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Addis Ababa Science and Technology University College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Addis Ababa Science and Technology University College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse for the Production of Biogas Assefa Ayalew A Thesis Submitted to Graduate School of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering Advisor: Solomon Kiros (PhD) May 2017 Addis Ababa i | P a g e Addis Ababa Science and Technology University Post Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Assefa Ayalew, entitled: Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse for the Production of Biogas submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Internal Examiner: Dr. Mesfin Tafesse Signature ___________ Date: June, 2017 External Examiner: Dr. Engineer Zebene Kifle Signature ___________ Date: June, 2017 Advisor: Dr. Solomos Kiros Signature ___________ Date: June, 2017 _____________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator ii | P a g e Table of Contents Page I. Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... vi II. List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii III. List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ix IV. List of Appendices ................................................................................................................... x V. Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Hypotheses /Questions ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1. General Objective ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 8 1.6. Scope of Work .................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Over view of Anaerobic Digestion................................................................................... 9 2.2. Main Factors Affecting Anaerobic digestion ................................................................. 12 2.2.1. Temperature ............................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2. PH ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3. Buffering Capacity .................................................................................................. 14 2.2.4. Volatile Fatty Acids ................................................................................................ 15 2.2.5. Substrate selection .................................................................................................. 16 2.2.6. Organic loading rate (OLR) .................................................................................... 18 2.2.7. Hydraulic retention time (HRT).............................................................................. 18 2.3. Anaerobic digester design and operation ....................................................................... 20 2.4. Production of Ethanol from sugar cane molasses .......................................................... 22 2.5. World Ethanol Production .............................................................................................. 26 2.6. Potential of Ethanol production in Ethiopia ................................................................... 28 2.7. Characteristics of Sugarcane Vinasse ............................................................................ 30 iii | P a g e 2.8. Main Environmental Impacts of Vinasse ....................................................................... 31 2.9. Anaerobic digestion of vinasse ...................................................................................... 33 2.10. Biogas Production Technologies from Organic Wastes ................................................ 35 2.11. Biogas Technologies and Trends of Application in Ethiopia ........................................ 36 Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 38 3.1. Materials and Reagents .................................................................................................. 38 3.2. Description of the sampling area .................................................................................... 38 3.3. Methods .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1. Sample collection and preparation .......................................................................... 39 3.3.2. Experimental design................................................................................................ 40 3.3.3. Experimental set up................................................................................................. 40 3.3.4. Experimental procedure .......................................................................................... 41 3.3.5. Analytical Methods for characterization of vinasse before and after digestion...... 43 3.3.6. Standard Method for determination of Solids ......................................................... 43 3.3.7. Standard method for determination of BOD and COD .......................................... 45 3.4. Kinetic Model of Biogas Production .............................................................................. 46 3.5. Design of Up - Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor ................................. 47 3.6. Expected methane gas production .................................................................................. 53 3.7. Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................................... 53 3.9.1. Response Surface Methodology ................................................................................. 53 3.9.2. Non linear regression .................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 4: Results and discussion................................................................................................. 55 4.1. Characterization of Initial Vinasse ................................................................................. 55 4.2. Effect of Temperature and pH ........................................................................................ 56 4.3. The effect of temperature and pH on COD reduction .................................................... 58 4.4. The effect of temperature and pH on BOD reduction .................................................... 61 4.5. Effect of pH and Temperature on Methane (CH4) yield ................................................ 65 4.6. Profile of substrate pH after Digestion ........................................................................... 70 4.7. Efficiency of anaerobic digestion ................................................................................... 71 4.8. Comparison of digested vinasse with Ethiopian standard .............................................. 72 4.9. Optimization of pH and Tempereture ............................................................................ 73 iv | P a g e 4.9.1. Numerical optimization .......................................................................................... 73 4.9.2. Graphical optimization............................................................................................ 76 4.9.3. Point prediction ....................................................................................................... 76 4.10. Effect of pH and Temperature on kinetic model of biogas production .......................... 77 4.11. Design of UASB reactor ................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
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