Shear Forming of 304L Stainless Steel – Microstructural Aspects Shear Forming of 304L Stainless Steel – Microstructural Aspects M
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ProcediaScienceDirect Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Procedia Engineering 207 (2017) 1719–1724 International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2017, 17-22 September 2017, International Conference on theCambridge, Technology United of Plasticity, Kingdom ICTP 2017, 17-22 September 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom Shear forming of 304L stainless steel – microstructural aspects Shear forming of 304L stainless steel – microstructural aspects M. Guillota,*, T. McCormackb, M. Tuffsb, A. Rosochowskia, S. Hallidayb, M. Guillota,*, T. McCormackP.b, M.Blackwell Tuffsb,a A. Rosochowskia, S. Hallidayb, a aUniversity of Strathclyde, 75P. Montrose Blackwell Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United-Kingdom bRolls-Royce, PO Box 31, Derby DE24 8BJ, United-Kingdom aUniversity of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United-Kingdom bRolls-Royce, PO Box 31, Derby DE24 8BJ, United-Kingdom Abstract Abstract Shear forming is an incremental cold forming process. It transforms 2D plates into 3D structures commonly consisting of conicalShear geometry. forming isRoller(s) an increme pushntal the coldblank forming onto a coneprocess.-shaped It transformsmandrel, resulting 2D plate ins ainto decrease 3D structures of the initial commonly thickness. consisting The shear of conicalforming geometry. process has Roller(s) diverse push advantages the blank, such onto as a coneimproved-shaped material mandrel, utilisation, resulting enhancedin a decrease product of the characteristics, initial thickness. good The surface shear finisformingh, consistent process hasgeometric diverse control advantages and ,reduced such as production improved materialcosts. Shear utilisation, forming enhanced has potential product application characteristics,s in a widegood range surface of finisconicalh, consistent geometries geometric used within control advanced and reduced aerospace production structures, costs. which Shear are formingcurrently has manufactured potential application from bulks forgingsin a wide with range high of conicalassociated geometries machining used costs. within advanced aerospace structures, which are currently manufactured from bulk forgings with high associatedResearch machining findings costs.related to shear forming have been published over the past two decades, however, important remaining questionsResearch have findings still to berelated answered to shear, with forming this paper have addressing been published one such over gap the associated past two with decades, the material however, deformation important mechanism remaining. questionsSeveral studies have stillhave to demonstrated be answered , thewith impact this paper of key addressing process variablesone such ongap the associated final geometry with the and material surface deformation roughness, mechanismsuch as the. feeds,Several roller studies nose have radius demonstrated and mandrel/roller the impact offset of key. Althoughprocess variables the material on the outputs final geometryare essential and, surfaceas they roughness,link directly such with as the feeds,mechanical roller properties nose radius of theand final mandrel/roller components, offset the .microstructure Although the and material texture outputs of the materialare essential after ,shear as they forming link directlyhave rarely with been the mechanicalstudied. Achieving properties a greaterof the finalunderstanding components, in thisthe microstructurearea could reduce and the texture reliance of the upon material mechanical after shear testing forming to validate have rarelythe process been sandtudied. ease theAchieving exploitation a greater route understanding of the technology in this into area advanced could reduce aerospace the relianceapplications. upon mechanical testing to validate the process andFirst easely the, this exploitation paper presents route the of printhe cipletechnology of shear into formi advancedng and itsaerospace related terminologyapplications.. Then, a brief overview of the shear forming processFirst lyincluding, this paper its presentshistory and the prinoriginciple is givenof shear. The formi areasng and of focusits related are a terminology selection of. theThen, main a brief variables overview encountered of the shear within forming this process includingwhich could its historyimpact andthe finalorigin properties. is given. TheThe areasgeneration of focus of localare a stressesselection due of theto deviationsmain variables from encounteredthe sine law, within the angle this processvariations, which and couldforces impactrequired the during final properties.the forming Theoperation generation are also of localconsidered. stresses This due isto explored deviations in fromthe context the sine of law,forming the angle304L variations,stainless steel and plate forcess. required during the forming operation are also considered. This is explored in the context of forming 304L stainless steel plates. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on the Technology of 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Plasticity. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.928 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.928 1877-7058 17202 M. GuillotM. Guillot et al. /et Procedia al. / Procedia Engineering Engineering 00 (201 2077) (2017)000–000 1719 –1724 2 M. Guillot et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 This paper is written based upon experiments which observed a 52% thickness reduction using one roller. Scanning Electron MicroscopyThis paper (SEM), is written Elect basedron BackScatter upon experiments Diffraction which (EBSD) observed and ahardness 52% thickness testing reductionwere utilised using to onecharacterise roller. Scanning the shear Electron formed Microscopymaterial. The (SEM), initial Elect heterogeneousron BackScatter microstructure Diffraction with (EBSD) relatively and hardnessequiaxed testinggrains wereevolved utilised into ato microstructure characterise the with shear elongated formed material.grains along The with initial shear heterogeneous bands. A microstructuretexture analysis with revealed relatively a simple equiaxed shear grains mechanism evolved ofinto deformation a microstructure, and thewithoretical elongated and grainsexperimental along shearwith sshear were bands.found to Amatch. texture analysis revealed a simple shear mechanism of deformation, and theoretical and experimentalIdentifying shear the mechanisms were found of todeformation match. was the first step to a better understanding of the effect imparted by the shear forming processIdentifying on the thematerial. mechanism Further of deformationstudies will look was theat the first impact step to of a the better key understanding process variables of the on effect both theimparted microstructure by the shear and forming texture processas well ason heat the material.treatment Furtheroptimisation. studies will look at the impact of the key process variables on both the microstructure and texture as well as heat treatment optimisation. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©Peer 201-review7 The underAuthors. responsibility Published by of Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of thethe scientific scientific committee committee of the International of the International Conference Conferenceon the Technology on the of TechnologyPlasticity. of PeerPlasticity-review. under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on the Technology of PlasticityKeywords: incremental. forming; shear forming; stainless steel; simple shear. Keywords: incremental forming; shear forming; stainless steel; simple shear. 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Shear forming is also known as flow forming, shear spinning, shear turning, power spinning, or spin forging. It is an iShearncremental forming cold is formingalso known process as flow which forming, manufactures shear spinning, rotationally shear symmetrical turning, power conical, spinning concave,, or spin or convex forging hollow. It is anprofile incrementald engineering cold forming components process. M whichinimal manufactureswaste and a dimens rotationallyional accuracy symmetrical similar conical, to that concave, of machined or convex components hollow profileare obtainedd engineering using today’s components CNC .flow Minimal formers waste. Shear and a forming dimens ionalshould accuracy not be similarmistaken to forthat conventional of machined componentsspinning, as arethe obtainedlatter combines using today’s tension CNC and compressionflow formers .of Shear the material forming without should intentionalnot be mistaken thickness for conventional reduction of spinningthe starting, as theblank. latter C onversely,combines tensionshear forming and compression involves only of the compression