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Beneficial Fungal Communities from Different Habitats and Their Roles in Plant Growth Promotion and Soil Health

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Beneficial Fungal Communities from Different Habitats and Their Roles in Plant Growth Promotion and Soil Health Devi et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1) (2020) 32802.1016 Review Article DOI: 10.21608/mb.2020.32802.1016 Contents lists available at Egyptian Knowledge Bank Microbial Biosystems Journal homepage: http://mb.journals.ekb.eg/ Beneficial fungal communities from different habitats and their roles in plant growth promotion and soil health Devi R1, Kaur T1, Kour D1, Rana KL1, Yadav A2 and Yadav AN1* 1Department of Biotechnology, Dr. KSG Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Microbes are ubiquitous in nature, and plant-microbe interactions are a key strategy Received 16June 2020 for colonizing diverse habitats. Fungi are producing a wide range of secondary Received revised 29June 2020 metabolites and bioactive compounds, which are probable alternative sources of drugs Accepted 29 June 2020 and/or antibiotics. Fungi are associated with the crops and plays an important role in Available online 30 June 2020 plant growth promotion and enhanced soil fertility using different PGP mechanism such as solubilization of phosphorus, zinc, potassium; production of plant growth © Devi et al. 2020 regulator (auxins, cytokinin, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid); hydrolytic enzymes (xylanases, laccase, pectinases, cellulases); and siderophores. Besides Corresponding Editor: eliciting plant defence reaction against pathogens; PGP fungi also help in plant growth Abu-Elsaoud AM promotion and alleviation of different abiotic stresses under harsh environments. The Elkelish AA PGP fungi have reported from different genera of phyla Chytridiomycota, Sridhar KR Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Fungi also have Keywords significant potential applications in various industries like medical, and food. In the medical applications, fungi and fungal products are used to control disease in human Antibiotics and animals. In the fermentation industries fungi used to make alcoholic beverages, Biofertilizers cheeses, bread, kefir, yogurt and various other food preparations and the agricultural Hydrolytic enzymes sectors used to make plant healthy and protects to pathogens. The present review, Plant growth promotion deals with the biodiversity of beneficial fungi from different habitats and their Plant growth regulators biotechnological applications in plant growth promotion and soil health. Published by Arab Society for Fungal Conservation Introduction Fungi are one of the most important taxonomic groups of species are growing aquatic habitats like (Deep oceans, microbes that exists on the whole world that is eukaryotic seas and coral reefs, glaciers and hot spring) and as and heterotrophic living organism; including mildews, extreme environments (acidic, alkaline, drought, pressure, molds, mushroom, yeast and also puffballs. They are salinity, and temperatures) and associated with plants beneficial for plant growth and crop production as well as (epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric) and human crop protections. Fungi have been reported from (Blanchette et al. 2017; Mouchacca 2016; Rashad and victorious soil, water, dead and decaying, organic matters Abdel-Azeem 2017; Yadav et al. 2017a). and skin of animal’s inhabitant that has high capacity and The beneficial fungi promotes the plant via directed flexibility to uptake diverse undesirable or unfavourable multifarious plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes conditions (Karun et al. 2018; Rana et al. 2019). They are including micronutrients solubilization (phosphorus, found in different habitats such as water, soil, animals, potassium and zinc), and production of plant growth dead matter, deserts and many are symbionts of plants but regulators like auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin and ethylene mostly grown in land environments but in which some or indirectly via the production of siderophores, * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] (AN Yadav) Devi et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020 antagonistic substances, antibiotic, and synthesis of cell horticultural/agricultural crops. Fungal biofertilizers play wall lysing enzymes like cellulases, gluconase, and a vital role in promoting plant growth, health and glycosidase (Abo Nouh 2019; Urja and Meenu 2010). productivity as well as improving soil fertility (Frąc et al. Fungi play significant roles in agriculture, medicine 2018; Rana et al. 2019). and industry in different processes for sustainable The present review, deals with the biodiversity of development. In the medical field, fungi and their beneficial fungi from different habitats and their products are used for control disease in human and biotechnological applications in plant growth promotion animals. They are involved in industrial processing make and soil health. the 10 to 20 most beneficial products for human health, drug discovery research is ongoing and it is essential for Biodiversity of fungal community daily human life. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the In microbial ecology, diversity and distribution of growth of plants. It is used as a food and also used to microorganisms or microbes is one of the debated points make fermentation products like alcoholic beverages, and among them, the trending topic in this is fungi. Fungi, cheeses, bread, kefir, yogurt and various other food the decomposers, mutualisms, and pathogens are known preparations (Abo Nahas 2019; Kotowski 2019; Rana et to be extremely diverse. So far, total 712,000 fungal al. 2020b; Yadav 2019). The increasing demand for food species both beneficial and pathogenic; have been known to feed the growing population, organic and sustainable across the board (Schmit and Mueller 2007). These farming practice is required. The beneficial fungi have known fungal species were identified from the different been used plant growth promotion and development for regions like air, soil, plant-associated and various extreme sustainable agriculture. The fungi are potentially useful environments such as deep oceans, hot springs, glaciers, for improving plant growth and health, nutrients deserts, mine and coastal region (saline areas) (Kour et al. availability, water uptake, stress tolerance and as well as 2019a; Sharma et al. 2019b; Rana et al. 2020a). biocontrol (Yadav et al. 2020a; Yadav et al. 2020b). On review of different research on fungal diversity Now a day’s fungi are used in many regions of the from diverse habitats, it is found that fungi reported are world as a biological pest control. Beneficial fungi play a belonged to three different phyla (Figure 1) namely, significant role in numerous physiological processes, Ascomycota, Basidomycota and Mucoromycotaand for including minerals and water uptake, stomatal more details check table (1) in supplementary materials. movements, photosynthesis and biosynthesis of The genera belong to phylum ascomycota are compounds and in mitigation to environmental stresses predominant. The abundance and relative distribution like drought, heat, salinity, cold and heavy metals (Abdel- show that species of genera of genera Aspergillus are the Salam et al. 2017; Begum et al. 2019). The fungi could be most dominant (Figure 2). applied as inoculants in the fields for crop production and protection. Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers were Plant associated fungal communities helped for agricultural uses to manage plant diseases as well as the environments defence its capability to Plants, the recognized meta-organism, possess an improved crop production (Kour et al. 2020b; Suman et association with distinct microbiome without which their al. 2016b). life support function like nutrient acquisition, protection In recent years, there are different microbial against environmental stress will not work. Within all fungicides have been developed like Ch. cupreum, microbes, fungi are also associated with the plants and in Promote® developed from Trichoderma harzianum, T. every plant, harbour has been symbiotically associated viride, SoilGard® made from Gliocladium virens, with particular fungi species, which fulfil the requirement Trichodex® work out from T. harzianum and of the host. In general, associated fungi are present in the Ketomium®, constructed from Chaetomium globosum three different plants regions (below and above ground) (Kaewchai 2009). The fungal biofertilizers with named as epiphytic or phyllosphere, endophytic and multifarious PGP attributes have been reported e.g. rhizosphere (Subrahmanyam et al. 2020; Tiwari et al. Trichoderma, mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizae 2020; Yadav et al. 2018a). e.g. Glomus intraradices),ectomycorrhiza (Pisolithus Epiphytic or phyllosphere region of plant is comprised tinctonus) and which form mutualistic associated with of aerial parts, especially leaves, and is a common niche plants, whereas, Glomus sp. or Trichoderma sp. for synergism between plant and fungi. The epiphytic suppressed pathogens of fungal and species of region of the plants is exposed to the air and dust that Trichoderma (T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, result in the establishment of typical flora of fungi, which T. virens, and T. viride) are commonly used in biocontrol is aided by the waxes, cuticles and appendages. The fungi and are known as biostimulants for survive on the aerial parts of plants because they contain 22 Devi et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020 nutrients factors like sucrose, fructose,
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