Pampa the three part the of Currently, distributions: in arrival 2020). known found the comm. change before been pers. could Villavicencio from has evidence N. be canid New to large 2015). ( al. conjectured a predators et but of large (Nielsen further skeleton Other travelled are Chile 2014). also a cordillera central they al. of that Andean in et suggests the found (Labarca evidence of Indirect still) least dispersal. parts at are to large Patagonia barrier northern where a into of 2009) less north O., thus (Carrasco and m Patagonia 1000 Chilean below of south extreme the 02,wl eoeteGB,i a aefre are oterdsesl te litcn carnivores, Pleistocene Other Roux dispersal. (Le their Mya to 14 barrier around to a occurred known formed Andes have not the may of are it uplift species, GABI, the including hypercarnivorous the Since 2009). before the O. well especially (Carrasco 2012), canids, Chile in Pleistocene occurred American have South other The depth. historical potential considerable relationship -human .Teeseisaeonvrs osmn ml ry(rat 07.Te aeas enrpre to reported been also have They 2007). 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Data may be preliminary. ytentvsfrterlylyadpoeto,ada uid ecie I ahhueteeaea least at gua- are hunt there to house dogs each using “In Selk’nam described appreciated described also very Gusinde Gusinde were as encampments. dogs”. 1951), and Selk’nam irreconcilable (Gusinde protection, and in snout acrimonious and dogs pointed these loyalty domesticated a of their form, with four etnogra- for some and Selk’nam natives aggressive, in famous the loud, least Gusinde, by as Martin at animals. described of, about other dogs, presence among evidence These coexistence the guanacos the biological recognized hunt documents to also good Coiazzi dogs pher, colonists. have used other who not or Ona), Spanish does as the also with contact Chile no or of of little south obs. record. 19 had archeological that extreme the (pers. the societies of the hair nor records day in curly Ethnohistorical present Patagonia no dogs. the but of in either ears, case specimens no us floppy The However, to morphotype. short known dog and are indigenous are another dogs eyes, colonization, or Mapuche “ after and munutru of centuries a the foreheads several resemble called for these bulbous Perhaps today persisted with with MR-B). populations is anything dogs”, indigenous mean what ugly where while to to Chile, 2019), people “small central similar Mapuche comm. of contemporary dog”, pers. by areas E. ugly reported in (Loncon, “small is face” or and any “ugly 62), 62), 2010), or an p. p. al. (ibid face, (1822, “mutt”, et its Latcham as (Prates on to translated populations According hair S´anchez Ricardo pre-Columbian 2016). curly had: & ethnographer Patagonia they long (Uribe previously the that Argentinian Inca Chile dogs and from the of of 2010) obtained from center-south kinds (Vial the been more historians of or have by one people may recorded for indigenous as words Mapuche discussed two well contemporary had dogs as the hunting Chile, that Moche in (1822) the Latcham held to al. commonly form et is periods. in Allison and It similar by phases apparently Chiribaya found Maitas high, were and ya, (2009). cm Ramirez V´asquez al. 500 46-52 S´anchez relatively Alto by et 1450- dogs Cabuza, is circa terrier-like Inca, zone to are Miguel, San each dated These the dogs, in to mummified dogs belonging eight (1982), prehispanic Chile), for (northern three these Arica evidence of In the Central-South sequence However, the the in south. influence, hunter-gatherer Chile to Incan in coastal north weak. dogs with with American from associated North, South region, areas the discuss Southern We cultural areas: the Patagonia. and cultural includes peoples, which large Mapuche cultures, three the by into dominated grouped zone, allow be to pressure can enough the Chile not Europeans, Chile maybe the in there although of dogs if American arrival depth, that, South the historical behaviours. indicates before anti-predator reasonable This adequate America 2009). a evolve Gompper South have to & may in prey fed (Vanak are wildlife dogs Ciucci prey that & free-ranging succeptible wild Dogs (Boitiani 2007). or against on al. Eurasia less feral et in much either (Campos predate domestication opportunists were to omnivorous dog populations, are tend of ranging, feral humans beginning free by significant or the feral formed after when have soon Dogs, would 1995). morphotypes. existed 18 America other the populations by may with South feral reported outcross are morphotypes of that dogs to many feral dogs allowed of 2018), packs prehispanic later large E. but whether although time, (Cossios unclear of been pitbull is have periods Peruvian might It certain dog the for of which Like kind head, locally hunting. this bulbous bred that during a been speculate with deer have the They dog corner contexts. and hair- spotted other to dog, the medium-sized Moche among chihuahua, or Incan on used scene small a depicted deer-hunting long-haired a a dogs to a of in discuss similar dog, consisting appears also dog sausage morphotype (2009) Peruvian miniature a V´asquez al. S´anchez a the including llamas. “helping et limbs, bulldog, pots, herd medium-sized Peruvian to short the used a and valley, shepherd dog, body Chicama Chiribaya short-haired long the a a from dog, with dog less dog short-nosed “pet” a the including dog”, dogs, American South of vian .familiaris C. er i pelo sin perro ihhne-ahrrsceiso otenPtgna npriua h eknm(loknown (also Selk’nam the particular in Patagonia, southern of societies hunter-gatherer with “aresdg) ´suzSace ta.(09 umrz aypsil morphotypes possible many summarize (2009) al. V´asquez S´anchez et dog”). (“hairless th n 20 and th etr Cizi11)mnintepeec fdg in dogs of presence the mention 1914) (Coiazzi Century 6 tregua th etr Peot ta.21) n ti hypothesized is it and 2015), al. et (Prevosti century ipymas“o. oecneprr dogs contemporary Some “dog.” means simply thegua or tregua and munutru munutru eest o with dog a to refers quiltro auh dogs Mapuche . ,usually ”, Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ib a ecroilyseilzd lnaigi h oreo vlto oalwawdrsrd,o specialized or stride, example, wider For a 2005). allow to (Andersson evolution mammals of extinct course the in in tradeoffs elongating similar specialized, and cursorially and been felids, be inter- have and can may of limbs canids there amount contemporary in analogy the that strategies by given noted hunting have thus strategies, however, particular adaptations Paleontologists, favour behavioural 2004). prey can Macdonald deduce specializations on & to morphological Sillero-Zubiri effects ( alone, their canids morphology do in and variation on we Cone intraspecific based present Southern difficult, at the is as between in It place, canids existed with took have hypotheses. and domestication these may of this support strategies relationships extent to Hunting what of data to paleontological kinds and nor what archeological Chile, have determine in not humans to that and necessary imagine canids Chile be native to in would impossible happened research not hunter-gatherers further thus Patagonian is by familiaris It canids C. continent. native the of hypothesis 1910). of taming the Gallardo, of societies their or 1951; suggests areas of many domestication (Gusinde, this many part in 2000), of fundamental in canids Erikson, a sort systems and 1984; of some cosmological practice Prates, (Stahl, taming of common 2013; species possible a context between 2012, is of the relations (Stahl animals In social ya individual burial. of of 2000-3000 taming understanding deliberate around which a dated in probably Argentina, America South the most of on is half hypothesis This southern this 2010). the bases on Prates many Province, companionship. that or to Negro argues hunting, barrier watch, who a a keeping (2014), of as as discovery Prates acted such by have roles C developed played also incorporate is already may to perspective Andes failed alternative have The may An peoples. societies Chile. native into l by migration the as adoption that dog such their argues diseases limiting He local populations, Strait. to Bering dog adapted the across better arrival were original of than America its spread South after of of Chile, dynamics slow and canids the Cone this explain Southern to the that theory including showed a area proposes (2017) the Mitchell context of this which people canids In by in domesticated native Fuego (2013), 1910). native, Fugassa to to del Other, (Gallardo and identical Tierra belonging Petrigh or book by in canid related study same domesticated closely taxidermized the was the being this, a specimen canid from to identified native addition 1, genetically In a Figure plausible. they of more in possibility certainly seen the is Selk’nam characteristics, be such can with description and this of Some Onas”: “The book his in thouroughly described are domesti- dogs is and domesticated domesticate people These favoured Selk’nam hunting. a a between guanaco “ as to relationship of as or the similar described part 2009) canid about dogs, Gompper native wrote native, & a also supposedly Vanak (1910) of cated, (cf. Gallardo migrations. populations competition R. or the by networks Carlos displaced trade means unclear. had pre-Columbian but he only dogs in trade, whether Chile origin Selk’nam long-distance though previous the via of fox, UK a dogs that colonization the had Selk’nam suggests Spanish dogs in of (1914) initial these origin hounds Coiazzi that The scent European plausible 1951). hunting a it out like (Gusinde, makes rule hunting just also not in packs, does Chilo´e, tradition in which to scent a extended a with following areas and other up and picking apparently even nacos, .familiaris, C. o aigvr eeoe ebae ewe h nes h ali og oee nas long also in notable well.” covered are as long, legs body is the the tail and of The short, are rest eyes is fingers. the neck the the coats black the ears, between that pointy, from large membranes hair even tints striking fairly developed some and dark and very a are long pointy, with having There such straight, is ) for and . retain forehead, snout . background, (. broad the them white but a oblique, of almost fox, have somewhat big Some and They a yellow. clear animal. for ashen of looking them to colour, mistake wild grey easily big, yellowish can very one of ancestors, not their a to is similarity dog fuegian “The a hsntncsaiyteol ai ihrtmdo oetctdb uas However, humans. by domesticated or tamed either canid only the necessarily not thus was .avus D. n ce srsror n etr htldt loteiei eeso hs iessin diseases these of levels epidemic almost to led that vectors and reservoirs as acted and kltna ueayst fte“oad o uro”acelgcldpsti R´ıo in deposit archeological Muertos” los de “Loma the of site funerary a at skeleton familiaris . .culpaeus. L. Canis ( Pseudalopex notersca rcie n al ie fohrcanids other if lives daily and practices social their into 7 ) lycoides”, ihaisscanina eishmaniasis .familiaris C. lodsrbda nimportant an as described also nSuhAmerica, South in n distemper and Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. p.t rn onautgaao rntv er u otersalsz,adterlc fagophunting group Otherwise, a 1992)). of Sheldon lack their 1982; and (Biben size, packs lone-hunting small large their the dogs, to in for bush due them difficult small deer, biting is equally native it the or expect guanacos (cf. presumably might adult However strategy we down adults. bring llamas, entrapped to of as on spp. context well prey as the wolves in and maned coyotes camelids lone-hunting or Pleistocene counter-attack fox, to surviving culpeo able The the been it However, have for grasslands. may as tropical guanacos Thus, the adult alone. of that ( hunted grasses might high guanaco it it the adult Alternately, if over their an adaptation. adults prey clarify cursorial than survey (1992) a smaller to indicate Sheldon considerably adaptation found might an nor was typically legs be are (1985) long also) They Dietz the (or 2007). Neither but al. simply grasslands. et behaviour, tropical Melo or de and strategy 1992; hunting (cerrado) (Sheldon medium woodlands night are at and open wolves usually ( animals, in and deer Maned small Pampas alone, to. hunt armadillos, insects, wolves adapted including parts, ( Maned own, been rheas plant its have Greater of to and also mass variety kg) similar would a a Chile eat of in that animals a sized omnivores potential found accounts flexible suggest species some and both strategies in opportunistic thus of and can kinds 1985), It the (Dietz suggest Holocene. fox-like the as during described with Chile and coexisted 1992) have wolf, (Sheldon would maned it kg) The prey. 23 certain of to for genus sister (up least at large cover, also tree with is areas At large-fox-like in 2005). strategy Ouellet like & cursorial although (Thibault America for packs, North as in of of Yet, distribution hunt prairies the and or plains of live open part the least not in hunting did to they adapted predators that suggest may ( coyotes that extinct description The a 2013). 2009), Martin & Prevosti that indicate cursorial conclude tradeoffs. that vs. (2007) life-history al. ambush prey et avus to Preissner with D. habitat matters 2017). in strategy, faced al. vigilant hunting et When more e.g. (Makin identity, prey. being predators predator by ambushing to that notably and behaviours, stalking difference anti-predator with a their associated will alter types makes behaviour animals predator behaviour prey since large predator predators, strategies, in hunting two variation delimit The clearly to factors. possible alone multiple not prey on is cursorial small depend hunt pack-hunting it species that While (e.g. canid indicates sizes. packs contemporary this different in Many prey of 1987). (Fox large groups ambushes and in include or that alone tactics show hunting and as example, cover, such for of (1993), species amounts also Fitzgibbon different can and in Fanshawe constraints, 1993). prey dogs, hunting. physical Fitzgibbon wild & to creating Fanshawe African flexibility 2000; by that Sunquist contribute cover, & may shrub Karanth hunting 2005, while as Ouellet Group strategy), such & ambush (Thibault conditions strategies an Ecological hunting (using affect biting. hunters by group down are prey excellently, exceptions. pack grapple highlights favours (2005) can strategy Andersson venaticus kill with which Nevertheless, latter grappled is tactics. lions, this effectively hunting latter alternative; example, cursorial be the The in For cannot is 57). seen mouth prey p. usually the the is 2005 with When and (Andersson prey hunting felids. large it like down on predators bringing pouncing ambush forearms, when by the prey” used grapple strategy thus common and a forearm, the “supinate to .avus D. a h nylrePesoeecndfudi hl Csil,20) rvsie l 20)report (2009) al. et Prevosti 2007). (Castillo, Chile in found canid Pleistocene large only the was ai latrans Canis h uhdg a eypo usra dpain u sagophnigseista brings that species hunting group a is but adaptations cursorial poor very has dog, bush the , .pictus L. Lama ieypredated likely Dusicyon .lupus C. p.myotnhv ensaegdrte hnkle Peot Vizca´ıno 2006; & (Prevosti killed than rather scavenged been have often may spp. Fnhw izibn19) hymgtb qal ucsflwt lone-hunting a with successful equally be might they 1993), Fitzgibbon & (Fanshawe hymgthv ie npcsbthne ln ri ar.Cytsaecursorial are Coyotes pairs. in or alone hunted but packs in lived have might they ) haamericana Rhea yanpictus Lycaon p Asi,21) hl thsnvrocre nCiet ae(orse l 2013), al. et (Torres date to Chile in occurred never has it While 2013). (Austin, spp yial tol o n ts”pe nacroilmd,te lohv group have also they mode, cursorial a in prey “test” and for “troll” typically Lycalopex ai lupus Canis Lama Lama Dusicyon p. ha ( rheas spp., p.a ela te ag n eimaias lhuhte also they although animals, medium and large other as well as spp. niesltr muhpeaos eeeulyscesu nkilling in successful equally were predators, ambush solitary unlike , p.fudi hl,a eotdaoe ncoal takjuvenile attack anecdotally above, reported as Chile, in found spp. Dusicyon 02 g d led ´cm ta.20;Aaoa&St 2001). Setz & Aragona 2004; al. J´acomo et Almeida (de kg) 20-27 , a pnpan,s tcudhv hrdasmlrhnigstrategy. hunting similar a shared have could it so plains, open was , pohsvenaticus Speothos .latrans C. Rhea .guanicoe L. p.aedsrbda lrefxs eg rvsie al. et Prevosti (e.g. foxes” “large as described are spp. 8 spp , .adustus C. . ,adohrpe pce hs agsincluded ranges whose species prey other and ), ,adtu sulkl ohv cieyhunted actively have to unlikely is thus and ), hc r nyal obigdw erby deer down bring to able only are which , .avus D. , .venaticus S. Lycalopex utn taeisb nlg,and analogy, by strategies hunting ztcrsbezoarticus Ozotoceros p.cnpe nfwsof fawns on prey can spp. neso 05.Alof All 2005). Andersson ; hyoynbrachyurus Chrysocyon .avus D. Lycalopex 22-34 , S. . Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. a a ag hogotteSuhr oe n hudhv enepsdt litcn pack-hunting Pleistocene to exposed been have should and these Cone, of Southern is adults the there down pudu throughout to Chile) bring small range very to (within unadapted a the enough Andes deer—apparently had of large the exception has and specialists of possible cursorial Chile—camelids west the or summary, (with of species In species group-hunting species of dogs? prey evidence feral clear medium contemporary no by and hunting large pack key cursorial the are pack-hunting Why as pressures selective same this the Conclusions itself to in exposed plausible), were seems west prey (as today. the other Europeans to pose guanaco predated or dogs dogs continent for with guanacos found feral the tactic hunting not that cursorial hunting of human have human mean indeed south We if a extreme not alert Consequently, 1996). as the highly Cone. does (Gell and killing be Southern by environment Andes to the can followed the and prey the pursuit tactics Chile of the into in of require and have blend prey ambush cars, technologies to to other of and trapping thought or try forms horses of tactics other that before use many like cues evidence, which The the clear danger ambush, 2014). among about displaced Reeves are of discerning & nets, kind and (Davis including a dogs as traps seen without building be or communal and “traps” with Holocene, pits, natural the in used, tar mired across do been and animals and they large Americas bogs of dogs: the hunting as as with Across opportunistic such such hunted ambushes, stalking. tactics towards sometimes or ambush prey constructed women pursuit large group by and driving on, using hunting was alone, that later to this hunted Patagonia, addition wait; whether often in in clarify in the men that not lying Andes, Selk’nam that report group the above, (2016) guanacos another described of Salemme al. down towards those & et East Santiago guanacos taking Belardi the used. driving 2011). arrow, to were hunters (Legoupil blinds an strategies of site hunting by group ambush communal struck one an chasing Holocene involved towards and including early guanacos roles stalked chase had describe being helping 2007), them (2017) al. after or of et ambushing, some off (Alvarado were but dingos ran hunters small, like that rather shaped all The guanacos and are medium-sized game. down Chile be of corner of to discussion north to appear the the which used and (see been civilizations and group have Andean Chile northern social may in the tactics the of hunting of into dogs incorporated The part dogs as were fact, dogs in Cone? viewing How, Southern and tools. with the evidence hunter-gatherers hunting consistent the as since than Rather, more tactic, above), 1974[2017]). is this taming, (Sahlins (2017) prefer larger productivity with necessarily maximize Lupo hunting would if purposefully from even hunters not that effective, do assume agriculturalists more cannot We many dogs be 2017). of might (Lupo role to outcomes packs also the hunting change predators dog that land-use driving novel such and in as conditions, colonialism unclear can environmental as effectiveness introduced is such and but in alone are factors drivers, traps, other increase dogs economic guns, and large technologies, when with ambushes alter a combination observed simultaneously in in Although is packs interfere prey. least dogs) in certain often used are without them, and handling and hunting dogs islands of and stealth, to that prey, most by (compared argues flushing hunted dogs, hunting and She be of with finding success. to hunting for hunting need of useful for humans. that forms be prey with benefit many hunting large appreciable the in for no of useful roles have particular that circumstances, into evidence most like incorporated ethnographic under Cone been presents Southern have (2017) may the Lupo dogs in domesticated pack-hunting contrast, prey remaining By basin, ambush. only Amazonian or the specific cursorial the adaptations with whether species, in that hypercarnivorous tactics, the possible predation dog of group is extinctions bush surviving Pleistocene it the the to However, since being Andes. lost, been have the have may America guanaco of would South populations which east the in the guanacos, in species and as adaptations anti-predator west such different the species had pack-hunting, to distributed cursorial widely to prehistorically that exposed conclude necessarily 2010). cannot al. We et (Corti ungulates large and medium munutru a eotdyas ml.Tedg fteSelk’nam, the of dogs The small. also reportedly was 9 uupuda Pudu .Hwvr h unc nparticular in guanaco the However, ). Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 7 tcudb htcmld n erne olanscal fo aet rohr)hwt s certain use to how possibility others) this or but parents 2009), (from (Wiedenmayer socially assess. capable learn to behaviorally the to predation, difficult are be “natural” need is they to could deer this which compared information It and feral current high of (6) camelids by With exceptionally different. that strategies killed unnaturalness. not quite be anti-predator often seeming is are could so its open success which It are to hunting an consider, (7) due dog they is to problematized feral adaptations why dogs, native hypotheses is of latent to feral more have but expose rate as eradicate two species, the to mysterious to other be that feasible, somewhat or perhaps may case more adaptation, is and there or eventual particular, it Here, their in better, process species, dogs. guanacos of be cursorial natural if hope group-hunting would a hand, the to it dog other only in Whether the feral have then dogs On really of emergence. species, feral species question. problem and its prey to cursorial the Chile to native species group-hunting how in if lead prey address to example, canids could For to different exposure solved. selection inadequate of be of of different are might existence background to regions America, the evolutionary these adaptations South for in prey no of species evidence of Cone native base evolution Southern on and the predation the situation biology of of the deer the state rest about explain evidence, the the knowledge to and the of persuasive strategies, at state predation for. is our looking accounts predators that argument carefully conclude cursorial his We when than of complex and lack more camelids, a be to suggesting considering appears (1998) also requires Geist when that of come sub-hypothesis adaptations, adaptations logic implicit anti-predation an the strategies is prey Although anti-predation This flexible two strategies. of is cursorial these examples it and whether most ambush Again, research. predation since both attacks. further way, to to cursorial this exposed adaptation to in prey vulnerable of from only separated remain biology but neatly strategy, they the be human-dog why from group-hunting can is the clear the which to totally of strategies, adapt predation continuity did not ambush did affect or largely would dominant species depth species (which prey the historical prey influences (5) of to human reason hy- rates); lack under some success further to structure similar for and two due habitat canids and strategies changing suggest perhaps today, with continually strategy we Chile a prey attack or So, in killing group-hunting practices, hunting form. this in canid in to advantage in adapt flexible an since observed not quite had currently strategies usually also is cursorial-type hunters what is out to indigenous humans) rule ethnographic Pre-Columbian in totally comparative (4) (and and cannot befo- potheses: canids Pre- historical well we in hunting given people’s although in hunting probably, assist probable were strategies, group indigenous to strategies is ambush dogs of These It primarily used Europeans. species. factor Chile evidence, of including other arrival the Cone or the Southern dogs considering re the whether throughout also hunters canids, human by domesticated that involving complicated strategies Andes are hunting the Columbian of hypotheses of east west these predators the of and species However, null. strategies Andes deer possibly the cursorial for which group-hunting to but As restricted reason to are clear, largely populations. exposure less some adaptations ranges prehistoric Chilean is for smaller these their in have question but (3) so species inadequately predation in Andes, these (2006); expressed the to Chile, predators Blumstein be of responses the to of camelids adaptative other of seem implication and possible below) extinction the of (see the the to unclear (2) repertoire with contrary or remains populations); guanacos’ cursorial them Pleistocene, Chilean scenarios all group-hunting lost the the in to possible have of from latent adapted three but isolated end were are adaptations outline the Andes (or these thus at the extinct had can gone of species have we east entire populations maintain particular lineages these to guanaco in and species certain strategies, distribution prey only the wide evolve. (1) expect to their thus hypotheses: had with would had we they guanacos 2006). Chile, that (Blumstein For present in behaviours are different anti-predator foxes predators of any and of suites for kind puma that capacity any been suggests as the always defense long have as predation predation maintained of there these be evolution Since to can and appropriate exposed behaviours biology whether defense populations The of speaking guanaco Andes. kinds the evolutionarily the in unclear of onl 10 Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. otn,L,&Cuc,P 19) oprtv oileooyo ea osadwolves. and dogs feral of ecology social Comparative antipredator of (1995). P. persistence Evolution Ciucci, evolutionary & the L., and Boitani, hypothesis venaticus). multipredator (Speothos The dog (2006). behavior. bush T. the D. in Blumstein, encounters guanaco agonistic Holocene during Late Urine-marking (2017). biology use. P. (1982). landscape Campan, M. differential & Biben, and G., tactics Barrientos, blinds, P., Patagonia: Madrid, (D’ 718-731. southern C., antisensis in F. grounds Hippocamelus Marina, hunting Taruka B., la J. de Belardi, Per´u. del poblacional sur viabilidad el en de An´alisis 1834)(Cervidae) (2007). Panama. Biological of J. (2015). Isthmus A. Barrio, the Antonelli, of & P., emergence Chakrabarty, complex Sciences T., and of B. Academy early Smith, an C., enigmatic Jaramillo, the supports of D., evidence origins Silvestro, The D., (2013). A C. Cooper Bacon, F, Mena V, Trejo L, wolf. Prates Islands FJ, Canidae), Prevosti Falkland Brazil. , (Mammalia: Park, brachyurus J State Soubrier Chrysocyon wolf, JJ, Ibitipoca Austin maned at the seasons of dry Diet (2001). and F. wet Z. during E. Setz, & M., Aragona, neso,K 20) eeteepc-utn aisi h etay n o a eknow?. we can how and Tertiary, the in canids pack-hunting there gy Were (2005). K. Andersson, imagi- XX; y p. XIX Pehu´en, fotograf´ıas 301 siglos Chile, Fueginos: de Santiago (2007). of D. Journal mundo. Fiore, American del F.D., Chile. narios Maturana Arica, C., from Odone, P.M., dog Alvarado pre-Columbian The the (1982). 299–304. beyond C 59, Anthropology, share Santoro Physical to G, Focacci data MJ, re-analysed Allison or original no is there Bibliography and document. analysis this and in review found text qualitative a forum useful is a This been has which statement N´ucleo conservation. Guanacos, accessibility guanaco Grupo Data to the threats in on her information including share for to Chile WCS thanks MR-B South in deer and camelids Acknowledgements predation, conserve to particular. to adaptations interventions in of knowledge appropriate Chile general designing and advance in America to conservationists both developed assist tested, and knowledge be to relevant should existing and that the social hypotheses outlined allowing clearly of by have array we problem an answers, the any dogs offer mitigate cannot with to to we approach hunting Although correctly an respond human be to populations, of could individuals Chilean spread. discontinuation 2000) training among to al. case, local expression learning et latter the behavioral (Griffin the attacks the In or group populations. of extinction, cursorial camelid loss predator and to deer Pleistocene due relictual history a among in to point due some either at lost been has n h naci eisl.Pr :cnietlcniin.Sdmn.Geol. Sediment. conditions. continental 2: Part Peninsula. Antarctic the and , 31 1,56-72. (1), , 1 , 4,359-362. (4), Ethology 7 1,49-72. (1), 112 , 112 aueCommunications Nature 209–217. , 1) 6110-6115. (19), eit eun eBiolog´ıa de Peruana Revista , 4 1552–1557. , 11 ora fZoology of Journal , 14 2,193-200. (2), , rceig fteNational the of Proceedings 254 1,131-136. (1), tooyEooy& Ecology Ethology Antiquity Paleobiolo- , Orbigny, 91 ´ (357), Zoo Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rj,T . rado,J . ik .C,Dvs . ilhy . ej,D . ibao .(2020). B. Pitblado, & . . . Americas?. W., the extinct D. of Fedje, Peopling American T., Coast Dillehay, Pacific Potential South L., a Davis, about the C., Learned Antiquity We T. Have of Rick, What M., 40: record J. 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(2), atao hl,Isiuod clgayBiodiversidad. y Ecologia de Instituto Chile, Santiago, . opno nml n s xlrn h relationships the Exploring us: and animals Companion 12 ora fMammalogy of Journal 24,1-4. (234), brgnsfueguinios Aborigenes odn oteg irr Editions: Library Routledge London, . eit gooi oetlUC, Forestal y Agronomia Revista eit eIvsiainsVeteri- Investigaciones de Revista aoEditores Mago . ilgclconservation Biological ora fZoology of Journal , 91 3,690-697. (3), 8-0) Editorial (81-102). ora of Journal American 145–168. , 271 , 210 Vol- (1), , Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aat,K . uqit .E 20) eaiua orltso rdto ytgr(ateatigris), (Panthera tiger by predation India. of Nagarahole, correlates in Behavioural alpinus) (Cuon (2000). dhole 265. 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(4), , ilg n osraino idcnd D Macdonald (DW canids wild of conservation and Biology 12 17 4,466-475. (4), 39-54. , amla Biology Mammalian , 280 ora fAnthro- of Journal 16) 20131142. (1766), ersine& Neuroscience Editorial , 78 Bio- (1), Posted on Authorea 3 May 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161037310.06386497/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue1 erdcino rwn on n“h ns yCro alro(90 ild“dctn the “Educating titled (http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-8403.html) copyright (1910) of Gallardo free Carlos is by image Onas” The “The dog. Fueguian in found drawing ( a dog” of Reproduction 1. Figure dcnoa perro al Educando .Sm hrceitc etoe ntetx a ese ntedaigo this of drawing the in seen be can text the in mentioned characteristics Some ). 18