CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Professor Markian Prokopovych Reader:Professor Second Supervisor: Professor GaborGyani Development of Healthcare Tourism Destinations on the Adriatic Coast: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Urban Space in Central European University Central European History Department Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Katarina Kraljic Katarina Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted fin desiecle 2012 By Cultural Sentiment and Sentiment Cultural Opatija CEU eTD Collection such instructions may not be made without the written permission of of Author. permission the written be the made may not instructions without such must page form a part of any made.copies copies Further such made in with accordance lodged in Central the European Library. Details may be obtained from librarian.the This full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in CEU eTD Collection historical and architectural overview of the urban context that influenced its everyday life. its everyday influenced urban context that of the overview architectural and historical defineto environmental social forand its predispositions urban giveanddevelopment to a aim the with monarchy, Austro-Hungarian the of centre tourist a seaside into transformation inspired Opatija’s that aswell circumstances as the are presented, coast Adriatic the on same time. at the to provide pleasure and entertainment and topreserve the image of their natural environment attractingvisitors who sought tobe curedandleisured. The main of purpose such was places where they thus and society, in the nature and health the towards attitudes changing emergedfrom the seasideresorts The resort. health seaside Adriatic century nineteenth The aim of this thesis is to presentABSTRACT the process of urban development of Opatija as the In this research the movements that encouraged the development of resorts of seaside theencouraged development that movements the research In this CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION and Values Specificities Urban andGardens Parks Architecture for the Sea Characteristics of Villas Opatija within an European ArchitecturalContext and its Stylistic Influences LEISURE ARCHITECTURE Social Image and Perception Leisure Amusement and Urban Modernization The beautification Movement andCare for theEnvironment Social and Ethnic Structure Before and During Tourist Development IDENTITY ANDURBAN CULTURAL Rediscovering of the Seaside Tourism of Modern Invention ofLeisure Invention NEED FOR HEALTHAND LEISURE Literature Review and Theoretical Approaches INTRODUCTION Table of Contents 69 67 47 23 13 62 59 56 53 49 43 37 34 30 23 19 14 13 1 5 CEU eTD Collection result of construction of the railway from Pivka to Rijeka (Fiume) and investments from thefor future development was the improvement of traffic have to considered connections Angiolina beentheconstruction of actual villa the in1844,butthe basis with the hinterlandis development as in Opatija’s a point turning The resort. winter asa region Opatija’s of development the encouraged groomed rich greenery carefully and (laurel) native vegetation climate, mild the Primarily site. construction a permanent and investment further for place aprofitable Opatija made conditions favorable business and of monarchy centre the the was and years. urban definedstructure its inlessthan thirty investmentA largewave from tourism for planned was town the is that advantage urban Opatija’s artists. and bourgeoisie aristocracy, society, for high became destination afamous time. It of that destinations healthcare top the among classified and was resort, an elite into village fishing small space of Opatija, such a town planned for tourism at the end of the nineteenth century. Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2001), 10. the of research the siécle the of establishments urban and cultural necessary the and modern and attractive remain was to task their nineteenth century, inlate growing towns fastest the among they were 1 industrializing --thecontinent. ‘newan society. of towns’ resorts Theseareseaside inprovideleisureperiod for ‘modern’for created thepurpose to the a short andpleasure places areplanedthere towns, However, andtime periods. nature in different factors many configuration. Theyhave theirown physiognomies and theiris development influenced by Helen Meller, Helen At the turn of the century Opatija (Abbazia) was transformed in a shortperiod from a Towns Towns are usually marked bythelongcenturies developmentand urban period arecomprised period inthem. aseaside ground resortoffers Therefore, for agood European Cities 1890-1930s: history, culture,and thebuilt environment fin thesiécle fin culture, andin culture, Iwill urban and culture the describe this thesis INTRODUCTION (Chichester: John 1 Since fin 1 CEU eTD Collection be explained. Croatia was at the time defined as a region of South-Eastern Europe and Europe was time atthe beCroatia defined South-Eastern was asaregion explained. of Croatian history and especially its meaning within Hungarian Austro the monarchy have to of context the in town the of position the However, presented. briefly be will century is going not far in pastcenturiesthe isand which dynamic not until mid-nineteenth the crucial for the formation of Opatija asa resort town. Thehistory of Opatija as a town, which field. in of studies be anddefining will through literature existing analyzed the works the these from and architectural comes urban group of Another willbedefinitions concepts explained. main whose theories tourism and class leisure as such studies, cultural and of social is that two main frameworks which provided me with approach through different theories. First one are There urbanidentity. was its time and what the of style by architectural influenced the was town, formed tourist newly and representative asa Opatija, what extent to will analyze style leisureof European purpose architectural forthe tourism. configuration, urban and lifestyle Mediterranean with accordance in shaped and development long marked bycenturies are cities While other coast. Adriatic onthe places tourist other from all differs Opatija development, planned and its urbancontext to According region. coastal markedthat haspermanently –which culture and Mediterranean Central European of point meeting the becoming in Opatija resulted which time, the of spirit and style the brought Monarchy overthe from 'tourists' all of influx line. The coastal stretched the on for rent individualsland bought andbuilt numerous summer houses, sanatorias hotels, and pensions young village. towns and villages withexisting urbancore and history, while Opatija was urbanistically an undeveloped and 2 Viennese All tourist resorts on the east Adriatic coast were planed on the area of already developed Mediterranean developed of already area the on planed were coast Adriatic east the on resorts tourist All The first chapterwill ahistoricalgive background of processeswhich the were Southern Railway 2 Opatija was created under a direct impact of the nineteenth century underadirectnineteenth the century impact of Central Opatija created was Company . Accordingly, joint stock companies and wealthy Throughout this research, I this research, Throughout 2 CEU eTD Collection created by the influence of this specific health resort townscape. In all stages of Opatija’s townscape. Inallstagesof health resort by specific this of influence created the life. urban the of effects negative from themselves release to and bodies their cultivate to eager theirseaside air, andurban targeting emphasizingdwellers thequality of by resorts health various as themselves marked places Those classes. middle leisured and wealthy the accommodate upto sprang where newvillas coast Adriatic the towns on the tourism,medicali.e. tourism. From formthis 1880s of begantourism develop rapidlyto in of forms driven health the be on will emphasis the although factors, these all introduce In this Iwill factors. nineteenth chapter byvarious industry century, the during driven regularphenomenainto thecivilized andtourism asold world, organized as evolved affiliatedmodernism. In and this industrialism century the with of way turn the toward I sentiments will romanticism from tryaffiliations to revealleisure their and movements social main rolesthe present will chapter first in the reason, the that For healing. emergence ofand and leisure the of places the for new need a created society that movements and changes bodilysocial the present health movements. facilities. many railway and other urban centers, Central European the distance from Tourism short benefits, andclimate natural --the numerous are Bay,” “Quarner called in so the Adriatic, north inlocation the particular of this choice the for The reasons town. and travelingindividuals as invested well, until First and the WorldWar Opatija wasquite developed many In in period other following 1880s. facilitiesthe andrecreational health villas, are two began the of development Opatija asahealth by resort settingbuild upa company to hotels, Southern Company Railways Austrian The capital. Austrian the and Austria of influence the under shaped primarily itfrom instance,was many for from sides like, Italy Hungary.However, and influenced In the second chapter I write about the urban culture and everyday life that was life that and everyday urban culture the about write I chapter second In the defineIn order to the social for Opatija’spredispositions Ineeddevelopment, to together with the Viennese managing director Julius Schuler 3 CEU eTD Collection for recognizable the urban style of Opatija wereAustrians. most “responsible” The architects resort. a health ideaitsvery as therapeutic foundation of own spirit identity. Austrian influence and The inOpatijais be it from obvious; seen can the an answer if all of it was only an imitation of the fashion of the time, or if it had findsomeinfluences to for main style the search Iwill Therefore architecture. tourist of of Opatija’s its principles is tothe connected mainquestion the nineteenth century, research endthe the of describe the urban and accordingly cultural space of Opatija as a place planed for tourism at and natural qualities, or it was its lifestyle or the ‘state of mind’ that made it soattractive? and ‘romanticism enjoyment?’ In words,wasother Opatija aninteresting city for its urban were alogical or totheneedforresponse ahealing gardens nature these andgreenspaces shapemade elites’ ‘cured’ bynature.forthe Wasparticular urban representation, Opatija’s derived being needholidays from of seaside resorts real culture atthe the for spending derived onlyfrom fashion,in words from other ‘the need to see,and be to seen’,the or leisurefor inasea need resort the whether Iexplore therapy. and recreation strolling, andmeetings, social for events asplaces vitally important were beachesetc. promenades, wishes and their taste. their reflect constructed, andtheway they were level infrastructure) high with adequate the bathinginstitutes, buildings facilities, and parks and promenades, gardens,all conformed capitalists aristocrats, European society of ahigh-class it was Since location. of the characteristics and artisticmade by a certain social elites,conditions as keyclass elements of its development. after Town development was recognitiona result of decisions natural the with combined were circumstances political and economic social, development, basicand validation structures of the natural and climatic of the resort (villas, hotels, therapy The third chapter will be concentrated on the research question. Since my goal is my goal to Since researchquestion. the on willbeconcentrated The third chapter suchasparks, openspaces asahealth resort, Opatija of Since establishment the 4 CEU eTD Collection wider socio-political relations. The main aspect of interdisciplinarity in my research is that I isthat research my in interdisciplinarity of aspect main The relations. socio-political wider aspirations and values the about lot a tell can which of documents as cities the the at looking is history people. In that sensethose I spaceswill use for architecturethemselvesart history in order asresearch); a mediumto define myform itsin style isand of town, toanalyze (as the focus not urbanstructure tothe comes forI wouldfashion revealing rather and theanalyze itlevels.When different basis cultureon a theoretical establish into itis necessary town time, the offorms the time.and ways Urban of aspects a particular andarchitectural urban, some socio-cultural, of comparative study in which people created a is with concerned question my research Since categories. strict the placed within the defining works of the field is a tricky task when working with a subject which can notbe Approaches Review andTheoretical Literature andparkarchitecture. planning,town architecture theunity basedof on concept urban theunique as this as well characteristicsenvironment of the present will chapter This environment. natural its in lies identity distinctive as a environmentbase for their planning. Forthatreason,Opatija’s itsoriginality and which followThey they inthecould townplanning. natural existingthe took thus Here, planers didnot have any limitations oralreadyurban as existing structures patterns Europe, Opatija stands among the rare examples of resorts without adefined urban structure. in century thenineteenth endthe of formed before resorts seaside comparedother with When identity. urban distinctive its has Opatija Still Monarchy. Hungarian Austro the over spreadall characteristics architectural recognizable its with style, historicist (eclectic) Placing my research in the field of andmy Placing in makingresearch theof literature with field existing comparison Architecture Architecture of its villas, hotels pensions and public buildings, is in realized the 5 CEU eTD Collection 4 2000 3 for members”. thefamily care required forlabor and educational commitments, and the time requiredfor personal care and “All Leisure deductingoverlapping time remains after isdefinedas timethe that concepts. andthevisual architecture planning, arts. as as studies, media well cultural literary,and and geography, sociology anthropology, havegeneral remain tended and to within such humanities science the social as disciplines in leisure and travel of history the while studies, management and business, economics, by been has dominated discipline, academic emergedasan has asit studies, Tourism field contextual of ofleisurestudies within and frameworks. tourism produced different upper classes of the period. Therethe isorigin a plenty of of thewritten nineteenth-century materialOpatija’s Ineed tounderstanddevelopment, the social andideas movements changes, about on tourism historytourism in theas well purpose of health andleisure.presenttourism order In to the origins andinfluences of as the social and economic for the century nineteenth the half of in years second the thirty inlessthan was created life ofOpatija the development. Opatija’s for predispositions social the define to necessary are which history. urban with primarily social and economical leisuretrends (which of resultpolitical, are the century general the nineteenth facts about circumstances) accomplishconnectandits urbanspace. To my the influenceon to have the Iwill research, with the knowledge leisure life, interaction forof be between social period will the the an everyday searching of architecture and art history, activities of persons traveling to and activities in staying environmentfor of placesoutside to traveling persons their usual leisure forrural areas leisure. isrelated“Tourism tothis definition wide the of comprises JafarJafari, Berghoff, Hartmut (Palgrave: 2002), 7. Tourism, recreation and leisure are generally seen as a set of interrelated and interrelated of asaset seen generally andleisureare Tourism, recreation In the first part of the same chapter, I will look at leisure class and tourism theory, Encyclopedia of Tourism The Making of Modern Tourism: 4 The importance of urban environments, urban fringes and fringes urban environments, urban of importance The (New York: Routledge, 2000). 3 The CulturalHistory of the British Experience,1600- 6 CEU eTD Collection picturesque and Edmund Burke’s concept of the sublime. (Encyclopedia of Tourism). (Encyclopedia sublime. of the concept Burke’s Edmund and picturesque ofthe principles aesthetic by the inspired the arts, and of culture search in Germany and Switzerland Italy, thousandscenturies, eighteenth of and Britons,seventeenth sixteenth, Germans, the of course the FrenchOver period. andmodern early Russians the since Europe traveled around the Continent, principally to France, 9 the history history the andof in growth spas and seaside resorts Britain withemploying comparison 8 and 7 6 5 British Grand Tour. dominated ofdemocratization the of elitist“result a as tourism modern of practices.”interpretation an offers He identities. According to a social main involve historian interests whose seasidetourism andhim, research urban regional social emulationseaside resorts comes from British washistorians and sociologists. about at especially One of history, themwork is tourism John on Walton,literature major The in Britain. century eighteenth to the spas and the developmentthe of international tourism asa industry,great be their and origins can traced mostly made by visitors.” is least season tourism the during at population theirservices; and attractions of tourist sociologists John Urry in purposes.” other or business leisure, for year consecutive one than more not climate.” health facilities utilizing the natural resources of the country, inparticular mineral water and “physical The health tourism is aform of tourism appearedin that its beginnings and isdefined as in location”. a given interconnected become characteristics experiential and consumption, cultures, economies, and lives social of communities,in […] tourism, production, industry tourismdefines isit andargues that places “about embeddedand spacesthatare in The sons of the upper classes were sent abroad on a Grand Tour in order to complete their education in Ibid, JafarJafari, JohnUrry, Definition by World Tourism Organization UNWTO,1991. The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the TwentiethThe BritishSeaside:HolidaysandResorts inthe Century Encyclopedia of Tourism The seaside resort and beach holiday, in their various forms, played a central in role a forms,central played various in holiday,andtheir beach resort The seaside 7 and mental personal care, such visitsas to spas and thermal pools [...]the of provision Seaside resorts are defined as “small geographic units or areas that offer an array offer an areas that or units “small geographic as aredefined Seaside resorts The Tourist Gaze Encyclopedia of Tourism. (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 3. 8 The Tourist The 9 In his works (New York: Rutledge, 2000). Gaze, often cited book on the significance of tourism The EnglishSeaside Resort:aSocialHistory , Walton analyses Walton , 5 The 7 6 CEU eTD Collection produced guidebooks. ( field 1860s. inthe Thomas CookSon and was set upas a travel agency,setbranches up across world the and privately chartered trip. Inthe mid-1850s startedhe totake groups abroad, first toEurope and thenfurther a 12 Approach toEuropean Tourism History, 11 4-11. 10 century. twentieth in the phenomenon global a became holiday beach the were established,resorts first in England, then Europe andacross the Atlantic world, before coastal of multitude a centuries, twentieth and eighteenth the Between in Europe. those resorts became summer capitals, such as Opatija. century. Some seaside by of that Adriatic end the notable culminating onthe presence was camebathing, By later. mid-nineteenth anincreasingthe century, German and Austrian sea than rather climate through health of restoration the on based was which of growth early the Mediterranean, inthe Developments towns. industrial among especially generally, development urban for period a peak century, nineteenth the of half first inthe town British of kind fastest-growing the became resort seaside The society. English eighteenth-century of highlyand upperstrata competitive broadening the among health and attractiveness prestigiousvisits spas andto seaside,excursions Cook’s Thomas cultural experience (such as Walton’s), which starts with the wealthy classes and images of by western of dominated history viewcriticizes past the tourism’s the conventional of A HistoricalGeography ofRecreationandTourism intheWesternWorld, 1540-1940 nationalconstruction imperial identities. and JohnTowner of representation and studies, which explore the relationships between tourism promotion, tourist practices and the the “resort product cycle”, its development, cultural conditions and impacts. It containswith Walton case as the editor, is useful for understanding historical processes in tourism such as In 1841 In Thomas Cookexcursion arrangedan from Leicesterto Loughborough (UK) on the advertisedfirst John Walton, “Seaside Resorts and International Tourism” in JohnWalton, Another book named book Another Sea bathing emerged as part of the growing fashionable concern for thepursuit concern fashionable emergedof Sea bathing of growing the aspart The English Seaside Resort: a Social History,1750-1914 Encyclopedia of Tourism Histories of Tourism: Representation,Conflict Histories ofTourism: Identityand ed. Eric G.E. Zuelow (Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2011), 19-37 ). 11 Touring Beyond the Nation: ATransnational (Leicester University Press: 1983), Press: University (Leicester 12 and Grand Tours. He is 10 who wrote 8 , CEU eTD Collection 14 (Chichester: Wiley 1996). 13 on how people use the seaside and how they understand and envisage it.” itinfluences layered […] is process, of design and complex a product architecture “seaside him and For further. thein States, United of Europe, resorts comparative framework day, using present a while to the century eighteenth from the seaside architecture culture. contemporary of understanding general and place of sense as such themes into insight deeper and insights into relationshipthe between leisure and tourism, mentality the particularof cultures tourist lifestyles and life cycle frameworks.Novels and visual can arts provide valuable embrace wider rather should research events; isolated the of the varieties seen through RenaissanceChinese Villas he houses.to argues that Further, pleasure notbe tourism should tracing the origins in leisure of tourism urban a wider andfrom rural system,Roman and nineteenth century Opatija’s villas and roman “ villas androman Opatija’s nineteenth century between will connection this I Inmy trace modernresearch, tourism. century nineteenth of emergence the before long existed had which Villas’, ‘country historical the with history leisureof and culture. popular part important an formed buildings seaside in which ways the explore also will I manner this insightinto aspects of the relationship between the resorts architecture and social realities. In physicalthe butalsostructures, the cultural mores of seaside holidaymaking andprovides an andNature Architecture, Society work his in Gray Fred Accordingly, management. beach them were associated with their carefully chosen environment, making an inseparable inseparable makingunity an environment, chosen with carefully their associated them were John Towner, Fred Gray, Besides Towner’s arguments, there is not much is there arguments, which tourism Besides Towner’s not literature connects Each European country and coastline developed its own form of architecture and form of architecture its own developed country and coastline Each European Designing the Seaside, Architecture, Society and Nature An Historical Geography of Recreation and TourismWestern inthe World, 1540-1940 13 presents a historical, architectural and cultural of cultural overview and ahistorical, architectural presents villa rusticaevilla , (London: Reaktion Books, 2006), 9. ” on the Adriatic coast. Both of Designing theSeaside, 14 He analyses both analyses He 9 . CEU eTD Collection His aim was to set architectural development against its cultural background, and to trace to background, and its cultural against set architectural development wasto His aim examination of builtthe of environment European within theircities culture canbefound. of Moravanszky, in Akos work the Further, ‘leisure class.’ century nineteenth ascending newly of the example asarepresentative Opatija like Iwill use in of inde represent class a newliberalmiddle Vienna, anemergence the ‘fin siecle’ way example for in of it century; turn the the can urban culture and as architecture serve also a model framing a comparativesocio-political undercurrents.into the field of culturalcultural studies that takes architecture to be a medium for revealing awiderIt does notVienna: Politics and Culture study. provide only The the basisculturalauthor for the studyhistoryused of Vienna’s the(“fin Ringstrassede siecle society”). culture. European Mediterranean and Western between Villa heritage of analyses to The Carl E. Schorskeunderstanding of originsthe of Opatija’s villas andis it providing abasis for comparative research functions,as for asthe contextisof theirplanning reaching and well important which an on profiles, investors’ characteristics, stylistic dispositions, spatial their Villas, of architecture named scholars which dealsvarious by withwritten volume is a there subjects study research his of framework the In connectedhorticulture. with the notion of Villa culture. form andits of as well its components architectural aesthetic andas this aspects political This volume ideological the villas. Hepresented focused hiswork researching Dalmatian on renaissance Fiskovi historian Cvito art TheCroatian circumstances. by various was conditioned far; it should rather be seen in political,so case the been hasusually which aspect, its artistic from only be not examined to needs social and cultural context since villa culture Thephenomenon landscape. natural of building between its surrounding and their development Next, I will use some theoretical literature relevant for nineteenth century social and social century nineteenth for relevant literature theoretical some use will I Next, Villa culture through various case studies from from various determinates Adriatic casestudies coast through is an obvious starting point from which one can start aresearch Competing visions Fin-de-siecle , the wide 10 ü CEU eTD Collection social development of this specific community, and reveals the connections and of urban urban the of phenomena the and roots the tracing for source useful is a information This book. in them this collected and archive, inthe werepreserved of which turn century the the from documents source numerous Croatian from transcribed or German from translated houses and families, form urban of encyclopedia.a kind Furtherextensive more, he names with theirsystematically all cataloged frombuildings constructed the 1806 to1944.Thousands of birth Archiveidentities. The archivistZakošekwhoworksinthe Boris Rijeka State has of dates, marriages, deaths, nicknames and connections with other visualizations, while basing her research on the old cadastral whilebasingherresearch visualizations, maps. oldcadastral the on Opatija’s ofitsdevelopment urban conditions periods graphic indifferent numerous through Opatija --UrbanDevelopment andPark Heritage heritagehorticultural in of Koraljka surveyeddevelopment Vlahtar-Jurkovi are work the and ofurban Thesubjects processes. economical and socio-political of influence a longhistory a represents and example thus typical underurban environmentof created the where Amir Muzur gives basic conclusions on how Opatija is an example of a town without as such study this for valuable are studies some Nevertheless, Opatija’s legal history, ethnographic history, tourism history, schooling history, etc. of individually exploreeconomical, andtourist historians development Opatija. Some urban inbe identified also nineteenth the century resorts. seaside can that something is certainly which social classes, diverse of interaction and the enhanced and in urbandesign structures political Monarchy aspects and economic reflected Habsburg thehow publicideologies in architectural production. Hediscusses European Central the Existing scientific literature on Opatija’s history is oriented separately toward separately isoriented history Opatija’s on literature scientific Existing The catalog book Opatija’s Album is my main source for the chapter on social and Opatija’s Parks How Opatija WasCreated , where she displays , where she 11 ü CEU eTD Collection preserved the same physiognomy from the turn of the century. the of turn the from physiognomy same the preserved mainly ithas since space and architecture urban and natural of specificities Opatija’s some identify I research, field Through itself. space urban the is analysis urban the for The andmainsource with of andinvestors. reasons owners the architecture their structures 12 CEU eTD Collection changed dramatically in that period of ‘public recreation movement’ and characterized movement’ was ‘public recreation of period in that dramatically changed such dance.popular as music, Leisure amusements theatre, had and recreation significance amusement firstthe efforts, century half of expansion of was aperiod nineteenth the of forms of play, and condemned many commercial amusements.” commercial many condemned and play, of forms uponmost concern whichrenewedvalues,attack andtherefore proper the theirchurches, of appear. time began to increasefree of about concerns lastcentury, halfof nineteenth duringconsequence, the the 61 hour hoursinper weekforindustries in in all 1860to 54.9 1910and1890, to asa ithappened in during1880sfirstly declinedhours Britain.The averageworkweek from 69.7 laborershourfor daybylawemployedinwith federal contracts under government, Europe StatesCongressIn 1868inreduce eight- workweek. establishedthe pressure to the United lifethey lived in conditions. barely adequate rural and immigrantstowns foreign moved tenement into the areas of cities,growing where leisure. and recreation of popularit patterns and affected lived waypeople changedthe revolution other were.Theindustrial or objects fashion justassome hierarchies certain social 18 17 16 2008), 52. 15 Ibid, 54. Ibid, 52. Ibid, 52. Daniel McLean,. Daniel 15 In the previous periods, “work was considered as the source of social and moral In earlier historicalIn strictly dominant periods wasrelatively earlier leisuretime tothe tied Great numbers of people moved from rural areas to the cities to work. People from People work. to cities the to areas from rural moved people of numbers Great Kraus’ Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society 17 Need for Health and Leisure (Historical Background) Invention of Leisure Invention 16 Therefore throughout this period, there wasa there period, this throughout Therefore . 8 th edition (Jones and Barlett Publishers, 18 Despite these anti- 13 CEU eTD Collection Michigan press, 2001) 113. modernIdentityin Europe andNorthAmerica 20 19 treatments in picturesque rural surroundings in which they could “temporarily entertain and alternative recuperative body”, tothe‘degeneracy’ of the sought urban lifecontributed modern convinced that who, of adherents numbers wereattracting growing Central Europe visiting bathing places”. made ‘day trips’, bicycling out into the fresh air surrounding of countryside at weekends and was withmoreand“This health more people as evident urban life. general preoccupation urban dwellers wishing tocultivate their bodies and resolve the ‘degenerative effects’ of and targeting air their of quality byemphasizing the health formsresorts of themselves as resorts as they attracted a wide section of the touristmarket. Ordinary leisure resorts marked variouswateringleisure facilities, into developing placesdeveloped of kinds rapidly holiday small licensed spasand Medically wasinbalance. tourism of expansion the recreational of nineteenth the relationshipcentury. In industry,tourism health the between andtourism recreation of activities. organized development by widespread the urban space. growth, by the end of the nineteenth century public parks had become an essential part of the byindustrialization andrapidpopulation on broughtproblems urban the of environment appalling and aresponsetothe movementAsof as recreation the apart nineteenth century. early increased the during sports of Number recreation pursuits. new outdoor linked to photography inemerged secondthe half of nineteenth the century and werefrequently JillSteward, “Tourism inLate Imperial Austra McLean, “By the turn of the century the proliferating ‘body and life reform movements’ in half thesecond to canbedated Europe inCentral modern tourism of The beginning Kraus’ Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society, 20 Invention of Modern Tourism Modern of Invention , Shelley Baranowski Ellen and Furlough ed., (The University of ” inBeing Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture,and 58. 19 Popular hobbies such as 14 CEU eTD Collection Edwardian Britain, in 24 23 25 22 Enlightenmen, 1914.” in 21 society. urban of sectors in all participated phenomenon, British a firstly was travel Large-scale comfort. and greater length, pricelower and with travel of problems the greatly reduced influence on the topography of the spa system. cities and towns includingspa The were towns. railway networks themselves acrucial many nineteenth the growth and century Monarchy's encouraged expansion of Hapsburg nature”. to fantasies’ ‘Rousseauesque returning of middle classes. middle terms. in andabsolute relative cheaper, first travel drew closer, became founderAs the nineteenth travel of the century agency. inin anda of Englandorganized 1840s international first the travels was acreator tourism, BritishCook, the travel and promoter, excursion riseagent to the contributor of popular masses. Thomas to safe andaccessible cheap, quick, elites, for the previously preserved tourist achievement organizational forms influenced on was birththe popularimportantof tourism.First modern an invention of thedisposable incomepackage for middle-class people together with the developmenttour of new which made recreational travel, cultures. sense nationalgreater identity of and appreciation and of understanding distinctive the to contributed in turn which culture intraveling a national assisted creating guidebook Jan Palmowski, Jan Baedekerwith “Travels – GuidebookThe Middlethe and ClassesVictorian in and Ibid, 1-25. Ibid. 105-123. Rudy Koshar Ed., Koshar Rudy Steward, Jill “The Spa Towns Austro-Hungarian of the Empire and theGrowthof Culture:Tourist 1860- No longer exclusive, travel became more widespread when railways and steamboats and when railways widespread more became travel longer exclusive, No The travel guidebooks, another important invention, professionalized travel for the for travel professionalized invention, important another guidebooks, travel The 22 25 The building of the railways from the 1830s, the increase in leisure time and time leisure in increase the 1830s, the from railways the of building The New directions inurbanhistory: aspectsEuropean of health,art, tourism andleisuresince the (Waxmann Verlag, 2000), 97. 24 Through the promotion of foreign and the facilitation of domestic travel, a travel, domestic of facilitation the and foreign of promotion the Through Histories ofLeisure Histories Histories of Leisure, Histories (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 107. ed. Rudy (Oxford:Koshar, Berg, 2002), 105-123. 23 21 The economic and social changes of the 15 CEU eTD Collection 28 Tourism, 2009), 15-24. 27 26 urbanized, cosmopolitanlifestyle, spendingyear partof in bynow the firmly Vienna, “adopting amore started Nobility catering newleisuretourism. for the spa resorts health and livesplay growing upperclasseswhovisited continued of the the inthesocial a role to these later centuries two century, seventeenth of end the since Monarchy Hapsburg of development economic infrastructure. developing patterns of culture andleisure middle among classes, byfacilitating the newly European social in railway andsystem supported the 1840saccelerated changes for The children. Central becoming own sake, anda playground increasingly was beach the for its invalids of enjoyed twentieth asacure atthe beginning century for initiated was being socialscale. down the extended of the railways, middle-class prosperity andmore free time, the experience of the sea was coming the with weregrowing rapidly, and waswellestablished:resorts by spring coast the barriers”. class extending even maintaining and means of “all provided trips”, educational Ritz, and as hotelsthe such luxury Express, Orient the cruises, Mediterranean in Egypt, holidays “luxury differences, ways of differentiation among its clientele. Especially foreign travel emphasized class develop industry quickto sophisticated travel as more the was people However, traveled, had Victorian era, foreign beingtravel stopped exclusivepreserveof the middlethe classes. when going to the same theorydestinations it leveled (although classAnother distinctions,different important class and vagons). andone reasoneven By revolutionary theis thatend of allthe classes aspect used theof travelsame trains in the railway age was that in Steward, “Tourism inLate Imperial Austria Mirjana Kos, and Julija Lozzi Barkovic, Koshar., Although displaydaily of rituals status had beenpartof aristocraticthe life inthe By the end of the nineteenth century, the custom of spending weeks or days each Histories of Leisure Histories 26 , 118. 27 ”, Kvarnerska kupališna baština, Sea bathing which was in the mid eighteenth century eighteenth mid the in was which bathing Sea 109. 28 (Rijeka: CroatianMuseum of 16 CEU eTD Collection Trade exhibitions were one of the main vehicles for promoting tourism and exports. and tourism promoting for vehicles main the of one were exhibitions Trade culture. with toengage visitors a consumption-orientated andsouvenirsclothes encouraged consumption”. on increasingly amenities modern andwhich life-styles accommodated leisureof forms activities based Austria andHungary had developed many and features many possessed common the of of of War, “principal the cultures spa towns the of outbreak the tourist FirstWorld the attention by emphasizing tourists aspectsof By of unique the culturetheir and environment. the attract asthey to tried features distinctive of theirmore own aware regions different made visitors attract to The desire activity. economic international of points as focal diplomacy. unofficial and cabals, intrigue, for political in weresometimes --centers capitals” also a way “summer resorts league” of international politicians, industrialists and financiers were staying. were financiers and industrialists politicians, international of league” spa resort. was a Tour Grand and promenades. space forms suchasshadygardens public of of beautification appropriate the provision and 36 35 34 33 (Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2011) 19-36. 32 31 30 89. 29 style of established theprincipal andCentral centre social cultural Europe”. as in residences outsidemonths summer the spent the who officials city highest its and court or royal the of visitinglife-style the follow spas like Karlsbad or Baden.” Ibid, 108-135. Koshar Ed., Ibid, 19-36. Ibid, 19-36. “ K Walton, John Steward,“Tourism in lateimperial Austria”, 108-135. Ibid, 89. Steward, “The Spa Towns of Austro-Hungarian the Empire and Growththe of Culture: Tourist 1860-1914”, flânerie It is plausibleassume to that the first really international tourist phenomena after The Histories ofLeisure Histories andimportance ofexercise the inmany cure regimes this the required Seaside resorts and international tourism” in 31 , 120. 32 35 Spa resorts were “microcosms of high society”, were a “big a were high society”, of were“microcosms Sparesorts Infashionable more elegantshops sellingsmart the spas, 34 In other words, their Grand Hotels and casinos had a role Touring Beyondthe Nation, 30 Along with urban- with Along 29 “They began to 33 Ed. Eric Zuelow, Eric Ed. Elite seaside Elite 36 17 CEU eTD Collection edit. Susan C.Anderson, and Bruce H. Tabb,(Oxford: Berg, 2002), 9-21. 41 40 39 38 thousands cards insummer”. cards thousands houses. invented in Austria in andby many1869 and produced were retailed of publishing the increasingly of conscious their own uniqueidentity. cultural them made visitors their and towns resort the of inhabitants the between interaction as linguisticdifferences and cultural of ethnic, growing awareness tothe contributed we find an obvious homogenization whatspas of offered their to visitors. musical programs.” eclectic same the pagodas); and (palms exotic of the adash Empire, ofFirst atouch Renaissance, bitof a with architecture historicist eclectic, same the facilities; golf and as tennis sports, same the cuisine; “Escoffier” same the Palace,…), Imperial, Excelsior, (Park, names same the with hotels and ideastheir“the selling remarkablefor similarity: basic grand products same same the destinations. asgreat tourist emerged and Austria Italy, Switzerland France, in Europe; significant became economically War,tourism World First the Before century. in were already apparent AustriaImperial touristthe in publicity of early the twentieth scenery and charm nostalgia, joy, picturesqueness, as such Vienna, capital its and Austria consciousness of the regions in which they were located. inwhichtheywere consciousness regions the of the development of the spas and their associated tourist cultures reinforced the growing self- 37 David Blackbourn, “Fashionable Spa Towns in Nineteenth-century Europe”, in Steward, “Tourism inLate Imperial Austria Steward, “Tourism inLate Imperial Austria Ibid, 120. Koshar, The spread of commercialized andmodernizing forms of urban culture also On the other hand, although elite spas emphasized their distinctiveness, they were 39 Histories of leisure Histories “Postcards weresoldinvillage shop atiny five could everywhere: alpine sell upto , 120. 40 All the qualities which tourists publicly associate with which tourists All publicly qualitiesassociate the ” ” , 124. , 124. 41 By the end of the nineteenth century nineteenth the of end the By 38 Furthermore, postcards were postcards Furthermore, 37 Throughout the Monarchy, the Throughout Water, Leisure andCulture, 18 CEU eTD Collection 47 46 Publishing Group, 2002), 7. 45 44 inland spas, the sea shore resorts offered a new closeness to nature. new to closeness a offered resorts theseashore inland spas, overcrowded and cities the of malevolence perceived tothe contrast In was revolutionary. consciousness bodily own their reflecting nature and appreciated understood people which human activity. obvious evidenceof was without one the nature towild andsea, when nature most beautiful the the attitudes wilderness revitalized the of worship new a discovering and Movement Romantic the with taste in shift great The andin ever-changing seabecamea atthe gazing experience desirable poetry the and arts. strands, the around strolling acliff, on standing of pleasure The admiration. of notions the intoit during –fear,wouldAge notion represented Enlightenment the changethe that the of 43 ship accidents, and being surrounded with wildunusable sand).ship shoreline andbeing with (cliffs, surrounded accidents, seathe was perceivedmysterious as and hiding in dangerous, monsters deep,the causing century eighteenth the sinceuntil simple, wasnot seaside” the of“rediscovering The process waswhere,in firstthe constructed. inBrighton, precisely Europe bathing establishment England, South of shores the on bathing started aristocracy English the century, eighteenth the of end the At is recent. sea in the bathing of a custom ago, time long a known been had 42 Corbin, Gray, John Lyall and Caludia Bell, Ibid,19. Alain Corbin, Alain Kos and Barakovi Kosand demands ofprivacy. the evil of urban civilization and correct the ill effects of easy living, while respecting the terror itinspired,while overcoming one’s […] personal wasexpectedperils.The sea to cure itinspired The new fear. strategy holidayswasenjoy for seaside experience to the sea and the remained unaffected falsehoodby […] arefugethe sea of became and asource hope because The ocean represented indisputable nature which wasmore justthan scenery, andwhich Even though the curative properties of the influence of seawater on the human body human the on seawater of influence the of properties curative the though Even Designing the Seaside, The Lureof theSea, The Lure of the Sea the of Lure The ü , Kvarnerska kupališna baština, 47 62. 20. The Accelerated Sublime:Accelerated The Identity and Tourism,Landscape, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 1-10. Rediscovering of the Seaside Rediscovering of 210. 45 Moreover, the new ways in ways new the Moreover, 46 Alan Corbin explains: Corbin Alan 43 (Greenwood Therefore 19 44 42 CEU eTD Collection 50 49 48 nineteenth century. drivencoasts by developingthe railway andsteamship connectionsin thesecond halfof the in Mediterranean the emerged resorts model,seaside British the taking followingperiod, bathing machine by driven horses in provideto order complete intimacy was invented. In the bathing in morality To accommodate those sea the codes, and following Victorian for well being. of shores quest aspartthe were anddetailed behavioral codified patterns sea the on shape wastaking lifestyle A whole wasincreased. aesthetics marine to sensibility prescriptions. carry medical the out neededto services necessary all the alongwith adjusted be could temperature water the sothat were constructed municipal establishments resort in a experience,offeredby bathing quickly regulated while as emerged spas. Sea every those on modeled veritable cures prescribed anddoctors objective of out therapeutic the heated”. had been that sea water shower cold with andto rocks the from seaweed collected freshly and if comingbemassagedof aglassupon out water; necessary the were to they with was that “the patients were bathto once a day and drink half pint of seawater in the morning Sea Water the Glans in theDiseases of drinking.A from dissertation popular 1752 byDr Richard Rusell medicinal and bathing cold-water such virtuesas of seawater, theextraordinary proclaiming were physicians numerous of works the century eighteenth mid the Following seawater. the of qualities enhancing health and therapeutic of consumption the prompted soon has healing and pleasure of site a as seaside the of rediscovery eighteenth-century Nevertheless, Ibid, 87. 69. Corbin, Russell(1752), in Corbin, Consequently, by the end of the eighteenth century the sea bathing fashion developed fashion bathing sea the century eighteenth the of end the by Consequently, 48 49 Accordingly, the beaches became covered with scrofula-suffers and the The Lure of the Sea, became a standard reference. His therapeutic strategy therapeutic reference. His astandard became 67. Dissertation ontheUses of 20 50 CEU eTD Collection depended hugely upon theirimage and one of them was their role as an antidote to work and 53 View Publications, 2011), 1. date manifestations of popular culture were components of their attractiveness. oftheir components were culture popular of manifestations date in forefront the of cultural change, thelatest thus technology isleisure applied to andup to preservenature, due to which their location was chosen at first place. Further, they had to be to ways find to had they attractive remain to And attractive. remain to had they grew they as and visitors, seasonal the to but population, resident their to not entertainment, and facilities fashion globalizationcycles, and mobility. increasing consumption well as as production, spread the of livingstandardsrising and aspirations, processes: urbanization various the grewresponding to resorts Seaside function. specializationsgreater brought inurban sinceprocess, and urbanization industrialization in pharmacy city.the andand wasadoctor there wereassured, the that food drinkacceptance, that and guest for housingnumber of sufficient bathing areas, prove thatithad organized was necessary to it resort and therapeutic bathing a become to a place For year. of the period colder had the monarchy the of part central the when destination vacation the were places Coastal body. human for factors natural these of benefits the discus to started scientists medical when development of the sea bathingin resortsthe in citiessea bathing of Theculture treatments. climate ideal for weredeclared places some and evaluated of Croatian becomes coast and on the benefits The monarchy. of andtermswere natural therapeutic destinations Austro-Hungarian islands anstarts integral element of everyday life of a modern person. The 52 51 Meller, Peter Borsay and John K. Walton, Mirjana Kos, and Julija Lozzi Barkovic, The emergence of the seaside resorts formed an integral formedindustrialization the part of integral an of The emergence resorts seaside the At the time the North Adriatic became one of the main seaside vacation vacation and of main seaside Adriaticone became At North the time the the European Cities 1890-1930s : history, culture, and thebuilt environment, 51 Resorts andPort: European Seaside towns1700,since Kvarnerska kupališna baština, 52 Theirprovide was leisure purpose to 15-24. 187. (Bristol:Channel 53 Resorts 21 CEU eTD Collection 54 routine. to the unhealthiness ofthe industrial thebanalities boredom city andand to everyday of representing. were they image urban of kind what and places other in life from different was residences image at the turn of the century it willbe explored in what scale social and cultural life itsof purpose casethe of Through willbe tourism Opatija’s social of study presented. and cultural Borsay and Walton, and Borsay In the next chapters the case study of such places invented and developed for the 54 Resorts and Port: European Seaside towns since1700 , 9. 22 CEU eTD Collection higher ranks. As the nineteenth century moved on, Opatija’s society Ashigher ranks. moved thenineteenth morecentury on,wasbecoming Opatija’s society captains possessed andtwo family von Taubenberg Golob only local from clergies, Except weavingwork. the from money earned woman one least at family in each and ships own their owned and chestnuts. However, sailing commerce was at the time more profitable. Only ten persons Abbazia. inZakošek, 58 region where producing its oil for sale. the most used plant in aromatherapy. Before the tourism it was used ineconomical purposes, people from the living from the land, rather earning their money on the sea. the on money their earning rather land, the from living not land, but of their owners time complete of were atthe --94 them -- All families century. in eighteenth the that than wasdifferent basis economical andresidents’ completed, time the wasat feudal relations of deconstruction the from 1820 that elaboration Franciscan cadastral shifted underthe Volosko municipality likeand was that until is1890. It visible inthe Kastav of jurisdiction the itwas under autonomy; beginning of norththe Adriatictourism region asera, beginning a of nineteenth century, administration and judiciary a‘modern’ formedwas inthe consequence OpatijaAt the development. that ofafter and priorbefore structure in the changes major the dissolution to wascontributed a small of feudal settlementrelations.the time Before of the itsand urban did notdevelopment have its as owna tourist resort and will present the processes that 57 56 55 Archivo di Stato Trieste, Catasto Franceschino, Elaborati Abbazia No 2., Notizie Statistiche della Comune di Laurel ( Laurel Boris Zakošek, Kastav- small inland town(5 km northeast of Opatija). Agricultural products, surpluses of which were sold in Rijeka, were laurel leaves surpluses werelaurel weresoldinRijeka, of Agricultural which products, This chapter provides an overview of the social and ethnical structure in at Opatija structure the and ethnical social provides anoverview of This chapter Laurus nobilis) Social andEthnic Structure Before andDuring Tourist Development 58 Opatijski album, Therefore, it can be concluded that Opatija’s residents were generally poor. weregenerally residents Opatija’s it that can be concluded Therefore, Opatijski album is a Mediterranean plant well-knownfor its healing effects, and at that time it was Cultural and Urban Identity Urban and Cultural (Rijeka:Državni arhiv Rijeka: 2005), 56 , 62. 55 municipality until 1850 whenit was 56 23 57 CEU eTD Collection settled in Opatija in 1883 andpossessed money three villas, donated for building a private who wife, his and Rayer Franz Baron example For contributions. charitable as well as they had social engagements, suchasgiving for donations public educational and purposes, with local authorities through theirlawyers and However, agents. exceptions if occurred communicating and life public in the involved getting rarely feasible, was it when isolated parts of Monarchy the part)equally. mostly Aristocracy (Austrian lived and Hungarian both from originated they that shown have visitors and owners house new of analyses The increased. visitors regular of number the while in Opatija, building) of kind some or hotel, of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. members various with professionsand nationalities toartists from andaristocrats all regions class middle villages, surrounding from coming craftsmen and peasants from -- range social different mentalities, from the capital of arrival the worldviews and tastes settled in Opatija. There were people of wide 60 59 six pensions by localopened families. income gained from mainly shipping, and lessfrom andtrade catering, until 1870 there were tourism -- and which would remain its main source of revenues until present times. From the 106 houses and 396residents. hadstatistics 1856, Opatija from high.According was to of andcalamities percentage the this does notmean that it was easy to earn money since one voyage could last for eight years However, house. family a raising for money enough bring could voyage long one claims, in bigger numbers as were slowly well Asoral as theship owners. appearing tradition who captains mostly landowners, larger became sailors of Number diverse. and complex Ibid, 67. Zakošek, By the end of By the end of nineteenth the century 40 noblefamilieshad a house(villa, pension, During 1860snew economic activity emerged whichwillslowly prepare Opatija for Opatijski album, 67. Southern Railways 59 Finally in 1880s changed socialthe structure with company and plenty and company incomersplenty of with 24 60 CEU eTD Collection 64 63 there. summers experiences. in middlecentury lifestyles by werecaptivated which for andupper-class countryside desire inyearned a forwas who repose thecentury since nineteenth upper classes, countryside, the of grief and memory. thefatherlivebrought together in sonto and villa country isolated a picturesque place as romantic reasons deathof --the lovingthe wife which deepemotionsencouraged and sailor. wealthy local a from bought he villaorigins)in died,their son inland a hermemory Scarparaised Paolo which a 1845,on When hisAngiolina (Trieste Chamberoftrade. ofwife andBakar andRijeka’s director managerDenmark, a insurance in of company in Rijeka,Hungarian councilor town Rijeka whocame vice-consul family,Scarpa (1794-1866), patrician from wasa an of Italian trader, and Iginio ofOpatija’s tourist development. promoters represented first asmaincontributors 62 Opatijski album, 104 61 gatherings of “the and exclusiveelite, the ideaconsequently concerningcommercialization for centre the became quickly Angiolina Villa and influential, wasrich Scarpa Since Paolo Opatija names. their carry still which and them by built memory is inmainlyof them still local preserved buildings history, were through the which school for girls. Ibid, 79. Salmi, Majnari HR-DARi-019,file H/8 –1883; (baron Reyeris asking forpermit to build schoolthe forgirls), in Zakošek, unfamiliar situations unfamiliar since new environmentthe etiquette offered opportunitythe of and encountering new and people norms shifting the beyond from air offresh breath a brought holiday The prosperous century nineteenth the of as representatives beobserved can Scarpe The name of the Scarpe family holds a distinguished place among well-known among place a distinguished holds family Scarpe the of name The Nineteenth Century Europe þ fin desiecle fin , Opatija –Croatia Divina, –Croatia Opatija 63 If a family was wealthy, normally, it owned a country house for spending for house country a owned it normally, wealthy, was family a If 61 . There where other donators among the aristocracy the well, and as among aristocracy the donators Therewhereother residents. Iginioare Inpresenttimes, Scarpa andhisson Paolo . 64 , 79. 20-30. 62 The building of the villa was inspired by truly by inspired was villa the of building The 25 CEU eTD Collection 68 67 1847 had avision of Opatija as a medical destination.tourist 66 Excursions around Monarchy, chance for success in the realization of ideas. these of success in realization for the chance forthcomingthe completion of railway the from Pivka toRijeka (opened in 1873) gave and resort ahealth as of Opatija development toplan the locals by launched were initiatives Ja on seaside health tourism Precedencepromotion. in is casethis attributed to Anton Felix influence important for hadan itis thatphysicians health, general obvious the preoccupation As from nineteenthcentury tourism emerged tourist advantagesfor development. Opatija’s in place. the visiting a general interest andOpatija from by her doctors this recommendations followed ‘royal by confirmation’ was credited in present times as the first promoters of Opatija’s artistsjustifiably notables,other Scarpefamilyis andphysicians. traders, Therefore, quite tourism. The Empress stayed in 65 elites, hosting Ban JelaJosip the for point meeting the became Angiolina Villa owners, its of hospitability the to Due Angiolina: of Opatija was born.” Muzur, 137. century”, Nineteenth inthe waters the taking and “Colonisation Corak Ataljevic, Scotti, Giacomo, Ataljevic, Corak “Colonisation and taking the waters in the Nineteenth century” in century” Nineteenth inthe waters the taking and “Colonisation Corak Ataljevic, þLü chestnut tree and to spend the end of the day in one of the local restaurants. fishermen’s tostrollalongthe groves, town spacious laurel have apleasantshady under rest a Rijeka’sThese ceremonies fireworks. and wish this tosee and all high societypeople on one dance place attractedwith ordinary celebrations citizens great the by enhanced were Scarpa organized which wife his and receptions frequent the thus and life, of social focus the became then toAngiolina come their friendsconnection horses’ a regular thetwo to carriage Villa by between Opatija. Rijeka for and established they that Opatijaextent such to come has couple noble kind ofthe Hospitality as well. They started visiting on Sundays the small , a physician from Lovran who, as author of a nautical medicine textbook, already already in textbook, asauthorofanautical medicine who, from Lovran , aphysician This leads to anotherThis leads groupof most the to creditablepeople whowere promoters of Kako se stvarala Opatija, Opatija-oaza ljubavi 65 This is how the writer Giacomo Scotti described the ambient of Villa 137. 140-141. þLü in1854 and Marija Empress in Ana 1860 among many , (Rijeka: Glossa d,o.o., 1994), 16. 67 68 Inthebeginning of 1870s two Royal Tourism: 66 26 CEU eTD Collection office. some bureaucratic upinadrawer of itended Scarpas, mentioned above with of one the However Šporer’sinitiative lasted until 1877, when – duetonotso clear reasons, together initiative: official in the advantages Opatija’s described 73 transcript). Croatian 72 71 70 it whichmuch harder wason “Austrian develop Hungarian the side) businesson to was Fiume, from (they were Šporer and as Scarapa such entrepreneurs for “Hungarian” that Moravian count Viktor Chorinski. mentioned with anymore.in Disappointed outcome, the he his1875 sold tothe properties notstartinitiative thebusiness, andsinceis collectenough money manage to 1874 the to not for use purpose,hedid this villa his properties though and Scarpa waswilling own to established a company for developing sea-bathing institutes ininstitutes forestablished sea-bathing Opatija. developing acompany in Opatija inŠporer who founded 1872 69 Zakošek, from (translate 1872. in Opatija resort of the health establishment forthe Šporer Matija byJuraja Initiative Ibid,28. Ibid, 27. Zakošek, rate, and surprisingly low prices, will surely acquire wide popularity. Opatija’s solicitously arranged bathing institute, its with perfect climate, winter visiting thousand tourists only in a summer visit season many other poorer bathing institutes, than regions German to beaches adjacent from come pollutedyear per visitors with city-canals thousand ten than more if But, (…) and ship-waists medicaments. with treatment of inkind Venice other any before andput be thus Trieste,should methods these if more than a with controlled diet -- can successively preventemergence of pulmonary illnesses and scrofula. Furthermore,only longrecognized for a suppressing and applied inhalationtime in processes --along results desired to lead effectively can baths, of aromatic and usage heated required, if and, sea the to outer) and inner (both exposure long only that showed public institutions. Detailed studies and correctly interpreted experience undoubtedly require special and recognized treatment thatcan be provided neither byprivate nor by (…) Widespread sneaky scrofula andfatal suppuration field. caused ofrespiratory tract the in by them exist already that everything surpassing for more, even standards, that in existthese areas allthenecessary preconditions for achieving thehighest therapeutic bathinginstitute can provide even to a healthy person and nobody can deny It is wellknown in entire the world how much pleasure and recreation awell-equipped 73 The owner of Villa Angiolina, Paolo Scarpa, and his partners from Rijeka, in from 1869 Rijeka, andhis partners Scarpa, PaoloAngiolina, The ownerof Villa Zakošek discusses the failure of these two projects the failure Zakošekdiscusses and two explanation of these the provides Opatijski album Opatijas album, with a group of Rijeka. of andprominentcitizens of wealthy with agroup , 28. 27. The Committee for the establishment of a therapeutic theestablishment ofinstitute The Committeefor 70 Another initiative is connected to Doctor Matija Juraj Matija Doctor to connected is initiative Another 72 71 69 However, even However, This is how he is how This 27 CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 74 mild humid climate and extremely high concentration of aerosol in the air. have undulations”, wave heafterwards pointed outthevaluable therapeutic valuesofits in for possibility the about organizing beachessincethe “doesnot therapeutic shore Opatija KristelliSchrötter send who than promised to patients. Although was skeptical Schrötter aboutViennesenobleman Leopold his laryngologist1876 wrote for Opatija to plans centers of Monarchythe moneywith enough and political toinvest.Matijapower in Šporer the climatetoward Opatija’s of characteristics therapeutic of the word the spreading in lands. inAustrian goals business Hungarian citizenshipinachieve seeking Austrian citizenship in order to Opatija their importance. Monarchy in 1867when borderthe between Austrian gained and Hungarian parts bigger thanitground” for “pure” the especially Austrians, the wasafter constitution of dual the all necessary amenities – hotels and guest houses, sanatoriums, villas and summer and villas sanatoriums, houses, guest and –hotels amenities necessary all since with health resort had 1882andrealizedtheidea of a fashionable operated establishing came to Julius Schüler, a general director of director general a Julius Schüler, came to information this when Finally, circles. medical Viennese in relevant appearing possibilities opening of first hotel Opatija’s with the and accommodation, in hotel high-class invest to decided Schüler Therefore, economic trough littoral Austrian the areas in whichtourism is potentially mostthe profitable branch lead ofhis railway company the tracks that mind recognized commercial His for realization. and tourist development can contribute to the profits of railways. Ibid, 28. Zakošek, Borderwas inKantrida –on the west side of Rijeka (Fiume). Vasko-Juhász, Désirée, Vasko-Juhász, Even though they remained uncompleted, these local attempts certainly contributed certainly attempts local these uncompleted, remained they though Even Accordingly, in the following years there were more news about Opatija’s medical Opatija’s about news more were there years following in the Accordingly, Opatijskis album, 74 In the municipal archives of Opatija there is evidence showing Croatians with Croatians showing evidence is there Opatija of archives municipal the In Die Südbahn: Ihre Kurorte undHotels 28. 75 Quarnero the rapid investments followed. the investments rapid Southern Railways , (Östereich: Bohleau, 2006),133-140. the idea was mature enough the ideamature was 76 77 His company 28 CEU eTD Collection 81 2007;5(1);43-54 80 Acta med-hist Adriat 2007;5(1);43-54. 79 on on Thalassotheraphy in 1908. CongressFourth Austrianof inBalneologists 1904 and the Fourth International Congress proclaimed officially was Opatija when Glax of efforts the with turn of the century.the at club physicians’ of director and Opatija in The physician main the was Glax ideaProfessor of Schüler and previously Šporer therefore became realized are: Julius Glax Professor according to resort der Kurorte which regulations laterresort publishedasgeneral resort health were inthebook Firstly,he standards health defined needed for development organization and of a health Europe. resort and a marine bath) on March 4 in 1889 and became the second largest health resort in 78 a renowned seaside into Opatija whowould transform figure becomeleading the to necessary knowledge and experience he hadrich Moreover, spending seasonstwo hethere moved toOpatija in become1887 to its permanentcitizen. time.facilities the of supporting and includingresidences gardensand showpiece mostwith the parks, modern infrastructure Fischinger, HealthResort Opatija and its HeadmasterProfessor Julius Glax (1846-1922)”, 43-54. Fischinger, Aleš.“HealthResort Headmaster its Opatijaand Professor Julius Glax(1846-1922)”, review Majnaric, Glax J.Hygiene Kurorte.der Jena:Verlag vonGustav Fischer ,1914,12-13,Acta med-hist in Adriat present the spa and its offer. bacteriological institute and metrological observatories; literature which would faithfully restaurants; peace in spa resort; organized health care and pharmacies; chemical- department; controlover and professional incineration of drugs; healthy food in nursing;incineration; isolation for infectious diseases;modern cemetery; suitable arrangements for Clean air; cleandrinking water; clean,environmentally friendly, andprofessional waste speedy and safe transport of patients; effective rescue services and fire In 1883 aViennese Juliusprofessor, Glax, visited Opatija first for the time, and after 81 Furthermore, one of the peak achievements of Glax was the organization of the of organization the was Glax of achievements peak the of one Furthermore, Croatia divina –Opatija (Health resort Hygiene)health (Health basic resort in health for 1914.The every standards . , 50. 80 78 kurort (health resort) of time. of the resort) (health kurort (a climate health Hygiene 29 79 CEU eTD Collection canalization disposal. The sewage from canalization sewagehotel disposal. The from and waste followed by not with proper hotels seawas the villas and dense construction of and social problems in the town. atmosphere.” of disturbing ascreators funerals considering while sickarecomplaining, especially ones, visitors, purpose medical that reason the “for streets main the on marches funeral play jurisdiction. Upon request of requestjurisdiction. of the Upon disposalfact, waste and and cleaning weredirectly streets sidewalks under their of loudest in criticizing badsanitary conditions and primitive hygiene habits in the In town. the thus were they and prosperity, its for important was which town, healthy a as Opatija 84 Opatijski album) 83 members of the seaside resort and the protagonists of Opatija’s developmentvisitors. summerbathing visitors for thefirst time exceededthe number of spring and winter were awareslowly bathingnumber into same asummer year Inthe destination. of transforming the of that. dominance 1909,the However, of around declined medicalthe andOpatija purpose was The sanatoriums, physicians andbythe1910thirty-two had anddentists clinics. their private 82 HR-DARi-029,file 2415/904 in Zakošek, Data was mentioned in 1909the initiative for extensionthe ofthe bathing building on Slatina.(Zakošek, Kur und Bade-Zeitung derÖsterrechischen Riviera, However, the sanitary situation in the town was not always The sudden satisfactory. not in was sanitary thetown situation However, the An attractive and ‘healthy’ environment was one of the most important aspects of important aspects a wasoneof most the environment An and‘healthy’ attractive medical of function the had buildings eight century, twentieth of beginning the At 83 84 30. It is thus obvious that physicians were identifying different kinds of identifyingsanitary differentkinds of is physicians were thusobvious Itthat The beautification Movement and Care forthe Environment Physicians’ Committee Physicians’ Committee Opatijski album knew that it is important to retain the reputation of n.17, 1909. Quarnero , 29. it wasforbidden for musicians to went directly into the Angiolina 30 82 CEU eTD Collection 88 87 86 85 beach, during rain.1903 dischargingseptic In tankswasorganized of for time, first the for beautification of towns were founded during the nineteenth century; they they encouraged century; nineteenth the during werefounded towns beautification of for Societies promenades. foundation initiated parks and of beautification towns of societies for of mayors,Accordingly,invention. wereanew urban town pride distinguished citizensand In other words, the devotionsurroundings andnature. urban to andgeneralfeelings values of urban the of with concerned moreandappearance became aware whenpeople changed profoundly and nature with environment of form the contact urbanization processes, century nineteenth With Europe. around century all nineteenth second halfof the “ problems werediminished when hotel derRauchundStaubplage Bekämpfung Even the Austrian Association for Dust and Smoke Control ( follows: of dust pollution. On municipalmeetingthe in 1903, these complaints were outlined as in theme with the municipalarchive concerned of visible from sources amount the Opatija’s century an emphasized communal issue was problem the with dust onthe streets, which is in toitbeginninginfirst 1906.Interestingly, houses wereconnected of the twentieth the and announced was construction canalization public of concession on tender for decision Santo (HR-DARi-029,spis 3661/913 in Ibid,33. HR-DARi-029,spis 2468/903 in Ibid, 97. (HR-DARi-029,file 1462/903 in Ibid, 31. HR-DAR-029, file2221/898 in Zakošek, harmful to the guests. This danger, after nineteenth years of the resort’s existence, should existence, finally be neutralized. resort’s of the years nineteenth after danger, This guests. the to harmful since long time had ago possessed good and established methods forsuppressing dustthe so health resortsother to enjoyvarious the to go freshand air. air It is known polluted than and many other stinking health from away resorts smaller running are than Opatija guests The 85 Care for the environment and general beautification of cities were common in the common were cities of beautification andgeneral environment for the Care vacuum cleaners from from vacuum anAmerican producer.” cleaners and drainage channels were not arranged properly arrangedproperly inmudflows which not resulted and were channels drainage 87 Opatijski album, Stephanie ) existed inexisted years,these and only 1913theafter and other ‘big pollutants’ obtained strong obtained pollutants’ ‘big other and 30. 88 Österreichische Gesellchaft zur Gesellchaft Österreichische 86 and the and 31 CEU eTD Collection 92 91 90 218-224. 2004), Architecture, with connected gain.” obviouseconomic (whichare)promoting projects servicethe beauty of visual municipal ifexpression or of could only pride beconsidered moral and physical improvement of working people.sense In that communal in “gestures offered to visitors, rather than as lungs of fresh air attractions the wereseenas partof parks being in andresorts, towns seaside However, in a polluted city, or as places for social, museums. and galleries art aslibraries, standards living to raise effort the as spaceaswell of urban the part essential become had an parks public nineteenth century 89 whoSilberhuber (1839-1899) was a president of Austrianthe Tourist Club ( and large park areas were preserved as a public space until present time. In May 1885 Anton coastline Opatija’s whole of Therefore, creation. health resort of conception the endanger company, Schüler with asitsJulius did (1832-1894) director, allow not interests private to visualaesthetics of Opatija’s anew landscape gained goal profit.– creation Thisof tourist as communal in retainvisitors designedtolurepublic attractions and places. seaside seaside andgardens by promenades, parks --wereconstructed orprivate companies state the from profit nature. to trying indirectly and was directly that enterprise business are atype of were andstill kinds. all of dwellers town and administrations town of culture parks of all kinds reflects ahigh level of civic awareness and the aesthetic, urban and garden beautiful urban lifeandforof enjoymentand the healthier all of them.of Thedevelopment more for necessary very were parks that aware werewell dwellers Urban andpromenades. urban planning andpark collected designand laying voluntary parks forcontributions out Ibid, 45. Gray, Olsen, Donald J., Bojana Bojanic &Obad Scitaroci, Designing the Seaside, In the late nineteenth century the “park movement” spread in aswell. spread seaside towns “parkmovement” nineteenth late the century In the In Opatija, with the arrival of arrival the with Opatija, In The City as a Work of Art 91 Forms of seaside architecture that are directly related to nature, suchas nature, to related are directly that architecture seaside Forms of 45. Gradski Perivoji Hrvatske u19.stoljecu Gradski (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 24. Southern Railways Company Southern Railways ), (Zagreb: faculty of faculty (Zagreb: ), 89 By the end of the , beautification and 90 Österreichisches Seaside resorts Seaside 92 32 CEU eTD Collection 96 consideration that by the end of the nineteenth century ecological awareness andregulated awareness ecological century nineteenth the of by theend that consideration preserving theindigenous laurel vegetationis surprising, especially when taking into approached inOpatija municipalities the which care with great the open spaces. However, itis notunusual municipalities the that invested effortsin maintaining the parks and green resort in the nineteenth century, and health natureand were considered related to each other, 95 94 bay. fishermen old atmospherean of the andchange value the of property, reduce it forwould Theexplanation was sake anew docks the bigger one. ofconstructing that and small existing the leveling and silting of attempt an was there Namely, well. as rejected Queen Elizabeth). Queen 93 needsbe forhas anvalue thefuture.” to protected that antique it and mainsanctity […since] churchasits appreciate the love local “...Opatija’s residents oldthe Jacobinmayorstrongly church arguing St. 1897, Stanger disapproved, that removefirstproposals to After the initiatives. against‘inappropriate’ protest hesitate to not particularly awareof environmental natural the andvalues ambienttheir region,of did and named is forest which longtoday the promenade, financed them Romanian Karol mostking deserving wasthe the I whoof the construction pathways. organize parks and ( Opatija of for Beautification the Association Afterwards thelandscape andpathways. toarrange started Touristenclub) Municipality and Municipality HR-DARi-029, record from municipal meeting 13.031909, in Zakošek, HR-DARi-029,file 719/897, in Zakošek, Majnaric, HR-DARi-029,file 586/885 Zakošek,in Since preserved natural environment was seen as an important aspect of health aspect of each important an as wasseen environment natural Since preserved Members of local political stream (Croatians) in the municipal council were council municipal the in (Croatians) stream political local of Members Opatija- Croatia divina, Verschönerungs – Verein des Curortes Abbazia) Verschönerungs –VereindesCurortes -- founded a section of the Tourist Club in Opatija, which immediately which Opatija, in Club Tourist the of section a founded -- 94 Physicians’ Committee 46. 93 The association was financed by subventions of the of subventions by financed was association The Opatijski album, Opatijski album as well as by incomes of rich individuals. Among individuals. rich of incomes by as aswell , 8 39. Carmen Silva took the responsibility to plant to responsibility the took Opatijski album, 95 Anotheridea from 1909 was (pseudonym of his wife, (pseudonym of 8. 96 33 CEU eTD Collection 100 99 98 States. United the in Yellowstone protection of speciesbird laws. First national park was proclamamed in 1909 in Finland, 36 years after the 97 it in its outset. only inform, was present-day exist not conservation did nature Physicians’ was Physicians’ committee actively involved laurel in of preservation grooves: diseases. bearers of as were known ‘dangerous’ mosquitoes that keepaway to possibility as well as the plant, tothe were attributed characteristics Aromatic circumstances. to local income new whothe for adapted were now source of significantresidents a it was of toemergence sincetourism prior plant appreciated atraditionally laurel was consumption mechanisms. State andconsumption companies mechanisms. were private allthemodern providing State important became they enterprise profitable the by driven and time, the at towns deliverit. to expertise develop technical struggledEurope provide and higher with infrastructure to challenges the to quality of implementation of new urban technologies was regular. At the end of the century all cities in Following nineteenth century andplanningurbanization movement, the town site. construction the on found root laurel of replanting the on conditioned cuttingunauthorized it of was fined, and by regulations, laurel official the wereprotected grooves Natural and planted HR-DARi-029,file 2221/898, in Zakošek, HR-DARi-029,file 667/1896, in Zakošek, The late nineteenth century is considered as the time of the first conservation movement, firstly with the Meller, Helen, Meller, lower and local population would thus suffer harm.” suffer thus would population local get and would lower increased, recently which visitors, of summer number the in Opatija, appear unbearable insects that represent real trouble otherfor southern resorts. If these insects foreigners Opatija,but also to the factor that prevents of appearance mosquitoes andother mention that thelaurel plantationsnotonly are themajor feature which attracted the a to reduced minimumbe and thus fall as avictim would of recent building activities.of Opatija It is noteven needed hallmark to the been have that plantations laurel (if landthe with laurel groove would not be bought from ‘private the owner’…), “the last European cities in1890-1930: history, culture and the built environment, Urban Modernization 99 Opatijski album, Opatijas album, andfor some period even building permissions were 100 The seaside resorts were the fastest growing fastest were the resorts seaside The 29. 95. 98 13. 97 At the time the At 34 CEU eTD Collection Nikolaus Scanavi from Vienna. Scanavifrom Nikolaus (Image 1.) 103 102 101 company was giventothe operation. Itwas a thermal power plant on coal, and the concession for electricity production the construction of the first hotels. Soon after, the electrical power station was putinto Southern Railways Company coast. Adriatic eastern the on places and high infrastructure modern modern quality technology itfrom of usages differed other seasideplaces. particular lurein to inorder keeppeople and aswell facilities, communal attractions public Unternehmung the with in tram cooperation the Münz constructed Jakob Ludvig engineer Viennese Finally, asunprofitable. Fuchs, was Gustav which rejected The firstsolution was based on a steam engine tram by – anideabrought Budapest writer oldthe fashioned tram emergedas horse 1892. modern solutions with the technical early as from Lovran,OpatijaMatulj through to waslaunched in1908,although ideathe replace to Railways mostthe developed mainly Central centers, European Vienna,the through HR-DARi-029,files 2356, 3587, 3445/912, in Ibid, 19. HR-DARi-019,document 'Powerstation', in Zakošek, Except deweloped with towns industry such Rijeka as (Fiume) as an important harbour time. at Opatija developed rapidly at the end of the century as a planed resort and with its joint stock company, stock joint individual and from wealthy entrepreneurs aswell. Company and soon it attraction Company becamesoon atourist until 1933). (operating and Abbazianer Electricitätswerke J.N. Scanavi J.N. Abbazianer Electricitätswerke in 1895 constructed the lighting of thelightingin 1895 constructed of objectsparallelthese with 102 A small electric tram operating on the 12 km long route 101 As an advantage were money As the from anadvantage that coming Opatijski album, Aktiengesellschaft für elektrischeAktiengesellschaft für 20. , owned by Baron Southern The 103 35 CEU eTD Collection association) in Volunteer FireBrigade) Volunteer the association was association the Railways increased and firein riskthe of of town increase inthe number residents, the rapid 2011;9(1); 47-64. 106 municipality whole tothe for built transportwas system pipes water the in 1897 and spring, Klara the from water from the U with Vienna. 105 building was inraised 1913. 104 Opatija, which was provisionally settled in The Austriandecision build Ministry in to in apost-telegraph 1885 madethe of trade office Fischinger, Janez, “Health Resort Opatija volunteer fire Brigade an Rescue society”, Acta med-hist Adriat med-hist Acta society”, Rescue an Brigade fire volunteer Opatija Resort “Health Janez, Fischinger, HR-DARi-029,383/896, in Ibid, HR-DARi-029,596/885, in Zakošek, Investments in ‘Post Telegraph Telephone’ infrastructure were important at time. the important were infrastructure Telephone’ Telegraph in‘Post Investments organized its first fire organized itsbrigade first in protect their1885 to name The objects. official of ( Image 1. 105 The Health Resort Opatija Volunteer FireBrigadeandRescueSociety Volunteer The HealthResort Opatija Water supply system was arranged parallel to the construction of hotels construction the parallel to arranged was system supply Water FreiwilligeFeuerwehr desCurortes Abbazia Opatija's electric tram in1913. and later it was integrated with it integrated was later and 104 20. Telephone link was establishedlocally in 1886, and in 1899 Opatijski album þ ka Mountain. Due to a dense construction and Villa Gruber , 21. , and the present day day office post present the , and Rettungs-gesellschaft (The Health Resort Opatija Resort Health (The (Rescuing Southern . 106 36 CEU eTD Collection 111 110 109 108 worldwide. societies similar for amodel as served it and 107 The family and farfrom nature and health, leisure, evenfrom combined pleasure, sometimes and work communityneeded and tobe that produced both reproduced.” consumption of sites spectacular becoming themselves resorts and the “with consume, to visitors they for health andservices entertainment leisure, of range offered awide They water.’ thus emerged as a next.services whichwill be presented was a seaside resort town, it had to provide leisure and amusementfacilities as well as health it since have. town should However, developed century a nineteen that amenities necessary Volksschule inAbbaziamit Öffentlichkeitsrecht sanatoriums. EducationOpatija hadanewmodern markethighest building,and quality medical the services inits was also not century the turn in of with 1908. Atthe architectwhich ceremony Seidl,was opened Carl neglected and the Viennese of renowned the project the hall basedon build town luxurious anew decidedto first Croatian municipal Hall. arepresentative Town Therefore seriously taken representatives without one Viennese the of opened in 1909. Gray, HR-DARi-029 from report the municipal meeting 17.03.1900, in Ibid,32. HR-DARi-029 from report the municipal meeting 13.03.1909, in Zakošek,32. 1-10. Society”, Rescue and Brigade Fire Volunteer Opatija Resort Health Fischinger, First emergency service was founded Viennain after the disastrous fire at the Vienna Ring Theatre in 1881, Station for Medical Emergency Help Abbazia MedicalEmergency Station for Seaside resorts needed to do more than make money out of do more of make and‘healing neededmoney nature than to out Seaside resorts be not could century nineteenth the of turn the at town developed and modern The Desining the Seaside the Desining 109 There was also a semi private German school as well -- 107 , the first in Europe. , 45. Amusement and Leisure and Amusement 108 opened in 1900. wasfounded in 1894following model the 111 response Resorts offered a utopian world that to people’s desires forvital 110 Opatija thus had all the realgymnasium Deutsche Privat- was 37 CEU eTD Collection plage Therefore elites went gambling in languageFrench expression of snobbish wasfashionablean exclusivism. wasseenas and century the of end the at but in Opatija tourists French any hardly were There festivities. private banquetsprivate in develop, there was already Atsocializing.nineteenthbusiness end when century the to the of started the entertainment a kind of amusement business.for in seaside places Various social Opatija resorts useddifferent groups tradition the of success the for essential product in additional an thus was Opatijaamusement and melancholy --elites were visiting time. the at Opatija 112 representations and imaginings, and assuch was illusionary an one. environments 114 113 sphere. sector,the cafébetweenspace asemipublic apublicand wasdivided private represented since public the in Europe of the towns Central establishment characteristic the café was the century the of turn the At intrigues. political and intellectual exchange and read mingle, classmetto ina caféwherethebourgeoisie institution form the of typical cultural Viennese became Theduring central this “Viennesesocial a house,” period. themodel space café morepromenades, villas and hotels, tennis various music--allcourts, events, developed provided various ways of experiencingnature, leisure, pleasure, health and socializing. 115 ed.Philip Long and Nicola J.Palmer, (UK: Channel View Publication: 2008), 128-140. of Royalty in Health Resorts of Opatija, Habsburg Empire and Rotorua, New Zealand”, in Gray, Sand Corak and Irena Ateljevic, “Colonisation and ‘Taking the Waters’ in the 19th Century: The Patronage The Century: 19th the in Waters’ the ‘Taking and “Colonisation Ateljevic, Irena and Corak Sand Gabor Gyani, Zakosek, , while lingerie was bought at lingerie, while was 113 Clearly, the health and landscape were not enough for breaking the leisure the breaking for enough not were landscape and health the Clearly, Cultural Cultural tourismevents, services andfacilities enormously: grew public libraries, Desining the Seaside the Desining Café Kvarner Café Opatijski album, . Therefore, the landscape of consumption was created subjected to various to subjected created was consumption landscape of the . Therefore, Identity and Urban Experience 114 Villa Angiolina and pavilion 97. , 46. Maison de lingerie et deconfection Casino desÉtrangers , while local , while local folk werevisiting traditional church Glacier (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press,2004), 97. were the most fashionable meeting places in places meeting fashionable most the were , café was drank at wasdrank , café 112 in Villa Devana. Resorts’ open spaces open Resorts’ Royal Tourism, Royal Café surla Café 115 38 CEU eTD Collection ceremonial reception. ceremonial receivemunicipality messagefrom for gratitude not hisdid organization the Emperor the of the that weredisappointed locals and place with fascinated the wasnot Emperor clubs. and institutions national in the gathering was citizens local public, common by seen rarely Norwegian kingfor business official with meetings in Wilhelm German Emperor II 1894 andwith the Oscar II,followed by and Franz ceremonies festivities.visitedpublic Emperor Joseph I Opatija twice who was stayingevents were andvisits all important the in too, time, Opatija atthe centers European urban in Opatija offered various kinds of entertainment, and as it was a common trend in the 117 town. becomesmunicipal a major.This is theperiodwhen Opatija receive allattributes ofmodern, a developed 116 Zakosek, Theterm refers to froma period 1895-1918when thelawyerfrom Volosko StangerAndrija (1853-1934) During the period when tourism becomes an industry whenDuring period so the called anindustry --- tourism becomes era,” “Stanger’s Opatijski abum, Image 2. eventMusical inthe park. (1908) 117 37. However, while aristocracy was entertaining in spaces private while was entertaining aristocracy However, Villa Jeannette in 1904. Apparently in 1904. the 116 39 CEU eTD Collection cultural communities as well. as communities cultural manifestations. Besides Croatiansand Czechs and hadnational Germans, Slovenes their in the performed wereregularly and songs German there, Männergesangverein ‘Quarnero’ and books café,journals readingroom,international restaurant. beerhouse, and of of urban Thefirstcommunities. organized in grounds sport forOpatija those ‘lawn were part clubs anessential became sport and increased activities sport numberof free the time, for the upper classes only,broader and segments of European society gained wider access to place. was opened by the entrepreneur from Virginiawas openedby Perini. entrepreneur the Trieste moviein andwere popular. first 1905, first in1910 The appeared shows cinema the music gipsy with restaurants and important were events Music exhibitions. aircraft small public spaces were rides on donkeys ownedbyArabian Abdullah Abu-Khalil and thefirst pageants. andbeauty feathers), (fencing with peacock (celebration birthday),emperor’s of (floral festivity), ‘Blumenfest’ ‘Pfaufederfechten’ shows, dancing (‘Coriandoli gatherings mit ‘Kaiserfest’Schalcht Tanzkränchen’), participating inthe‘ wereactively Fewmusician associations andrestaurant. library, with house a café national community houses and clubs. Local residents, Croatians, had hotel 118 121 120 119 Zakosek, HR-DARi-029,files 385/908 and 6038/912,Ibid, 44. HR-DARi-029,file 4027/902, Ibid, 44. HR-DARi-029,book 156,file5103/909, in Zakošek, 120 Quarnero At the end of the nineteenth century when organized leisure wasnolonger leisure reserved organized when endcentury the nineteenth At of the Entertainment was often divided on a national level, especially when taking place in place taking when especially level, national a on divided often was Entertainment During the summer season majority of events were taking place on the terrace of terrace the on place weretaking of events majority season summer the During For localthe Austrians and themain Germans gathering place was Opatijski album, and Zora Angiolina 39. ’ community such as 121 (Image 2.) bath. Popular shows of the “belle époque” werefashion “belle époque” of shows the Popular bath. (German male singing society ‘Quarnero’) performed ‘Quarnero’) society singing male (German Opatijski album, Lovor choir, and folk festivities were taking were festivities folk and choir, 118 Around 1910 inexotic attractions 119 43. Musikvereina Abbazia Zora Leseverein –acommunity Deutscher Riviera , with 40 CEU eTD Collection 4761/908. 125 124 of Leisure Histories 123 122 ‘bicyclingthe gentleman’. was worried would thenew thatby lower vehicle,using strata break the sportingof etiquette when ina lower 1890sdue to priceslower-class becameaccessible to bourgeoisie budgets, important andfirstinbicyclewas travel popularmachines Europe, the one riding.of It – sports. for water destination important most asAustria’s Opatija attractrowingnumerouspromote disciplines, organizedanidea tourists with to and to and swimming week)with Sports (International Abbazia’ Sportwoche ‘Internationale swimming Vienna). clubfrom an ambitious In grewinto event1911 thiscompetitions jumping, and diving wasorganized in 1985 bythe in swimming, international competition therefore sea, tothe related events encouraged sport in 1890. arranged presentday tennis) to tennis’ (similar 1889, and from 1889, andfrom 1908 on international the level as well. since wereregularly organized Bicycle ground. races acycling training timethe well as as of speed andefficiency, aprofessional delivery or tool.had Opatija several bicycle clubsat consisted of skill, elegance working-classand grace,asopposed to for whichitwas a pursuit worker”. from the gentleman the “differentiated marker way –the one cycled, behaved,his and position and on attitude bicyclethe hours. Sport associations often had a national mark, such as the Croatian ‘ Croatian the as such mark, national a had often associations Sport hours. the19 end of the gained at traders and craftsmen as well as sector, tourism in the workers Moreover, clubs. in sport enrolling Manifestation ‘Campionato d’Istria’ organized by ‘Club Ciclistico Triestino’, HR-DARi-029,file 132. France”, Époque in Belle ofLeisure Politics the and Class, “Bicycling, Thompson, ChristopherS. Thompson, “Bicycling, Class, and the Politics of Leisure in Belle Époque HR-DARi-029,files 1734/911 France”, i 2228/912. in At the end of the 19 The youth of The youth ‘finsiecle’ embracedmodernof de the enthusiastically trend of the , ed. Rudy Koshar, (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 131-143. 123 By the turn of the century bicycle became an important social important an became bicycle century the of turn the By th century century another modern leisure culture ‘invention’ became th century more free time due to a reduction of working 124 Wiener Amateur-Schwimmklub For the bourgeoisie, the art of cycling 125 Physicians’ Committee 122 Sokol ’ naturally (Amateur Volosko- 41 CEU eTD Collection 131 1342/898. 130 127 from ‘Opatija’ 1911. from dofrom theirRijekabusiness. to in,come and alsoblamed women used a badreputation of the to that ship with evening the in Križiš pubs cheap identified and diseases venereal and municipal increased number problematic activity.on 1898 an In of physician reported prison” to be taken should exception without and immediately […] incident, street a provoke or sing, yell, to hours night late in the dare concludedlocalexception,committee thatanyindividual, municipal without would who “Toensureprotest: thesignificance of andprotectrequired health nightthe resort quietness, social reality. For instance,order are preserved, and they can give us an interesting insightinto the daily atmosphere and when drunkenness became problematic, mayor Stanger had to 129 128 126 Opatija these stories and the number of amusement varieties for all social class, it seems that Opatija that seems it class, social all for varieties amusement of number the and stories these ones. wealthier bythe practiced participatingwere which tennis not and incruising houses, certainly andworkers common folk looked for often in amusement various local pubs and wine themselves and bothered passengers in passengers the bothered and themselves these these ‘services’ itwas pursue even possible to some popular singers. Rona lost his concession for managing hotel Opatija. Thevalet of baronthe Reyer was judgedfor homosexuality in 1886,andArpad prostitution aproblem hidden end the that in as emerged of century at the and street tailor, HR-DARi-029,1342/898. HR-DARi-029,spis 32/886, and HR-DARi-029,file 4537/914, in Zakošek, MilaKubi Zakošek, Agata Hanzi Agata HR-DARi-029,files 1375/911. ZAkošek, Furthermore, from itFurthermore, policeisthe reports noticeablegambling was frequent that a gymnastic association founded in rowing1904, the club Opatijski album, þ Opatijski album, ek alias Emilie Camarotti in the Apolo music troup, was accusedsuch forHR-DARi-029, file þ provided services to men, in the street number street the in men, to services provided 127 Numerous documents concerningcomplains on violationthe publicthe of 126 In contrast to the ‘healthy’ and respected sport activities, lower-class activities, sport respected ‘healthy’ and tothe Incontrast 50-51. 48-49. 129 Around 1910“suspicious women” openlyoffered Health Institute’s Health Institute’s Park 128 Slatina ü Holy peace in 1914 for the same reason. e as places these diseases were spread were diseases these e asplaces 100. in Križiš Illyria Opatijski album (parkAngiolina), and for 130 and the football the and Therefore, itseems Therefore, ü e, under the guise as , 53. 131 From club 42 CEU eTD Collection fully into the hinterlands of the Monarchy. the of hinterlands the into fully Adriaticintroducing region trough German Austrians the it integrate soughtmoreculture, to ‘backward’ the Bydeveloping Austrians. style were inOpatija recognizable urban the such and most many as Glax. responsibledoctors for respectableJulius Thethe architects Austrian Empire”,1880–1918” in 132 gained successin once insignificant Opatija, an Croatian fishing villagewhich turn at the of managerthe of with main investors, werethe Austrians At end century the the of one. second as the Italian over language prevailed century By nineteenth degree asCroatian. German the endof the weremanythere immigrating,Italians Italianlanguage and same wasusedalmost tothe society from mainwas created tourism. profitwhose multiethnic and multicultural a century nineteenth the of end the in Therefore, them. Newcomers participatedbureaucrats. and craftsmen, traders, physicians, hoteliers, numerous work: because of in the social life Hungarianof the town Monarchy, and they equally brought from theirthe Austrian culture and withHungarian parts. Most of them came of at century.the the Hungarian Monarchy turn social classes had a place for themselves, like any common modern town in Austro- itfor aswasa town bourgeoisie rather couldpresume, livelyone mixed where town and all resort invented andartificially fashionable only Itwasnot the town. resort was avery active Pieter, Judson, “Every German visitor has a völkisch obligation he must fulfill”: Nationalist Tourism in the The numerous householders used to come to Opatija from different parts of Austro Even before the development of tourism, Opatija was a multiethnic community since community multiethnic a was Opatija tourism, of development the before Even Southern Railways Histories of Leisure Histories Social Image Social Image and Perception Friedrich Julius Schuller (who was the most significant) most was the (who Schuller Julius Friedrich 132 , 169. Some observers noted that this transformation thatthis noted observers Some 43 CEU eTD Collection visit to theresortinvisit 1894due to to tuberculosis problems: negatively, about hewrote his impressions of place,the inspiredby experiencethe ofhis was among the well-known whowriters visited Opatija. Inhis novel Chekhov P. Anton seekers. health reputable other many and musicians, and writers known in Opatija. Amongvisitors there werenoblemen, European crown heads, politicians, well Hungarian doctors. Among doctors there were also Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and others living maids and therapeuticby Two managed Hungarian wereopened there. sanatoriums working One pension (Breiner’s Pension) served as a Synagogue. Opatija’s numerous physicians.at thewhich 1930s, 389members,among end were there of is bearchives anti-Semitic Jewishcommunity notone foundcounted to registered. incident in the that stated Zakošek and Jews, were shops and pensions villas, many of owners irredentists”. and Slavs between trapped aquarium “disgusting Jewish as occasion Ferdinandone on Opatija described Franz monarchy Opatija. disliked 135 134 133 Opatija in Austriansome journals in 1894 with these arguments: culture. high of German centre the as flourished century the 136 Croatian in: Zakošek, Zakošek, Nöe, Heinrich ( Judson, 169. Ibid, post office and many other things necessary for maintaining the contact with homeland are German. in homeland with contact the maintaining for necessary things other many and office post supported is This byorigin. the different ofcompletely factculture ancient, although that and, lands foreign the authoritiesfavor ofthe heavens, feel more comfortable in Austria, the land of common tribe, than in in Austria toward train the blue by southern sea always pilgrimage onlyuse Italy. mountains to Shouldn’t they, with over the same traveling Germanwhen Germans our why it, about to sad was and think as always myself, I would an coast, officialIstrian and Dalmatian through traveled I while days languageIn past and that the always withsuchintense feeling about this and earthly paradise whenafterwards,that holding much so read I had goloshes. without rain after walk can't one which in and stinks, Have youever been at Abbazzia? It'sa filthy little Slav town with only one street, which 80. The Hungarians were owners of numerous Hotels and pensions with mostly with pensions and Hotels numerous of owners were Hungarians The Austro-Hungarian in the positions highest the from those seems it that However, Opatijski album, 134 Ein Ein Blick auf dieKüste von Abbazia, Opatijski Album, 38. 99. Gartenlaube Heft 7,Vienna 1894, p.212), published in 136 133 Henrich Nöe promoted Ariadna 135 The fact is that the is that fact The , although very although , 44 CEU eTD Collection 139 138 beginning of the twentieth century. the at emerged world modern for the life typical street of accelerated scenes Urban of innumber every increase year with the guests. wasincreasing whereside traffic noise the on other the main on and side one road promenade coastal the between limited space was possibility of completeowners isolation, with the samewhich rights.town. would suitElites their built exclusivist in of culture and coordinate lifestyles,groups easy all the aspirations since itwas not to their villas habits. on relatively Their physical small plots, without the ariadne.htm 137 Liberal and manners ‘vulgar’ of working classeswereproblematic bathing inrelation to products. agricultural sellers of street the suchas surroundings, from the peasants coming positions. Leisured upperclasses were often complaining about ‘rude’the habits of the best for the werearguing photographers and accommodation best the yelling offering the park to be the first to arrive in front of the ship coming to port, where room renters weresidewalk thefashionable and‘staining’ ladies, dressesof the wererushing carriers through Zakošek, Zakosek, A.P. 138 there! weeks, ten days, ten spend to reason some for obliged is one yet in And me minutes! sickened ten this all -- horns military braying of the glitter the and seats, green bright motionless, silentfoliageof the palms, and yellow the bright sand in the avenue, and the There is apark such as you find now in every watering-place And abroad. dark,the paradise but windows, terraces, and little squares with tables andwaiters black coats. coveredbeen greedy has by money grubbers, so that shore for themost part yougreen seenothing in thisthat little of whole the which with architecture, of style trivial absurd, bay had notbeen hemmedin by the hotels and their dépendances -- buildings in an islands covered with lilac mist, and itwould have been picturesque if the view over the of steamers anddisappointed boats withas I was, in I colouredbeganperplexity where go wondered to I and what todohere, when andwhen I and inevitably met Russians toas (twenty), feel"dvadtsat" for vexed sails. "davadtsat" -- and (four) ashamed."tchetyry" for From There isthere a calm bay I hard pears from there an old peasantsome woman who, could recognising me as aRussian, said: "Tcheeteery" bought ennui my full in and street, narrow see the crossed I cautiously Fiume trousers, my up and the distant ý The relations among different social classes and nationalities were not always ideal, Aristocracy, wealthy newcomers, bourgeoisie, and proletarians were all property wereall andproletarians bourgeoisie, newcomers, wealthy Aristocracy, ehov, (accessed, June 1, 2012). Opatijski album, Opatijdki album, 137 Ariadna, takenfrom http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/achekhov/bl-achek- 81. 81. 139 Peasantwomen pushing were selling on goods, the 45 CEU eTD Collection frequent. bans,despiteimmoral numerousregulations behaviors complainsand about were and guests, seeking health the for ‘shocking’ was which naked bath a take to men local was positioned in a marginal of country,part the its tourist developmentwas hindered. Rapallo of Treaty November 12,1920itwas annexed to Kingdom the of Italy, sinceit and the With Monarchy. Austrian-Hungary of dissolution the to prior had it that resort health and andsummer of winter both resort image Opatija the resumed again endeavors, never many of Inspite Opatija's growth. endto Waran World put First 3.)The acceptable.(Image logical and wascompletely this ofdevelopment kind sea coast) of usage hotels, public 4068/910. 140 that concept original considering the Nevertheless, middleclasses. of lifestyle partof the becomes and of aristocracy the privilege be the to stops tourism since especially evident, is resort tourism mass a into town regulations. At the time when There was separatedno baths forlower cllases. HR-DARi-029, spisi 262/905, 3816/908, 3024/908, Following the first decade of the twentieth century the trend of transformation of the of of transformation trend century the twentieth of the decade first Following the 140 Image 3. “Emergence of mass tourism”. 1910 Southern Railways Southern Railways opened their first hotels it was normal for normal was it hotels first their opened established (small parcels, big parcels, (small established 46 CEU eTD Collection array of architecture and open spaces was produced on the seaside, such promenades, seaside,such as on the wasproduced andopenspaces architecture array of it couldthat with provide together qualitythe air.the of its views, seaside for the image be beauty, relaxation natural and the should that appreciated bebegan valued to notonly itsfor assumed medical benefits. There appeared agrowing and its architecture. seasideresort of the directcontribution designingto mainly the seaside, inhelpingdetermine images to popular holidays of people arenotpassiverecipients instead taking they what they a make consume, the consumption of the seaside holiday. of seaside consumption the the in element places, anditwas asignificant from seasides other distinguishing characteristic becamea defining income architecture generate profit, and to seekers andintended architecture. development of its form with a novel resort – seaside urban pleasure-purposed architecture. of seaside social distinctionselements are important in all explaining the production and changinguse fashion, other and and classdivisions gender nature, questions of changingtaste to attitudes about values the builders, and aspirations of owners regular and In citizens. particular, more, in it andtrends society Further transmitstellsthe theideas,beliefs of general. usalot medium itisbuilding socio-political wider undercurrents and expresses that isused; a ideologies.architecture doessocial words In other not reveal for which onlythe purpose the 143 142 141 Ibid Ibid,7. Gray, , 23. In the nineteenth century, perceptions of the sea and shore changed and the seaside the and changed shore and sea the of perceptions century, nineteenth the In Invention Invention of Western the seaside asasiteleisure went of handin with hand the The urban processes and architecture are reflection of wider cultural, political, and Designing the Seaside, 141 As an urban form artificially designed for the purpose to attract leisure 7. Leisure Architecture 142 However as the word holiday 143 For that reason new a remarkable reason Forthat makers implies, 47 CEU eTD Collection destinations of the time. It became a famous destination for high society, aristocracy, high society, for became destination afamous time. of It the destinations healthcare top the among classified was and resort, an elite into village fishing little respectable middle-class and visitors, changedthis only at the of turn nineteenththe century. structured wasconsistently architecture around withThe early resort promenades. seaside environment green social divisions since the first landowners were exclusively elite and inhabitation of urbanthe realm, exhibitionmuseums,later, railway lifestyle, shops,publicparks,cafés stations, and and therefore halls, and arcades were essential for the parks. established theFrench after before theinventioneven revolution, ofmunicipal public form an important leisure and culture of urban bourgeois public the sphere which was 2002), 62-75. 146 145 in the sea was perceived as unnatural activity. Gray, 29. 144 whole day sunbathing, came to be sufficient places for aseaside resort. spend and beach the to eat place to apartment), sleepor (room to place the since importance their gardenslost private parks,and promenades, main the attractions, beaches were the and sun the when century twentieth the of half second the In stroll. to was views sea and of importance particular creation consumeand the bestopen public spacessince way to air lowerspring extent, toa andautumn unlike summertime.influenced atpresentAll the this bathing sea and curative sea air nineteenth century the In planning. architecture in seaside the main thefirst guideline view wasprobably Thesea sea breathe air. and seaviews experience could which one from which all servedasplatforms andterraces pavilions pleasure piers, Esther public. the to opened parks royal still were parks public first the century Leslie, nineteenth ofthe half first the In “Flâneurs in Nineteenth century 'bathing'Paris is different than today swimming since not many visitors could swim, 'floating'and Berlin” in 145 The same be saidcan forOpatija thathad been transformedperiod ina short from a However strolling not wascertainly invention; it aseaside in the originates 144 The changes in urban space public conditioned theestablishmentbourgeoisof were more important weremorein than spending the sun. time mainseason was thus The 146 which was at the seaside transferred to semi-urban to seasidetransferred wasatthe which Histories Leisure of Histories flâneur’s , ed. Rudy Koshar, (Oxford: Berg, leisured andcurious flâneur 48 , CEU eTD Collection 148 Architecture 147 special-purpose buildings.” city the andwhere theinfrastructure the level of urban life had been developed parallel with for affirmation exampleof is of Even tourism,active Opatija isan architecture though this Vary. Karlovy and Vienna, near Baden example for monarchy, Austro-Hungarian the of inland carries bathing centers of characteristics bathing structures designedfor Architecture trying reach to ahigh standardthrough their and their services appearance.European Central Hotels andinstitutes within spa the architectural typology of latethe nineteenth century were region. coastal that marked permanently has which – culture Mediterranean and European Central of point meeting the becoming in Opatija resulted which time, the of spirit and style the brought Monarchy the over all from 'tourists' of influx The artists. and bourgeoisie, pensions, and public in buildings Opatija. villas,number hotels, of a large having built style, urban forrecognizable the responsible animperial-royal is well as1936), and adviser a as architect, probably professor most the (1858- Seidl Seidl. Carl and Schonthal, Otto Kammerer, Marcel Hoppe, Emil Fabiani, Max Conighi,in wereCarlo Opatija whowerebuilding and flora. Architects trees subtropical summerhouses, villas,and palaceswerebuiltin laurel the among groves, the slim palm most hotels, of guesthouses, Opatija’s time, beginningcentury. By twentieth of the this the by formed already was image urban present its and line coast the along longitudinally and political circumstances have always been key elements. The town had spread Miljenko Darja Radovic-Mahecic Opatija within an European Architectural Context andits Stylistic Influences In all stages of Opatija’s development, natural and social conditions and economic (Zagreb: Institute forArt History, 2002),148. Majnari ü , Ed., Opatija - Croatia divina, The Transformation ofOpatija 1882-1897 –TheBeginnings of the Tourist 147 148 (Zagreb: Tektakris, 2005) 72-84. 49 CEU eTD Collection 150 represents the time, and its time is described as a period without original style. On the otherstyles. new the then less artistic and ornamental, backward, too as wasdescribed historicism century, nineteenth endof the the at modern style first asthe secession of emergence explained can Itbe architecture. romantic and are eclecticism terminology history asarchitectural an uncritical in for thehistoricism used Parallel terms styles. based historical on are using avocabulary copying all term historicism which beginning the variations represents of the century, twentieth the or interpreting of image. description architectural of appliedthe Opatija’s to historical inpromotion slogan proposed 2004 by board, tourist Opatija’s style patterns. With the http://novine.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Rubrike&WCU=2859285928632859285A2863285A28582858285C features. many villas) Mediterranean (alpine some theunsuitable and environment of roofs to features between confrontations striking some notice here one and can Mediterranean to inland(Vienna transplanted the and of smallvillagesaround) the architecture continent its is periphery. the all to This reachingway the characteristics architectural recognizable historicism evidences are on spreadingthe Austro Hungarian Monarchy, of with its classic in styled in Opatija achievements architectural The architects. Austrian the to mostly Austria the job andtherefore andbuilding planninglandscapesof them around was given from came institutions medical and hotels in villas, investors other many and Railways of of thisSouthern Society idea.The andin implementation the resort health therapeutic Historical Gardens and Parks in theNorth Coast Croatia. 151 286328972898286328632859285A285A285C2858285B2863286328632863K 149 News purposed about the in slogan, the dailyregional newspaper MladenObad-Scitaroci,. Majnari 151 In Central European history of architecture, in the second half of the nineteenth and nineteenth the of half second in the architecture, of history European Central In The Austrian influences in Opatija can be seen in the very idea of its foundation as a as foundation its of idea very the in seen be can in Opatija influences Austrian The 149 It is It often historicismthat thought as a style isanti-historicalit because does not ü , “If you wish to meet Central Europe come to Opatija” was the new tourist the Opatija” was come to meetEurope Central you “If to wish Opatija –Croatia divina, “ Historic Landscape Architecture in the Image of the Adriatic Cities”. In Cities”. Adriatic the of Image the in Architecture Landscape Historic 78. Split symposium,1998. (accessed June 1, 2012). 150 and this can indeed be indeed can this and Novi List online. 50 CEU eTD Collection galerija Rijeka 154 153 152 economically, technologically and scientifically. is atime of history ingreat changes the mankind:of ideologically, socially, politically, hand, it can be read as an authentic product of society and the period. The nineteenth century of of cities rapidly overpopulated the industrializing was strong. Romanticism was rediscovering a historicity of society, and the idea of an escape from period of of not emergence in the which believe newthe values. evilsdoes society urban absolute understandingMoreover, historicism. romanticism asamovement andstyle appearsin the romanticismcentury nineteenth to referring also are terms These spiritualism. or mysticism, orientalism, which was,the escape to history, oftenas to the medieval times, to the a nature, idyll,social idealism, utopia, phenomenon freedoms. political andrelative cities, telegraph, railway, engine, and art movement, the key basis for villa, which belongs to the first romantic phase of historicism according to its stylish its to according historicism of phase romantic first the to belongs which villa, neo-Renaissance of Mediterranean the place architecture the is hardto it divide, In thegiven architectures. regional of marks display which varieties historicism regional the discharging monumental architecture of the ‘Ring’. But they are insufficient in general, because they form of upcoming secession. are itself and through style,Baroque Rococo focusing and new on partly constructions, the takes expresses historicism Late elements. Baroque ituses some periods later in its only styles, using withoutpatterns mature historicism andrenaissance elementsof usesantique other usually elementscombines ofhistorical styles appliesand them on plain facades. Strict or andlate (1880-1914)historicism.1860), strict(1860-1880), historicism Early, romantic Diana Glavo Diana Ibid, 12-29. HannuSalmi , One natural reaction against the great amount of periodwas amountinventions intheshort greatof the Oneagainst reaction natural In Central In Central European architectural history historicism is divided into romantic (1830- ( þLü Rijeka:Moderna Galerija, 2001), 12. Nineteenth century Europe: aCultural History and Ljubica Dujmovi Ljubica and 154 These divides can be applied toVienna, particularly for the ü Kosovac, Arhitektura historicizma1845-1900: uRijeci, Moderna 152 People were introduced to introduced steam the People were (Cambridge:Polity Press, 2008), 12-29. 153 51 CEU eTD Collection In his best examples it is a conglomeration of Croatian seaside architecture, Italian architecture, of seaside Croatian is itexamples a conglomeration In hisbest villafrom Mediterranean endthe nineteenth century of and beginningof the twentieth.the sufficientdeterminemorphologicalnot butto this of was aspecial or pattern type Seidl had werebased realizations Croatian which on model,traditional coastal architectural Carl However, architects. and builders local educate needno to was model. There proved anda pattern, a to tested done according wereusually designs The building local architects. of anonymous interpret was able heritage building whothe andarchitect torecognize no romantic the atmosphere. satisfy needsfor the weremorestyles ableto historical history; architectural was searchinganidealized for which ideal romanticist the of spirit the to fitting not was style” modern “first this because 157 styles. historical abase of on created newsolutions andentirely neo-classical, neo-rococo, neo-baroque, are recognizable, style Renaissance of idioms mixed the inwhich romanticism and neo-historicism pure from 156 155 the as such exceptions rare innew some style, newlanguage, the butonly an to adjustment as andgeometric), (floral frame? national any to belonging without style, Mediterranean is often named in Vienneseit as itItalian, villas.Is Mediterranean placewhere to Opatija’s to find answer the we cannot projects, periodization isactual the In years. it 30-40 by it from a Croatian distant chronologically but vocabulary, coastal type, or is it in the frames of Ibid, 72-84. Berislav Valušek, “Vila Munz u I Majnaric, Apparently in Opatija’s Riviera, and in the whole coastal Croatian region, there was there region, Croatian coastal in thewhole and Riviera, in Opatija’s Apparently The historicalrange of styles seen facadeon of the villas broad:very isOpatija’s Opatija -Croatia divina -Croatia Opatija 156 PalaceHotel þLü , 72-84. ima” Rad. Inst. Povij. Umjet.33 (2009): 295-306. Opatija’s architecture recorded the arrival of ArtNouveau arrival the recorded of Opatija’s architecture . There are not many secessionist realizations secessionist many . not are There 157 155 52 CEU eTD Collection 159 (1990) 85-89. Propaganda Arts,1875-1945, 158 in nature;big theyhad as enjoyment of well since a an aspect surrounding economic the part villa rustica these of Themaincharacteristic by noble landowners. built and was especially Dubrovnik, isolated bays and islands. This villas of type wasflourishingin renaissance Dalmatia, located picturesque on in antiquity, landscape for theAdriatic werecharacteristic houses in in Roman times form region of Adriatic the already the blended with a measure of belonging any architectural universalism to (not national style). time, of the architecture European Central or Viennese, Gothic and Venetian Renaissance, urban structures to Opatija’simage.and distinctivecultural architectural accordingly architectural his expression.heritage with own of hehis was amodern construction Seidl local architect because combined the time of In terms vegetation. and of architecture shapes or colors between relationships while to naturevillas Seidl’s contributed harmony andarchitecture, the creating of atmosphere. andparksof The gardens and romantic historical romanticist creating styles by inspired –detailsfor were hiswork that important was details Creating architectural space. itas avaluable hetreated work to had he environment inwhatever old; the newthe to Ibid, 85-89. Berislav Valušek, “Ars Combinatoria: The Architect Carl Seidl” One of the ways to conceptualize a place’s urban identity is to analyze its defining Carl Seidl had his own style, which was far from stereotypical. He always adapted He always from stereotypical. far was style, which hadhisown Carl Seidl forms of forms of villas is fornot they that relaxingonly andepicurean were places and in the case of Opatija these are its villas. are andin these caseof the Opatija The Wolfson Foundation Of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, Inc., Miami, Inc., Arts, Propaganda and Of Decorative Foundation Wolfson The Characteristics of Villas 159 Seidl hisvillas and hotelswith contributed villa rustica The Journal of Decorative and Villa culture was present in waspresent Villa culture . These“countryside” 158 53 CEU eTD Collection 161 160 villa “Angiolina”. appeared. Their typology was establishedalready in 1844 with creation the of first Opatija’s development afterOpatija asawinter spa of 1884animpressivevillas resort, numberof Within theplanned attitudes. romantic whichare truly craftworks of rehabilitation return to the historical styles, free ground planes, usage of traditional and local materials and consequence the a ‘return nature’ of movement, andto nature: planninginharmony a with from middlehouse century,foundcountry a inthe picturesque of as nineteenth the the be can basis conceptual initial The England. distant from came it rather, house; country of type Mediterranean its and Italy nearby relatively the from come not did surprisingly were following Vienneseexamples. interestinitial Central The inEuropean villas and captains. merchants sea wealthy aristocracy, classes, upper the as aprivilegeof but only of culture, as anintegral well,century part as houses summer eighteenth during the Villa culture as a vineyards fruits. mainly with and and landwaycultures, Mediterranean planted wascultivated of life and a type of architectural planning was present in coastal possible, with direct approach to the sea arranged with wooden or stone constructions, orstone wooden with seaarranged tothe approach direct with possible, spaceaswide as garden designed possess should they and coastline. Further, the road main between the which meant coastline, the place to to aspossible as close them villas was planning when in The basic rule planning. respect neededtown thatthey to urban structure real noexisting was there face‘urban limitations,’ not did reason planners that For structure. century in Europe, Opatija is one of the rarest, being built on a place without a defined urban which in nextcentury the was tobe replaced by tourism.a mass-elite purposes along Adriatic last aswell coast, individual the holidaying, of the example Valušek,“The Villa Munz in Icici”, 295-306. Nada Grui However, Opatija’s nineteenth villas, nineteenth However, Opatija’s century in asexplained chapter, theprevious When compared with other seaside resorts formed before the end of end formed nineteenth of the the before resorts seaside with other When compared ü , Ed., Kultura Ladanja 161 The Villa is now considered the first building proposed for tourism , (Zagreb: Institut za Povijest Umjetnosti, 2006) 11. 160 54 CEU eTD Collection 164 development, Rijeka (2004), 29. 163 162 structures main The century. twentieth the to nineteenth the of turn the at formed image an – andpublic gardens architecture planning, urban of unity by a recognizable characterized town private buildings. developed town The longitudinally andisalong the it coast place aswell. market and office, post libraries, schools, include institutions civic indicated; institutes medical 3 park landscape. On the top of the same cadastral plan there are also 3 hotels, 6 pensions andas walls and fences). That was probably a result of boundariesstrong physical (such a without spaces,usually withsurrounded gardensgreen wish and to plan the large area as a unique main They as main the asinthecentral seaandstreet, the are all part. the beside strip well their patrons’ wishes and their taste -- both influenced by the need todisplay their status. reflect and way areconstructed they the infrastructure) high-level adequate tothe conformed bathing buildings parks,andinstitutes, andfacilities, promenades, therapy all gardens, hotels, (villas, resort of the structures basic the elites, andartistic capitalists aristocrats, location. of the characteristics made bya specific social and recognition after validation of class, natural the and climatic space. of elements private clearly separated with stay, family occasional the for planned buildings, of type residential the to belong the main and service entrancessea, with the wide windows and doorwhich are leading toaporch, terrace or balcony,arewhile placed on the side The frontentrancebathinglooking andasmallport.isthe villa tothe huts, always toward of the street. The majority of villas It is written on the top of the cadastral plan dating from 1897. Koraljka Vlahtar-Jurkovi Visible in cadastrala plans from1897 and 1914, aswell as in present-day Opatija. Nevertheless, in addition to villas, in Opatija existed all other necessary public and public necessary all other existed in Opatija villas, to in addition Nevertheless, Already placed113 villas from indicated, in cadastral on the are plan dating 1897, itdecisions was aresultof rather, organic (unplanned); was not developmentTown 164 ü , “Istraživanje urbanisti 163 Since it by wasvisited a high-classsociety of European 162 þ kog razvoja Opatije” County ofinstitute sustainable 55 CEU eTD Collection Trieste. all all Adriatic, over inconstructed Rimini in 1843 taken were as amodel followingfor bathing establishments forstructures swimming in openseathe cameabitlater. Although bathingforms the bathing the appeared, while waters andsea ‘healing’ mineral with filled and baths pools closed with buildings first sea,Mediterranean of coast North the on century nineteenth the in andbeyond. continental With the Europe developmentbalneology of beginningin theof resorts seaside for the model further asa weretaken these resorts, coastal British of number with fairgrounds, piers,holiday swimming boardwalks, camps, pools and casinos ata holidaying by seasidethe appeared in eighteenthcentury the and wasslowly developing andstructures sometimes smallbathingandeven shelters. huts As promenade notion the of such hotels, bathing andas restaurants,promenades pensions, butalso arange pavilions, of port). small market place, administrative Jacob, St. of the Church areaaround the (e.g. parts characteristic individual some and centre with the townwith its amenities main street the historicism, of styles architectural framework, its natural hall, and the old town Volosko with its 165 U slopes of the vegetation on Mount structures of park architecture, gardens and other forming that image are: the sea and the coast with the long coastal promenade, public Kos and Barakovi and Kos Seaside leisure architecture includes a broad scale includes abroad notforms,of Seaside leisurearchitecture only ones obvious 165 ü Kvarnerska kupališna baština the first bathing architecture on in in Adriatic firstthe was on 1820 the bathingconstructed architecture Architecture for the Sea the for Architecture , 32. þ ka as 56 CEU eTD Collection 166 in line (1906) Opatija. to thecoast adapted wasQuitta and constructed bay wasspecifically onthe which Quarnero bathing largeestablishments first foundations. Oneof the and concrete the ironbased on mainlyfrom wood constructed Kos and Barakovi Kosand Bathing establishments on Adriatic were positioned parallel to the seacoast, tothe parallel Adriatic werepositioned on establishments Bathing Image 5. Slatina bathing establishment. 1896 Image 4. Angiolina bathing establisment -1904. ü , Kvarnerska kupališna baština , 33. 166 57 CEU eTD Collection came West with Brighton’s in Pier 1866. Pavilion, designed byJohn Nash in 1815and breakthroughthe in Orientalism popularizing Royal Brighton’s was Orientalism seaside of invention the as considered building seaside with the development of of thalassotherapy, thedevelopment with ‘symbolism of Function’”. since “unlike, halls,banks say, and town such buildingshadnoarchitectural stylisticor differentiate seaside leisure buildings from others and toset resorts apart from other towns, to questfor distinctive architecture the fulfilled never thisstyle some scholarly opinions to varieties and However, according instyles, numerous style this wasusing seaside resorts. Western of characteristic becamehalls,a defining and and concert gardens, theaters winter increasing rangeof seaside buildings,including bandstands, shelters, seafront pavilions, “colonial culture.” andemergence of notions romanticized colonization period, places in and mainlyvisual literature, werethuscommon culture tothe popular due of exotic Thedepictions imaginations. European countries werecapturing century distant worlds”. alternative to users “transport to suitable was architecture” “fantasy Therefore, times. and places pleasurable and exotic other intimate to was used themostpatterns ones. popular Oriental among were bathing bythe owned establishment Opatija’s Angiolina, socializing. for places significant are they rather functions; bathing not contain do solely establishments (communal) bathing Town of water/sea. characteristics 168 167 climate in curative purposes. in curative climate 172 171 169 170 Gray, Bathing establishment in Rimini from 1873 had a form of Indian pagoda. The term derives Ibid, 92 from Greek word Salmi, Gray, Planning Planning in and construction of bathingAdriatic is establishments connected closely With theirform and decorations, bathingfollow establishments various stylistic Designing the seaside the Designing Designing the seaside, Nineteenth Century Europe: ACultural History, , 91. 171 92. thalassos Southern RailwaysSouthern Company 172 which means sea, and it is the use of sea water, mud and water, sea of use the is it and sea, means which andmedical studies ontherapeutic andcurative 170 Since then Orientalism was applied to the to applied was Orientalism then Since 120. 167 (Image 4,5) Seaside architecture (Image 4,5)Seaside was described as an 168 In the nineteenth Inthe 169 Thefirst 58 CEU eTD Collection in which residents could connect with nature, participate in civic amenity, be amused,and incivic amenity, nature, participate could with connect in which residents areas importance of spaces emphasized the these where “together, preserving seaside resort of every part they that were unavoidable isfreedom”, andit common leisure and greenery, a worldfrom into working classes a“vital environment built byentry the escape of authorities and andinurban space ‘municipal’local word Europe pride with for wassynonymous the their ability to effect positive as a ‘parktown’. wasperceived Opatija part century in thefirst of twentieth andthe already change. In manner, and building identity a uniquethis was created, parkarchitecture. of town the A visit to the park planning, based unity the town on of concept urban its characteristic was emphasized, offered to the 1989. establishments surviveestablishments andthelast bathingestablishmentwas noneofthebathing wood, of inflammability the and iron constructions dilapidation the of easy the due to heritage. However, tourist become aprotected it probably would Opatija, of segments communal infrastructure of coastal towns. If still bathingthe structure in existed sometimes raised as temporary) at the time of their formation becameintegral and important (albeit landscape, for bathing establishments theAdriatic coastal atypical structures Angiolina 173 hotel of in only terrace not wereorganizedthe as concerts such for socializing elegant intheshade.Duringgatheringvarious parlor, activities summer the Amir Muzur, Amir By the end of nineteenth By the had of end anessential of the century become the parks part public been already has it as advantage, its and Opatija of feature distinctive The bathing because its by of establishment, position sea.the Kako se stvarala Opatija (Opatija-Rijeka:Katedra Parks andGardens þ akavskog1998) sabora, 39. Lido Quarnero which burned down in down burned which 173 Although as very as Although , but also in the 59 CEU eTD Collection 175 city life”. “degradation,idealfor complexity, andcorruption of it perceived the tension an contrast as concept of the as“repository nature harmonyof morality”, simplicity,purity, presenting and interests of city the inenvironmental both and social terms. greater servedthe landscapes of such formulation the while refreshed, psychologically feel noturban only healthier wouldby breathing butworkers ‘country also air’, intoby park, the Park promoters imitates that hoped retreating nature. that environment and natural comfort civilization between connection the life toward of whichstrived away rather itwas behavior; citizen contemporary of way a characteristic just wasnot parks 177 176 174 which inrehabilitation). were used therapy routes, as places for social events and meetings, walking, recreation, and therapy (they had field existence.” their contemplate Jones and and Wills, Jones Obad-Scitaroci, “Historic Landscape Architecture in the Image of the Adriatic Cities”, 25. Cities”, Adriatic ofthe Image the in Architecture Landscape “Historic Obad-Scitaroci, Ibid, 45. Karen R. Jones & John Wills, Since the establishment of itsof Since parkswerevitallyOpatija the establishment as health a important resort, Image 6. Palms on the promenade -1907. 176 The Invention of the Park, The Invention of thePark, 174 In nineteenththe century, strollinggardens through and 44. (Cambridge: Polity, 2005), 43-44. 177 Their elegant design contributed to the to contributed design elegant Their 175 Parkpopularity brought on 60 CEU eTD Collection part in front of the building was a low parterre, allowing free view of the building and building the of view free allowing parterre, low a was building the of in front part the that visible is it Angiolina, In century. last the during changed been has it parks other all relationship the between unchangedpark andthevilla until remained time, whilepresent in villas or hotels and were spatially related to them. Only inthe them. Only to related hotels andwerespatially villas or pavilions, fountains and sculptures. (Imageplants. inside most common 6.)The them include structures park architectural exotic with filled are gardens in,Opatija’s werecreated they period the with accordance among which botanical gardenthe of sorts. In the creation of the parks mainlynatural the indigenous flora was used, the especially species, plant of abundance laurel and oak grooves are the most important. However, in unique image of asaparktown. unique imageof Opatija Railways the by owned land the on buildings the around project park single valueas well. them educational gives dendro-flora the of richness and the architecture park history of forthe importance scientific cultural and groves.pubescentoak As fine historical of examples parks inahealth they haveresort, of and Mediterranean) laurel (uniquepart inthis vegetation–groves indigenous primarily became parks ortheir parts symbols of parksofOpatija town.the Besides,the exhibit form a significantmark in the shape of the town and its atmosphere suchto extent that some and gardensand heritage. 180 culture and heritage. 179 178 seasons. longtourist for wassuitable climate the that evidence offered species exotic many and vegetation natural rich Its resort. ranked highest the as Opatija of status In all present day tourist advertisements and Now schoolsthe from allparts of Croatia organizecatalogs, excursions to educate students and pupils about garden Opatija Exotic isplants toleratepresented only mild winters. as a town with a valuable parks Most of these parks which are now serving as public spaces originally belonged to belonged spacesoriginally as public serving now whichare parks Most of these All the parks created in the last two decades of the nineteenth century as part of of as a decades ofcentury part in nineteenth the lasttwo the All parkscreated the have common historicist style characteristics, and they are responsible for today’s for responsible are they and characteristics, style historicist common have 180 The parks of Opatija are significant for their for significant are Opatija of parks The Angiolina Park, 179 which bewhich asa can described Angiolina Society of Southern of Society 178 Theparks Park the 61 CEU eTD Collection from old plans and image (mainly old postcards) analyses. postcards) old (mainly image and plans old from 182 Album, possible. as asmuch andpreserved wasvalued “stability” natural landscape’s the development, distinctive landscapelies identity, in its natural During environment. the planningtown and distinctiveness,for probably and originalitythe mainreason the its which produced 181 in which highly is Thewholearea of planning. was respected urban placedon a Opatija byfountains. emphasized seaarevisible,andsometimes the meet streams where small places even flow,today in and original their They were preserved streams. water natural as such disturbed, not were stability ecological of elements example, For form. innatural were preserved natural many elements Therefore advantages. important in wereusedand indentations as andvisual vegetation, respected coastal qualities, planning landscape. inOpatija’s relation main to the sea.Moreover, the relationship between the sea and parks (and all green spaces) is the view is adirect there because is important, sea the parkand between the connection the that emphasizing its main façade and thestylistic harmony of park. it Furthermore, the seems Conclusions in thissubchapter aredrawnupon theinformationtakenon field research,spatial inventory and Nöe, Heinrich, “Ein Blick auf die Küste von Abbazia”( can hardly bee seen elsewhere in the Adriatic and entire Mediterranean.” entire and Adriatic the in elsewhere seen bee hardly can combination This oak! eastern an them above feet three or two and foam salty with covered sand. the Five-armed around Adriatic sea -starstightly wandering fittingare the rock cracks, succulenturchins leaves sea of sea red salad apple-sized while waves by against splashed powerful tree bendsthat water. overBeneath the the rocks withare covered algae and display in an exhibition. else Nowhere on the edgesof that southern sea isthere such a “At the distanceof only several steps from villa there the is the oak famous that lookslike a Boris Zakošek, (Rijeka:Državni arhiv u Rijeci,2005), 10. As an Henrich Nöe, Austrian noticedwriter in Opatija’s 1894, identity and its main The terrain configuration is most probably The terrain recognizable configuration natural these of the elements 182 The local natural conditions such as the terrain configuration, indigenous configuration, terrain the as such conditions natural local The Urban Specificities andValues Gartenlaube HeftVienna 1894) 7, in 181 Opatijski 62 CEU eTD Collection Opatija’s climate Opatija’s of specificity The winter. whole the during woods leaf green have to pleased probably was Austria a visitor from Therefore, trees. areconiferous species plant evergreen indigenous only the Europe Central areasof northern In the area. the of characteristic is adistinctive oakand which laurel) (suchas evergreen evergreen numerous plants consistsof vegetation Opatija’s Europe. Central inland from thatcame elites the for spaces attractive creating factor coastal for vegetation line inthenarrow happens was animportant area. Indigenous everything where tourism summer to in contrast areas, surrounding in the landscapes natural these was given to that importance the influenced certainly tourism winter paths were hillsthe arrangedtowards in climbing surrounding the of area.Thepurpose 183 in words,Vienneseenvironment; in other wereplaced conventions architectural a sub- and a atmosphere into Mediterranean is transferred urban architecture European alpine for gardens. characteristic observation of particularvegetation, since one findcan all sorts of exotic plants beside those MountU with high hills,ending are background there space. aspublic was preserved coast the beside zone attractive most and fact narrow the urban lies in that the value of view. Its point ecological mostthe when from architectural valuable of considered introduced all structures an shorelinepromenade. wasfollowed Steep byirregularmaybe whichis promenade, seaside all the along scenes usedasinteresting were rather but asanegative element, taken not seashore were tothe accesses rocky very steep, often Forexample, aspects. in other advantages hadgreat this while constructions, for urban unfavorable terrain which was steep Humid subtropical climate (cfa) according to Koppenclimate classification. The originality of Opatija’s urban and constructed space lies in the fact that Central fact that in the space lies constructed and urban Opatija’s of The originality The whole coast to the north and south of Opatija is rocky and picturesque, and in the 183 (sufficient amount of rain and sun) can be interpreted through interpreted be can sun) and rain of amount (sufficient þ ka in the distance. Numerous forest Numerous ka inthedistance. 63 CEU eTD Collection ‘villa culture.’ isbecause itartisticin value shapedandchangedorder to serve the and artof architecture an receives nature sametime level.Atthe anewart created and it changed vegetation andits forms into nature, the of level isintroduced Artistic architectural protected. werevalued andnatural features locations theirvaluable and their carried peculiarities, the identity constructionsthe identity,whileintroduced changedarchitecture and its changed urban the of the natural enterednovelty the natural which environment, period.the Urbanarchitecture of enriched space and enrichedseaside resort. the contentenvironmentanditis probably “responsible”partly for selectionthe of a Opatija’s region as of the environment.time. As describedin previousthe laurel chapter, was wood uniqueOpatija’s to natural is a dynamic feature, and the ambience and sceneries Chosenchange with the seasons and passing of The vegetation is as utilized decoration. environment natural -- the a new creates dimension instance, whenan existing,becomespart authentic important oak, an of garden,this the mediators in became important andFor planning ‘villaof of process the creation culture.’ vegetation and it nature existing ofvilla.becomes a Gradually, laurel unique type woods expression as there, but rather they realized a unique style in a natural environment. accomplish same the they not markedbyit, did milieu and werestylistically European evenwords, though patterns for Opatija’s urbanism came and architecture from Central when itwas copiedin a foreign setting, auniqueenvironment In wasdeveloped. other somethingtowns represents in different originalthe continental andurban environment, of Central European the Thestylistic architecture receives new expressions. environment, Mediterranean the into introduced is it when style, historicist The climate. Mediterranean The natural was environment used as a base in planning,which somewas to extenta The of architecture villasthese is notapeculiarity,but whenitis with surrounded 64 CEU eTD Collection later inherlater shewrote: published diearies a famous visited in1902and Opatija Duncan American balletdancer (1877-1927), Isadora image. town oftherecognizable creators became atthey soon time the and introduced continents. from southern plants exotic itwas easytopurchase Rijeka, and Trieste of ports trading the of proximity the to Due town. the of symbol a became planted by insince the ‘Camelliascult’ Opatija, exists they Scarpa, and thus Iginothen especially fashionable plant at the second half of the nineteenth century and the first one was magnolias wereplanted. and camellias Japanese such as flowerrare species and trees exotic selected 7)Carefully (Image have a uniqueconsiderd a status typesymbolitwas since theflora, of selection the to be theof first theto class of those who stayed in Opatija affected exoticillusion plant. the as such ambience, ofdistinctive and unique the Garden of creation for the used and time at the of Eden. fashionable were Thewhich species plant exotic high introduce itto was easy mild climate, of the environment of idyllic leisure.With help the adesirable create to sufficient considered Trachycarpus fortunei 185 184 Today author. the by palms research, field the on Based alleys are growing on the Opatija’s main streets and promenades, and the palm sort lat. forget to go to the original source and contemplate the movements of the palm tree, to tree, palm of the movements the contemplate and source original the to go to forget of the handsarms, whichand fingers, hasbeenfluttering much so abused bymy imitators; forthey light that dance my in I created them from and breeze, morning early the in had seen a palm tree growing in a temperate climate. Iused to notice its leaves trembling At that Villa in Abbazia there was a palm tree before our windows. It was the first time I Romantic architecture wasnot Romantic architecture became a domesticated plant growing wild everywhere. wild growing plant domesticated a became Villa AngiolinaVilla garden, 1907. Image 7. Exot ic plants with cave stalactite in the Palmes were also were Palmes 184 Camellia was Camellia 185 65 CEU eTD Collection the distinguished landscape identity distinguishedthe landscapeidentity of Opatija. was one of mostthe important elements of urban planning, andinfluenced it the creation of architecture landscape and between relationship the is that clear it Nevertheless place. the of stability natural the of preservation the helped which passageways natural these in seen to its bio-diversity and environment. Themain value of this ofspatialkind organization is connected natural the environmentof surroundingthe hills with seaside,the and contributed in they a way and vegetation, autochthon of the corridors arepreserved zones transversal These between them. greenspaces inthe berecognized canstill corridors transversal were chosen. natural predispositions specific sincelocations with nature, to wassubordinated architecture since most of vegetations. gardenshadpreservednatural the were used todistinguish the inside onamicroplaces Opatija level (individual gardens), structures and level,plants garden exotic Central European identity unique on Opatija’s the created that element was the environment specific natural the while However, presented. times) todisplay it on a resort’s advertisment posters, even if the ‘northern climate’ resortis and thus it often formed artificial interior decorations, andit was common (alsoin the recent ideaexoticthe pleasurable the of other,” palm“hasbeen words the an andsymbol In other 6) place.(Image exotic create of a notion another wasto exoticplants the quest of the wasintroduced, architecture asthe Oriental probably for same the reasons Europe, over However,it is important to mention that the palm was kind of a symbol of seaside resorts all 187 186 Gray, I.Duncan, palm in the South artistic thoughts left me, and I remembered only the moving lines of Heine: “ receive them inwardly before giving them outwardly. Often as Igazed at this palm tree all While the villas were planed longitudinally along the coast, thevaluablenatural coast, the along wereplanedWhile longitudinally villas the Designing the Seaside, Moj život , Znanje: Zagreb, 1969, 65. . .”. 186 106. Nevertheless, it is clear that the that is clear it Nevertheless, A lonely 187 66 CEU eTD Collection the present time. present the for ismore preserved partially than andthe authentic architecture’ a century, ‘villa Opatija’s main characteristicTherefore, I think that the original intention ofwas differentfrom the final result.Opatija’s However, the turn overtook needthe idyll the for and it nature, with replaced of a need beingfashionable. for of the century andconsumption capital the fast, therefore was too century of the turn urbanthe at modernization space is still the because completely achieved thiswasnot identity. However, urban specific recognizable after a with leisure place aperfectseaside create whowanted to those andneeds of attempts elite styles, resorts the developmentof Opatija as in1860’sa started response to original the itor was also a tool for producing aunique national inculture diverse societies. also usedin promoting the national identity by one’semphasizing nation’s cultural specifics, beseen.a way seeandwas In tourism to wentto social groups were different representation different by gathering interculturality from introduced of tourism modernity’, ‘goods except these nationalitiesFurthermore, elevators). bathrooms, as (such facilities modern newest the introduced usually hotels first the haveplace inand islands. wasthefirst region Opatija to the electricity the and and on coast on the urbandevelopment by bringingmodernization and particularthe space societiesand hugeinfluence isof tourism sector many in fields. obvious On onehandthe it changed in one the significance of development, Opatija’s example the century.end From nineteenth the of place.the at identity social and urban its of aspect every in pervaded that tolerance intercultural Spa resortsglobe, wereand alla stage of them for flourishedself next to each other with tolerance, similar to the Even thoughOpatija’s imitates the architecture ‘fashionable or Ringstrasse’ other Opatija’s and filled parksweregardens with exotic plants broughtfrom all over the CONCLUSION 67 CEU eTD Collection words they are historical sites. historical are they words in period, of other the from culture wecan the read a documentwhich but are also they attraction, just atourist not Opatijaare like theplaces because tourism, for pleasure planned However, it would be wrong not to make an effort to preserve those examples of towns unsustainable in its first form because of its close relation with the changing society. on planning, or maybe otherthe hand, itbewill thethat modern shown tourism was can find (especiallyurban for future some solutions the positive and environmental) environmental the the issues. Whilelooking ‘modern backto originsmaybe of tourism’, we the functions of the building. Nowadays, tourism is in a different crisis, primarily because of and function, while its surrounding landscape wasartificially redesigned, in support to order wasmostlyits The wasvalued architecture facilities not for important. tourism structure) it lessbecame spacearound important. villa the and between interaction the activities, seaside new century twentieth the of emergence the with Furthermore, seasideair. thecurative were breathing parks, in dwellers or the which promenades on occurred inmain seasons activities only the winter wasreduced,since the environment summer,holidays was seaside by the for spending mainseason the beginningcentury of the twentieth and the tourism changed. In othermain words, there was another role that tourism was playing. Already in activityin demands the environmentchanged because natural the existing Sensibility towards was swimming. As a result the significance of the In the twentieth century, the natural character of the chosen location (for the future the (for location chosen the of character natural the century, twentieth the In The form that was rapidly changed, and is still changing, is the tourism itself. 68 CEU eTD Collection Bell, Claudia and Lyall,John. Baskar, Bojan.“Southbound, to the Austrian Riviera:The Habsburg Patronage of Tourism in Baranowski Shelley, “An Alternative to Everyday Life? The Politics of Leisure and Leisure of Politics The Life? Everyday to Alternative “An Shelley, Baranowski Ellen. Furlough, and Shelley Baranowski, Aron, Cindy S. Anderson, Susan C. and Tabb, Bruce H.. Edit. Riviera Kur derÖsterrechischen undBade-Zeitung Sources Archival Aitchison, Cara and Nicola E. Macleod and Stephen andStephen J. Shaw E.Macleod Nicola and Cara Aitchison, Secondary literature The map of 1890 around Opatija Rijeka). Archive A. Silberhuber andK.Geng, plan the Opatijaof drawn map,on cadastral the 1897(State Plan of local in clinics Opatija in Archive1914 (State Rijeka). F. Wilhelm, (1910. (XXVI),34)283–284. Abbazia. Ausgestaltung derHotel-undKuranlagen Zeitung«,XII. (1898. 28. (XVI), 14)85–86. amQuarnero Abbazia. Bauthätigkeit Greenwood PublishingGreenwood 2002. Group, (acessed June 1,2021). antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2010_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XVI_1_Baskar.pdf http://www.drustvo- Ljubljana) Adriatic” (University of Eastern the Tourism” press, 2001. inmodernand Identity EuropeandNorthAmerica University Press, 1999. historical perspectives. historical Landscapes: Socialandculturalgeographies. Die Hotel–AnlageninAbbazia Working atPlay: Ahistoryofvacations intheUnited States. Contemporary European History Oxford, New York:Berg, Oxford,2002. The Accelerated Sublime: Landscape,Tourism,and Identity (“Allgemeine Bauzeitung”, 1892). 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