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Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester Archaeological Desk- based Assessment Oxford Archaeology North June 2009 The Rochdale Development Agency Issue No: 2009-10/954 OA North Job No: L10144 NGR: SD 89849 13536 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 1 CONTENTS SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................5 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................7 1.1 Circumstances of Project.....................................................................................7 1.2 Location, Topography and Geology....................................................................7 2. METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................................9 2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................9 2.2 Desk-based Assessment ......................................................................................9 2.3 Site Visit............................................................................................................10 2.4 Archive..............................................................................................................10 3. BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................11 3.1 Historical and Archaeological Background ......................................................11 3.2 Development of the Study Area........................................................................16 3.3 Conservation Areas...........................................................................................31 3.4 Previous Geotechnical Work.............................................................................31 4. GAZETTEER OF SITES ..............................................................................................33 5. SITE INSPECTION AND BUILDING ASSESSMENT ......................................................79 5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................79 5.2 Buildings on Yorkshire Street...........................................................................81 5.3 Buildings on Baillie Street ................................................................................90 5.4 The Butts and Northern Part of Town Hall Conservation Area........................94 5.5 Buildings on Smith Street .................................................................................98 5.6 Other Buildings.................................................................................................94 6 S IGNIFICANCE OF THE REMAINS ............................................................................101 6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................101 6.2 Criteria.............................................................................................................101 6.3 Significance.....................................................................................................106 7. L IKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................107 7.1 Impact..............................................................................................................107 7.2 Impact Assessment..........................................................................................109 8. R ECOMMENDATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION ................................115 8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................115 For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 2 8.2 Archaeological Mitigation ..............................................................................115 9. B IBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................117 9.1 Cartographic and Primary Sources..................................................................117 9.2 Secondary Sources ..........................................................................................119 APPENDIX 1: P ROJECT BRIEF ....................................................................................121 ILLUSTRATIONS ..........................................................................................................125 Figures.........................................................................................................................125 For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 3 SUMMARY In April 2009, The Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) commissioned Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of approximately 9ha of land on the eastern side of Rochdale town centre (centred on NGR SD 89849 13536). The aim of the desk-based assessment is to provide supporting documentation for a development brief being devised by Rochdale Development Agency for a large scale redevelopment of the area. The desk-based assessment comprised a search of both published and unpublished records held by the Greater Manchester Archaeology Unit Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) in Manchester; the Local Studies Centre at Touchstones, Rochdale, and the archives and library held at OA North. In addition, a site visit was carried out in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the study area, and assess the significance of the built heritage. The assessment identified a total of 99 sites of archaeological interest within the study area. This included five Grade II Listed Buildings (Sites 17 , 18 , 20 , 38 and 91 ), and four sites recorded in the SMR (Sites 03 , 04 , 90 and 92 ). The remaining 87 sites were identified through the consultation of historic maps. There are two Conservation Areas within the study area, Town Head, at its northern extent, and Town Hall at its western extent. Standing buildings within these areas include Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 - 62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 in the Town Hall Conservation Area. The site visit confirmed that there are numerous buildings of historical interest in the study area, spanning the Georgian to Edwardian periods. The majority of these buildings lie within the two Conservation Areas, in the western part of the study area and along Yorkshire Street, although other buildings of historical importance survive on Baillie Street and Smith Street. There are no sites of prehistoric or Roman date within the study area, which would suggest that the potential for sites of this date is low. However, this may be due to a lack of previous archaeological work in Rochdale, rather than an absence of such sites. Similarly, there are no known medieval sites within the study area, although it seems probable that The Butts would have formed part of any medieval settlement focussed on the crossing point of the River Roch. The property divisions in this part of the study area, moreover, and the narrow thoroughfares linking Yorkshire Street with The Butts, are potentially of medieval origin. In addition, the Roch Bridge (Site 92 ) dates from c 1600, and represents an old crossing point of the River Roch. This area therefore has some potential for significant archaeological remains of medieval date. Rochdale’s urban centre is of relatively recent growth, commencing in earnest during the seventeenth century. An important element in the growth of Rochdale during this period was an expansion of the local woollen industry, and the associated trans- Pennine trade in woollen goods. The significance of this trade is reflected in the numerous fine eamples of Georgian merchant’s houses, warehouses and inns that survive in the Yorkshire Street area, which was essentially the terminus of the trade route across the Pennines before the inception of the canal and railway links. For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 4 By the late nineteenth century, the area behind the older thoroughfares, and the traditional commercial area of The Butts and Yorkshire Street had been infilled with industries and housing. To the east of The Butts the area was dominated by woollen mills owned by Kelsall and Kemp, who were based at Butts Mill (Site 01 ). At various times Kelsall and Kemp also occupied other mills in the immediate vicinity (Sites 02 - 04 ). Much of the housing situated to the east of these mills would have been erected to house the large numbers of people that these mills employed. Alongside these residential areas were community and recreational buildings including chapels or churches (Sites 36 , 10 and 05 ), a Sunday school (Site 06 ), schools (Sites 16 , 09 and 34 ), a public baths (Site 07 ), a public hall (Site 11 ), and several inns (Sites 08 , 12 -15 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 31 and 35 ), combining to form an urban industrial townscape that characterised many nineteenth-century towns in Lancashire. Further industrial