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Policy and Management Proposal for Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas of Cambodia : Sihanoukville As a Case Study

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Policy and Management Proposal for Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas of Cambodia : Sihanoukville As a Case Study World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 1996 Policy and management proposal for sustainable development of coastal areas of Cambodia : Sihanoukville as a case study Vann Monyneath WMU Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Part of the Transportation Commons Recommended Citation Monyneath, Vann, "Policy and management proposal for sustainable development of coastal areas of Cambodia : Sihanoukville as a case study" (1996). World Maritime University Dissertations. 917. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/917 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmo, Sweden POLICY AND MANAGEMENT PROPOSAL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREAS OF CAMBODIA--SIHANOUKVILLE AS A CASE STUDY By VANN MONYNEATH Kingdom of Cambodia A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the decree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GENERAL MARITIME ADMINISTRATION ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 1996 0 Copyright Vmn Monyneath. I996 DECLARATION I certify that all the material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a decree has previously been conferred on me. The contents of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. (Signature) ............... (Date) ,/ Supervisedby. 7/C‘/)y/,,‘/)7) ProfessorT.J. Sampson/ / Course Professor General Maritime Administration and Enviromnent Protection World Maritime University Assessed by: Professor Hugh R. Williamson Visiting Professor 6188 Pepperell Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia CANADA B3H 2N9 Co-assessed by: Dr. Jean Snider Director of Program Development for HAZMAT National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States of America ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I dedicated this work to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Vann Sithun; my wife Beng Parikhar and son Vann Yuvakteip. You are all the Light in My life. My greatest thanks to : His Majesty the King of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Preah Bat Samdeach Norodom Sihanouk Varaman; the first Prime Minister Samdeach Krom Preah Norodom Naranariddh; the second Prime Minister Samdeach Hun Sen; His Excellency the Minister of Environment, Dr. Mok Mareth who gave me this opportunity to attend this course. My sincerest appropriation to my sponsor the Carl Duisberg Gesellschafi­ CDG (Germany) which provided the fellowship for me to attend this course. Special thinks also to Ms. Birgitt Ory Prime secretary of Germany Embassy in Cambodia and her colleagues for their best support and for their assistance to me in helping to get this scholarship. I am very much indebted to the resident and visiting professors for their uncountable and meaningful lectures. Particularly Professor T. J. Sampson my course professor and T. Callahan who were both very helpful and wonderfiil in giving their priceless advice, guidelines and support throughout the duration of my studies and preparation of this dissertation. I would very much thinks to my assessor Professor Hugh R. Williamson for his suggestions and advice. Special thanks go to all academic staff of World Maritime University for their help and assistance in many ways during my study at this university. Particularly I extend a big thanks to English Language Lecturer Clive Cole who has tried his best in correcting this dissertation and assisting me in producing it. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Sen Saroeun, Cabinet chief of the MoE; Mr. Kanthien Koy Programme Officer, UNDP-Carnbodia; Mr. Ly Kim Chhun, Sihanoukville Port director; Mr. Sum Sannisith, Director General Planning of the Department, (MoP); Mr. Ruos Sam Ear, Deputy Director of the Planning Department (MoT); Mr. I-Io Vichet, Director Planning of the Department (MIME); and to Mr. Hun Phea, Secretary of Sihanoukville Sub-CLMU, for their support and assistance throughout the period of my field research in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Many thinks are also due to Mr. Paul D. Moen NOAA-Manager Upper Keys Region, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; Mr. Charles D. Beeker Director Underwater Science and Educational Resources, Indiana University; Mr. Leo Francendese, Federal Scenic Co-ordinator, USEPA Region IV; Capt Larry L. Hereth, Commanding Officer US Coast Quard National Strike Force, all who took time and effort to assist me to get valuable information and materials during my field hip to United States. Very much thinks are to Mr. Andrew Brabury Coastal Engineer; and Mr. Mel Watkins, Coastal Projects Offier, Hampshire County Council, Marine Protective Area, for their excellent explanation and materials provided during the field studies in the United Kingdom. I wish to think Persons in charge of Port of Tallin and Estonian Marine Tourism Association for the assistance provided during field studies in Estonia And last but not least, special gratitude is extended to my heartfelt parent-in­ law Mr. and Mrs. Beng Siphon, elder brother and wives Mr. and Mrs. Long Sophea, Mr. and Mrs. Kung Sanmang, Mr and Mrs. Unn Navarm, Mr. and Mrs. Sok Sareth, Mr. and Mrs. Varm Moniroth, who have always been by my side and assisted me in many ways towards the successfirl completion of my studies. ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: Policy and Management Proposal for Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas of Cambodia—Sihanoukvil|e as a Case Study Degree : Master of Science The dissertation is a study of coastal resources policy and management strategy for the development of the Sihanoukville Coastal Region which can be followed and implemented. It consists of five chapters. A brief look is taken at Carnbodia’s existing biophysical coastal enviromnent, the significant coastal and socio-economic features, as well as coastal economic activities of the Sihanoukville region. Development and growth in the Sihanoukville coastal planning region in the areas of tourism and recreation, sea-port expansion, residential, airport expansion, construction and industrialisation, fishing, agriculture are investigated. The integral environmental considerations concerning the coastal issues and the potential impacts on a wide diversity of marine life from a newly planned coastal developments are discussed. In addition, the conflicts between those activities are identified and analysed. Further, current policies, legislation, and institutions involved in the development activities are addressed, as are the issues of particular concern to these institutions. Finally, proposals are made for coastal resources policy and strategy to achieve sustainable development and management of coastal resources. A proposed mechanism and structure responsible for an Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Environment is included as is the Sihanoulcville master plan in order to ensure that the embedded threats to the environment from development of this coastal region can be effectively managed. TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 Cambodia's Coastal Environment and Use of Resources 1.1 Biophysical coastal environment 1.2 Significant coastal feature 1.2.1 Mangrove Forest 1.2.2 Estuaries 1.2.3 Coral Reefs 1.2.4 Seagrasses 1.2.5 Oil and Gas 1.3 Socio-ecomonic features 1.3.1 Population and Employment 1.3.2 Institution and Legislation 1.3.3. Economic Performance 1.4 Coastal ecomonic activities 1.4.1 Agriculture 1.4.2 Fisheries 1.4.3 Aquaculture 1.4.4 Mangrove Harvesting 1.4.5 Industry 1.4.6 Tourism 1.4.7 Ports and Shipping 1.5 Summary [Q|\)s—-:-:--—--:-r-u—an—-:-n—4n—-r-:-©®®U-In—I©\D®\l\lQLhLhLIIb-)I\JI\DI9©O The Coastal Sihanoukvllle Region 2.1 Sihanoulcville Region 2.1.1 Geographical description of Sihanoulcville 2.1.2 Climate 2.1.3 Population and Density 2.2 Human activities in coastal Sihanoulcvilleregion 2.2.1 Agriculture 2.2.2 Fisheries 2.2.3 Industry 2.2.4 Sihanoukville Port 2.2.5 Tourism 2.2.6 Coastal Conservation and Protection 2.3 Socio-economic profile 2.4 Sihanoukville national planning development 2.4.1 General status 2.4.2 Description of plan 2.4.2.1 Port development zone 2.4.2.2 Industrial development zone 2.4.2.3 Tourism development zone 2.4.3 Rules for protection of Port, Industry, and Tourism zones 2.4.3.1 Port and Industrial zone 2.4.3.2 Tourism installations 2.5 Summary Integrating Environmental Considerations into the Sihanoukville Coastal Development 3.1 The current coastal and marine enviromnental issues and causes 40 3.1.1 Fisheries issues 40 3.1.1.1 Overfishing 41 3.1.1.2 Use of harmful traditional methods 41 3.1.1.3 Ineffective enforcement of fisheries law 42 3.1.1.4 Data collection problems 42 3.1.2 Port issues 42 3.1.3 Mangrove forestry issues 43 3.1.4 Coastal habitat issues 43 3.1.5 Pollution issues 3.1.5.1 Transportation of oil 45 3.1.5.3 Urbanisation 46 3.1.5.2 Intensification of agriculture 46 3.1.5.4 Industrialisation 47 3.2 The major impacts of new plans for coastal development 48 3.2.1 Consideration and Analysis of impacts of development port 48 3.2.1.1 Impact of port location 49 3.2.1.2 Impact of port construction 50 3.2.1.3 Sectors affected by these problems 51 3.2.2 Consideration
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