POWER SHARING • INDIA • BELGIUM • SRI LANKA • POWER MEANING •

Power Sharing In India Power Sharing • Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

• A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.

• All communities, social groups get their say in the governance. Power Sharing in India

• People of India elect their representative through direct franchise.

• After that, people’s representatives elect the government to make or amend rules & regulations and to carry out day to day functioning of governance. Power Sharing in India

• In a democracy, through institutions of self- governance, people rule themselves.

• In a good democratic government, everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.

• In a democracy, political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. Need Of Power Sharing ( Reducing of Conflicts) • Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.

• Power sharing helps in avoiding the tyranny of majority. The tyranny of majority not only destroys the minority social groups but also the majority social group. Need Of Power Sharing ( Reducing of Conflicts) • People’s voice forms the basis of a democratic government. Hence, power sharing is essential to respect the spirit of democracy.

• Avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny are considered as prudential reasons for power sharing. Maintaining the spirit of democracy is considered as the moral reason for power sharing. Forms Of Power Sharing In India 1. Horizontal distribution of power • Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This is called horizontal distribution of power.

• It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Horizontal distribution of power

• This ensures that no organ exercises unlimited powers.

• Each organ is checked by the other, which results in a balance of power among various institutions. This arrangement is also called a system of checks and balances. Horizontal distribution of power

• The executive enjoys official power but is answerable to the legislature.

• The legislature has the right to make or amend laws but it is answerable to the people.

• The judiciary is independent and ensures that the law of the land is obeyed by legislature and executive.

Horizontal Distribution Of Power

Indian Government

Legislature Executive Judiciary Vertical Distribution Of Power

Union/Central Government

State Government

Municipality/Panchayat

Belgium (French Belgique; Dutch België), constitutional monarchy in northwestern Europe. Belgium is one of the smallest and most densely populated European countries. It is also the most urbanized; 97 percent of its people live in urban areas. Together with Netherlands and Luxembourg, Belgium forms the Low, or Benelux, Countries. The country’s name comes from the Belgae, a Celtic people who lived in the region and were conquered by Roman general Julius Caesar in 57 BC. Its capital and largest city is Brussels. Belgium is situated between France and the plains of northern Europe, and it borders the North Sea. Because of its geographic position as a crossroads of Europe, Belgium has been a major commercial center since the Middle Ages. The North Sea has been the country’s outlet for trade with the rest of the world. Belgium’s geographic location has also given it strategic importance, and many battles have been fought for control of the area. Belgium became an independent country in 1830.

The "independence " of Syria, used before the Ba'athist coup in 1963, has been widely used by protesters as an opposition flag and has been adopted officially by the Syrian National Coalition and the Free . ?

Bashar Al-Assad • Bashar Hafez al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is the and Regional Secretary of the Syrian-led branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. He has served as President since 2000, when he succeeded his father, Hafez al- Assad, who had ruled Syria for 30 years prior to his death. Syrian Government The armies and forces that support the Syrian government are:

• • Jaysh al-Sha'bi • Shabiha • National Defense Force • al-Abbas brigade • Lijan militias

• Iran: Revolutionary Guards

Foreign militants: • Hezbollah • PFLP–GC • Houthis • Others Consequences • In June 2013, the death toll was updated to 92,900–100,000 by the United Nations. According to various opposition activist groups, between 72,960 and 96,430 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 58,500 armed combatants consisting of both the Syrian Army and rebel forces, up to 1,000 opposition protesters and 1,000 government officials. How is the situation nowadays? Thank You  Made Group IV

Garima Bulani Yash Agrawal Priyanshu Khameria Sanidhya Khatri Archie Peshwani