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Home , Anxiolytic, Calcium gluconate

Short Communication

Effect of on anxiolytic activity of and verapamil in rats

Sharanabasayyaswamy B. Hiremath, Sohit Anand, L.D. Srinivas, Mohammad Rafiuddin Rashed

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the role of calcium in and its effect on anxiolytic activity of diazepam and verapamil. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted using female albino rats in light and dark Department of , arena; a nonconflicting animal experimental model for anxiety. Animals were divided J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere, into six groups with six animals in each group. Test , calcium gluconate (10 mg/kg), Karnataka, India diazepam (1 mg/kg), verapamil (5 mg/kg), calcium + diazepam, and calcium + verapamil Received: 06-01-2010 were administered intraperitoneally. Percentage of time spent in light arena and number Revised: 17-07-2010 of entries into light arena were the two parameters observed for 5 min after 30 min of Accepted: 10-08-2010 administration. ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.71889 Results: Compared to the control group, diazepam group, and calcium group, only calcium + diazepam group showed considerable increase in mean percentage of time Correspondence to: spent in light arena. However, this increase was statistically insignificant. In the case of Dr. Sharanabasayyaswamy B. total number of entries into light arena, animals in calcium + diazepam group showed Hiremath, statistically significant increase in total number of entries into light arena when compared E-mail: [email protected] to calcium group and diazepam group. Conclusion: Results of the study suggest that calcium may enhance the anxiolytic activity of diazepam, but has no effect on anxiolytic activity of verapamil.

KEY WORDS: Calcium, calcium channel antagonist, light–dark arena

Introduction Materials and Methods Calcium is one of the most important second messengers, The study was conducted in female albino rats weighing and plays a major role in many of the neuropsychiatry disorders; 150–250 g reared in an animal house maintained at optimal especially mood disorders.[1] Apart from calcium, temperature and 12 h light–dark cycle with free access to food and water. Animals were divided into six groups of six animals is an another divalent cation which also has an important role each. The groups comprised of the control group, diazepam in psychosomatic disorders.[2,3] Clinical studies on treatment group, calcium gluconate group, verapamil group, calcium of panic disorders with calcium channel antagonists and + diazepam group, and calcium + verapamil group. All the preclinical studies on anxiolytic activity of calcium channel drugs were prepared either by dissolving or suspending in antagonists have yielded mixed results.[1,4,5] There are isolated distilled water and administered intraperitoneally. Test drugs, incidences and stray reports of relief of anxiety symptoms calcium gluconate (10 mg/kg b.w.), diazepam (1 mg/kg body after administration of calcium for prevention or treatment of weight), verapamil (5 mg/kg b.w.), were freshly prepared and in few patients. Exposure to stress and anxiety administered 30 min prior to the test. In animals belonging to are associated with partial magnesium reduction and increased calcium + diazepam and calcium + verapamil group, calcium urinary magnesium and calcium excretion.[6] Therefore, the role gluconate was administered initially, followed by diazepam or verapamil after 30 min. Control animals received 1 ml/kg b.w. of calcium in anxiety and anxiolytic efficacy of calcium channel of sterile distilled water intraperitoneally. Doses of diazepam antagonists remains inconclusive and needs further evaluation. and verapamil used in this study were the doses employed in This study was aimed at analyzing the role of calcium in the previous studies.[1,2] Dose of calcium gluconate selected here anxiety and its effects on anxiolytic activity of diazepam (a was the dose used in one of the preclinical studies to test the ) and verapamil (a calcium channel activity of the calcium.[7] antagonist) in the animal model of anxiety. Light and dark arena, a non-conflicting animal experimental

406 Indian Journal of Pharmacology | December 2010 | Vol 42 | Issue 6 | 406-408 Hiremath, et al.: Calcium and anxiety model for anxiety was used for testing anxiolytic activity. The activity. Compared to control group, none of the other groups apparatus consisted of an open top wooden box with two showed statistically significant difference in mean percentage distinct chambers of specific dimensions connected by a small of time spent in light arena. Compared to calcium or diazepam door measuring 7.5 × 5 cm2 at the floor level in the center of alone, mean percentage of time spent in light arena after partition wall. The dark chamber measuring 20 × 30 × 35 cm3 administration of both calcium and diazepam was considerably was painted black and illuminated with dimmed red light. The high. Although there was a small increase in mean percentage light chamber measuring 30 × 30 × 35 cm3 was painted white of time spent in light arena in calcium + verapamil group, this and illuminated with 100 W bright light located 17 cm above the increase appears to convey nothing significant. The results box. Each rat was placed in the center of the light arena of the suggest that calcium itself has no anxiolytic activity. It probably apparatus and was allowed to explore it for 5 min. Percentage of enhances the anxiolytic activity of and has no time spent in light arena and number of entries into light arena effect on anxiolytic activity if any, of calcium channel antagonists were the two parameters observed for 5 min after 30 min of if so ever they have such effects. But basically, calcium is drug administration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed considered as an exitatory ion and benzodiazepines mediate by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used for statistical analysis. their anxiolytic activity through GABA receptors.[8] In addition, becauase calcium channel antagonists have been shown to Results have anxiolytic activity,[4] the biological plausibility of our study Animals in control group appeared to have shown more results needs to be answered than usual exploratory behavior. There were no statistically Elucidation of exact site and mechanism behind the significant changes in percentage of time spent in light enhanced anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines by calcium arena, after different treatments as compared to control needs further studies. Site of action or interaction of calcium value. Similarly, treatment with calcium + verapamil did not with benzodiazepines is less likely to be peripheral, i.e., on significantly alter the percentage of time spent in light arena skeletal muscles as there was no decrease, rather there was as compared to either calcium or verapamil treatment groups an increase in number of entries into light arena, thereby alone [Table 1]. Combined treatment consisting of calcium + ruling out the possibility of effect on tone of the skeletal diazepam produced considerable increase in mean percentage muscles and relaxation. Considering the of time spent in light arena; however, this increase was role of calcium in neuropsychiatric disorders in humans and statistically insignificant [Table 1]. importance of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in As in the first parameter, there was a similar trend physiological functions of the , it is imperative observed in total number of entries into light arena. There to speculate that the central nervous system may be the site of was no statistically significant change in number of entries interaction between calcium and benzodiazapines.[1,9] Further, after different treatments as compared to control group. the finding that L-type calcium channels found in amygdala The combined treatment with calcium + verapamil did not play an important role in cued conditioning suggests that significantly alter the total number of entries into light arena calcium is an important mediator of anxiety.[10] The possibility as compared to only calcium and verapamil treatment groups. of interaction between benzodiazepines and calcium is When compared to treatment with calcium or diazepam alone, supported by the fact that benzodiazepines mediate some combined treatment with calcium + diazepam produced of their pharmacological actions in nervous system through statistically significant increase in the total number of entries calcium channels.[11,12] The finding that nifedipine blocks the into light arena. hypnotic effect of (a benzodiazepine) is suggestive of benzodiazepines mediating their anxiolytic activity through Discussion calcium channels.[11] Unlike at the other sites where nifedipine Few findings of this study results are controversial and blocks the entry of calcium by blocking calcium channels, unexpected. There is a lack of statistically significant difference it has paradoxical effect of facilitation of 45Ca (radioisotope between control group and diazepam group. This is probably calcium) uptake by rat hippocampal synaptosomes; supposed because animals in control group might have exhibited more to be operated by tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels.[13] Thus, than usual exploratory behavior. In our study, the calcium, the overall evidences suggest that calcium may enhance the channel antagonist, and verapamil did not show anxiolytic anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines.In our view, although the

Table 1: Effects of different treatment groups on percentage of time spent and number of entries into light arena in light/dark box arena

Treatment (mg/kg, i.p.) n Percentage time spent in light arena Number of entries into light arena (Mean ± SEM) (Mean ± SEM) Control (distilled water) (1 ml/kg, i.p.) 6 9.97 ± 3.83 1.330 ± 0.61 Diazepam (1) 6 13.20 ± 4.18 1.170 ± 0.60 Verapamil (5) 6 8.68 ± 2.89 0.667 ± 0.42 Calcium (10) 6 11.30 ± 3.84 0.833 ± 0.40 Calcium + diazepam (10 + 1) 6 23.40 ± 4.70 3.500 ± 0.67* Calcium + verapamil (10+5) 6 13.60 ± 3.97 1.830 ± 0.47 *P ≤ 0.05 vs. diazepam, calcium (ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test).

Indian Journal of Pharmacology | December 2010 | Vol 42 | Issue 6 | 406-408 407 Hiremath, et al.: Calcium and anxiety involvement of GABA receptors and direct actions of the calcium 4. Gopala Krishna HN, Kumar KB, Karanth KS. The anxiolytic activity of calcium on modulation of neurotransmitter release or nerve excitability channel antagonists in experimental models of anxiety in rats. Indian J Pharmacol is less likely to be responsible for this enhanced effect; it needs 2001;33:267-71. further studies to confirm the above suggestion. 5. de Angelis L. Absence of anxiolytic effects of calcium channel antagonists. Drug Uncertainty regarding the validity of animal models of Dev Res 2004;23:359-64. 6. Grases G, Pérez-Castelló JA, Sanchis P, Casero A, Perelló J, Isern B, et al. anxiety and lack of relevance of the study findings to humans Anxiety and stress among science students: Study of calcium and magnesium are the limitations of our study as are those of any preclinical alterations. Magnes Res 2006;19:102-6. study; especially those related to neuropsychiatry. Further 7. Karnad AS, Patil PA, Majagi SI. Calcium enhances antiinflammatory activity of studies employing different experimental models and different aspirin in albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2006;38:397-402. doses of calcium are needed to evaluate the role of calcium in 8. Dennis SC, John M, Adron HR. and . In: Laurence LB, John anxiety and its effect on anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines. SL, Keith LP, editors. Goodman and Gillman’s The Pharmacological basis of This study may help in future for better understanding of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: The McGraw Hill companies; 2006. p. 405. anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines and thus development of 9. Takahashi E, Niimi K. Modulators of voltage-dependent calium channels for newer drugs and newer modalities of treatment. the treatment of nervous system diseases. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 2009;4:96-111. Acknowledgement 10. Shinnick-Gallagher P, McKernan MG, Xie J, Zinebi F. L-type voltage-gated calcium We are very much thankful to Dr. H.S. Siddappa Devaru, Professor channels are involved in the in vivo and in vitro expression of fear conditioning. and Head, Department of Pharmacology JJMMC Davangere and Dr. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;985:135-49. Shashikala G.H. Professor, Department of Pharmacology JJMMC 11. Mendelson WB, Skolnic P, Martin JV, Luu MD, Wagner R, Paul SM. Diazepam- Davangere for their co-operation and help. stimulated increases in the synaptosomal uptake of 45Ca: Reversal by dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;104:181-3. References 12. Rampe D, Ferrante J, Triggle DJ. The actions of diazepam and diphenylhydantoin 1. Balon R, Ramesh C. Calcium channel blockers for anxiety disorders? Ann Clin on fast and slow Calcium uptake processes in guinea pig cerebral cortex Psychiatry 1996;8:215-20. synaptosomes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987;65:538-3. 2. Seelig MS, Berger AR, Spielholz N. Latent tetany and anxiety, marginal 13. Costa J, Lobo MG, Correia-de-Sá P. Paradoxical nifedipine facilitation of 45Ca magnesium deficit, and normocalcemia. Dis Nerv Syst 1975;36:461-5. uptake into rat hippocampal synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;544:39-48. 3. Jung KI, Ock SM, Chung JH, Song CH. Association of serum ca and Mg levels with mental health in adult women without psychiatric disorders. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010;133:153-61. Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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