Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale,

Greater Manchester

Archaeological Desk- based Assessment

Oxford Archaeology North June 2009

The Rochdale Development Agency

Issue No: 2009-10/954 OA North Job No: L10144 NGR: SD 89849 13536

Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 1

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 5 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1 Circumstances of Project...... 7 1.2 Location, Topography and Geology...... 7 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 9 2.1 Introduction...... 9 2.2 Desk-based Assessment ...... 9 2.3 Site Visit...... 10 2.4 Archive...... 10 3. BACKGROUND ...... 11 3.1 Historical and Archaeological Background ...... 11 3.2 Development of the Study Area...... 16 3.3 Conservation Areas...... 31 3.4 Previous Geotechnical Work...... 31 4. GAZETTEER OF SITES ...... 33 5. SITE INSPECTION AND BUILDING ASSESSMENT ...... 79 5.1 Introduction...... 79 5.2 Buildings on Yorkshire Street...... 81 5.3 Buildings on Baillie Street ...... 90 5.4 The Butts and Northern Part of Town Hall Conservation Area...... 94 5.5 Buildings on Smith Street ...... 98 5.6 Other Buildings...... 94 6 S IGNIFICANCE OF THE REMAINS ...... 101 6.1 Introduction...... 101 6.2 Criteria...... 101 6.3 Significance...... 106 7. L IKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ...... 107 7.1 Impact...... 107 7.2 Impact Assessment...... 109 8. R ECOMMENDATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION ...... 115 8.1 Introduction...... 115

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8.2 Archaeological Mitigation ...... 115 9. B IBLIOGRAPHY ...... 117 9.1 Cartographic and Primary Sources...... 117 9.2 Secondary Sources ...... 119 APPENDIX 1: P ROJECT BRIEF ...... 121 ILLUSTRATIONS ...... 125 Figures...... 125

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SUMMARY

In April 2009, The Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) commissioned Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of approximately 9ha of land on the eastern side of Rochdale town centre (centred on NGR SD 89849 13536). The aim of the desk-based assessment is to provide supporting documentation for a development brief being devised by Rochdale Development Agency for a large scale redevelopment of the area. The desk-based assessment comprised a search of both published and unpublished records held by the Greater Manchester Archaeology Unit Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) in Manchester; the Local Studies Centre at Touchstones, Rochdale, and the archives and library held at OA North. In addition, a site visit was carried out in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the study area, and assess the significance of the built heritage.

The assessment identified a total of 99 sites of archaeological interest within the study area. This included five Grade II Listed Buildings (Sites 17 , 18 , 20 , 38 and 91 ), and four sites recorded in the SMR (Sites 03 , 04 , 90 and 92 ). The remaining 87 sites were identified through the consultation of historic maps. There are two Conservation Areas within the study area, Town Head, at its northern extent, and Town Hall at its western extent. Standing buildings within these areas include Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 - 62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 in the Town Hall Conservation Area. The site visit confirmed that there are numerous buildings of historical interest in the study area, spanning the Georgian to Edwardian periods. The majority of these buildings lie within the two Conservation Areas, in the western part of the study area and along Yorkshire Street, although other buildings of historical importance survive on Baillie Street and Smith Street.

There are no sites of prehistoric or Roman date within the study area, which would suggest that the potential for sites of this date is low. However, this may be due to a lack of previous archaeological work in Rochdale, rather than an absence of such sites. Similarly, there are no known medieval sites within the study area, although it seems probable that The Butts would have formed part of any medieval settlement focussed on the crossing point of the River Roch. The property divisions in this part of the study area, moreover, and the narrow thoroughfares linking Yorkshire Street with The Butts, are potentially of medieval origin. In addition, the Roch Bridge (Site 92 ) dates from c 1600, and represents an old crossing point of the River Roch. This area therefore has some potential for significant archaeological remains of medieval date.

Rochdale’s urban centre is of relatively recent growth, commencing in earnest during the seventeenth century. An important element in the growth of Rochdale during this period was an expansion of the local woollen industry, and the associated trans- Pennine trade in woollen goods. The significance of this trade is reflected in the numerous fine eamples of Georgian merchant’s houses, warehouses and inns that survive in the Yorkshire Street area, which was essentially the terminus of the trade route across the Pennines before the inception of the canal and railway links.

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By the late nineteenth century, the area behind the older thoroughfares, and the traditional commercial area of The Butts and Yorkshire Street had been infilled with industries and housing. To the east of The Butts the area was dominated by woollen mills owned by Kelsall and Kemp, who were based at Butts Mill (Site 01 ). At various times Kelsall and Kemp also occupied other mills in the immediate vicinity (Sites 02 - 04 ). Much of the housing situated to the east of these mills would have been erected to house the large numbers of people that these mills employed. Alongside these residential areas were community and recreational buildings including chapels or churches (Sites 36 , 10 and 05 ), a Sunday school (Site 06 ), schools (Sites 16 , 09 and 34 ), a public baths (Site 07 ), a public hall (Site 11 ), and several inns (Sites 08 , 12 -15 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 31 and 35 ), combining to form an urban industrial townscape that characterised many nineteenth-century towns in Lancashire. Further industrial areas were concentrated immediately north of the River Roch, south of Smith Street (Sites 24 , 25 , 49 , 37 ), and in the area of Acker Street where an iron foundry (Site 21 ) and a printing works (Site 93 ) were established by the mid-nineteenth century. Any future redevelopment of the area therefore has considerable potential for revealing buried remains of the many former Industrial Period buildings across the site, and some potential for buried remains of medieval origin. The extent of any negative impact on these sites can only be established once the nature and depth of the sub-surface archaeological resource has been physically investigated. An archaeological evaluation has therefore been recommended.

Numerous standing buildings of historical interest occupy the study area, which are likely to require archaeological mitigation should they be impacted by any future redevelopment. The five Listed Buildings have legal protection against modification or redevelopment, which would require Listed Building Consent from English Heritage. Similarly, the buildings within the two Conservation Areas are protected by this designation, and redevelopment within or indirectly impacting on these areas may require Conservation Area Consent from Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council; it is likely these buildings would require an archaeological building survey to inform design proposals for redevelopment. The other buildings within the study area are of local importance, and their alteration or demolition would require mitigation. The scope and details of any archaeological mitigation required in advance of redevelopment should be devised in close consultation with the Greater Manchester Planning Archaeologist, and the Conservation Officer with Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, once detailed design proposals are known.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) would like to thank Martin Ledson of the Rochdale Development Agency for commissioning and supporting the project. OA North is grateful to Dr Andrew Myers and Norman Redhead, of the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, for their support and advice, and Lesley Mitchell for providing information from the Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record. Special thanks are expressed to David Morris, the Conservation Officer for Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, for his advice and guidance on the built heritage in the study area. Further thanks are expressed to the staff at the Lancashire County Record Office in Preston, and the staff at Touchstones, Rochdale Local Studies Centre, for their assistance with this project. OA North is also grateful to Stuart Mendelsohn for sharing his extensive knowledge of the medieval development of the town.

The historical research was carried out by Kathryn Blythe, and the build environment was assessed by Karl Taylor. The report was compiled by Kathryn Blythe, with contributions from Karl Taylor and Ian Miller, and the illustrations were produced by Anne Stewardson. The report was edited by Ian Miller, who was also responsible for project management.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CIRCUMSTANCES OF PROJECT

1.1.1 In April 2009, The Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) commissioned Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) to undertake an archaeological desk- based assessment of a large parcel of land in the centre of Rochdale, Greater Manchester. The assessment was intended to assess the archaeological significance of the built heritage and the potential for below-ground remains in the study area, and to provide supporting documentation for a development brief being devised by Rochdale Development Agency for a large-scale redevelopment of this area. The assessment was carried out in accordance with a Project Brief devised by the RDA in close consultation with the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit (GMAU), who provides archaeological planning advice to Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council ( Appendix 1 ).

1.1.2 The desk-based assessment comprised a search of both published and unpublished records held by the Greater Manchester Archaeology Unit Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) in Manchester, the Local Studies Centre at Touchstones, Rochdale, and the archives and library held at OA North. This report sets out the results of the desk-based assessment, and a statement of the archaeological potential and significance (defined by the criteria detailed in PPG 16 (DoE 1990)), in which an assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the historic environment is taken into account. This has been carried out in accordance with government advice in the form of Planning Policy Guidance notes 15 Planning and the Historic Environment (DoE/DoNH 1994) and 16 Archaeology and Planning (DoE 1990).

1.2 LOCATION , T OPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

1.2.1 Rochdale lies in the north-eastern part of the modern county of Greater Manchester, some 12km from the border with Yorkshire. The study area (centred on NGR SD 89849 13536) is situated in the eastern part of Rochdale town centre, immediately north of the River Roch (Plate 1). The site is approximately 9ha, bounded to the west by The Butts, to the north-west by Yorkshire Street, to the north-east and east by John Street. East of John Street, the site is bounded to the south by the River Roch, the site boundary then turns northwards up Milton Street as far as Smith Street, where the boundary follows the approximate line of the southern edge of the Esplanade, which runs over the River Roch.

1.2.2 The ground slopes northwards up from the river, from approximately 120m OD to 135m OD. This slope is particularly marked in the area to the immediate south of Yorkshire Street.

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1.2.3 The underlying solid geology consists of the Pennine Lower Coal Measures (Westphalian A) and millstone grit of the Carboniferous period. The predominant drift geology comprises glacial sands and gravels, with some alluvium (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/beta. html).

Plate 1: Recent aerial view of the study area

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 The desk-based assessment was undertaken in accordance with the Project Brief ( Appendix 1 ), and in accordance with the relevant IFA and English Heritage guidelines (Institute of Field Archaeologists 2001, Standard and Guidance for archaeological Desk-based Assessments ; English Heritage 2006, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE).

2.2 DESK -BASED ASSESSMENT

2.2.1 Several sources of information were consulted as part of the assessment, to provide an understanding of the developmental history of the study area. The principal sources of information consulted were historical and modern maps, although published and unpublished secondary sources were also reviewed. The study has focused on the proposed development area, whilst information from the immediate environs has been summarised in order to place the results of the assessment into context. The results were analysed using the Secretary of State’s criteria for the scheduling of ancient monuments, outlined in Annex 4 of Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning (DoE 1990).

2.2.2 Archive sources that were consulted include: • Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record (SMR): the Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), held in Manchester, was consulted to establish the sites of archaeological interest already known within the study area. The SMR is a Geographic Information System (GIS) linked to a database of all known archaeological sites in Greater Manchester, and is maintained by the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit (GMAU); • Lancashire County Record Office, Preston (LRO): before the county boundaries were changed during the mid-1970s, Manchester lay within the county of Lancashire, and therefore most of the available published maps of the area are held in Lancashire Record Office in Preston. All available Ordnance Survey maps for the study area were examined; • Local Studies Centre, Touchstones, Rochdale: the Local Studies Centre catalogue was searched for information relating to the study area. Historic mapping was obtained at the Local Studies Centre and a number of primary and secondary sources were consulted. The assessment also made use of the Local Studies Centre’s website (www.link4life.org); • British Geological Survey (BGS): six borehole logs were obtained from the BGS for previous boreholes located in and around the study area; • Oxford Archaeology North: OA North has an extensive archive of secondary sources relevant to the study area, as well as numerous unpublished client reports on work carried out in the vicinity.

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2.3 SITE VISIT

2.3.1 In addition to the desk-based research, an inspection of the study area was carried out in order to relate the past landscape and surroundings to that of the present. It also allowed for a rapid assessment of the built heritage and the buildings of historical interest that were identified during the desk-based research.

2.4 ARCHIVE

2.4.1 Copies of this desk-based assessment will be deposited with the Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record.

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3. BACKGROUND

3.1 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

3.1.1 The following section presents a summary historical and archaeological background of the general area. This is presented by historical period, and has been compiled in order to place the study area into a wider archaeological context. Period Date Range Palaeolithic 30,000 – 10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 – 3,500 BC Neolithic 3,500 – 2,200 BC Bronze Age 2,200 – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410 Early Medieval AD 410 – AD 1066 Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540 Post-medieval AD 1540 – c1750 Industrial Period cAD1750 – 1901 Modern Post-1901 Table 1: Summary of British archaeological periods and date ranges

3.1.2 Prehistoric and Roman periods: various remains of prehistoric date have been identified in the general area, particularly in the upland areas (Fishwick 1889). The discovery of remains from these periods within Rochdale, however, is severely limited, although several Roman coins have been found on the periphery of the urban area (Lewis 1848). The sparsity of archaeological evidence predating the medieval period in Rochdale is likely to be due to the level of redevelopment of the town during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Pearson et al 1985).

3.1.3 Medieval development: evidence for early medieval activity in the region as a whole is drawn largely from place-names (Newman 1996), although there is little firm evidence for activity in Rochdale during this period. Rochdale was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 under Recedham Manor, and was held by Gamel, one of the 21 thegns of Salford Hundred, who was free of all customs except six; his holding was assessed as two hides or 12 plough-lands (Morgan 1978). It has been suggested that the parish of Rochdale at this time may have been co-extensive with the manor of Rochdale (Lewis 1848). There seems to have been only one manor properly so called, and the Holts of Stubley were the principal resident family. Most of the land, however, was held by the Abbey of Whalley, and other ecclesiastical bodies; Rochdale was one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England, comprising several townships (Farrer and Brownbill 1911).

3.1.4 At the centre of the parish of Rochdale was the church of St Chad’s; it is of note that the church served an enormous parish, rather than a substantial town (Hartwell et al 2004, 585). The oldest part of the existing church of St Chad, which occupies high ground on the south side of the town overlooking the

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river, dates to the thirteenth century (Hartwell et al 2004, 588). However, there is some evidence to suggest that an earlier church occupied the same site, and fragments of Norman masonry are said to have been discovered during renovation in 1815 (Fishwick 1889, 12). It is certainly clear that considerable investment was expended in reconstructing the church during the thirteenth century, the present nave pillars being of that date and probably in their original position. There is some evidence to suggest, however, that the thirteenth-century chancel was not notably bigger than its predecessor (Farrer and Brownbill 1911), which may thus have been comparatively large, implying that Rochdale was a medieval settlement of regional importance.

3.1.5 By 1212, the whole manor had been assigned to the Lord of Clitheroe, and was held by Roger de Lacy, and several under tenants. By 1251, Rochdale had become important enough to have been granted a charter for a weekly market, which was held on Wednesday, and an annual fair on the feast of St Simon and St Jude in October. It was probably during this period that a borough was also created (Farrer and Brownbill 1911), although the town continued to be governed through the manor court until 1825, when a Police Act was finally obtained (Fishwick 1889).

3.1.6 The focus of the medieval activity in the area remains uncertain, and the pattern of settlement may have comprised a spread of innumerable folds, representing little clusters of agricultural and proto-industrial buildings (Hartwell et al 2004, 585). Whilst it is tempting to suggest that the centre of the medieval town probably lay on the south side of the river, in proximity to St Chad’s church, firm evidence is lacking. Similarly, it seems possible that the ford across the River Roch, accessed on the northern side from The Butts, as depicted in historical engravings of the area ( eg Plate 6), could be of medieval origin.

3.1.7 Post-medieval Rochdale: in 1582, Camden described Rochdale as ‘a market town well frequented’. The regional importance of the town at this time is implicit from the detail provided by Saxton’s map of Lancashire, which was published in 1577, and marks the town in bold letters (Plate 2). Manufacturing and mining industries became of increasing importance to the local economy during this period; the confiscation of the lands that had belonged to Whalley Abbey, and the general suppression of religious houses following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, produced a new race of landlords, whose number was increased by the sale of Byron estates in the early part of the seventeenth century (Fishwick 1913). The town certainly began to expand significantly during the 1600s, indicated to some degree by the Hearth Tax Returns; in 1666, 228 hearths were recorded for Rochdale.

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Plate 2: Extract from Saxton’s map of 1577, showing the main settlements in the region

3.1.8 Celia Fiennes, writing in c 1700, described Rochdale as ‘a pretty neat town, built all of stone’, whilst some 25 years later Defoe considered it ‘a good market town, and of late much improved in the woollen manufacture, as are also the villages in its neighbourhood’ (Furbank et al 1991). By the end of the eighteenth century, Rochdale had developed a formidable reputation as a centre for the production of woollen cloth, and the town benefited from a lucrative export trade in woollen goods to Holland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Russia and Germany (Aiken 1795, 248). Rochdale also became an important centre for the cross-Pennine trade in woollen cloth, represented by the numerous merchant’s houses, warehouses and inns that were established in the town during the late 1700s to service this trade. An important group of these buildings survives along Yorkshire Street and connected streets, reflecting the position of the area at the terminus of the Georgian trade route across the Pennines to Yorkshire. The surviving warehouses in the town centre span the 1790s to the 1850s, and will thus incorporate the innovative design features that were adopted during this key period in the evolution of structural engineering.

3.1.9 The extent of the town at this time is depicted on William Yates’ map of Lancashire, which provides the earliest reliable map of the town, albeit published at a small scale (Plate 3); it is likely that the layout of the town as depicted by Yates reflected the medieval street pattern. This map shows that the core of the eighteenth-century town was focused to the north of the parish church, around St Mary’s Gate and what is now Drake Street, and by the river crossing at The Butts, with ribbon development extending northwards along Whitworth Road and north-eastwards along Yorkshire Street. The western part of study area, therefore, evidently formed part of the historic core of the settlement, and is probably of medieval origin.

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Plate 3: Extract from Yates’ map of Lancashire on 1786

3.1.10 Rochdale rapidly became a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns. The Rochdale Canal, one of the major navigable broad canals of Great Britain, was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool, and coal to and from the area. The canal was opened between Rochdale and Manchester by 1799, and was completed as the first trans-Pennine route in 1804 (Hadfield 1994). The growth of the population as Rochdale became a manufacturing centre led to the enlargement of the parish church; and the building of new ones: St Mary’s, Wardleworth, was consecrated in 1744; St James’s, Wardleworth, in 1821; St Clement’s, Spotland, in 1835; and Christ Church, Healey, in 1850 (Farrer and Brownbill 1911).

3.1.11 Rochdale rose to prominence during the nineteenth century as an important centre for the production of cotton goods, whilst maintaining a strong woollen industry, focusing in particular on the manufacture of flannel and baize. New cotton mills were established along the River Roch and, with the advent of steam power, throughout the town along the river valleys and canal banks (Plate 4). However, the town enjoyed a ‘golden age’ during the Cotton Famine of the 1860s, when woollens became once more price-competitive with cotton goods; the population of the town increased by over 60% during this period (Williams with Farnie 1992, 43; Pigot 1822).The socio-economic change brought by the success of Rochdale’s textile industry in the nineteenth century led to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in its region; a charter granted to the town in 1856 made Rochdale a Municipal Borough.

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3.1.12 In the early twentieth century work began on covering the River Roch between The Butts and the South Parade. The river was heavily polluted, and its presence in the heart of the town had become a health issue. The river is covered by seven bridges, the earliest being Rochdale Bridge c 1600 (Site 92 ) and the latest being Bus Station Bridge in 1924 (Plate 5). The covering of this entire area also allowed the council to build a tramway centre (Site 41 ) (www.link4life.org).

Plate 4: The River Roch at Smith Street before 1924, showing Butts Mill (Site 01 ), and Bowling Green Warehouse (Site 03 ) (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

Plate 5: Covering of the River Roch at Smith Street, 1924 (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

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3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY AREA

3.2.1 The following section presents an overview of the development of the study area, based on a regression analysis of the available historical maps. This is followed by a more detailed history of the larger sites within the study area, which also draws on information from the historic maps, coupled with information from other primary and secondary sources ( Section 4 ).

3.2.2 A flavour of the south-western part of the study area, know as The Butts, in the early nineteenth century is provided by a print of c 1810 (Plate 6). This depicts an array of building types, including small cottages, large Georgian town houses, warehouses, public buildings and industrial premises. Of particular note is the ford across the River Roch, depicted in the foreground, which is likely to have been utilised as a crossing since the medieval period.

Plate 6: The Butts, c 1810 (reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.3 Murphy, 1831 (Fig 3): this is the earliest detailed map available of the study area, and shows development to have been concentrated along Yorkshire Street and in The Butts, with some development along streets on the south side of Yorkshire Street. This included The Walk, Bell Street, Acker Street and Spring Green (later named Penn Street). Town Head House (Site 20 ) is clearly depicted in this area, with gardens to its south. Gardens and fields are depicted across much of the southern and eastern portion of the study area. A bowling green is marked at the eastern end of The Butts, and west of this are the Butts Mills (Site 01 ). Two banks are noted in The Butts, listed in the key as ‘Messrs Fentons and Roby’s Bank’, and ‘Messrs Royds Bank’ (part of Site 29 ).

3.2.4 Ordnance Survey, First Edition 6”: 1 mile, 1851 (Fig 4): the study area is shown as densely developed on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of 1851, with Baillie Street having been east/west across the area. The Town Hall (Site 11 ), on its north side, is the only building within the study area to be labelled on the map. The streets that were evident on the south side of Yorkshire Street on Murphy’s map are now depicted as extending southwards to Baillie Street and some continue further south to Smith Street; a new street running parallel with, and south of, Baillie Street. Alterations and additions

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appear to have taken place within the Butts Mill complex (Site 01 ) by this time, and further industrial buildings (Sites 03 and 04 ) are shown to the east, in the area of the former bowling green. To the east and north-east of this some new areas of housing are depicted ( eg Sites 53 , 59 , 57 , 58 and 51 ), and public buildings such as the chapel (Site 10 ) and school ( 09 ) on Baillie Street are shown. There are also undeveloped areas within these streets, however, particularly towards the eastern extent of the study area, where gardens are still shown south of Town Head House (Site 20 ), and further south between Baillie Street and Smith Street. The area to the south of Smith Street remained undeveloped at this time.

3.2.5 Ordnance Survey, 10’: 1 mile 1892 (Fig 5), and Ordnance Survey, 25”:1 mile 1893 (Fig 6): development had taken place in most of the formerly open spaces by the time of this mapping. Much of the new development comprises streets of back-to-back, and other terraced housing ( eg Sites 47 , 48 , 49 and 52 on either side of Smith Street and Sites 55 and 56 north of Baillie Street). Some new industrial buildings are also depicted, along Slack Street (Sites 24 , 25 and 45 ), immediately north of the river, and north of Butts Mill (Site 02 ). New public buildings include a baths (Site 07 ), and a church and Sunday School (Sites 05 and 06 ) on the north side of Smith Street; a chapel (Site 36 ) on Portland Street; and a school (Site 16 ) on Penn Street. Several public houses are named including the Grapes Vaults (Site 31 ), the Pack Horse Inn (Site 12 ), the Queen’s Head (Site 26 ), the Blue Ball (Site 13 ), and the Wheatsheaf (Site 14 ) along Yorkshire Street; the Brunswick Hotel (Site 22 ) north of Baillie Street, the Talbot Inn (Site 08 ) at the east end of Kelsall Street and the Baths Hotel (Site 35 ) at the east end of Peto Street. Tramways are shown on Smith Street (Site 43 ) and Yorkshire Street (Site 45 ).

3.2.6 Ordnance Survey, 25”:1 mile 1910 (Fig 7): perhaps the most important change to the area at this time was the covering of the River Roch, which is evident to the south of The Butts, from Rochdale Bridge (Site 92 ) eastwards to Wellington Bridge. A tramway centre (Site 41 ) with two shelters had been built in this area by 1910, named South Parade. Other developments shown on this map include a new industrial development on the west side of Morton Street (Site 37 ); a fire station on Alfred Street (Site 23 ) on the site of Bowling Green Mill (Site 03 ); and a school on Penn Street (Site 34 ), which replaced some of the housing on Blossom Place (Site 63 ).

3.2.7 Ordnance Survey, 25”: 1 mile 1930 (Fig 8): the River Roch was covered from Wellington Bridge eastwards to Weir Street by the time of this mapping. A new building, labelled ‘Motor Repair Works’ (Site 40 ) is depicted to the east of Town Head House (Site 20 ), in an area that was previously undeveloped. Site 21 , an iron foundry on Acker Street, and Site 26 , a grease works south of Slack Street, both appear to have gone out of use by this time, and buildings in these areas had been demolished.

3.2.8 Ordnance Survey, 6”: 1 mile 1928 (with additions in 1938) (Fig 9), 6”:1 mile 1931, and 6”:1 mile 1931 (emergency edition of 1938: the 6”:1 mile mapping covering the period 1928-1938 shows little change from the 1930 25”:1 mile Ordnance Survey map. Of note is the absence of the tramway (Sites 41 , 43 , 45 and 46 ), and the demolition of the Duncan Street Mill (Site 04 ).

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3.2.9 Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 1959 (Fig 10): there are some notable changes in building use by the time of the 1959 Ordnance Survey map. The baths (Site 07 ) had become a Youth Centre; the westernmost part of Butts Mills (Site 01 ) had been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39 ); and Alfred Street fire Station (Site 23 ) was a Police Station. Some demolition of housing had taken place including parts of Sites 51 , 53 and 59 . The church on Smith Street (Site 05 ) had been demolished, as had a group of possible warehouses (Site 76 ) to the north of Baillie Street. New development had taken place on Acker Street and to the south of Yorkshire Street, towards its west end.

3.2.10 Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 1972-1978 (Fig 11): the 1970s saw massive changes to the study area, with demolition on the north side of Smith Street from the east side of the Regal Cinema (Site 39 ) to the west side of the Sunday School (Site 06 ), to make way for the bus station. This demolition included the remainder of Butts Mill (Site 01 ), the former fire station (Site 23 ), Bowling Green warehouse (Site 03 ) and housing (Sites 52 and 53 ). Housing was also demolished on the south side of Smith Street (Sites, 47 -49 ) along with industrial buildings (Sites 24 and 37 ). John Street was widened in the 1970s, which meant that sites on the east side of the study area including Sites 44 , 40 , 58 , 51 , 08 and 54 ) were demolished. The area north of Smith Street and to the rear of Yorkshire Street was cleared of all housing ( eg Sites 64 , 66 , 59 , 56 , 57 and 55 ) so that only industrial and public buildings remained.

3.2.11 Ordnance Survey, 1:1250 1990: the map from 1990 shows the new developments that followed the clearance in the 1970s and 1980s. The Wheatsheaf Centre, erected in 1990 to a design by Chapman Taylor Partners, is a large shopping centre fronting Yorkshire Street, and extending across the area that was Acker Street as far south as Baillie Street. Also north of Baillie Street, towards the eastern extent of the study area, a health centre, an office named Telegraph House, and a garage had been constructed by 1990. Council offices and a bus station had been built on the south side of Smith Street by 1990, and a new church named St Andrews had been built in the area of the former church and Sunday School (Sites 05 and 06 ). A large building (now Mecca Bingo) had been constructed to the south of Smith Street.

3.2.12 Butts Mill (Site 01): Henry Kelsall first set up business in Rochdale in 1815 (Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006), and is listed as a woollen manufacturer in Pigot’s directory of 1822. Kelsall moved to Butts House (Site 30 ) in 1825. He was joined by his brother-in-law William Bartlemore in 1828 and the pair bought various plots of land in Rochdale, and opened their first mill in 1835 and a second mill in 1848 ( Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006). The Ordnance Survey map of 1851 shows a small building and chimney in the area that later became a large complex of mill buildings (Plates 7 and 8). After Bartlemore’s death in 1856, Kelsall was joined by his son-in-law, George Tawke Kemp, and Joshua Heap moved in as managing partner in 1864. Heap updated the mill machinery to progress the firm, but the business took a downturn in the 1860s when the price of wool fell and Henry Kelsall died. Following the deaths of both Kemp in 1877 and Heap in 1886, the firm was left to Robert Slack, Kelsall’s grandson, who ran the business with his aunt, Mrs Emily Lydia Kemp ( Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006).

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Plate 7: Butts Mill (Site 01 ), 1904 (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

Plate 8: Butts Mill (Site 01 ), with the tramway centre (Site 41 ) in the foreground, c 1905 (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

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Plate 9: Advert for Kelsall and Kemp, pre-1924 (Kelsall and Kemp nd, 22)

3.2.13 In the first part of the twentieth century, the business was prospering, with products being sold all over Britain as well as being exported under the ‘Doctor’ trademark (Plate 9). During WW1 the firm manufactured cloth for both the British and French governments. When, in the 1920s, man-made fibres became increasingly favoured over flannel, the company moved over to the production of dress cloth, and became a leader in ladies' outerwear (Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006). Site 01 is labelled ‘Butts Mills (woollen)’ on the Ordnance Survey maps of 1910 and 1930 and ‘Mills’ on the Ordnance Survey map of 1938, but following expansion during the 1930s, production took place elsewhere in Rochdale, and the Butts was then used as an administrative centre, and warehouse. In WW2, the company produced more than 28 million yards of shirting cloth for the armed forces ( Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006). The company finally moved off The Butts in 1959, and the 1959 Ordnance Survey map shows that the westernmost of the mill buildings had by then been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39 ). The

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remainder of the mill was demolished to make way for council offices, as shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 1978 (note on photo Touchstones B443, of Butts Mill).

3.2.14 Woollen Mill (Site 02): an area on the north side of Baillie Street shown as undeveloped on the Ordnance Survey 1851 map, had a woollen mill constructed on it by the time of the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists the owners of this mill as Littlewood and Heape. By 1938 the mill was being used as warehouses and was owned by Kelsall and Kemp, who ran Butts Mill (Site 01 ) (Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938) This building is labelled ‘warehouse’ on the Ordnance Survey map of 1959, and had been extended to the north by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map. It had been demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.15 Bowling Street Mill (Site 03): Bowling Green Mill, is referred to as ‘Mr Chadwick’s Mill’ in a newspaper report on a fire at the neighbouring Duncan Street Mill in 1854 (Site 04 ). The mill is shown as a group buildings on the north side of Smith Street, between Alfred Street and Duncan Street, on the Ordnance Survey map of 1851. Following Mr Chadwick, the owners of the mill were Richard and William Hurst, who also owned the Hamer Hall Mills in Rochdale. Richard retired in 1873, but William continued the business until 1887 (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/1 nd). In 1889 there was an auction of machinery from the mill (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4), and in 1891 there was a sale of steam boilers (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5). These sales confirm that the mill went out of use when the Hursts had both retired. The front page of the 1889 catalogue reads:

‘catalogue of excellent machinery for preparing ring and flyer throstle spinning, winding, warping and reeling cotton, loose articles, mechanics tools, office furniture and effects’

3.2.16 The mill is marked as ‘disused’ on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map, and by the time of the 1910 map, one building, immediately north of Smith Street, is labelled ‘Bowling Green Warehouse’, and the remainder of the area formerly occupied by the mill is taken up with a fire station (Site 23 ). A planning application for an alteration in the toilets of this building in 1918, states that Kelsall and Kemp were the owners of the warehouse, and that it was used for wool (Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/22). This single warehouse is depicted and labelled on the Ordnance Survey 1930 mapping and is depicted (unlabelled) on the 1959 map, but had been demolished to make way for the bus station by 1978.

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Plate 10: Bowling Green Warehouse (Site 03 ) being demolished, c 1970 (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.17 Duncan Street Mill (Site 04): Duncan Street Mill, occupying a plot of land bounded by Smith Street, Duncan Street, Baillie Street and Penn Street, was erected in c 1837, and a fireproof mill was added to the north-west corner of this plot in c 1852. A fire destroyed most of the mill on the 3rd January 1854, which, at the time, was owned by Henry Kelsall. A newspaper report provides details of the mill at this time as part of an account of the fire ( Rochdale Sentinel 07/01/1854):

‘The factory was four stories high, with two attics above, and a part was let off to Thomas Stott, who worked woollen in it; he had also a portion of the room partitioned off adjoining the staircase for his "devil," and one engine over the engine house, and in this part of the mill the fire originated....It was ten windows, or thirty yards long, and about eight windows, or twenty four yards in width, the height being somewhere about seventeen yards...the total number of hands employed would be from 150 to 200....The principal operations carried out in the factory were scouring, carding, slubbing, spinning and weaving. The hands chiefly consisted of women and children, there being comparatively but few men employed. In the third storey there were about 34 hands employed, 24 of whom worked for Mr. Stott. In the fourth room there were about 34 hands engaged, and in the attics about 28 were employed.’

3.2.18 The fire destroyed most of the building ‘except portions of the side walls and gable ends’, and the fire proof floor saved the engine-house and engine beneath it ( ibid ). The mill was rebuilt, and in 1865 it was sold to RT Heape and JS Littlewood, however, in 1906 the mill was sold to Kelsall and Kemp, Kelsall being a descendant of the original owner (www.link4life.org). The

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building was extant on the Ordnance Survey map for 1931, but was shown as demolished by the time of the Ordnance Survey emergency edition of 1938.

3.2.19 Congregational Church (Site 05) and Sunday School (Site 06), Smith Street: a Congregational Church is shown on the corner of Smith Street and Milton Street, on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892, with a Sunday School to its east. The 1892 map has a note to say that the church had ‘seats for 900’. The church but was not extant by the time of the Ordnance Survey 1959 map, and on the 1975 Ordnance Survey map, the Sunday School is marked as a church. This presumably was a temporary measure as by 1979 the current St Andrew’s Church had been built on the site (noted in a photo labelled E27 Smith Street, held by Touchstones, of the church being constructed).

3.2.20 Public Baths (Site 07): the Public Baths on Smith Street, designed by EN MacDougall and built by J Parker and Son, were opened in 1868. The baths were in an Italian style, of brick, with a stone entrance, and a facade 113 feet in length (Robertson, 1875). The baths had gone out of use by 1937, as market stall holders used the ‘old baths building at Lea Hall on Smith Street’ temporarily for stalls after the Market Hall burned down in 1936. New baths were also opened on Entwistle Road in 1937 (www.link4life.org). On the Ordnance Survey map of 1959 the former baths building is labelled as ‘Lea Hall Youth Club’, and on the Ordnance Survey map of 1975 it is labelled ‘Rochdale Youth Centre’.

Plate 11: Looking north along Morton Street showing the Baths Hotel (Site 35 ) and the former Public Baths (labelled Youth Centre) (Site 07 ), 1977 (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.21 Baillie Street School (Site 09): a lease was assigned to John Fenton and others in 1837 ‘for the purpose of erecting and establishing a school for the education of the labouring and manufacturing classes of society, of every religious

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persuasion residing in Rochdale and its vicinity, upon the principles of the British and Foreign School Society as established in London’. The school, also known as the British School, was transferred to the School Board in 1872 (www.link4life.org). The school was altered in 1893, and by 1924 it had 682 pupils (Kelly 1924). The school building was labelled ‘Rochdale Further Education Centre’, on the Ordnance Survey mapping from 1959, and was extant in 1972, but had been demolished by 1990.

3.2.22 Wesleyan Methodist Association Chapel, Baillie Street (Site 10): a large brick chapel, south of Portland Street and north of Baillie Street, opened in 1837 (LRO QSP/3071/38) with a five-bay pedimented front, central doorway with fluted Doric columns and pediment. A gallery was added in 1840, classrooms were added in 1881 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/24) and side doorways were added in c 1912 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25). According to the Ordnance Survey map for 1892, the seating capacity was 1,800. The chapel was closed in c1965-70, and had been demolished by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map (SMR 11155.1.0.).

Plate 12: Baillie Street Methodist Chapel (Site 10 ) (n.d.) (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.23 Town Hall (Site 11) : a building on the corner of Baillie Street and Acker Street, is labelled ‘Town Hall’ on the 1851 Ordnance Survey map. However, this was replaced with the neo-Gothic Town Hall situated to the south-west of the study area, which was opened in 1871 (www.link4life.org). Consequently, the former town hall on Baillie Street is labelled as ‘Public Hall’ on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map. The building had also been extended to the north by this time. By 1908, it had started being used to show films, and in 1914 it was called ‘Andrew’s Picture Palace’ (Rochdale Times 15/01/1908; www.link4life.org). It was labelled as ‘Picture Theatre’, on the 1930 Ordnance Survey map. By 1959, the original hall and the extension to the north were shown as separate buildings, the extension being labelled ‘works’. The hall

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had been demolished by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map, but the works building to the north is extant and is in use as a club.

3.2.24 Penn Street School (Site 16) : land was leased by John Petrie (the elder) to John Hoyle and others in 1861, ‘for the purposes of an infant school’ (Touchstones R/MET/30/5/9). A school is shown on the west side of Penn Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. This building is labelled ‘Sunday School’ on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1910 and 1930. In 1949 the Sunday School was sold to the Rochdale Corporation (Touchstones R/MET/30/5/12), and the building was labelled ‘clinic’ on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1959. It was extant in 1972, but had been demolished to make way for The Wheatsheaf Centre, by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

Plate 13: Looking north-eastwards across Penn Street showing the school (Site 16 ) in the foreground and the infant school (Site 34 ) behind, (nd - 1970s) (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.25 Iron Foundry, Acker Street (Site 21): a building labelled ‘Iron Foundry’ is shown on the west side of Acker Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1910, and was possibly extant in 1851, as the Ordnance Survey map shows the area as partially developed. Samuel Barnish is listed as an iron founder on Acker Street in Slater’s Directory of 1869 (nb no iron foundry is listed on Acker Street in Slater, 1861). The site is further developed, but not labelled, on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map, and a tank is marked to its north. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists this as Acker Street Foundry, with John Petrie Junior as the owner. By 1905 the foundry was named as part of River Street Iron Works (the River Street works were located to the south of the river), and the owner was still John Petrie Junior in 1918 (Kelly 1905; 1918). The building was not extant by the time of the 1930 Ordnance Survey mapping.

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3.2.26 Fire Engine Station, Alfred Street (Site 23): the fire engine station on Alfred Street opened on the 8th June 1893 (nb it is not shown on the 1893 Ordnance Survey map), the construction of it having been overseen by Police Chief Constable Wilkinson, as the fire service in Rochdale was then part of the police service ( Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975; www.link4life.org). The station included a house for the superintendent and nine fireman’s dwellings, and a four-stalled stable at the back of the engine-house. The chimney of the former mill on the site (Site 03 ) was reduced to about 20 feet and then surmounted with a hose drying tower, above which a bell tower was constructed ( Rochdale Observer 14/06/1893).

Plate 14: Elevation of the Alfred Street Fire Station, dated 1897 (Touchstones Fire Brigade 2: Rochdale reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

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Plate 15: Plan of the Alfred Street Fire Station, dated 1897 (Touchstones Fire Brigade 2: Rochdale, reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.27 On the Ordnance Survey map for 1930 a water main is marked in the yard to the rear of the fire station. The water main fed a fire tank, which was located at the Alfred Street site. Fire tanks were large brick tanks, sunk below ground level, which were kept empty until they were needed by the fire brigade. Access to the tanks would have been via cast-iron manhole covers (www.link4life.org). A new fire station was built on Mclure Road in 1933 and the Alfred Street station consequently shut. During WW2 it was used the Traffic and Licenses Department of the council, and later the Traffic and Patrol Department, it is marked as a police station on the 1959 Ordnance Survey map. It was finally demolished in August 1975 ( Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975).

3.2.28 Roach Spring Works (Site 24): Brierley and Kershaw are listed at Roach Works on Morton Street in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. Buildings and a chimney labelled ‘Roach Spring Works’ are shown on the west side of Morton Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. Kelly’s Directory of 1905 lists Roach Spring Works as still owned by Brierly and Kershaw, and describes them as ‘doffing and cleaning plate, spring and spindle and temple makers.’ The building is labelled on the 1930 Ordnance Survey mapping and is labelled

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as ‘works’ on the 1959 Ordnance Survey map, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.29 Grease Works (Site 25): William Whipp is listed as a grease refiner on Milton Street in Slater’s Directory of 1869, although no grease works is listed on Milton Street in Slater’s Directory for 1861. Buildings and a chimney labelled ‘Milton Street Grease Works’ are shown on the north of the river bank, south of Slack Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. The north-eastern half of this building had been demolished by the time of the 1930 Ordnance Survey map, and the remaining building was not labelled. The remaining building was marked on the 1975 Ordnance Survey map, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.30 Penn Street Infant School (Site 34): Penn Street Infant School (Plate 13) was extant by 1873, when it was acquired by the School Board (Kelly 1924), although its location is not clear on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map, unless it was housed within one of the buildings on the south side of Blossom Place (Site 63 ). A new building labelled ‘Infant School’, is marked on the 1910 Ordnance Survey mapping, however, and by 1924 it had 288 pupils (Kelly 1924). The school was labelled ‘Townhead County Primary School’ on the 1959 Ordnance Survey map, and was marked on the 1972 Ordnance Survey map, but by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map it had been replaced by a building labelled ‘clinic’.

3.2.31 Chapel, Conway Street (Site 36): a building labelled ‘Nazareth Chapel (Welsh Presbyterian) (seats for 240)’ is shown on the east side of Conway Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. The chapel was marked ‘Welsh Presbyterian Church’ on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1972, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.32 Tramway (Sites 41, 43, 45 and 46): tramways are shown on Smith Street (Site 43 ) and Yorkshire Street (Site 45 ) on the Ordnance Survey map for 1893. A tramway centre is shown on the Ordnance Survey map for 1910, located at the junction of the tramways on Smith Street (Site 43 ), Drake Street and The Esplanade. This was constructed on the area of covering over the River Roch, which had been under construction from 1903. Two buildings labelled ‘Tramway Shelter’ are located in this area (www.link4life.org). The 1910 Ordnance Survey map also shows a tramway on John Street (Site 46 ). The tramway was no longer extant by the time of the Ordnance Survey mapping from 1931, but the two shelter buildings were still depicted on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1938, but are not shown after this date.

3.2.33 Peto Street (Site 48): an area of both back-to-back houses and through houses on the north side of Peto Street is first shown on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map. A document regarding the mortgage of a Thomas Woodhouse from Peto Street in 1876 indicates that the street was extant by this date (Touchstones F/STA). The street was marked on the Ordnance Survey map of 1959, but had been demolished except for a few buildings at its the east end by the time of the Ordnance Survey map of 1975, and was fully demolished by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

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Plate 16: South side of Peto Street (Site 48 ), c 1970s (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.34 Portland Street (Site 57): a row of through-houses with cellars on the north side of Portland Street is first shown on the Ordnance Survey map for 1851 and was marked on the Ordnance Survey map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map.

Plate 17: North side of Portland Street (Site 57 ), showing houses with cellars, 1971 (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

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3.2.35 Acker Street (Site 67): a group of shops, houses and larger works buildings on the east side of Acker Street is first shown on the Ordnance Survey map for 1851, and were partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831. The northern extent of this area is labelled ‘Court No. 1’ on the Ordnance Survey map for 1892. These buildings, with the exception of one, were marked on the 1959 Ordnance Survey map, and two were labelled ‘works’. The buildings fronting Acker Street were all marked on the 1972 Ordnance Survey map, but the buildings to the rear had been demolished by this time. The whole of this area was demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre before 1990.

Plate 18: East side of Acker Street (Site 67 ), 1970 (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

Plate 19: East side of Acker Street (Site 67 ), 1970 (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

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3.3 CONSERVATION AREAS

3.3.1 A local planning authority may designate a section of land or buildings with special architectural or historic interest as a conservation area. This is designed to enhance or preserve the character or appearance of an area under section 72 (I) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 . Although a local designation, a conservation area may be of national importance and significant developments may be referred to English Heritage.

3.3.2 Two Conservation Areas designated by Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (RMBC) are located within the study area, Town Head to the north and Town Hall to the west (Fig 2). Town Head Conservation Area includes Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 -62 and Town Hall Conservation Area includes Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 . Advice should be sought from the development control officers at RMBC with regards to any proposed development in these areas, as Conservation Area Consent may be required (www.Rochdale.gov.uk).

3.4 PREVIOUS GEOTECHNICAL WORK

3.4.1 The borehole logs for six boreholes in and adjacent to the study area were obtained from the BGS, and the positions of the boreholes are shown on Fig 2 (labelled as 1922, 14, 15, 16&A, 17 and 18).

3.4.2 A borehole from 1922 in the area of the New Market Hall, was not of archaeological interest as the notes in the log indicate that the borehole was excavated from the base of a well, which was 11.28m from the ground surface and therefore already into natural shale. The results from the remaining boreholes, all excavated in 1983, are summarised in Table 2 below.

Borehole Depth of Description of made ground layers Full depth no made ground of borehole

14 1.5m Cobbles and boulders with sandy topsoil 7m 18 5.5m Black friable sandy, stony clay with brick, wood, 10m concrete and ash fragments - becomes black and organic at 5m 16&A 3m Large cobbles and boulders with brown sandy, 3m clayey topsoil 17 3m Bituminous surfacing concrete and cut stones 7m with some sandy topsoil (1.5m) Black stony clay and topsoil with ash and brick fragments 15 3.2m Cobbles with hardcore sub-base (1.5m) 7m Firm brown sandy-silty-clay with occasional gravel (possible made ground)

Table 2: Summary of borehole information

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3.4.3 ‘Made ground’ was recorded for each of the boreholes ranging from 1.5m to 5.5m in depth. These are layers which could be of archaeological interest, however the boreholes were not excavated for archaeological purposes and therefore the nature of these layers is difficult to characterise. Nevertheless it is of interest that considerable depths of man-made deposits were recorded in the boreholes. All of the boreholes, except for 17, were located in roads, so current and previous surfaces are included in these layers. Borehole 18 had the greatest depth of made ground, and the description sounds like it predominantly comprised modern rubble. However, organic deposits were also recorded in Borehole 18, and ‘peat traces’ were also described within the natural clay in Borehole 18 at around 6.2-7m, and between 3m and 4m in Borehole 17 (see Appendix 2 ). This waterlogging is probably due to the proximity of the area to the river, but could mean that any buried archaeological deposits would be well preserved in the study area. The natural ground, reached in all the boreholes except 16&A, beneath the made ground appears to vary across the site, but is generally clay with sand and gravel inclusions. Borehole 15 encountered weathered sandstone at a depth of 4.8m.

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4. GAZETTEER OF SITES

Site number 01 Site name Butts Factory, The Butts NGR SD 89762 13458 Site type Factory (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; Touchstones - photo B443, of Butts Mill; Pigot 1822 Description Henry Kelsall is listed as a woollen manufacturer in Pigot’s directory of 1822. The area is shown as partially developed on Murphy’s 1831 map, and a small building with a chimney is depicted on the OS map of 1851. ‘Butts Factory (woollen)’, is shown on the OS map of 1892, and two water mains and two tanks are marked within the site. The building is labelled ‘Butts Mills (woollen)’ on the OS maps of 1910 and 1930 and ‘Mills’ on the OS maps of 1931 and 1938. On the 1959 OS map the westernmost of the mill buildings had been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39 ). The remainder of the mill was demolished to make way for council offices, as shown on the OS map of 1978 (note on photo Touchstones B443, of Butts Mill). Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development. Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the cinema and the office block that occupy the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing.

Site number 02 Site name Woollen Mill, Baillie Street NGR SD 89794 13514 Site type Mill (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5; Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938 Description An area on the north side of Baillie Street is shown as undeveloped on the OS 1851 map, but had a woollen mill constructed on it by the time of the OS map of 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists the owners of this mill as Littlewood and Heape. By 1938 the mill

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was being used as warehouses and was owned by Kelsall and Kemp (Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938) This building is labelled ‘warehouse’ on the OS map of 1959, and had been extended to the north by the time of the 1972 OS map. It had been demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed completely during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 03 Site name Bowling Green Mill, Smith Street NGR SD 89837 13449 Site type Mill (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No 15502.1.0 Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; www.link4life.org; Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1 Description Bowling Green Mill is referred to as ‘Mr Chadwick’s Mill’ in a newspaper report (www.link4life.org) on the fire at the neighbouring Duncan Street Mill in 1854 (Site 04 ). The mill is shown as a group buildings on the north side of Smith Street, between Alfred Street and Duncan Street, on the OS map of 1851. Following Mr Chadwick, the owners of the mill until 1887 were Richard and William Hurst (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1). Auctions of machinery and steam boilers from the mill in 1889 and 1891, indicate that the mill went out of use at this time (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4; C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5). On the 1892 OS map the mill is labelled ‘disused’. On the 1910 map one building, immediately north of Smith Street is labelled ‘Bowling Green Warehouse’, the remainder of the area formerly occupied by the mill is taken up with the fire station (Site 23 ). This single warehouse is labelled on the OS 1959 map, but had been demolished to make way for the bus station by 1978. Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior to any future development. In particular, any surviving elements of the mill’s steam-power plant would be of archaeological interest.

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Site number 04 Site name Duncan Street Mill, Smith Street NGR SD 89871 13457 Site type Mill (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No 15501.1.0 Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938) Description Duncan Street Mill, which occupied a plot of land bounded by Smith Street, Duncan Street, Baillie Street and Penn Street, was erected in c 1837 and is evident on the OS 1851 map as a small building and chimney. A fireproof mill was added to the north in c 1852. A fire destroyed most of the mill on the 3rd January 1854, but it was rebuilt subsequently (www.link4life.org). The OS map of 1892, shows it as a woollen mill and chimney. The building had been demolished by the time of the OS emergency edition of 1938, and the site redeveloped subsequently as a bus station. Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior to any future development. In particular, any surviving elements of the mill’s steam-power plant would be of archaeological interest.

Site number 05 Site name Congregational Church, Smith Street NGR SD 89966 13490 Site type Church (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; Touchstones - photo labelled ‘E27 Smith Street’ Description A Congregational Church is shown on the corner of Smith Street and Milton Street, on the OS map of 1892, with a note to say that it had ‘seats for 900’. The church is marked on subsequent OS mapping up to and including 1938, but was not extant by the time of the OS 1959 map. By 1979 the current St Andrew’s Church had been built on the adjacent site (noted in a photo labelled E27 Smith Street, held by Touchstones, of the church being constructed). The site is presently undeveloped. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

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Site number 06 Site name Sunday School, Smith Street NGR SD 89999 13496 Site type Sunday School (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A Sunday School is shown on the north side of Smith Street on the OS map of 1892. The building was extant but not labelled on the 1959 OS map, and the Congregational Church (Site 05 ) to its west had been demolished by this time. On the 1975 OS map the former Sunday School building is labelled ‘Congregational Church’, and by 1979 the current St Andrew’s Church had been built on the site (noted in a photo labelled ‘E27 Smith Street’, held by Touchstones, of the church being constructed). Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed completely during the construction of St Andrew’s Church, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 07 Site name Public Baths, Smith Street NGR SD 90024 13500 Site type Former Public Baths Period Industrial Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Robertson, 1875; GMAU, 2006; www.link4life.org Description The public baths, on the north side of Smith Street were opened in 1868; the baths attracted 35,226 visitors during the following year. They were designed by EN MacDougall and built by J Parker and Son (Robertson 1875). There were baths for ladies on the left and gentlemen on the right. There were two large swimming baths 65 feet 6 inches by 39 feet, together with Turkish baths and slipper baths on the galleries surrounding the main baths. The baths had gone out of use by 1937, as market stall holders used the ‘old baths building at Lea Hall on Smith Street’ temporarily for stalls after the Market Hall burned down in 1936 (www.link4life.org). On the OS map of 1959 the former baths building is labelled as ‘Lea Hall Youth Club’, and on the OS map of 1975 it is labelled ‘Rochdale Youth Centre’. This building is still extant, and whilst it has been subject to considerable changes to the internal lay-out, there are several features surviving from the original baths. The two swimming pools are perfectly preserved under a wooden floor covering but can be accessed by trapdoor, there are remains of

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changing cubicles, the slipper baths, the original entranceway configuration, and the heating arrangements (GMAU 2006). Assessment This building lies within the study area and is an important element of the historic environment, which should be retained in any future redevelopment scheme. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

Site number 08 Site name Talbot Inn, John Street NGR SD 90041 13538 Site type Inn (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Worrall 1885 Description A building is shown on the OS map for 1851 on the west side of John Street, and is labelled ‘Talbot Inn’ on the OS map of 1892. The Talbot Inn is listed in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. The building was extant on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map to make way for the widening of John Street. Assessment The site lies within the study area and has been landscaped, but not redeveloped. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 09 Site name Baillie Street School NGR SD 89954 13560 Site type School (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; www.link4life.org; Kelly 1924 Description Baillie Street School, on the east corner of Baillie Street and Milton Street, was set up in 1837 and transferred to the Rochdale School Board in 1872 (www.link4life.org). The school was altered in 1893, and by 1924 it had 682 pupils (Kelly 1924). The school building was labelled ‘Rochdale Further Education Centre’, on the OS map of 1959, but was demolished between 1972 and 1990. Assessment Most of the site is occupied presently by a modern industrial unit, although buried remains may survive in-situ . Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

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Site number 10 Site name Wesleyan Methodist Association Chapel, Baillie Street NGR SD 899 135 Site type Chapel (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No 11155.1.0 Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; LRO QSP/3071/38; Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/24; Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25 Description A large brick chapel, south of Portland Street and north of Baillie Street, opened in 1837 (LRO QSP/3071/38) with a five-bay pedimented front, central doorway with fluted Doric columns and pediment. A gallery was added in 1840, classrooms were added in 1881 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/24) and side doorways were added in c 1912 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25). According to the OS map for 1892, the seating capacity was 1,800. The chapel was closed in c 1965-70, and had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 11 Site name Town Hall, Baillie Street NGR SD 89841 13533 Site type Town Hall (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Rochdale Times 15/01/1908; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description A building on the corner of Baillie Street and Acker Street is labelled ‘Town Hall’ on the 1851 OS map. The building had been extended to the north by the time of the 1892 OS map, and the entire building was labelled ‘Public Hall’ on this and the 1910 OS map. However, by 1908 it had started being used to show films, and in 1914 it was called ‘Andrew’s Picture Palace’ ( Rochdale Times 15/01/1908; www.link4life.org). It was labelled as ‘Picture Theatre’, on 1930 OS map. By 1959, the original hall and the extension to the north were shown as separate buildings, the extension being labelled ‘works’. The hall had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map, but the works building to the north is still extant and is in use as a club. Assessment The site has been largely redeveloped with the erection of a multi- storey block, the construction of which is likely to have entirely

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destroyed the building shown on the 1851 OS map. However, the nineteenth-century extension survives extant, and an archaeological survey of the building may required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

Site number 12 Site name Pack Horse Inn, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89667 13506 Site type Inn (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot 1822 Description The Pack Horse Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’s Directory of that year. It is named on the OS map of 1892. The building was extant on the 1938 OS mapping, but it had been replaced with a larger building by the time of the OS 1959 map. Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 13 Site name Blue Ball Inn, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89699 13535 Site type Inn Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot 1822; Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25 Description The Blue Ball Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’s Directory of that year. In 1891 a planning application to alter the façade of the building was accepted (Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25). The inn is shown on the south side of Yorkshire Street on the OS map of 1892, and labelled on the 1910 and 1930 OS mapping. Used presently as retail premises. Assessment This building lies within the study area and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

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Site number 14 Site name Wheatsheaf Inn, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89778 13608 Site type Inn (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Pigot 1822 Description The Wheatsheaf Inn is listed in Pigot’s Directory of 1822. It is named on the OS map of 1892, and on the editions of 1910 and 1930, but is not labelled as a public house on the OS 1959 mapping. It had been demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 15 Site name White Lion Inn, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89803 13625 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Pigot 1822 Description The White Lion Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’s Directory of that year. It is shown on the OS map of 1892, and is no 102 Yorkshire Street on the current map. It is located within the Town Head Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 16 Site name School, Penn Street NGR SD 89858 13581 Site type School (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,

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1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Touchstones R/MET/30/5/9; Touchstones R/MET/30/5/12 Description Land was leased by John Petrie (the elder) to John Hoyle and others in 1861, ‘for the purposes of an infant school’ (Touchstones R/MET/30/5/9). A school is shown on the west side of Penn Street on the OS map of 1892, in an area that was shown as undeveloped on the OS 1851 mapping. This building is labelled ‘Sunday School’ on the OS mapping of 1910 and 1930. In 1949 the school was sold to the Rochdale Corporation (Touchstones R/MET/30/5/12), and the building is labelled ‘clinic’ on the OS mapping of 1959. It was still extant in 1972, but was demolished subsequently for the Wheatsheaf Centre development in the late twentieth century. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 17 Site name 10, 12, 14 and 16 Baillie Street (south side) NGR SD 8968 1346 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No 11556.1.0 Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358856); Conservation Area Sources SMR Description William Deacon's Manchester and Salford Bank and shops, now shops and store. 1890 on door surround. Stone and brick with slate roof. From left to right: shop front, entrance to upper floor, shop front, grand entrance. The whole group is cranked to accommodate the curve of the road. The two original shop fronts are placed symmetrically about the entrance of No 14. The main feature is the entrance to No 10 having a small open triangular pediment with scrolls to either side, surrounding the bank's coat of arms and crest, all on an open elliptical pediment supported on garland- enriched consoles. The doors are flanked by enriched pilasters and have a large fanlight, semi-circular head, florid spandrel panels and a fluted keystone. The first floor has two tripartite elliptical headed windows and one circular headed, each with stone keystones and panelling below; and one semi-circular tripartite window above the ground door. Bracketed stone and brick eaves cornice. The buildings are located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation Area Consent.

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Site number 18 Site name 17a Baillie Street (north side) NGR SD 8974 1350 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No 11557.1.0 Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358855) Sources SMR; OS, 1: 500, 1892 Description Late nineteenth-century warehouse forming the westernmost of a block of buildings that are all first shown on the 1892 OS map (Site 75 ). Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Listed Building Consent.

Site number 19 Site name Well, north of Portland Street NGR SD 89928 13614 Site type Well (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851 Description A well shown on the OS map of 1851, but not shown on subsequent mapping. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 20 Site name Town Head House NGR SD 8990 1366 Site type Office buildings Period Industrial SMR No 5573.1.0 Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358901); Conservation Area Sources SMR; Murphy, 1831 Description Two buildings labelled ‘Union Offices’ shown on the north side of Parish Street on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings are within the Town Head Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation Area Consent.

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Site number 21 Site name Iron Foundry, Acker Street NGR SD 89804 13543 Site type Iron Foundry (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Slater 1861; Slater 1869; Kelly 1905, Kelly 1918; Duncan 1894-5 Description A building labelled ‘Iron Foundry’ is shown on the west side of Acker Street on the OS map of 1910, and was possibly extant in 1851, as the OS map shows the area as partially developed. Samuel Barnish is listed as an iron founder on Acker Street in Slater’s Directory of 1869 (nb. no iron foundry is listed on Acker Street in Slater, 1861). The site is further developed, but not labelled, on the 1892 OS map, and a tank is marked to its north. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists this as Acker Street Foundry, with John Petrie Junior as the owner. By 1905 the foundry was named as part of River Street Iron Works (the River Street works were located to the south of the river), and the owner was still John Petrie Junior in 1918 (Kelly 1905; 1918). The building was not extant by the time of the 1930 OS mapping. New buildings, including warehouses had been built in this area by the time of the 1959 OS map, one of which had been demolished by 1972 and the remainder by 1990. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 22 Site name Brunswick Hotel, north side of Baillie Street NGR SD 89823 13516 Site type Hotel/Public House Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885 Description The Brunswick Hotel, on the north side of Baillie Street, is listed in Worrall’s Directory of 1885, and shown on the 1892 OS map, labelled ‘Brunswick Hotel (PH)’. The building is still a public house. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

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Site number 23 Site name Fire Engine Station, Alfred Street NGR SD 89825 13476 Site type Fire Station (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975 Description The fire engine station on Alfred Street opened in 1893 (nb it is not shown on the 1893 OS map, but Bowling Green Mill (Site 03 ), which it partially replaced, is labelled as ‘disused’ on the 1892 OS map). A building labelled ‘FE Station’ is shown on the east side of Alfred Street on the OS map of 1910. On the OS map for 1930 a water main is marked in the yard to the rear of the fire station. This was located to feed a below ground fire tank at the station site (www.link4life.org). The fire station building is marked as a Police Station on the 1959 OS map, but it was demolished to make way for the bus station in 1975 ( Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975). Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried remains, which may require mitigation prior to development. Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the fire engine station may survive beneath modern surfacing.

Site number 24 Site name Roach Spring Works NGR SD 90029 13436 Site type Spring Works (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Worrall 1885; Kelly 1905 Description Brierley and Kershaw are listed at Roach Works on Morton Street in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. Buildings and a chimney labelled ‘Roach Spring Works’ are shown on the OS map of 1892. Kelly’s Directory of 1905 lists Roach Spring Works as still owned by Brierley and Kershaw, and describes them as ‘doffing and cleaning plate, spring and spindle and temple makers.’ The building is shown on the 1959 OS map, labelled as ‘works’, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area, and whilst the western part is likely to have been destroyed entirely by the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the works may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing. Any surviving buried remains may require mitigation prior to development.

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Site number 25 Site name Milton Street Grease Works NGR SD 90019 13378 Site type Grease Works (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Slater 1869 Description William Whipp is listed as a grease refiner on Milton Street in Slater’s Directory of 1869, although the grease works is not listed on Milton Street in the directory for 1861. Buildings and a chimney labelled ‘Milton Street Grease Works’ are shown on the north of the river bank, south of Slack Street on the OS map of 1892. The north-eastern half of this building had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OS map, and the remaining building was not labelled. The remaining building was still extant on the 1975 OS map, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area, and is presently used as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 26 Site name Queen’s Head Public House, south of Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89695 13524 Site type Public House (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot 1822; Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24 Description The Queen’s Head is listed in Pigot’s Directory of 1822, and a building is shown on the south side of Yorkshire Street on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the OS maps for 1851 and 1892. A planning application for rebuilding the Queen’s Head was accepted in 1890 (Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24). A larger building is shown on the OS map of 1910, labelled ‘Public House’, which replaced the original building and extended into an earlier area of housing (Site 77 ). To the rear of this building was ‘Queen’s Head Yard’. The building was labelled on the 1930 OS mapping and buildings were still extant in this area on the 1938 OS map, but a new building stood in its place by the time of the 1959 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

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Site number 27 Site name Public House, nos 4-6 Baillie Street NGR SD 89655 13453 Site type Former Public House Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building, possibly extant in 1831 as buildings are shown in this area on Murphy’s map, on the south side of Baillie Street, labelled ‘Public House’ on the OS map of 1910. The building is nos 4-6 Baillie Street on the current map, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 28 Site name Education Offices, Baillie Street NGR SD 89702 13468 Site type Office (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building labelled ‘School Board Offices’ is shown on the south side of Baillie Street on the OS map of 1892, and is labelled ‘Education Offices’ on the OS map of 1910. It was possibly extant in 1831, as a building is shown but not labelled in this location on Murphy’s map. The building was still in 1978, but had been demolished by 1990. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 29 Site name Bank, no 19 Butts Avenue NGR SD 89680 13449 Site type Bank Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area

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Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building is shown on the north side of Butts Avenue on Murphy’s map of 1831, labelled ‘Messrs Royds Bank’ (no 17 on the map). This private country bank was established in Rochdale in 1819 as a branch office of John Rawson, William Rawson and Christopher Rawson & Co (est 1811), bankers of Halifax. The bank, trading as John Rawson, William Rawson & Christopher Rawson, issued its own notes from the outset, and also became known as Rochdale Old Bank. In 1827 the bank was acquired by Clement Royds, local woollen merchant, trading initially as Royds, Smith & Co and, by late 1828, as Clement Royds & Co. In 1881, the business was sold to the Manchester & Salford Bank. The building, labelled ‘Bank’ on the OS map of 1892, is no 19 Butts Avenue, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 30 Site name Bank House, Butts Avenue NGR SD 89698 13455 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building is shown on the north side of Butts Avenue on Murphy’s map of 1831, and labelled ‘Bank House’ on the OS map for 1892 and ‘The Butts House’ on the OS map of 1910. It is still a bank, located in the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 31 Site name Grapes Vaults, Butts Avenue NGR SD 89651 13437 Site type Former Public House Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area

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Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885 Description An inn named Grapes is listed in Butt’s Entry in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. A building is shown on the south side of Butts Avenue on Murphy’s map of 1831, and labelled ‘Grapes Vaults (PH)’ on the OS map of 1892. The building is labelled on the 1930 OS mapping and is located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 32 Site name Former YMCA, Butts Avenue NGR SD 89671 13434 Site type Club Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building labelled ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’ is shown on the south side of Butts Avenue on the OS map of 1892, and was possibly extant in 1851 as a building is shown but not labelled in this location on the OS map. The building is labelled ‘club’ on the 1910 OS mapping and is located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 33 Site name Bank, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89641 13400 Site type Bank Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building on the north-east side of Yorkshire Street is labelled ‘Bank’ on the OS map of 1910. A smaller building is shown in this area on the OS mapping for 1851 and 1893, on the south side of an

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alley. The 1910 building (and also a building to its east (Site 87 )) was built over the earlier alley and therefore either replaced the earlier building, or was an extension to it. On the 1959 OS map, this and Site 87 were shown as one building, and the building is still in use as a bank, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 34 Site name Infant School, Penn Street NGR SD 89870 13624 Site type School (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Kelly 1924 Description Penn Street Infant School was extant by 1873, when it was acquired by the School Board (Kelly 1924), although its location is not clear on the 1892 OS map, unless it was housed within one of the buildings on the south side of Blossom Place (Site 63 ). A new building labelled ‘Infant School’ is extant, however, on the 1910 OS mapping and by 1924 it had 288 pupils (Kelly 1924). The school was labelled ‘Townhead County Primary School’ on the 1959 OS map, and was extant on the 1972 OS map, but by the time of the 1990 OS map it had been replaced by a building labelled ‘clinic’. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 35 Site name Baths Hotel, Smith Street NGR SD 90029 13470 Site type Hotel (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building is shown on the OS map for 1892 on the south side of Smith Street, labelled ‘Baths Hotel (PH)’. The building was extant on the 1975 OS map, but had been demolished and replaced by the building currently used by Mecca Bingo, by the time of the OS map of 1990.

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Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of the Mecca Bingo that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 36 Site name Nazareth Chapel, Conway Street NGR SD 89937 13594 Site type Chapel (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building labelled ‘Nazareth Chapel (Welsh Presbyterian) (seats for 240)’ is shown on the east side of Conway Street on the OS map of 1892. The chapel was marked ‘Welsh Presbyterian Church’ on the OS mapping of 1972, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment This site lies within the study area, and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 37 Site name Industrial buildings, John Street NGR SD 90068 13469 Site type Industrial buildings (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975 Description A group of large buildings and a chimney are first shown on the west side of John Street, immediately north of the river on the OS map of 1910, in an area that was previously undeveloped. The buildings are bounded to the west by Morton Street. The OS map for 1930 marks a tank (‘Tk’) in one of the buildings. This area of buildings was marked on the OS map for 1959, at which time a building in the south-west corner of this group was labelled ‘abattoir’, but the buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map, to make way for the widening of John Street. Assessment This site lies within the study area, and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

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Site number 38 Site name 128 Yorkshire Street (south side) NGR SD 8987 1366 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No 11601.1.0 Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358960); Conservation Area Sources SMR Description House, formerly County Police Station, now offices, located within the Town Head Conservation Area. Late eighteenth century, altered in c 1900. Historic interest as the building in which the government of the town was transacted by Improvement Commissioners between 1825 and 1856 when the Borough was incorporated. A rare survival from an important period in the development of local government in England. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 39 Site name Regal Cinema NGR SD 89726 13453 Site type Former cinema Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Rochdale Observer 14/05/1938 Description The westernmost extent of the Butts Mill (Site 01 ) was sold by Kelsall and Kemp to the Association of British Cinemas Ltd. Subsequently in 1938, The Regal Cinema was opened (Rochdale Observer 14/05/1938). This building was labelled as a cinema on the 1990 OS map, but it is currently in use as a Wetherspoon’s pub. Assessment This building survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building may be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

Site number 40 Site name Motor Repair Works, John Street NGR SD 89949 13669 Site type Motor Repair Works (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

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Description A building labelled ‘Motor Repair Works’ is shown on the west side of John Street on the OS map of 1930, in an area that was depicted as largely undeveloped on earlier mapping. This building was shown on the OS 1959 mapping, and labelled as a warehouse on the OS map for 1972, but was demolished as part of the widening of John Street in the mid-1970s. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 41 Site name Tramway Centre, the Butts NGR SD 89706 13395 Site type Tramway Centre (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931 Description A tramway centre is shown on the OS map for 1910, located at the junction of the tramways on Smith Street (Site 43 ), Drake Street and The Esplanade. Two buildings labelled ‘Tramway Shelter’ are located in this area. The tramway was not extant by the time of the OS mapping from 1931; the two shelter buildings were still depicted on the OS mapping of 1938, but are not shown after this date. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 42 Site name Hall, Baillie Street NGR SD 89687 13483 Site type Hall (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description A building on the north side of Baillie Street is shown on mapping from 1851 onwards, and labelled on the 1930 OS map as a hall. The area of the hall was partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, but it is not clear if this included the hall. This building was marked on the OS 1938 mapping, but had been replaced by a larger building by the time of the 1959 OS map. The site lies partially in the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

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Site number 43 Site name Tramway, Smith Street NGR SD 89918 13457 Site type Tramway (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930 Description A tramway on Smith Street is shown on the OS map from 1893. On the OS map for 1910 the tramway joins the tramway centre at the west end of Smith Street (Site 41 ), and the tramway on John Street (Site 46 ). The tramway is not shown on the OS map of 1931. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 44 Site name Buildings, south of Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89927 13702 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description A square block of shops and businesses on the corner of Yorkshire Street and John Street is first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings were marked on the OS map for 1972, but were demolished as part of the widening of John Street that took place in the mid-1970s. Assessment This site lies within the study area, and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 45 Site name Tramway, Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89856 13678 Site type Tramway (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930 Description A tramway on Yorkshire Street is shown on the OS map from 1893. On the OS map from 1910, this tramway joins the tramway on John Street (Site 46 ). The tramway was not extant by the time of the OS map of 1931. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

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Site number 46 Site name Tramway, John Street NGR SD 90018 13603 Site type Tramway (Site of) Period Modern SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6”, 1931 (emergency edition 1938) Description A tramway on John Street is shown on the OS map from 1910. This tramway joins the tramway on Yorkshire Street (Site 45 ), and the tramway on Smith Street (Site 43 ). The tramway was not extant by the time of the OS mapping from 1931. Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 47 Site name Back-to-back housing, Kemp Street NGR SD 89990 13425 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; 1:1250; OS, 1:1250, 1975 Description A block of back-to-back housing on both the north and south sides of Kemp Street is first shown on the 1892 OS map and was marked on the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of the Mecca Bingo that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 48 Site name Housing, Peto Street NGR SD 89999 13459 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Touchstones F/STA Description An area of both back-to-back houses and through houses on the north side of Peto Street is first shown on the 1892 OS map. A document regarding the mortgage of a Thomas Woodhouse from

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Peto Street in 1876 indicates that the street was extant by this date (Touchstones F/STA). The street was marked on the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished except for a few buildings at the east end of the street by the time of the OS map of 1975, and was fully demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of the Mecca Bingo that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 49 Site name Industrial buildings, Slack Street NGR SD 89999 13395 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A long rectangular building fronting the south side of Slack Street with a small building at its east end and small buildings and a water main to its south is first shown on the OS map for 1892. Presumed to be a warehouse, the rectangular building is shown as divided into four by the time of the 1910 OS map, and was marked on the 1938 OS map. However the smaller buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1930 map. By the time of the 1959 OS map there were two large buildings on the site, the eastern of which was labelled ‘works’, it is not clear if these were new buildings or show alterations to the earlier buildings. These buildings were marked on the OS map for 1975, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area, and is presently used as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 50 Site name Housing, Kelsall Street NGR SD 90002 13530 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); ); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975

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Description A block of housing is shown on the OS map for 1851 at the east end of the north side of Kelsall Street. The 1892 OS map depicts this as back-to-back housing with an inn (Site 08 ) at its east end. This map also shows new housing to the west of the block of back- to-backs, so that the whole of the north side of Kelsall Street had then been developed. This north side of Kelsall Street was marked on the OS map for 1959, and a warehouse was marked towards the western end of this block, however the whole street had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and has been landscaped, but not redeveloped. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 51 Site name Back-to-back housing, Hopwood Place NGR SD 90001 13566 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description A block of housing on the south side of Portland Street is shown on the 1851 OS map. By the time of the 1892 OS map this housing block forms the northern side of three blocks of back-to-back housing around a rectangular courtyard, named Hopwood Place, the east side of which fronts John Street. This housing was marked on the OS map for 1959, except for the north-western area, which had been demolished, and the whole block had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is occupied partially by a modern single-storey building, with the remainder of the site being used for car parking. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 52 Site name Housing, Milton Street NGR SD 89941 13491 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Heape 1926, 268-9

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Description Heape (1926, 268-9) records that houses were erected on Milton Street in 1854 following the fire at the Duncan Street Mill (Site 04 ), as a memorial of public regard for Henry Radcliffe and Abraham Taylor, who saved the lives of 21 people. The 1892 OS map shows a row of housing, fronting the west side of Milton Street, which appears to comprise terraced houses with shared yards, and possibly a pair of back-to-backs at the south end. The street was shown on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and presently forms part of the bus apron. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 53 Site name Housing, Cromwell Street NGR SD 89918 13488 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975 Description Housing located on the west side of Cromwell Street and the east side of Penn Street, is first shown on the OS map of 1851. The north end of this block comprised housing around a courtyard, and to the south of this were two rows of houses, named Tip Place and Harp Place, including some back-to-backs. By the time of the OS 1959 map, the eastern row of buildings had been demolished and much of the southern half of this area had also been cleared, although a public house was marked in the south-eastern corner of this plot. The entire block had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map. Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the houses may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior to any future development.

Site number 54 Site name Housing, Kelsall Street NGR SD 90052 13523 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None

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Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975 Description A block of three houses and a yard is first shown on the OS map for 1892 at the east end of the south side of Kelsall Street. This block was marked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1975 OS map to make way for the widening of John Street. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the widening of John Street, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 55 Site name Housing, Hampton Street NGR SD 89945 13617 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/390 Description Blocks of housing on the east side of Conway Street are first shown on the 1892 OS map. A planning application for the erection of four dwelling houses at 17-23 Portland Street (at the southern extent of this block) was accepted in 1877 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/390). The blocks, named Hampton Terrace, Argyle Terrace, Harcourt Terrace and Guardian Terrace, comprised rows of through-houses with yards and outbuildings to the rear. On the OS map for 1930 this area is named Hampton Street, and it is marked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 56 Site name Maude Terrace NGR SD 89889 13603 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

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Description A row of back-to-back houses on the south side of Parish Street is first shown on the OS map for 1892, and was marked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

Site number 57 Site name Housing, Portland Street NGR SD 89901 13583 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description A row of through-houses on the north side of Portland Street is first shown on the OS map for 1851 and was marked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 58 Site name Portland Yard NGR SD 89991 13604 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description A block of housing on four sides of a courtyard is shown on the 1851 OS map. By the time of the OS 1892 map this housing block appears to have been altered, and comprises three sides of housing including back-to-backs around a roughly triangular-shaped courtyard, bounded to its west by Hampton Street (Site 55 ). This housing was marked on the 1959 OS map, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior to development.

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Site number 59 Site name Housing, Cleveland Square NGR SD 89868 13538 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A short row of housing is shown on the 1851 OS map to the west of Penn Street. By the time of the 1892 OS map this row of back-to- backs had been extended northwards as far as Clarke’s Place, where it is labelled ‘Court No. 1’, and along the south side of this road to Acker Street. This effectively filled the empty space north of Baillie Street between the Public Hall (Site 11 ) on the east side of Acker Street, and Penn Street. Cleveland Square appears to refer to a courtyard which occupied part of this area to the immediate north of Baillie Street. This housing was marked on the 1938 OS map, but by the time of the 1959 OS map, the south-eastern corner of this plot had been demolished. Larger buildings, in the north- western part of this block were labelled ‘works’ on this map. By the time of the 1972 OS map, the majority of this plot had been demolished, with the remainder demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre, by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 60 Site name Nos 132-148 Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89895 13686 Site type Shops and businesses Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of nine terraced through-buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Road, are first shown on the 1892 OS map. On the 1851 OS map the western area of these buildings appears to be taken up with an oval garden area in front of the Union Offices (Site 20 ). The eastern area was shown as developed in 1851, but it is unclear if these are the same buildings that are depicted on the 1892 map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a drapery, a milliner, a fruiterer, a boot maker and a hairdresser, being run

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from these buildings. The buildings are now located within the Town Head Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 61 Site name Nos 116-124 Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89848 13655 Site type Shops and businesses Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of five terraced through-buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Road, bounded to the west by Penn Street, are first shown on the 1892 OS map. This area is depicted as partially developed on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map, however the terrace appears to have replaced this earlier development. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a drapery, a milliner, a butcher, a tailor and a hosier, occupying these buildings. The buildings are now located within the Town Head Conservation Area. No 120, is labelled ‘P.O.’ on the OS map of 1910, and is still a post office. No 116 has ‘G L Adamson’ picked out in bricks on the upper storey of the front elevation. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 62 Site name Nos 104-114 Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89821 13634 Site type Shops and businesses Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of five terraced through-buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Road, bounded to the east by Penn Street, are first shown on the 1892 OS map. This area is depicted as developed on

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Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map, however it is unclear if this development comprises the terrace depicted on the 1892 OS map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a drapers, a milliner, a grocer, a tailor and a cabinet maker, being run from these buildings. These buildings are now located within the Town Head Conservation Area. No 104 has a sign above, which reads ‘Hartley Thomas and Wright Solicitor’. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 63 Site name Housing, Blossom Place NGR SD 89847 13627 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description Back-to-back houses on both the north and south sides of Blossom Place, which is bisected by Penn Street. This housing appears to be partially extant on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map. The south-western area of back-to-backs is named ‘Tulip Place’ on the OS map of 1892. By 1910 the OS map shows that an infant school (Site 34 ) had replaced the block of houses on the south side of Blossom Place to the east of Penn Street. The remainder of Blossom Place was marked on the 1938 OS map, but the majority of it had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map. The remaining buildings were marked on the OS map of 1972, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact. Buried elements of the site may survive in-situ , however, on the eastern side of Penn Street, as that part of the site is used presently as a car park. Any future development of the car park may have an archaeological impact, which may require mitigation.

Site number 64 Site name Courtyard Housing, Penn Street NGR SD 89850 13602 Site type Housing and shops (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No -

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Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/371 Description An area of housing and shops on the west side of Penn Street, arranged around a courtyard is named ‘Court No. 2’ on the OS map of 1892. This area is shown as partially developed on the OS map of 1851. A planning application was approved in 1869 for the erection of a house and shop at 26-28 Penn Street (Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/371). The development was marked on the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 65 Site name Housing, Clarke’s Place NGR SD 89827 13560 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description Housing on both the north and south side of Clarke’s Place is first shown on the OS map from 1851. All but two of these houses (on the south side of the road) had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OS map. The two remaining houses were marked on the 1938 OS map, but the area had new buildings on it by the time of the OS 1959 map, which were marked on the OS map for 1972, but had been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 66 Site name Housing, Penn Street NGR SD 89849 13588 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959

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Description A group of back-to-back houses on the west side of Penn Street, north of Clarke’s Place is first shown on the OS map for 1851, and named ‘Court No. 3’ on the OS map of 1892. The western area of these buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OS map. The remaining buildings were marked on the 1938 OS map, but had been demolished by the time of the OS 1959 map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 67 Site name Buildings, Acker Street (east side) NGR SD 89800 13580 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A group of shops, houses and larger works buildings on the east side of Acker Street is first shown on the OS map for 1851, and were partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831. The northern extent of this area is labelled ‘Court No. 1’ on the OS map for 1892. These buildings, with the exception of one, were marked on the 1959 OS map, and two were labelled ‘works’. The buildings fronting Acker Street were all marked on the 1972 OS map, but the buildings to the rear had been demolished by this time. The whole of this area was demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre before 1990. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 68 Site name Houses to the rear of Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89799 13603 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description Two buildings to the rear of Yorkshire Street, to the east of Wheatsheaf Yard were first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and

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were marked on the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 69 Site name Buildings on Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89789 13619 Site type Shops and businesses (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894 Description A group of three through-buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Street are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and were marked on the OS map of 1972, but have since been demolished and replaced with the Wheatsheaf Centre. Duncan’s Directory of 1894- 5 lists businesses including a drapers, a hairdresser, an auctioneer and a hay and straw dealer. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 70 Site name Buildings on Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89766 13606 Site type Shops and businesses (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894 Description A group of four buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Street, bounded to the west by Acker Street are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings were marked on the OS map of 1972, but have since been demolished and replaced with the Wheatsheaf Centre. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a tailors, a confectioners, and a milliners, being run from these buildings. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the

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Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 71 Site name Buildings on Acker Street NGR SD 89781 13566 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description Two large buildings on the west side of Acker Street of unknown function first shown on the OS map of 1851, The buildings were marked on the OS map of 1938, but had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 72 Site name New Buildings Place, Bell Street NGR SD 89740 13538 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description A row of back-to-backs, north and south of ‘New Buildings Place’, on the west side of Bell Street first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831. By the time of the 1930 OS map some of these houses had been demolished, the remaining buildings were marked on the OS map of 1938, but had been replaced with the current building by the time of the 1959 OS map. Assessment This site may be impacted by the proposed redevelopment

Site number 73 Site name Buildings, Tower Place NGR SD 89739 13562 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None

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Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A single building, listed as a fish and game dealer’s in Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5, is shown on the south side of Yorkshire Street on the 1892 OS map, bounded to the west by Bell Street and to the east by Tower Place. Several buildings of unknown function are located to the rear of this. The buildings are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, were marked on the OS map of 1930, however they appear to have been mostly demolished by the time of the 1938 OS map, with only 68 Yorkshire Street extant by the time of the 1972 OS map. This building has since been replaced. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 74 Site name Buildings, Yorkshire Street/Bell Street NGR SD 89708 13545 Site type Shops and businesses Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of five buildings on the west side of Bell Street, first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and marked on the OS map of 1938. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists them as shops and an insurance agent. Only the four north-eastern buildings were extant by the time of the 1959 OS map, the remainder of the area being taken up with the current building. The remaining four buildings, nos 66-60 Yorkshire Street, are extant. Assessment The extant buildings lie within the study area. An archaeological survey may be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

Site number 75 Site name Buildings, Baillie Street/Bell Street NGR SD 89761 13509 Site type Buildings Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885

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Description A group of five buildings fronting the north side of Baillie Street and west of Bell Street, with additional buildings behind, are first shown on the OS map for 1892. The western building of this block (17a Baillie Street; Site 18 ) is a Grade II Listed warehouse. The adjacent two buildings to the east (nos 19 and 21 Baillie Street) are extant, but the remainder have been demolished in recent years. No 19 was listed as a warehouse in Worrall’s Directory of 1885, and was labelled ‘Inland Revenue Office’ on the 1892 OS map. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area. An archaeological survey of the may be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.

Site number 76 Site name Buildings, North side of Baillie Street NGR SD 89711 13495 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); ); OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description A group of four buildings fronting the north side of Baillie Street, with additional buildings behind, located to the east of the alley named ‘The Bank’. The buildings, possibly warehouses, were first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, and were marked on the OS map of 1938, but had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 77 Site name Housing behind Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89714 13519 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description Two rows of small houses behind Yorkshire Street are first shown on the OS map for 1851. By 1910, the houses had been partially demolished and replaced by the Queen’s Head Inn fronting Yorkshire Street (Site 26 ) and a yard to its rear named the Queen’s Head Yard. The remaining houses were marked on the OS map of 1938, but had been replaced with a larger building by the time of the 1959 OS map.

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Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 78 Site name Buildings, south side of Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89687 13515 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of three buildings fronting the south side of Yorkshire Street, with additional buildings behind, situated on the east side of the alley named ‘The Bank’. The buildings were at least partially extant by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and were marked on the OS 1938 map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5, lists the buildings on Yorkshire Street as occupied by a tailors and a drapers. The 1959 OS map marks both the buildings to the rear of Yorkshire Street within this plot as ‘ruin’, and by 1972 the whole block had been demolished and replaced with a large building (now Marks and Spencer). Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 79 Site name Building, south side of Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89674 13507 Site type Building (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Duncan 1894-5 Description A building fronting the south side of Yorkshire Street and situated on the west side of the alley ‘The Bank’ is shown on the OS map of 1851. The building was marked on the OS map of 1938, but it had been replaced with a larger building by the time of the OS 1959 map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists the site as a tea dealers. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

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Site number 80 Site name Buildings on Baillie Street and Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89654 13483 Site type Buildings Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; ; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A roughly triangular plot at the junction on the south side of Yorkshire Street and the north side of Baillie Street, bounded to the east by Pack Horse Yard. This area had been partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and the 1892 OS map depicts a number of small buildings fronting Baillie Street and Yorkshire Street, including one labelled ‘Bank’. Other businesses occupying these buildings in 1894-5, were a butchers, a drapers, an iron monger and a rubber merchant (Duncan, 1894-5). These buildings are located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 81 Site name Buildings on Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89745 13586 Site type Buildings (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of seven buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, on the west side of Acker Street, first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, and marked on the OS map for 1972. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists these buildings as being occupied by a grocers, a tailors, a tobacconist, a smallware dealer and a chemist. The north- easternmost three of these buildings (nos. 82-78) are extant, but the remaining buildings were demolished and replaced with the Wheatsheaf Centre by 1990. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the modern building that occupies the site presently, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

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Site number 82 Site name No 8 Baillie Street NGR SD 89670 13456 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A square building of unknown function fronting the south side of Baillie Street, which appears to be extant on Murphy’s map of 1831, and is the current no. 8 Baillie Street, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 83 Site name No 2 Baillie Street NGR SD 89643 13453 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building, roughly triangular in plan and of unknown function fronting the south side of Baillie Street, which appears to be extant by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and was extant, though sub- divided, on the OS map for 1959. This is the current no. 2, Baillie Street, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 84 Site name Nos 16-24 Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89635 13436 Site type Buildings Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area

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Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of five buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, between The Walk to the south-west, and Butts Avenue to the north-east. Buildings are shown in this area on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the OS map of 1851, however an alley (later named Stationers Entry) is also depicted on these maps, leading from Yorkshire Street into the Butts in the approximate area of the middle of this group of five buildings (possibly no. 20?). Therefore it is not certain if the buildings depicted on the 1892 OS map were a group of new buildings built since 1851 or were an extant group which had been added to by 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists these buildings as being occupied by a grocers, a hatter, a boot manufacturer, a clothers and a chemist. These buildings are the current nos. 16-24 Yorkshire Street, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 85 Site name Buildings on The Walk NGR SD 89648 13416 Site type Buildings Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description Two rows of small buildings fronting the north-west and south-east sides of The Walk, off Yorkshire Street. The buildings were extant by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831 and are now located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 86 Site name Nos 2-14 Yorkshire Street NGR SD 89625 13406 Site type Buildings Period Industrial

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SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5 Description A group of buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, at its southern extent, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. These buildings are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, with a building at the west end labelled ‘ Messrs Fentons and Roby’s Bank ’ (no. 16 on map). The northernmost of these buildings was labelled ‘Central Conservative Club’ on the OS map for 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists the other buildings as being occupied by a tailor, prudential assurance, a coffee house and a painter. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 87 Site name Buildings on The Butts NGR SD 89650 13401 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building shown fronting The Butts on the OS map of 1910. A smaller building is shown in this area on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the OS mapping for 1851 and 1892, on the south side of an alley. The 1910 building (and also a building to its west (Site 33 )) is built over the alley and therefore is either a replacement of the earlier building, or shows an extension to it. On the 1959 OS map, this and Site 33 to its west were shown as one building, labelled as a bank, and the building is still in use as a bank, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

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Site number 88 Site name Building on Butts Avenue NGR SD 89662 13437 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990 Description A building, which fronts the south side of Butts Avenue, is shown on Murphy’s map of 1831. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 89 Site name Housing, Smith Street and Duncan Street NGR SD 89832 13496 Site type Housing (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893 Description A small group of houses, extant on the south side of Smith Street, north of Bowling Green Mill (Site 03 ), on the OS on maps of 1851 and 1892. In 1893 the Alfred Street Fire Station (Site 23 ) was constructed on this site, replacing these earlier houses. Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during the construction of the fire station and subsequently the bus station that occupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements may survive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior to any future development.

Site number 90 Site name Amen Corner (site of) NGR SD 8970 1343 Site type House (site of) Period Industrial SMR No 2644.1.0 Stat. Designation - Sources SMR; Pigot 1834 Description Also known as the ‘Great House’, said to date back to 1565. In the seventeenth century it was a two-storey building, surrounded by a large garden. In 1692, it was owned by a Mr. Charles Linney. In 1750, the verger at St Chad's Church converted the building into an alehouse with the name ‘Amen Corner’. During services the inn

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would close and only one pint of ale per man was served. However, it degenerated into an unruly and dubious travellers' rest. It was demolished in 1910 as it was in a bad state of repair. Pigot’s Directory of 1834 lists a tavern named Amen Corner at Lower Gates. This would suggest that this site is outwith the study area. Assessment This site is unlikely to be impacted by the proposed redevelopment

Site number 91 Site name 21 Butts Avenue (Bank Chambers) Staircase block NGR SD 8968 1344 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No 11554.1.0 Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358865); Conservation Area Sources SMR Description Building only houses a staircase which gives access to the upper floor of Williams & Glyn's Bank, c 1800. Brick with stone dressings and slate roof. Narrow frontage with central door, inner door and three-flight staircase, apparently part of a former building. The two-storey building has an Ionic doorcase with attached columns, open modillioned pediment, semicircular enriched fanlight, a six-panel door, and rises from a flight of bowed steps. The upper floor has a sash window with gauged brick head and a modillioned timber eaves cornice. The inner doorcase has an enriched plaster cornice and architrave. The openstring staircase has iron balustrading and a timber handrail. The listing does not apply to the Bank Chambers themselves nor to the stone built bank building to the left. Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. An archaeological survey of the building is likely to be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 92 Site name Rochdale Bridge, Rochdale NGR SD 89662 13383 Site type Bridge Period Industrial SMR No 13733.1.0 Stat. Designation Conservation Area Sources SMR Description On the 6th of June 1903, the Rochdale Observer reported the Borough Surveyor's proposals for the covering of the River Roch between The Butts and South Parade. This was on the site of a traditional fording point of the River Roch. The bridge is an early example of a ferro-concrete construction (six-inch thick ferro-

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concrete slabs lie beneath the road surface). The covering of the Roch began in July 1904 and the final stretch was completed in c 1924. This engineering feat gave Rochdale the claim to have the widest bridge in the world. Repairs were carried out in 1995. Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. An archaeological survey of the buildings may be required to inform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as a condition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 93 Site name Atlas Printing Works, Acker Street NGR SD 89766 13577 Site type Printing Works (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938; Worrall 1885 Description Buildings on the west side of Acker Street are first shown on the OS map of 1851. E Wrigley and Sons are listed as running the Atlas Stream Printing Works in Worrall’s Directory of 1885, and the printing works is labelled on the OS map for 1892. E Wrigley and Sons were still listed as printers and stationers at this location in the Rochdale County Borough Directory of 1938. The building was labelled ‘works’ on the OS map of 1972, but had been demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time of the 1990 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 94 Site name Borough Carriage Works, Clarke’s Place NGR SD 89837 13574 Site type Works (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972 Description Two buildings north of Clarke’s Place are first shown on the OS map for 1892, labelled ‘Borough Carriage Works’. The northern of these buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OS map. The remaining building was labelled ‘works’ on the 1959 OS map, but had been demolished by the time of the OS 1972 map.

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Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 95 Site name School of Chemistry, south of Blossom Place NGR SD 89871 13627 Site type School (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation - Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910 Description A long building labelled ‘School of Chemistry’ was first shown on the OS map for 1892. An infant school (Site 34 ) had replaced these buildings by the time of the 1910 OS map. Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the infant school (Site 34) , and any future development will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 96 Site name Mission Room, Blossom Place NGR SD 89861 13647 Site type Building (Site of) Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description A building labelled ‘Mission Room’ was first shown on the OS map for 1892 at the eastern end of the north side of Blossom Place. The building was marked on the 1938 OS map, but had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a car park. Any future development could have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 97 Site name Industrial Building, New Buildings Place NGR SD 89861 13647 Site type Building Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1:2500, 1959 Description A small brick-built structure labelled ‘Works’ on the OS map of 1959 at the northern end of New Buildings Place.

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Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant, but derelict. An archaeological survey of the building may be required prior to development of the site.

Site number 98 Site name Steps on north side of Baillie Street NGR SD 89694 13486 Site type Steps Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892 Description A flight of stone steps leading from the north side of Baillie Street to a passage named ‘The Bank’ on the OS map of 1892. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant.

Site number 99 Site name Steps, New Buildings Place NGR SD 89730 13518 Site type Steps Period Industrial SMR No - Stat. Designation None Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892 Description A flight of stone steps leading from the south corner of New Buildings Place to Baillie Street, as shown on the OS map of 1892. Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant.

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5. SITE INSPECTION AND BUILDING ASSESSMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 A general inspection of the study area and the upstanding buildings was carried out to enhance the results obtained from the desk-based research. The inspection of the standing buildings concentrated on establishing whether the visible fabric retained evidence for age, phasing and development, and allowed a photographic record to be compiled. The site inspection also confirmed that an element of the built heritage and sub-surface archaeological resource of the study area has been destroyed by late twentieth-century development. In particular, the construction of the large Wheatsheaf Centre will have had a major negative impact on the archaeological resource in the central part of the study area. Similarly, the construction of the bus station on Smith Street will have had a major impact on the built heritage, including alterations to the nineteenth-century layout of streets. However, notwithstanding several large service trenches inside the bus station, and the multi-storey block and a pedestrian subway that runs underneath Constantine Road immediately to the west, the potential for buried archaeological remains of the former textile mills (Sites 03 and 04 ) to survive in-situ beneath the concourse cannot be discounted.

5.1.2 Further to the east, the construction of the Mecca Bingo necessitated some ground-reduction works that are likely to have destroyed the buried remains of former workers’ housing (Sites 47 and 48 ) in this area. Conversely, whilst there is little physical above-ground evidence of the former industrial buildings (Sites 25 , 37 and 49 ) and associated surfacing to the south and east of Mecca Bingo, there does not appear to have been any ground-reduction works in this area, offering some potential for buried remains to survive in-situ beneath the modern car-parking areas.

5.1.3 Tarmac surfacing also characterises much of the eastern edge of the study area, although in some cases this may have been associated with landscaping works. The former workers’ housing (Site 50 ) on Kelsall Street, for instance, has been demolished and the ground level appears to have been raised by c 1.5m as part of a landscaping scheme (Plate 20). No visible remains of former housing or associated surfacing survive to the north (Sites 51 , 55 and 58 ), on the north side of Baille Street, which is occupied presently by a Vauxhall dealership garage. Elements of this area have been landscape, although this appears to have largely involved the raising of ground levels, offering some potential for buried remains to survive in-situ ; the northern boundary of the garage site, however, may have been terraced into the natural slope.

5.1.4 Historic surfacing in the form of stone setts survives in several places across the study area, including a short section in front of 128 Yorkshire Street (Site 38 ), and Bull Brow, Stationers Entry, and Butts Avenue in the Town Hall Conservation Area. Further east, adjacent to 17a Baillie Street (Site 18 ), New Buildings Place retains historic surfacing that leads to a derelict industrial

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building (Site 97 ) and a set of stone steps (Site 99 ) up to Bell Street; public access to these steps is currently prohibited (Plate 21). A similar set of steps survives a short distance to the west (Site 98), on the north side of Baillie Street. These steps for an important part of the historic townscape, and should be retained as part of any future scheme of redevelopment.

Plate 20: Looking west across the site of former houses on Kelsall Street (Site 50 )

Plate 21: New Buildings Place, showing historic surfacing and Site 97

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5.2 BUILDINGS ON YORKSHIRE STREET

5.2.1 Yorkshire Street is a long road extending north-eastwards for nearly 1km from the historic centre of Rochdale, near the crossing point of the River Roch, up the valley slope and continuing towards Littleborough. In the northern part of the study area, between Cheetham Street and John Street, Yorkshire Street forms the principal route through the part of the town centre designated as the Town Head Conservation Area, in recognition of its important late Georgian streetscape (RMBC 2008); the buildings that line Yorkshire Street in this area include merchant town houses, shops, historic pubs and warehouses, and include two Grade II Listed Buildings. The area was developed in the mid- to late Georgian period on land that was previously undeveloped, and was largely all in place by 1830 with only slight alterations subsequently (RMBC 2008). In contrast, the south-western end of Yorkshire Street, forming part of the Town Hall Conservation Area, is a product of an earlier street plan.

5.2.2 16-24 Yorkshire Street (Site 84): a block of buildings situated between The Walk and Baille Street at the south-eastern end of Yorkshire Street (Plate 22). No 16 is a very plain painted brick building of three storeys with an apparently flat roof. The ground floor on both the visible front and side elevations consists of a late twentieth-century shop front, and is occupied currently by a photographic processing business. The upper floors are devoid of any decorative elements and the fenestration comprises mid- to late twentieth- century timber casements. The building is of a single phase, probably dating to the mid-twentieth century.

Plate 22: General view north-east of 16-24 Yorkshire Street (Site 84 )

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5.2.3 No 18 is a narrow three-storey painted brick structure with a modern pitched slate roof. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied currently by an optician. There are two windows on each of the upper floors, the second floor windows each having two-over-two sliding sash windows (without horns) with visible sash boxes. There is a projecting band- course between the first and second floors. It appears to be of a single phase, and may date to the eighteenth century. There is a rear extension of an uncertain date.

5.2.4 Nos 20 and 22 comprise a substantial three-storey brick building, the ground floor of which incorporates a shop front of early twentieth-century appearance, together with a narrow passageway called Stationer’s Entry. The building is occupied currently as an amusement arcade. The two upper floors are of mid- twentieth-century appearance, and comprise four bays each with a tall window reveal with plain sandstone surrounds. There is a plain sandstone cornice with a parapet exhibiting simple fluting behind, and the roof is of hipped construction. It appears that the ground floor formed part of an earlier structure and that the upper floors were added, resulting in the widening of the building and the roofing over of the previously open Stationer’s Entry. The building extends back to an open courtyard.

5.2.5 No 24 is of three bays and three-storeys, the ground floor consisting partly of a shop front of similar appearance to that seen on Nos 20 and 22 Yorkshire Street, being occupied by the same amusement arcade business. The shop front has canted windows leading to the doorway, and probably dates to the early twentieth century. The other part of the ground floor comprises The Butts Avenue covered alleyway, which passes below the upper floors. The upper two stories are of brick construction, each floor having three windows, which house PVCu window frames. There is a band-course at lintel level of the first floor and a moulded cornice. A single, circular tie rod end is visible at the left side of the first floor. The roof is of hipped construction.

5.2.6 30-42 Yorkshire Street (Site 80): a block of buildings situated between Baillie Street and the entrance to Pack Horse Yard from Yorkshire Street. No 30 is a two and a half-storey plain brick building with a late twentieth-century shop front currently housing a shoe/accessories shop. There is a single, central window on each of the upper floors, both of which have twentieth-century timber casement window frames. There is a sandstone sill-band on each of the upper floors, and a plain moulded cornice on the top floor. The roof is pitched and the building probably dates to the nineteenth century.

5.2.7 No 32 Yorkshire Street is of three stories with a pitched roof. It is rendered, but probably of brick construction. There are two brick chimneystacks visible, which are flush with the north gable wall (which projects above the adjacent property). The building is occupied currently by a mobile phone retailer, and the shop front appears to be of twentieth-century date. The upper floors both have two window apertures, each of which containing sliding sash windows. The first floor windows have six-over-one frames (possible replacements), whilst the top floor have six-over-six frames. All of the sash frames are without horns. A sill-band is present on the top floor, and the eaves project. The building probably dates to the early nineteenth century.

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5.2.8 No 34 Yorkshire Street is a single-storey brick structure of mid- to late nineteenth-century appearance. The ground floor contains a late twentieth- century shop front occupied currently by a bakery. The upper floor is of brick construction, and is quite decorative with two, two-framed, timber mullion windows with segmentally arched sandstone heads. There is a moulded sandstone sill-band running the length of the elevation. The window frames are timber sliding one-over-one sashes with horns. The mullions have carved brackets. The roof appears to be of slate, pitched construction and a wooden ogee gutter is visible.

5.2.9 No 36 Yorkshire Street is a very decorative, three-storey building housing two businesses, a tobacconist on the ground floor, and a beauty salon on the upper two floors. The ground floor has a modern shop front together with a door allowing access to the upper floors. The upper floors are of brick construction and contain identical fenestration, which consists three central stone mullion- and-transome windows with segmental heads with interlocking voussiors. Two flanking windows of the same construction are present. There are moulded sandstone sill-bands and moulded brick band-courses together with moulded brick engaged columns. There is a decorative terracotta frieze between the first and second floors. The top of the elevation comprises a central gable with an oculus containing a multi-light window. The columns run to the full height of the elevation and terminate in pyramidal sandstone pinnacles.

5.2.10 No 38 Yorkshire Street comprises a brick, three-storey structure, quite plain in appearance, with a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied by a sportswear retailer. The first floor is distinctive in that the whole front elevation consists of seven large plate glass windows, together with wooden brackets at either end. The top floor is plain, painted brick with two, one-over-one sliding sash windows. The building probably dates to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

5.2.11 No 40 Yorkshire Street is of plain brick construction, again with a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied currently by a cosmetics retailer. The upper two floors each have two windows with sandstone lintels and slightly projecting sandstone sills. The window frames are of PVCu manufacture. The front elevation appears to have been rebuilt in the twentieth century.

5.2.12 No 42 Yorkshire Street is a distinctive building, probably of brick construction, which has been rendered to mimic rusticated ashlar. The ground floor houses a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied currently by a mobile phone retailer. To the right of the shop front, a covered walkway leads to a small courtyard. The fenestration is distinctive and consists of, on the right side of the elevation, two Wyatt windows with some leaded panes are present. The right side of the elevation houses two plain windows (higher than the others) of unequal size, each with simple semi-circular arched frames. The roof is pitched and there are two chimney stacks visible. It is apparent that the building is of two phases, and may date to the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century.

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5.2.13 44-46 Yorkshire Street (Sites 12 and 79): a two-storey building occupied currently by two separate businesses, a fast food restaurant and a fashion retailer, which take up the whole of the ground floor. The upper floor comprises three bays, the wide central recessed bay having a high parapet. The elevation appears to be of stone ashlar construction, which has been painted. The fenestration comprises a wide central row of windows divided by plain and fluted ‘mullions’. The two projecting flanking bays have single multi-light windows. All of the frames are metal. Decoration is limited to vertical fluting on the parapet with half-round mouldings on the flanking bays. The cornices are plain moulded. The rear part of the building appears to have been rebuilt and is of brick construction with a long flat roof. The front elevation appears to be of a mid-twentieth-century date. No 48 is a twentieth-century, two-storey building, used presently as a telephone shop; it is of little historical interest. No 50-58 is occupied by Marks & Spencers, and is also of a probable mid- twentieth-century date.

Plate 23: View of 44-46 Yorkshire Street

5.2.14 60 Yorkshire Street (Site 26): a plain three-storey brick building occupied by a chocolate retailer. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front, the upper floors of plain brick. There is a single window on each of the upper floors, which contain multi-light metal-framed windows. The roof is pitched and iron rainwater goods are visible. The building appears to date to the early to mid-twentieth century.

5.2.15 62 Yorkshire Street (Site 13): of similar dimensions to No 60 Yorkshire Street, the upper floors of this building have been pebble dashed. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front housing a mobile phone business. The fenestration comprises two wide windows on each of the first and second floors, with twentieth-century timber casement windows. The roof

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appears to be of pitched construction. The building probably dates to the mid- twentieth century.

5.2.16 64-66 Yorkshire Street (Site 74): No 64 Yorkshire Street is the same height as Nos 60 and 62 Yorkshire Street, and is of three-storey brick construction. In common with most of the buildings on Yorkshire Street, the ground floor is given over to retail use and has a late twentieth-century shop front. The upper two floors each contain two tall windows, each containing one-over-one sliding sash frames (with horns). They have plain lintels and slightly projecting sills. The roof is slate. This building probably dates to the early twentieth century.

5.2.17 No 66 Yorkshire Street occupies a corner plot, is of brick construction, and is occupied currently by sandwich/pie shop. It is of two stories and has an ‘L- shaped’ pitched slate roof. Decoration details comprise projecting imitation quoins at the corners, and dentils below the eaves. The fenestration comprises a single Wyatt-type window on the front elevation, and three timber casement windows on the north elevation. All the windows have brick heads. There is a further blocked window at the left side of the north elevation. The building appears to date from the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

5.2.18 The White Lion, Yorkshire Street (Site 15): this three-storey, brick-built public house is of a Georgian date, and is a designated Grade II Listed Building. The ground floor is asymmetrical and consists of two projecting, canted, bay windows of stone construction with flat roofs (Plate 24); these bay windows represent Edwardian modification to the original structure. The ground floor fenestration comprises timber casements. The main door is similarly of an Edwardian date, and has a decorative sandstone surround consisting of fluted pilasters with a drip mould supported on brackets. ‘WHITE LION HOTEL’ is inscribed on a tablet above this. The upper floors are quite plain by comparison and each has two mullioned windows. Those on the first floor have French-arched heads with sandstone keystones. The roof is of pitched slate construction and there are two chimney stacks present.

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Plate 24: North-west-facing elevation of the White Lion Inn

5.2.19 116-124 Yorkshire Street (Site 61): this is a large Victorian block, which appears to be the product of multiple phases, although it retains the plain character of Georgian buildings. No 116 is substantial brick building with a narrow frontage on Yorkshire Street (Plate 25). It is of three stories, and extends rearward to some seven bays. The ground floor of the front elevation comprises a shop front of late twentieth-century appearance, occupied currently by a pawnbrokers. The fenestration of the front elevation consists of plain window apertures, which have late twentieth-century PVCu frames. The front elevation exhibits a painted sign below the sill-band ‘G. L. ADAMSON’ (Plate 25). The fenestration continues around to the south elevation, which are smaller but of similar style. There is a partially blocked doorway located on the south elevation, which has a distinctive rusticated ashlar surround. Above this is a further blocked, probable loading door with a similar surround, and above this, is a plain blocked aperture. To the rear of these, the building continues with similar fenestration and numerous blocked apertures. The roof is of pitched slate construction with a short stone parapet.

5.2.20 No 118 is of similar appearance to No 116 Yorkshire Street, and is probably of a contemporary date. The ground floor is occupied currently by an estate agent, the shop front of which is late twentieth century. The upper floors are identical to those on No 116, although the windows differ. The first floor windows are of multi-light construction with opening casements and may be of early date. The top floor windows are PVCu. The rear was not visible.

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Plate 25: Looking north-east across 116-124 Yorkshire Street

5.2.21 No 120 is used currently as a post office. The front elevation has been rebuilt, probably in the late twentieth century. The front elevation of No 122 Yorkshire Street has been rebuilt, probably in the mid-twentieth century.

5.2.22 No 124 is occupied by an estate agent. The front elevation steps out in a manner similar to No 116. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front. The fenestration consists of a single large window on the first floor which has a segmental brick French-arched head. The frame appears to be of twentieth-century origin. The top floor has two small windows with similar heads to the others in this row. There two tie-rod ends visible. The building appears contemporary with nos 120-122.

5.2.23 128 Yorkshire Street (Site 38): built originally as a house in the late eighteenth century, 128 Yorkshire Street became the Improvement Commissioners Officers and the town’s early police headquarters. It is designated as a Grade II Listed Building, and lies within the Town Head Conservation Area. Used presently as a solicitor’s office, it represents a rare survival from an important period in the development of local government in England (RMBC 2008). Front elevation of the building is in brick, with those to the side and rear comprising coursed sandstone with stone slate roof (Plate 26). Two bays, two storeys, gable stacks and stone quoins. Canted oriel to right first floor otherwise replacement tripartite sashes. Central doorcase with architrave frame, plain frieze and cornice.

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Plate 26: North-west-facing elevation of 128 Yorkshire Street

5.2.24 132-148 Yorkshire Street (Site 60): a large Victorian block, which similarly retains the plain character of Georgian buildings displayed in nos 116-124 Yorkshire Street ( Section 5.2.19 above ). The whole block is of three-stories and is of brick construction, with a pitched slate roof and a stone cornice (Plate 27). All of the ground floors are given over to late twentieth-century shop fronts. Various businesses occupy the properties including: estate agent at 132; an employment agency at 134; charity shop at 136; solicitors at 138: estate agent at 140; and bureau de change at 142. The first floor fenestration comprises a single, wide window within each property with segmental arched head and sandstone keystone. The window frames are of various dates and types, but originally appeared to be of timber mullioned, one-over-one sliding sash (with horns) as exhibited in 134. The top floors of some of the properties have twin one-over-one sliding sashes. All the sills are of sandstone. There are two chimney stacks present. The whole row was probably constructed in a single phase.

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Plate 27: View south-west across 132-148 Yorkshire Street 5.2.25 Nos 144 and 146 Yorkshire Street are two, two-storey terraced buildings that are probably of the same phase of construction, and share the same general features. No 144 is occupied by a hairdresser, and No 146 by a general stores. The buildings are of brick construction with late twentieth-century shop fronts. The upper floors each have a single window aperture with stone head and sill. No 144 has a late twentieth-century tiled roof, whilst No 146 has a slate roof, both are pitched, and there is a single chimney stack present. A timber gutter is visible. The buildings probably date to the late nineteenth century. No 148 is of late twentieth-century appearance, and is occupied currently by a recruitment agency.

5.2.26 Town Head House, Yorkshire Street (Site 20): originally a merchant’s house with a large garden to the rear, is is shown as two buildings labelled ‘Union Offices’ on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings are within the Town Head Conservation Area, and date to the early nineteenth century (Plate 28). Brick with stone dressings and twentieth-century roof covering. Two rooms wide by three rooms deep with central entrance and staircase. Three-bay elevation with bracketed gable. Two storeys plus attic storey. Door has attached Doric columns, cast-iron fanlight and open pediment. Stone plinth and first floor banding course which runs around the entire building. Windows have stone sills and lintels which may be replacements for flat brick arches and stone keystones which are still to be found on the side elevations. Tall central first floor window has stone architrave, consoles cornice and marginal glazing bars. Rebuilt two-storey canted bay window to left elevation and large five-sided, two-storey bay to right, with pyramidical roof and small gablet.

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Plate 28: North-eastern end of Town Head House

5.3 BUILDINGS ON BAILLIE STREET

5.3.1 1 Baillie Street: a narrow building, which occupies the corner plot between Yorkshire Street and Baillie Street. It is of three-stories and is constructed from fine-grained, grey, sandstone ashlar, the ground floor having a late twentieth-century shop front, currently housing a pawnbrokers. The first floor fenestration comprises three-centred arched windows with a sill band, whilst those on the top floor have flat arches above which is a plain cornice and short parapet. All the windows are of PVCu. The roof is of slate, hipped construction. The building probably dates to the early twentieth century.

5.3.2 2-8 Baillie Street (Sites 27 and 82): substantial four-storey brick structures on the south side of Baillie Street (Plate 29). They appear to have been partly rebuilt and most of the fenestration is of late twentieth-century appearance. However, most of the reveals appear original and are fairly simple with stone heads and lintels. There are three tall apertures (partly boarded), one of which has a small gablet, which appear to have served as loading doors. All of the ground floors contain shop fronts of varying dates, some of which, appear to be of early twentieth-century origin. There is a covered alleyway allowing access to Butts Avenue, which has a distinctive rusticated ashlar surround. These buildings may all date to the early nineteenth century.

5.3.3 10 Baillie Street (Site 17): Grade II Listed Building. William Deacon's Manchester and Salford Bank and shops, now shops and store (Plate 29). 1890 on door surround. Stone and brick with slate roof. From left to right: shop front, entrance to upper floor, shop front, grand entrance. The whole group is cranked to accommodate the curve of the road. The two original shop fronts are placed symmetrically about the entrance of No 14. The main feature is the entrance to No 10 having a small open triangular pediment with scrolls to either side, surrounding the bank's coat of arms and crest, all on an open elliptical pediment supported on garland- enriched consoles. The doors are flanked by enriched pilasters and have a large fanlight, semi-circular head,

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florid spandrel panels and a fluted keystone. The first floor has two tripartite elliptical headed windows and one circular headed, each with stone keystones and panelling below; and one semi-circular tripartite window above the ground door. Bracketed stone and brick eaves cornice.

Plate 29: View south-west across 2-10 Baillie Street

5.3.4 17a Baillie Street (Site 18): A late nineteenth-century Grade II Listed warehouse, shown on the 1892 OS map. Brick with stone dressings and slate roof. The building has three bays to Baillie Street with central entrance, by five bays with central loading doors to each of three floors. Two giant pilasters to either side of the ground floor support the first floor sill band. Windows are brick arched with stone keystone and sill, and have a rebated surround on the ground floor. The segmental- headed doorway has rusticated pilasters, keystone, entablatures and modillion cornice. The warehouse is one example of such a building with an important central location. Plate 30: West elevation of 17a Baille Street

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5.3.5 19 Baillie Street: No 19 Baillie Street (Site 75 ) is a two-storey building with an ashlar ground floor exhibiting for rusticated pilasters dividing the three bays. It is occupied currently by a restaurant, the doorway being situated at the right side of the elevation. This has a segmental arched head with solid timber door (probably original). The fenestration on the ground floor comprises two late twentieth-century windows set with reveals with segmental arched heads and single keystones. An architrave is present between the ground and first floor which contains modillions. The upper floor is of brick with four brick pilasters and three windows, each of the flanking windows exhibiting segmental arched, stone surrounds. The central window has a round-headed surround. Above this is a triangular gablet. There is a stone cornice with modillions and half-round decoration. This building probably dates to the late nineteenth century.

Plate 31: No 19 Baillie Street Plate 32: No 21 Baillie Street

5.3.6 21 Baillie Street: No 21 Baillie Street is a quite plain, two-storey stone building with a stone plinth (Plate 32). The right gable wall is of brick construction and appears to be of late twentieth-century origin. The ground floor comprises two window apertures with round-headed stone surrounds, each of which has a single keystone. The plate glass glazing is of late twentieth-century origin. The door surround is of similar appearance. The upper floor has three windows set within plain reveals. There are two plane band courses and the roof is of pitched construction. This building probably dates to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

5.3.7 Nos 17a, 19 and 21 Baillie Street form a small detached group of historic buildings on the north side of Baillie Street. The former buildings (Site 76 ) to the east were demolished in the mid-twentieth century and the site redeveloped as the Wheatsheaf Centre. Nos 23 and 25 Baillie Street, situated on the corner of Baille Street and Bell Street, were demolished recently, and the site remains undeveloped. Historic structures on the east side of Bell Street (Site 02 ) were similarly demolished in the late twentieth century, and the site redeveloped as part of the Wheatsheaf Centre. The adjacent building, No 37 Baillie Street, has survived extant. This two-storey, brick building was erected in the second half of the nineteenth century as the Brunswick Hotel (Plate 33).

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Plate 33: South elevation of the Brunswick Hotel on Baillie Street (Site 22 )

5.3.8 The Brunswick Hotel lies on the corner of Baillie Street and Hunters Lane (formerly Acker Street), which is used by service vehicles accessing the Wheatsheaf Centre. The only historic building surviving on Hunters Lane is the late nineteenth-century extension to the public hall (Site 11 ) shown on historical mapping (Plate 34).

5.3.9 The modern bus station lies opposite the Brunswick Hotel and Hunters Lane. Other modern buildings occupy both sides of Baillie Street to the east, with no visible remains of historic fabric.

Plate 34: Late nineteenth-century addition to the public hall (Site 11 )

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5.4 THE BUTTS AND NORTHERN PART OF TOWN HALL CONSERVATION AREA

5.4.1 The Butts and the small thoroughfares leading north-westwards to Yorkshire Street, and northwards to Baillie Street, form part of the Town Hall Conservation Area, reflecting the concentration of historic buildings in the area. The date at which the thoroughfares between The Butts and Yorkshire Street were established, including The Walk, Butts Avenue and Stationers Entry, is uncertain, although they may potentially be of medieval origin, and developed in response to increased commercial activity around the river crossing to the south-east. Similarly, the character of the streets, and the narrow building plots, are in contrast to the Georgian street character that typifies the north-eastern end of Yorkshire Street. Both of these areas, however, have high historic townscape qualities, and the visual impact of any new buildings that are erected in the area needs to be considered carefully.

Plate 35: Recent aerial view of The Butts and buildings in the Town Hall Conservation Area

5.4.2 The buildings on the south side of The Walk (Site 85 ), adjacent to HSBC bank, comprise a collection of small, two-storey structures, occupied currently by various small businesses with a single elevation to The Butts and most to The Walk. They are of brick construction and have pitched roofs of late twentieth-century tiles. Some of the front elevations appear to have been rebuilt. Some of the fenestration comprises multi-light sliding sash windows (without horns). Most of the properties appear to date to the late eighteenth century.

5.4.3 The buildings on the north side (Site 85 ) are of similar appearance to those on the south side, and may be of a similar date. Most are of brick construction, one of which exhibits stucco render. The construction of these building may of several phases, although most appear to be either late eighteenth- or early nineteenth-century date.

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5.4.4 At the eastern end of Site 85 is a substantial three-storey building with a curving elevation facing The Butts. It is occupied currently by the Abbey Bank, and is of Art Deco style. The front elevation is five-bays wide, the central bay projecting, with tall windows on the first and second floors. The windows are all metal-framed casements. There are decorative friezes with circular motifs separating the windows between the upper floors and a series of pilasters divide the bays. The capitals are decorative and there is a deep entablature with prominent central parapet exhibiting Art Deco-style shell motif. The building probably dates to the 1930s.

5.4.5 The former YMCA (Site 32 ) on Butts Avenue comprises a three-storey C- shaped brick building with the main elevation facing The Butts (Plate 36). It now appears divided and is occupied by multiple businesses, including a fish and chip shop and a betting shop. It is seven-bays wide, the central, projecting bay being the most distinctive and housing the original entrance. The ground floors now contain late twentieth-century shop fronts. The main entrance, although partially obscured, has a high semi-circular arched doorway with single keystone and modillioned entablature. Above this, on both the first and second floors are decorative aediculated mullion windows with composite columns the remainder of the fenestration comprises tripartite sliding sash windows (without horns) set within simple plain reveals with plain heads and sills. The side elevations house similarly plain windows. The roof is of late twentieth-century tiles and is partly hipped, modillions are visible on the front elevation. This building probably dates to the early nineteenth century.

Plate 36: East-facing elevation of the former YMCA building (Site 32 )

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5.4.6 No 21 Butts Avenue (Site 91 ) is a Grade II Listed Building. It only houses a staircase which gives access to the upper floor of Williams & Glyn's Bank, c 1800. Brick with stone dressings and slate roof. Narrow frontage with central door, inner door and three-flight staircase, apparently part of a former building. The two-storey building has an Ionic doorcase with attached columns, open modillioned pediment, semicircular enriched fanlight, a six- panel door, and rises from a flight of bowed steps. The upper floor has a sash window with gauged brick head and a modillioned timber eaves cornice. The inner doorcase has an enriched plaster cornice and architrave. The open string staircase has iron balustrading and a timber handrail. The listing does not apply to the Bank Chambers themselves nor to the stone built bank building to the left.

5.4.7 At the south-eastern end of Butts Avenue, facing The Butts, is a classical-style building constructed from grey ashlar (Site 30 ). It is of three stories, five-bays wide and has a central, projecting, semi-circular portico supported upon four ionic columns, accessed via steps (Plate 37). The ground floor has four multi- light windows (with top opening casements) set within plain architraves with tripartite keystones. The upper fenestration comprises four similar windows set within plain reveals with triangular pediments supported upon simple brackets. The central window, set with the recessed central bay, exhibits additional decoration. Above this is festoon decoration. There is a sill band exhibiting guilloche decoration. There is a central triangular pediment, which has a two-headed eagle attached to the tympanum. The roof is of hipped construction. The current building appears to date to the early twentieth century, and is an example of Edwardian Neo-classical revival.

Plate 37: South-facing elevation of Bank House (Site 30 )

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5.4.8 Other buildings on Butts Avenue include a large, three-storey building of brick construction with distinctive fenestration with stone surrounds (Site 31 ), lying to the rear of No 24 Yorkshire Street. The ground floor is plain and has been rendered. There is a corbelled cornice. The building probably dates to the nineteenth century. To the left of this building is a plain brick, three-storey building with simple fenestration (Site 81 ), which may be of eighteenth- century origin.

5.4.9 The south-eastern corner of The Butts is occupied by the former Regal Cinema (Site 39 ), which dates to 1939 and is an impressive example of 1930s cinema architecture with exterior Art Deco features surviving (Plate 38). Now converted in to a public house. There is a central recessed bay, which contains a distinctive white construction with tall windows. The flanking bays are plain brick with three small windows on each side. The outer two bays have curved corners and contain tall windows with white surrounds. The ground floor now contains the entrance to the public house. The rear of the building is plain but houses the rear entrance to the pub.

Plate 38: South elevation of the former Regal Cinema 5.4.10 The south-western part of The Butts is formed by the HSBC Bank (Site 33 ). This large Palladian, ashlar building occupying a curving, corner plot with three central projecting bays of three-storeys with a semi-circular entrance at the top of curved steps with railings (Plate 39). The flanking bays are of two storeys (three-bays wide on the left, four on the right), the whole of the ground floor being rusticated with a rock-faced plinth. The upper floors exhibit banded rustication. Tuscan pilasters separate the ground floor windows, which are semi-circular. The central three bays contain engaged columns of Tuscan appearance. All of the first floor windows are aediculated and have scroll consoles. The second floor windows of the central part are semi-circular with rusticated heads and scroll consoles. The fenestration consists of timber casement windows which appear to be contemporary with the date of construction. A balustrade tops the central part whiles the flanking bays are topped by a plain parapet. The entablatures are plain with dentils. The rear elevations were not immediately visible but appear to be fairly plain.

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Originally apparently called Williams Deacon’s Bank of 1913 date, but based on an 1803 predecessor (Pevsner 2002, 378).

Plate 39: The HSBC bank on The Butts (Site 33 )

5.5 BUILDINGS ON SMITH STREET

5.5.1 Smith Street was established during the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and is shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 1851 to have been largely developed (Fig 4). By the end of the nineteenth century, the mixture of textile mills, workers’ housing and public buildings along Smith Street will have formed an urban streetscape that characterised many industrialising Lancashire towns. The majority of the buildings, however, have since been demolished and were replaced by structures such as the bus station, which ignored historic reference to plots and streets, and resulted in a reduction in the townscape quality of the area.

5.5.2 The only building of historical interest on the north side of Smith Street is the former public baths (Site 07 ). The structure has a brick built Italianate façade 133 feet long, of two storeys, with the main entrance of stone with plain moulded heads (Plate 40). The boiler house that heated the baths survives to the rear of the building (Plate 41), providing an interesting an unusual feature to the streetscape. This comprises a single-storey brick structure with a double-pitched roof, and a square brick chimney.

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Plate 40: The former public baths on Smith Street (Site 07 ), looking north-west

Plate 41: The former public baths on Smith Street (Site 07 ), looking north-west

5.6 OTHER BUILDINGS

5.6.1 There are few extant historic buildings on Penn Street as it climbs the slope from Smith Street to Yorkshire Street, although elements of historic fabric do survive. These include the walls of the former school (Site 34 ), the footprint of which is used currently as a car park.

5.6.2 An interesting former industrial building survives at the northern end of what was Acker Street, but is now an access route for the Wheatsheaf Centre. The architecture of the building is reminiscent of a textile mill (Plate 42), although it is not named as such on any of the available historical maps. The windows

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along the former Acker Street frontage have all been infilled, together with a archaed entrance, and the whole façade has been rendered, obscuring historic fabric. It is possible that the building was actually used a warehouse, although this awaits confirmation.

Plate 42: Former industrial building at the northern end of Acker Street

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6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REMAINS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.1.1 The assessment has identified a total of 99 sites of archaeological interest within the study area (Fig 2). This included five Grade II Listed Buildings (Sites 17 , 18 , 20 , 38 and 91 ), and four sites recorded in the SMR (Sites 03 , 04 , 90 and 92 ). The remaining 90 sites were identified through the consultation of historic maps. There are two Conservation Areas within the study area, Town Head, at its northern extent, and Town Hall at its western extent. Standing buildings within these areas include Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 -62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 in the Town Hall Conservation Area.

6.2 CRITERIA

6.2.1 There are several different methodologies used to assess the archaeological significance or importance of sites; that to be used here is the ‘Secretary of State’s criteria for scheduling ancient monuments’ which is included as Annex 4 of PPG 16 (DoE 1990). The sites listed in Section 4 were each considered using the criteria, with the results below. 6.2.2 Period: the gazetteer sites are dated predominantly to the Industrial Period, which comprises the Georgian and Victorian eras. Earlier exceptions to this are the possible site of a sixteenth-century house (Site 90 ) and the Rochdale Bridge (Site 92 ), which dates from the early seventeenth century. In addition, sites such as the Regal Cinema (Site 39 ) and a motor works (Site 40 ), date to the twentieth century. The Georgian period is very well represented by numerous standing buildings, which contribute a high value to the historic townscape. The range of buildings includes merchants’ houses, warehouses, and inns, representing an important group of Georgian buildings, albeit dispersed across the study area. It is important to note that the importance of this group is increased by the presence of other Georgian buildings that survive in the town centre, but outside the boundary of the present study area. 6.2.3 The Industrial Period sites are probably best represented towards the end of this period on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map. This shows the area behind the older thoroughfare, and traditionally commercial area, of The Butts and Yorkshire Street as having been infilled with industries and housing. To the east of The Butts, the area is dominated by the Kelsall and Kemp woollen mills, which were based at Butts Mill (Site 01 ), but also, at various times, occupied Bowling Green warehouse (Site 03 ), Duncan Street Mill (Site 04 ) and a woollen mill, later a warehouse, on the north side of Baillie Street (Site 02 ). Much of the housing, which can be seen to the east of these mills on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map would have been erected to house the large numbers of people that these mills employed. The names of the streets, Kemp Street (Site 47 ) and Kelsall Street (Site 50 ), reflect the influence that these mill owners had over this area. Milton Street (Site 52 ) was set up to commemorate two men who saved a number of lives in the Duncan Street Mill fire of 1854.

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Alongside these residential areas were the necessary community buildings including chapels or churches (Sites 36 , 10 and 05 ), a Sunday school (Site 06 ), and schools (Sites 16 , 09 and later, Site 34 ), whilst public baths (Site 07 ), a public hall, used to show films by the early twentieth century (Site 11 ), and a number of inns (Sites 08 , 12 -15 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 31 and 35 ) provided recreational spaces in this area. 6.2.4 Further industrial areas were concentrated immediately north of the River Roch, south of Smith Street (Sites 24 , 25 , 49 , and later Site 37 ), and in the area of Acker Street where an iron foundry (Site 21 ) and a printing works (Site 93 ) were established on the west side of the road by the mid-nineteenth century, and surrounded by numerous smaller warehouses and works buildings (Sites 67 , 76 , 18 , 75 , 21 , 93 , 94 and 71 ). 6.2.5 This area was therefore in the heart of Rochdale in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and as such is significant to this period of Rochdale’s history. 6.2.6 Rarity: the remains are predominantly Industrial Period buildings, and as such are not significant due to rarity. The possible exception to this is back-to-back housing, which was largely cleared during the twentieth century, so that extant examples are rare. The last of the back-to-back housing within the study area was cleared in the 1970s, so there are no surviving examples, although any areas of possible well-preserved buried remains of these buildings could be considered to be significant due to their rarity. The public baths on Smith Street is also considered to be rare, as it survives virtually intact. Similarly, the range of Georgian buildings that survive in the study area and its immediate environs is also considered to have a high rarity value. This is particularly the case with respect to the surviving Georgian warehouses.

6.2.7 Documentation: the historical development of the study area from the late eighteenth century can be traced reasonably well from cartographic sources. Further documentary research may furnish additional evidence, including more precise dating of the construction and details of the appearance of the buildings across the study area, although this is unlikely to alter the outline presented in this assessment. Some of the occupants of the properties may be identified from the available commercial directories, census returns and other primary documents. A search of photographs held by the Local Studies Centre in Rochdale, a selection of which have been included within this assessment, proved particularly useful in providing information on some of the buildings within the study area, and it is possible that further useful photographs would come to light during additional searches.

6.2.8 Group value: the gazetteer sites can be grouped into broad categories, Sites 86 , 33 , 87 , 85 , 84 , 31 , 88 , 32 , 83 , 27 , 82 , 17 , 28 , 29 and 30 represent the commercial buildings on The Butts, all of which (except Site 28 ) are extant. Sites 80 , 12 , 78 , 26 , 13 , 74 , 73 , 81 , 70 , 14 , 69 , 15 , 62 , 61 , 38 , 60 and 44 are the commercial buildings which fronted Yorkshire Street, some of which are extant. Sites 76 , 18 , 75 , 71 , 21 , 93 , 94 and 67 are the sites of former industrial buildings to the rear of Yorkshire Street, in the area of Acker Street, which, except Sites 18 and 75 , have been demolished. Sites 24 , 25 , 49 , and 37 are the sites of former industrial buildings concentrated immediately north of the

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River Roch, south of Smith Street. Sites 01 , 02 , 03 and 04 are the sites of woollen mills and warehouse that flanked Baillie Street, which prospered from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Sites 77 , 72 , 64 , 66 , 56 , 57 , 55 , 58 , 51 , 50 , 53 , 52 , 48, 63 , 59 and 47 were the areas of housing, much of it back-to-backs, erected in the second half of the nineteenth century across the study area and since demolished. Sites 36 , 10 and 05 are the sites of chapels or churches; and Sites 16 , 09 , 34 and 06 were schools or Sunday schools. Sites 41 , 43 , 45 and 46 are elements of the former tramway. 6.2.9 Some of the gazetteer sites can be considered to be of significance due to their inclusion in one of these groups. This predominantly applies to the commercial and industrial buildings. The standing buildings on Yorkshire Street and The Butts, for instance, form areas of visual historic value of this area of Rochdale. This is reflected by the designation of two Conservation Areas, Town Head and Town Hall, which are, in effect, already recognised groups identifying important areas of historic Rochdale. Within these groups are Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 -62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 in the Town Hall Conservation Area. The group of former woollen mills and a warehouse is also significant gas these sites were all at one time part of the Kelsall and Kemp business, which was so important to Rochdale’s prosperity during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The other industrial areas on Acker Street and south of Slack Street are less significant as groups as they represent a number of different industries and did not have a common owner or function. 6.2.10 To some extent the housing is significant due to its group value, for instance when it is part of worker’s housing associated with the mills. However, the churches, schools and tramway are not considered to be significant due to their group value. 6.2.11 Survival/Condition: the extent to which any buried archaeological remains survive beneath the modern ground surface is unknown. The redevelopment of the study area in the 1970s and 1980s would have impacted on the below ground remains of the gazetteer sites, although the extent of this impact will depend on the construction methods employed at the time and also on factors such as whether the twentieth-century buildings have basements. Although there are some large constructions on the site where it is possible that there has been heavy truncation of underlying archaeological remains, there are also numerous areas of car parks and other open spaces. These areas, which possibly only saw the demolition of buildings and some levelling, have considerable potential for the survival of underlying deposits. 6.2.12 Fragility: there are 30 sites of potential buried remains within the study area (Sites 01 , 03 -05 , 08 -09 , 13 , 19 , 23-25 , 28 , 34 , 36-37 , 40-42 , 44 , 49 -52 , 55 -56 , 58 , 72 , 79 , 89 and 95-6 ), associated with known buildings identified on historic mapping. Depending on the nature and location of the proposed redevelopment these sites could be substantially impacted through groundworks such as the excavation of buried deposits or piling. 6.2.13 In total, 34 sites (Sites 90 , 02 , 06 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 21 , 26 , 35 , 43 , 45 -48 , 53 -54 , 57 , 59 , 63 -71 , 73 , 76 -78 , 81 and 93 -94 ) are considered less likely to be impacted by the proposed development. Site 90 is the putative site of a sixteenth-century building, which appears likely to have been situated outwith

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the study area. Sites 43 , 45 and 46 are the locations of the former tramway on Smith Street, Yorkshire Street and John Street, which are unlikely to have associated buried remains. The other sites are likely to have been destroyed entirely by modern development. 6.2.14 There are also 31 areas of standing buildings (ranging from single structures to groups of buildings) within the study area (Sites 07 , 11 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 29 -33 , 38 , 39 , 60 -62 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 82 -88 , 91 and 92 ), five of which are Grade II listed Buildings (Sites 17 , 18 , 20 , 38 and 91 ). Demolition of these buildings would obviously require consideration on a building by building basis, not only for the listed buildings, but also for the unlisted standing structures. Proposed modifications to any of the standing buildings could also cause considerable impact, and again this would be examined in detail once any redevelopment plans are put forward. Standing buildings which are not proposed to be demolished or modified, could still be indirectly affected by redevelopment through factors such as vibration during construction works and visual impact by the proposed redevelopment. 6.2.15 The study area includes two Conservation Areas designated by RMBC, Town Head Conservation Area includes Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 -62 and Town Hall Conservation Area includes Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 . Any proposed development in or adjacent to these areas, which would change the character of the area would therefore considered to be particularly sensitive. 6.2.16 Diversity: the remains relate mainly to the Industrial Period development of Rochdale. They range from industrial buildings, such as mills and warehouses, to commercial buildings, public buildings and housing. These sites are not diverse in themselves, and are not significantly diverse as a group.

6.2.17 Potential: there are no sites of prehistoric or Roman date within the study area, which would suggest that the potential for sites of this date is low. This, however, may be due to a lack of previous archaeological work in Rochdale, so that the opportunity for making such discoveries has not arisen.

6.2.18 There are no known medieval sites within the study area, although it seems probable that The Butts would have formed part of the medieval settlement. Similarly, the property divisions in the eastern part of the study area, and the narrow passages linking Yorkshire Street with The Butts are potentially of medieval origin. In addition, the Roch Bridge (Site 92 ) dates from c 1600, and represents an old crossing point of the River Roch. Yorkshire Street, which heads northwards and then north-eastwards from this crossing is therefore one of the older thoroughfares through Rochdale. Yates’ map of 1786 shows development in The Butts, immediately north of the river, east of the crossing and along Yorkshire Street. This area therefore has some potential for medieval and post-medieval archaeological remains.

6.2.19 The Industrial Period sites within the study area are well documented and evident on mapping from 1831 (Murphy) onwards. The redevelopment of the area therefore has considerable potential for revealing buried remains of the many former buildings across the site. Excavation and recording of these sites would add considerably to the archaeological record in Rochdale, which has seen very little archaeological investigation previously. The standing

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buildings, too, have considerable potential to add information to our understanding of buildings from this period.

6.2.20 A limited amount of information from previous geotechnical work was gathered from the environs of the study area. Five borehole logs were consulted which all recorded made ground between 1.5m and 5.5m in depth beneath the ground surface. In addition, two of the boreholes recorded traces of peat within the made ground and the natural clay deposits. This indicates that there is potential for good preservation of any buried archaeological deposits.

6.2.21 Other Considerations: the study area contains the sites of three churches/chapels (Sites 05 , 10 and 36 ). The Congregational Church (Site 05 ) on the corner of Smith Street and Milton Street was extant by the 1890s, and was demolished between 1938 and 1959. By 1979, it had been replaced by the new church of St Andrew’s. A large chapel (Site 10 ), opened in 1837, occupied a site south of Portland Street and north of Baillie Street. The chapel was closed in c 1965-70, and had been demolished by 1972. The Nazareth Chapel (Site 36 ) is shown on the east side of Conway Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. The chapel had been demolished by 1990.

6.2.22 In the case of religious buildings it is always necessary to consider the possibility of burials on the site, which might be disturbed or exposed during any future groundworks; burials would require a licence for removal. No documentary evidence has been found to suggest that there were burials within the church or chapels in the study area, which has been confirmed through consultation with present church secretaries. Nevertheless, the possibility that some burials do exist cannot be discounted entirely.

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6.3 SIGNIFICANCE

6.3.1 Table 3 shows the sensitivity of the site scaled in accordance with its relative importance using the following terms for the cultural heritage and archaeology issues, with guideline recommendations for a mitigation strategy.

Importance Examples of Site Type Mitigation National Scheduled Monuments (SMs), Grade I and II* To be avoided Listed Buildings Regional/County Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens Avoidance (Statutory Designated Sites), Grade II Listed recommended Buildings Sites and Monuments Record/Historic Environment Record Local/Borough Sites with a local or borough value or interest for Avoidance not cultural appreciation envisaged Sites that are so badly damaged that too little remains to justify inclusion into a higher grade Low Local Sites with a low local value or interest for cultural Avoidance not appreciation envisaged Sites that are so badly damaged that too little remains to justify inclusion into a higher grade Negligible Sites or features with no significant value or Avoidance interest unnecessary

Table 3: Criteria used to determine Importance of Sites

6.3.2 There are no sites of National Importance within the study area. Twenty-nine sites are considered to be of Regional/County importance, due to their location within a Conservation Area, Grade II Listed Building status, or inclusion within the SMR (Sites 01 , 03 -04 , 07 , 15 , 17 -18 , 20 , 27 , 29 , 30 -33 , 38 , 60 -62 , 80 , 82 -88 and 90 -2). Sixty-five sites are considered to be of Local/Borough importance (Sites 02 , 05 -06 , 08 -14 , 16 , 21 -26 , 28 , 34 -37 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 47 - 59 , 63 -79 , 81 , 89 and 93 -99 ), and five sites are considered to be of Low Local importance (Sites 19 , 40 , 43 and 45 -46 ).

6.3.3 The above conclusions are based on the current state of knowledge and the subsequent discovery of additional features or evidence relating to these sites could alter their assessed levels of significance.

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7. LIKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT

7.1 IMPACT

7.1.1 In its Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 , the Department of the Environment (DoE) advises that archaeological remains are a continually diminishing resource and ‘should be seen as finite, and non-renewable resource, in many cases, highly fragile and vulnerable to destruction. Appropriate management is therefore essential to ensure that they survive in good condition. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that archaeological remains are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed’. It has been the intention of this study to identify the archaeological potential of the study area, and assess the impact of redevelopment, thus allowing the advice of the DoE to be enacted upon. Assessment of impact has been achieved by the following method: • assessing any potential impact and the significance of the effects arising from redevelopment; • reviewing the evidence for past impacts that may have affected the archaeological sites; • outlining suitable mitigation measures, where possible at this stage, to avoid, reduce or remedy adverse archaeological impacts. 7.1.2 The impact is assessed in terms of the sensitivity or importance of the site to the magnitude of change or potential scale of impact during future redevelopment scheme. The magnitude, or scale of an impact is often difficult to define, but will be termed as substantial, moderate slight, or negligible, as shown in Table 4.

Scale of Impact Description Substantial Significant change in environmental factors; Complete destruction of the site or feature; Change to the site or feature resulting in a fundamental change in ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Moderate Significant change in environmental factors; Change to the site or feature resulting in an appreciable change in ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Slight Change to the site or feature resulting in a small change in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Negligible Negligible change or no material changes to the site or feature. No real change in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting. Table 4: Criteria used to determine Scale of Impact

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7.1.3 The interaction of the scale of impact (Table 4) and the importance of the archaeological site (Table 3) produce the impact significance. This may be calculated by using the matrix shown in Table 5:

Resource Value Scale of Impact Upon Archaeological Site (Importance) Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible National Major Major Intermediate/ Neutral Minor Regional/County Major Major/ Minor Neutral Intermediate Local/Borough Intermediate Intermediate Minor Neutral Local (low) Intermediate Minor Minor/ Neutral / Minor Neutral Negligible Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral

Table 5: Impact Significance Matrix

7.1.4 The extent of any previous disturbance to buried archaeological levels is an important factor is assessing the potential impact of the development scheme. This is largely unattested, although it seems probable that the intensive nineteenth-century development will have had a substantial impact on any buried archaeological remains of earlier periods, and their potential is therefore considered to be low. Similarly, the late twentieth-century redevelopment of the site will have impacted on the buried remains of the Industrial Period buildings. The level of this impact is dependent on factors such as the building methodology employed for the buildings, and also whether basements were included in any of these buildings. Some impact on the Industrial Period buildings is inevitable, however there are a number of areas across the site, which appear to have not been redeveloped following the demolition of earlier buildings, and therefore there is considerable potential for significant archaeological remains of the Industrial Period to survive.

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7.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.2.1 Following on from the above considerations, the significance of effects has been determined based on an assumption that the extant buildings will be demolished, and that the buried remains will be substantially impacted by groundworks. The results are summarised in Table 6, although will require review once detailed design proposals are known.

Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 01 Disturbance of Regional/County Moderate Intermediate buried remains 02 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 03 Disturbance of Regional/County Moderate Intermediate buried remains 04 Disturbance of Regional/County Moderate Intermediate buried remains 05 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 06 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 07 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 08 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 09 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 10 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 11 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing building 12 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 13 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 14 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 15 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 16 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 17 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building

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Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 18 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 19 Disturbance of Low Local Substantial Minor buried remains 20 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 21 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 22 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing building 23 Disturbance of Local/Borough Moderate Intermediate buried remains 24 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 25 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 26 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 27 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 28 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 29 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 30 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 31 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 32 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 33 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 34 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 35 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 36 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains

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Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 37 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 38 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 39 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing building 40 Disturbance of Low Local Substantial Intermediate/ buried remains Minor 41 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 42 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 43 Disturbance of Low Local Substantial Intermediate/ possible buried Minor remains 44 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 45 Disturbance of Low Local Substantial Intermediate/ possible buried Minor remains 46 Disturbance of Low Local Substantial Intermediate/ possible buried Minor remains 47 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 48 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 49 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 50 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 51 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 52 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 53 Disturbance of Local/Borough Moderate Intermediate buried remains 54 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 55 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 56 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains

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Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 57 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 58 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 59 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 60 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 61 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 62 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 63 Disturbance of Local/Borough Moderate Intermediate buried remains 64 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 65 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 66 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 67 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 68 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 69 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 70 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 71 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 72 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 73 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 74 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing buildings 75 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing buildings 76 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains

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Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 77 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 78 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 79 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 80 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 81 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 82 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 83 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing building 84 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 85 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 86 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 87 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 88 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 89 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 90 Disturbance of Regional/County Substantial Major possible buried remains 91 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 92 Demolition of Regional/County Substantial Major standing buildings 93 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains 94 Disturbance of Local/Borough Negligible Neutral buried remains

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Site Nature of Importance Impact Significance of Number Impact Impact 95 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 96 Disturbance of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate buried remains 97 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing buildings 98 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing structure

99 Demolition of Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate standing structure

Table 6: Assessment of the impact significance on each site during development

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8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.1.1 Current legislation draws a distinction between archaeological remains of national importance and other remains considered to be of lesser significance. Those perceived to be of national importance may require preservation in-situ , whilst those of lesser significance may undergo preservation by record, where high local or regional significance can be demonstrated.

8.1.2 Buried remains: no sites have been identified within the proposed development area that may be considered as being of national importance and therefore merit preservation in-situ . However, the study area has the potential to contain in-situ buried remains of Regional/County and Local/Borough importance, which may be directly negatively impacted by groundworks associated with the proposed redevelopment. The extent of any negative impact can only be established once the nature and depth of the sub-surface archaeological resource has been physically investigated.

8.1.3 Standing Buildings: there are numerous standing buildings of historical interest in the study area, and will require archaeological mitigation should they be directly impacted by any future scheme of development. In addition, those buildings of Regional/County importance not directly impacted by the development should be assessed for in-direct impact, which may also require mitigation.

8.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION

8.2.1 The scope and details of any archaeological mitigation required in advance of redevelopment would be devised in close consultation with the Planning Archaeologist with the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, and the Conservation Officer for Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, once detailed design proposals are known.

8.2.2 Buried remains: the presence, character, date, and extent of buried remains across the study area., which would require preservation by record should they be directly affected by future development proposals, should be investigated via an appropriate programme of archaeological work in order to provide sufficient information to fully mitigate the impact of the redevelopment. This could be achieved through the excavation of targeted evaluation trenches in advance of any proposed development, or as a watching brief during development in the case of remains deemed to be of lesser importance. Depending upon the results of evaluation trenching, further recommendations for mitigation may be forthcoming, should the design proposals for redevelopment necessitate the destruction of significant archaeological remains. This may constitute an open-area excavation, or a watching brief during groundworks. The need for any further work would be discussed with the Planning Archaeologist following the evaluation.

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8.2.3 Standing Buildings: there are five Grade II Listed Buildings within the study area (Sites 17 , 18 , 20 , 38 and 91 ), which therefore have legal protection against modification or redevelopment. Advice should be sought from English Heritage with regards to any proposed plans for these buildings.

8.2.4 Two Conservation Areas are located within the study area, Town Head to the north and Town Hall to the west. Town Head Conservation Area includes Sites 15 , 20 , 38 and 60 -62 and Town Hall Conservation Area includes Sites 17 , 27 , 29 -33 , 80 and 82 -88 . Advice should be sought from the development control officers at RMBC with regards to any proposed development in these areas, as Conservation Area Consent may be required.

8.2.5 Sites 07 and 90 are considered to be of Regional/County importance, not least due to their inclusion in the SMR, and Sites 11 , 22 , 39 , 74 , 75 , 81 and 92 are considered to be of Local/Borough importance. Although these sites do not have legal protection against modification or redevelopment, they are of local importance and their demolition would require mitigation. The scope and detail of this mitigation should be devised in consultation with the Planning Archaeologist with the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, and the Conservation Officer for Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, although it is envisaged that an English Heritage Level 2/3-type building survey would be required to inform proposals for refurbishment or demolition. The surveys should aim to provide a detailed archaeological record of the buildings so that appropriate design proposals can be formulated, and also to afford due consideration of the visual impact of any new build on the Conservation Areas and other historic fabric in the town centre.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

9.1 CARTOGRAPHIC AND PRIMARY SOURCES

Maps:

Murphy, W, 1831 Plan of Rochdale from actual survey (scale approx. 1”:6 chains)

Saxton, 1577 Map of the County of Lancashire

Yates, 1786 Survey of the County Palatine of Lancashire

Ordnance Survey, 1851, 1:10560, Lancashire Map, First Edition Series, Sheet 89

Ordnance Survey, 1892, 1: 500, Lancashire Sheets 89.1.11, 89.1.12, 89.1.17

Ordnance Survey, 1893, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Second Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1910, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Third Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1930, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Fourth Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1928 (with additions in 1938), 1:10560, Lancashire Map, Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1931, 1:10560, Lancashire Map, Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1931 (emergency edition, 1938), 1:10560, Lancashire Map, Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1959 1:2500 Plan SD 8813/ SD 8913 and Plan SD 8813/8913

Ordnance Survey, 1972 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 NE

Ordnance Survey, 1975 1:1250 Plan SD 9013 NW and Plan SD 9013 SW

Ordnance Survey, 1978 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 SE

Ordnance Survey, 1990 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 SE and Plan SD 8913 NE

Touchstones Local Studies Centre:

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/1 - (nd) inventory and valuation of Bowling Green Mill, including some notes on Richard and William Hurst

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4 - (1889) sales catalogue of machinery – for sale by auction from Bowling Green Mill

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5 – (1891) catalogue of steam boilers etc

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Fire Brigade 2: Rochdale (folder of documents) - includes plan and elevation of the Alfred Street Fire Station dated 1897

F/STA – 1876 mortgage documents regarding a Thomas Woodhouse of Peto Street

Kelsall and Kemp, (nd) The “Doctor” Flannel, Manchester

LA/D/2/2a/1a/22 - 1918 planning application for an alteration in the toilets of Bowling Green Warehouse

LA/D/2/2A/1a/24 - 1881 planning application for additional classrooms to Baillie Street Methodist Chapel

LA/D/2/2A/1a/25 - 1912 planning application for alterations to Baillie Street Methodist Chapel

LA/D/2/2a/1a/371 - 1869 planning application for the erection of a house and shop at 26-28 Penn Street

LA/D/2/2a/1a/390 - 1877 planning application for the erection of four dwelling houses at 17-23 Portland Street

MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24 - 1890 planning application for rebuilding the Queen’s Head

MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25 - 1891 planning application to alter the façade of the Blue Ball Inn

Photographic collection – ordered by street or building no unique reference numbers (Plates 4-8, 10-13, 16-19)

R/MET/30/5/9 – 1861 lease of land by John Petrie (the elder) to John Hoyle and others ‘for the purposes of an infant school’

R/MET/30/5/12 - 1949 sale of the Penn Street Sunday School to the Rochdale Corporation

Rochdale Observer 14/06/1893 - description of the Alfred Street Fire Station

Rochdale Observer 14/05/1938 - reporting the forthcoming opening of the Regal Cinema

Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975 - reports the demolition of the Alfred Street Fire Station

Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006 – History of Kelsall and Kemp

Rochdale Sentinel 07/01/1854 pg.8 - account of the Duncan Street Mill fire

Rochdale Times 15/01/1908 - regarding the use of the hall on Baillie Street as a Picture Theatre

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Lancashire Record Office:

QSP/3071/38 – 25 th August 1837 – request of George Ashworth of Rochdale Esq. for the registration of the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Baillie Street

Trade Directories

Anon, Rochdale County Borough Directory , 1938, Leeds

Duncan, 1894-5 Directory of Rochdale , Rochdale

Kelly, 1905 Directory of Lancashire , London

Kelly, 1918 Directory of Lancashire , London

Kelly, 1924 Directory of Lancashire , London

Pigot, J, 1822, Directory of Lancashire , Manchester

Slater, I, 1861 Directory of Lancashire , Manchester

Slater, I, 1869 Directory of Lancashire , Manchester

Worrall, J, 1885 Commercial Directory of Rochdale , Manchester

9.2 SECONDARY SOURCES

Aiken, J, 1795 A Description of the County from Thirty to Forty Miles Round Manchester , London

Defoe, D, 1971 A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-6), Harmondsworth

Department of the Environment (DoE), 1990 Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, London

Department of the Environment (DoE), 1994 Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, London

English Heritage, 2006 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment , London

Farrer, W, and Brownbill, J, 1911 A History of the County of Lancaster , 5, London

Fishwick, H, 1889 The History of the Parish of Rochdale , London

Fishwick, H (ed.), 1913 The Survey of the Manor of Rochdale , 1626 , Chetham Society, new series, 7, 1

Furbank, PN, Owens, WR, and Coulson, AJ, (eds) 1991 Daniel Defoe: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain , London

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GMAU, 2006 Brief for Archaeological Survey of the former Rochdale Public Baths, now the Broadwater Centre, Smtih Street, Rochdale , unpubl doc

Hadfield, C, 1994 British Canals: The Inland Waterways of Britain and Ireland , 8 th edn, Stroud

Hartwell, C, Hyde, M, and Pevsner, N, 2004 Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East , London

Heape, R, 1926 Inscribed and Dated Stones and Sundials in and adjoining the Ancient Parish of Rochdale , Cambridge

Institute of Field Archaeologists, 2001 Standard and Guidance for archaeological Desk-based Assessments, Reading

Lewis, S, 1848 A Topographical Dictionary of England , London

Morgan, P (ed), 1978 Domesday Book: Cheshire , Chichester

Newman, RM, 1996 Medieval Rural Settlement, in R Newman (ed) The Archaeology of Lancashire: Present State and Future Priorities , Lancaster, 109-124

Pearson, B, Price, J, Tanner, V, and Walker, J, 1985 The Rochdale Borough Survey, Greater Manchester Archaeological Journal , 1, 103-13

Robertson, W, 1875 The History of Rochdale Past and Present , Rochdale

Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (RMBC), 2008 Town Head, Rochdale, Townscape Heritage Initiative First Round Bid , unpubl doc

Williams, M, with Farnie, DA, 1992 Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester , Preston

Websites

www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/beta.html

www.link4life.org - website for Rochdale Local Studies Centre at Touchstones

www.rochdale.gov.uk

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APPENDIX 1: PROJECT BRIEF

BRIEF - ROCHDALE TOWN CENTRE RETAIL-LED REGENERATION SCHEME

1.0 Context

1.1 Rochdale town centre is to be transformed with millions of pounds of proposed investment. Developments include a new £11.5m transport interchange, a £30m new sixth form college, investment in improving the Hopwood Hall College campuses, and a £60m new Municipal Offices building. It is anticipated that all these developments are will be completed in the next 5 years and will provide a revitalised town centre for the people of Rochdale.

1.2 Along side these developments is a circa £200m retail-led mixed-use regeneration scheme to redevelop the Eastern part of the town centre. A development brief is being put together by Rochdale Development Agency that will be retail led but will include other leisure, office and residential uses. Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) is the main delivery agent for this scheme, acting on behalf of the wider partnership including Rochdale Council (RMBC) and the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) (formally English Partnerships). HCA are supporting the regeneration of Rochdale town centre by providing funding assistance with land assembly, advising of the developer selection process and aiding the delivery of the re- development programme.

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1.3 A desk-based archaeological and building assessment report is to be prepared as supporting documentation. The site area is approximately 9ha centred on grid reference SD 89849 13536.

2.0 Purpose

2.1 The ultimate objective of the archaeological and building assessment would be to provide Rochdale MBC with sufficient information to arrive at informed decisions in response to any planning application submitted within the area covered by the development brief regarding 1) the significance of the upstanding buildings and buried archaeology on the site and 2) the likely impact of the proposed development upon such buildings or any buried archaeological remains.

2.2 The significance of the upstanding buildings and buried archaeological remains will be assessed using the Secretary of State’s criteria as set-out in Annex 4 of Planning and Policy Guidance note 16 (1990).

2.3 Where the assessment concludes that further information may be required before an informed planning decision could be taken then this should be clearly stated as a recommendation of the report.

2.4 Where the assessment concludes that there is sufficient information for an informed planning recommendation to be made then this should be clearly stated along with recommendations regarding the need or otherwise for appropriate mitigation strategies.

2.5 The report should also consider if the redevelopment of the area offers opportunities for achieving a public legacy through commemorating and/ or celebrating aspects of the historic past (activities/ groups/ people).

2.6 From this brief a written scheme of investigation (WSI) will be produced by the appointed archaeological contractor. The WSI will be submitted for comment/ approval by the County Archaeologist or Assistant County Archaeologist.

3.0 Background

3.1 Within the proposed redevelopment site’s boundary (fig. 1) are several records on the Greater Manchester HER. Some of these relate to listed buildings (11601.1.0, 11556.1.0, 11557.1.0, 11554.1.0, 5573.1.0) whilst others refer to the sites of former buildings, structures or places (13733.1.0, 2644.1.0, 15502.1.0, 15501.1.0, 11155.1.0). There are no scheduled monuments or registered historic parks and gardens within the site boundary. The south- west corner of the proposed redevelopment area falls within the designated Town Hall conservation area.

3.2 Cursory examination of available historic mapping confirms that the proposed redevelopment site has seen profound changes in the nature of buildings and street layout since the nineteenth century. By way of example, the 25” Ordnance Survey 1892 (fig. 2) clearly shows the range of mills, factories, chapels and worker’s housing that characterised this area. Entire streets have been lost. Peto Street, Kemp Street, Slack Street and Morton Street have all disappeared along with their associated housing. Whole areas of back-to- back housing organised in rows and courts have disappeared.

3.3 Apart from surveys undertaken in connection with the listings or the designation of the conservation area the Assistant County Archaeologist is unaware of any archaeological fieldwork or survey previously undertaken on this site.

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Fig. 2: 25” Ordnance Survey 1892

4.0 Method

4.1 The assessment will include a desk-based study, a general site inspection and an inspection of the upstanding buildings.

4.2 The desk-based study will include an examination of all available cartographic, historical documents and additional records that relate to the site. The following documentary sources should certainly be consulted and included: i) Geotechnical Data (if available) from within or immediately adjacent to the site. ii) Published and unpublished documentary, cartographic and photographic sources . iii) Greater Manchester Historic Environment Record (HER) held by Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit. iv) Relevant archives and collections including business, industrial, family and estate papers held by Rochdale Local Studies Centre

4.3 The analysis and discussion of the cartographic evidence should include a mapped chronological regression of footprint development for larger industrial, religious, public and domestic buildings on the site. For smaller buildings, including worker’s housing, the analysis can focus on discussing the development and character of housing for individual streets and courts.

4.4 The general site inspection should record in plan, supported as appropriate by photography, of any surface evidence indicative of former standing structures and possible below ground archaeological evidence, including former street surfaces.

4.5 Evidence for recent activity that may have significantly damaged the archaeological potential of areas of the site (basements/ cellars/ terracing/ buried tanks/ service and drain runs/ etc) should also be identified, discussed and mapped.

4.6 The inspection of the upstanding building fabric should concentrate on establishing evidence for age, phasing and development. Descriptions of such evidence should be

For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 124 presented as part of a basic architectural description of building form and materials. External and, where possible, internal inspections should be undertaken. External descriptions should attempt to cover as many elevations as is possible. Observations should be related, as appropriate, to a site plan and sketched elevations supported by photography.

4.7 A series of general, contextual photographs of the buildings, streets and their surrounding context for the whole site should be included suitably annotated.

4.8 The interrelationship of the buildings and their associated spaces is deemed of interest and essential to understanding the nature of activity on the site.

4.9 Where information obtained through oral accounts or discussions is to be used to interpret the development of site, transcripts of such accounts or discussions should be included in the report.

5.0 Output 5.1 The survey information shall be supplied in Adobe PDF format on CD together with 6 no. paper copies.

5.2 The report will describe the work undertaken and the results obtained. It should include: • A Non-technical summary • Introduction • Method statement • Discussion of sources used • Geological and topographical setting • Discussion of archaeological and historical background • Gazetteer of relevant sites/ designations/ areas of archaeological importance • Account of the site and building inspection • Formal assessment of building significance • Formal assessment of below ground archaeological potential • Likely development impact • Conclusions • Recommendations • Sources • Plan(s) showing relevant sites/ designations/ areas of archaeological importance • Historic maps showing development of the site • Mapped regressions of building footprints/ phasing • Illustrations and photographs • Copy of this brief

5.3 The report illustrations should include: a location map at not less than 1:25000 and a site plan at not less than 1:500; copies of all historic map extracts consulted (where possible), with the boundary of the site clearly depicted; a plan indicating positions of photographs taken cross-referenced to the image in the report and the digital archive; mapped building regressions (see 3.3).

5.4 All illustrations need to be suitably labelled or captioned.

5.5 All photographic images included in the report should be of laser print quality and reproduced at c. 5 x 4”.

5.6 The survey information shall be supplied in Adobe PDF format on CD together with 6 no. paper copies.

5.7 A printed copy and a CD with a PDF of the report should be supplied to the HER.

For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009 Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 125

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

Figure 1: Site location map

Figure 2: Gazetteer of Sites

Figure 3: Extract from Murphy’s Plan of Rochdale, 1831

Figure 4: Extract from Ordnance Survey First Edition 6” to 1 mile, 1851

Figure 5: Extract from Ordnance Survey 10’ to 1 mile, 1892

Figure 6: Extract from Ordnance Survey 25” to 1 mile, 1893

Figure 7: Extract from Ordnance Survey 25” to 1 mile, 1910

Figure 8: Extract from Ordnance Survey 25” to 1 mile, 1930

Figure 9: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” to 1 mile, 1928 (with additions in 1938)

Figure 10: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:2500, 1959

Figure 11: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:1250, 1972-1978

For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009