DOCSLIB.ORG

The Forming Potential of Stainless Steel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Forming Potential of Stainless Steel The Forming Potential of Stainless Steel Materials and Applications Series, Volume 8 THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL Euro Inox Euro Inox is the European market development associ- Full members ation for stainless steel. Acerinox www.acerinox.es Members of Euro Inox include: Outokumpu • European stainless steel producers www.outokumpu.com • national stainless steel development associations ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni • development associations of the alloying element www.acciaiterni.it industries ThyssenKrupp Nirosta www.nirosta.de The prime objectives of Euro Inox are to create aware- ness of the unique properties of stainless steel and to UGINE & ALZ Belgium UGINE & ALZ France further its use in existing applications and in new mar- Groupe Arcelor kets. To achieve these objectives, Euro Inox organises www.ugine-alz.com conferences and seminars, issues guidance in printed and electronic form to enable architects, designers, Associate members specifiers, fabricators and end users to become more Acroni familiar with the material. Euro Inox also supports www.acroni.si technical and market research. British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA) www.bssa.org.uk Copyright notice Cedinox This work is subject to copyright. Euro Inox reserves all rights of www.cedinox.es translation in any language, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation and broadcasting. No part of this publication may be Centro Inox www.centroinox.it reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright www.edelstahl-rostfrei.de owner, Euro-Inox, Luxembourg. Violations may be subject to legal Institut de Développement de l’Inox proceedings, involving monetary damages as well as compensation (I.D.-Inox) www.idinox.com for costs and legal fees, under Luxemburg copyright law and regula- tions within the European Union. International Chromium Development Association (ICDA) www.icdachromium.com ISBN 978-2-87997-211-4 International Molybdenum Association (IMOA) www.imoa.info Nickel Institute www.nickelinstitute.org Polska Unia Dystrybutorów Stali (PUDS) www.puds.com.pl SWISS INOX www.swissinox.ch THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL Contents The Forming Potential of Stainless Steel 1. Introduction 3 First Edition 2006 2. Mechanical properties 4 (Materials and Applications Series, Volume 8) 3. Forming potential 5 © Euro Inox 2006 4. Surface finish 5 5. Hydroformed nodes for automotive frames 6 Publisher 6. Hygienic design through seamless surfaces 8 Euro Inox 7. Pump efficiency through hydroformed casings 10 Registered office: 8. Metal spinning for exclusive designs 12 241 route d’Arlon 9. Decorative wheelrims made by spinning 14 1150 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 10. Cold rolled sections for superior strength 16 Tel.: +352 26 10 30 50 / Fax: + 352 26 10 30 51 11. Explosion formed heat exchanger plates 18 Executive office: 12. Deep drawn locknuts for wheel decoration 20 Diamant Building, Bd. A. Reyers 80 13. Corrugated sheet for higher cargo capacity 22 1030 Brussels, Belgium 14. References 24 Tel.: +32 2 706 82 67 / Fax: +32 2 706 82 69 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.euro-inox.org Disclaimer Author Euro Inox has made every effort to ensure that the information pre- Benoît Van Hecke, Brussels (B) sented in this document is technically correct. However, the reader is advised that the material contained herein is for general informa- Acknowledgements tion purposes only. Euro Inox, its members, specifically disclaim Cover photographs: any liability or responsibility for loss, damage, or injury, resulting • HDE Solutions, Menden (D) from the use of the information contained in this publication. • ThyssenKrupp Nirosta, Krefeld (D) • Alessi, Crusinallo (I) 1 THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL About stainless steels Stainless steels are iron alloys with a mini- These families also include grades contain- mum chromium content of 10.5% (by ing other elements, such as molybdenum, weight) and a maximum of 1.2% carbon, titanium, niobium and nitrogen. Austenitic necessary to ensure the build-up of a self- stainless steels account for approximately healing oxide layer – known as the passive two thirds of the world’s stainless steel use. layer – which provides the alloy’s corrosion Austenitic grades EN 1.4301/1.4307 (AISI resistance. This is the definition of stainless 304/304L) and EN 1.4401/1.4404 (AISI steels given in EN 10088-1. 316/316L), ferritic grade EN 1.4016 (AISI The composition of the alloying elements 430) and their variants are the best-known greatly influences the metallurgical struc- stainless steels and are widely commercial- ture of stainless steel and defines four main ly available. families of stainless steel, each with its typ- The main properties of stainless steel can ical mechanical, physical and chemical be summarised as follows: properties1: • corrosion resistance • Austenitic stainless steels: Fe-Cr-Ni, • aesthetic appeal C < 0.1 % (non-magnetic) • heat resistance • Ferritic stainless steels: Fe-Cr (> 10.5 %), • low life-cycle cost C < 0.1% (magnetic) • full recyclability • Duplex stainless steels: Fe-Cr-Ni, • biological neutrality combined austenitic-ferritic structure • ease of fabrication (magnetic) • high strength-to-weight ratio • Martensitic stainless steels: Fe-Cr, C > 0.1% (magnetic and hardenable) If the stainless steel surface is machined or accidentally damaged, the passive layer instantaneously reforms, in the presence of oxygen from air or water. 1 Detailed information about the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of stainless steels is available from www.euro- inox.org/technical_tables (an interactive database) or from the printed brochure Tables of Technical Properties (Materials and Applications Series, Volume 5), Luxembourg: Euro Inox, 2005. 2 THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL 1 Introduction Stainless steel has considerable potential Production cost involves: in forming applications, due to its interest- • material cost ing range of mechanical properties. The • transformation cost material’s high strength-to-weight ratio and While stainless steel may not always be the considerable elongation and work harden- cheapest material, production-process sim- ing properties mean it can often meet the plifications that its use may lead to can challenges of complex, three-dimensional, largely offset the higher material cost – for seamless designs. example, by reducing the number of deep Since its use in such designs does not drawing steps or heat treatments. impair any of its well-known corrosion resistant, heat resistant and decorative qualities, stainless steel is often the right material choice for both industrial and con- sumer products. Beer and beverage kegs (typically 20-70 l) can be manufactured in different ways, thanks to stainless steel’s versatile mechanical properties. Three-piece designs (left-hand example) are one option, using two dished ends and cold worked stainless steel sheet for the middle section. Cold working cold rolled stainless steel enhances its mechanical properties. The use of such sheet for the middle section will improve the keg’s strength or make thinner walls possible at equal strength. This design may be preferred if weight reduction is a key criterion. Alternatively, stainless steel’s forming capacity allows two-piece designs (right-hand example), composed of two identical deep drawn halves. This design is preferable when reduction of welds is the driving parameter. Apart from its forming potential, stainless steel is often the most appropriate material for con- tact with food, as it easily complies with European Food Safety Regulations. Three-piece versus two-piece design. Photos: AEB, Vimercate (I) 3 THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL 2 Mechanical properties Assessing the forming potential of any Stress-strain curves for different types of stainless steel. material requires understanding its Stress (N/mm2 ) mechanical properties. The most commonly 1250 used mechanical evaluation criteria are: Martensitic 1.4028 quenched and tempered 1000 Strength: the degree of resistance of a 750 Ferritic-austenitic 1.4462 material to deformation. Depending on 500 structural considerations, deformation Ferritic 1.4521 Austenitic 1.4401 can be defined as either: 250 • “yielding” or permanent plastic defor- 0 mation (hence “yield strength” R ), or 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 p Strain (%) • “breaking” or rupture (hence “tensile strength” Rm) Martensitic steels have high strength and Hardness: the degree of resistance to rather low ductility (or formability) whereas permanent indentation by an applied austenitic steels have lower strength and load. high ductility. Ferritic-austenitic (or duplex) Toughness: the capacity to absorb defor- and ferritic steels occupy an intermediate mation energy before fracture. position. The yield strength of ferritic steels Ductility: the ability to deform plastically is generally higher than that of austenitic without fracturing. steels, while the yield strength of duplex is considerably greater than that of both ferrit- The concepts “strong” and “weak”, “hard” ic and austenitic grades. Ferritic and duplex and “soft”, “tough” and “brittle” define dif- steels have similar ductility2. ferent aspects of a material’s mechanical With the exception of martensitic stain- properties and should not be confused. less steels, the typical relationships Some of these
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 126 Metal Products
    Lake Tuggeranong College LEARN – THRIVE - CONNECT Metal Products A/M Working with metal has fascinated people for centuries. Metal forming processes have advanced significantly in recent times and have enabled the creation of objects which have changed the world forever. These processes are now able to be experienced by students through the development of metal fabrication projects which provide an understanding of metal properties and construction techniques. The considerable time devoted to the practical skills in this course makes it an ideal choice for students who are looking for a unique practical learning environment. Rationale Why would you do this course? Working with metal is an enjoyable activity which more students need to experience! Being able to apply metal fabricating processes to create projects with a student design input is a major emphasis in the course. The range of fundamental skills employed in the metal fabrication industry readily engage students in their course work. There is a current skills shortage in the metal trade areas as evidenced by the inclusion of Metal Fabricator and Welder in the National Skills Needs list. There is a federal government push for apprenticeships using the skills learnt during this course. Beyond the classroom, this subject offers you: • Pathways to metal trades: boiler maker/metal fabricator • Skills that are interlinked between other trades: construction, plumber, electrician • Basic handyman skills Learner dispositions What type of person usually studies this course? Learners who would study this course typically achieve a satisfaction from being able to create practical objects using techniques such as welding, machining, plasma cutting, sheet metal forming and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Ats 34 and 154 Cm Stainless Heat Treat Procedure
    ATS 34 AND 154 CM STAINLESS HEAT TREAT PROCEDURE This is an oil hardening grade of steel which will require oil quenching. The oil should be a warm, thin quenching oil that contains a safe flash point. Olive oil has been used as a sub­ stitute. As a rule of thumb, there should be a gallon of oil for each pound of steel. For , warming the oil before quenching, you may heat a piece of steel and drop it in the oil. 1.) Wrap blades in stainless tool wrap and leave an extra two inches on each end of the package. (This will be for handling purposes going into the quench as described below.) We suggest a double wrap for this grade. The edges of the foil should be double crimped, being careful to avoid hav­ ing even a pin hole in the wrap. 2 . ) Place in the furnace and heat to 1900"F. After reaching this temperature, immediately start timing the soak time of 25-30 minutes. 3.) After the soak time has elapsed, very quickly and carefully pull the package out with tongs~ place over the quench tank and snip the end of the package allowing the blades to drop into the oil. You should have a wire basket in the quench tank for raising and lowering the blades rather than have them lie s till. Gases are released in the quench and would form a "trap" around the steel unless you keep them movi~g for a minute or so. *IMPORTANT--It is very important that the blades enter the oil quench as quickly as possible after leaving the furnace ! Full hardness would not be reached if this step is not followed.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes
    Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes Building Series, Volume 1 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Euro Inox Euro Inox is the European market development associa- Full Members tion for stainless steel. The members of Euro Inox include: Acerinox, •European stainless steel producers www.acerinox.es • National stainless steel development associations Outokumpu, •Development associations of the alloying element www.outokumpu.com industries. ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni, A prime objective of Euro Inox is to create awareness of www.acciaiterni.com the unique properties of stainless steels and to further their use in existing applications and in new markets. ThyssenKrupp Nirosta, To assist this purpose, Euro Inox organises conferences www.nirosta.de and seminars, and issues guidance in printed form Ugine & ALZ Belgium and electronic format, to enable architects, designers, Ugine & ALZ France specifiers, fabricators, and end users, to become more Groupe Arcelor, www.ugine-alz.com familiar with the material. Euro Inox also supports technical and market research. Associate Members British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA), www.bssa.org.uk Cedinox, www.cedinox.es Centro Inox, www.centroinox.it Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei, www.edelstahl-rostfrei.de Informationsstelle für nichtrostende Stähle SWISS INOX, www.swissinox.ch Institut de Développement de l’Inox (I.D.-Inox), www.idinox.com International Chromium Development Association (ICDA), www.chromium-asoc.com International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), www.imoa.info Nickel Institute, www.nickelinstitute.org
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Thixocasting and Rheocasting
    A Comparison of Thixocasting and Rheocasting Stephen P. Midson The Midson Group, Inc. Denver, Colorado USA Andrew Jackson Arthur Jackson & Co., Ltd. Brighouse UK Abstract The first semi-solid casting process to be commercialized was thixocasting, where a pre-cast billet is re-heated to the semi-solid solid casting temperature. Advantages of thixocasting include the production of high quality components, while the main disadvantage is the higher cost associated with the production of the pre-cast billets. Commercial pressures have driven casters to examine a different approach to semi-solid casting, where the semi-solid slurry is generated directly from the liquid adjacent to a die casting machine. These processes are collectively referred to as rheocasting, and there are currently at least 15 rheocasting processes either in commercial production or under development around the world. This paper will describe technical aspects of both thixocasting and rheocasting, comparing the procedures used to generate the globular, semi-solid slurry. Two rheocasting processes will be examined in detail, one involved in the production of high integrity properties, while the other is focusing on reducing the porosity content of conventional die castings. Key Words Semi-solid casting, thixocasting, rheocasting, aluminum alloys 22 / 1 Introduction Semi-solid casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the porosity present in most die castings [1] . Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material, semi-solid processing uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid. The high viscosity of the semi-solid metal, along with the use of controlled die filling conditions, ensures that the semi-solid metal fills the die in a non-turbulent manner so that harmful gas porosity can be essentially eliminated.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 W Elding Accessories Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Aluminum
    Sylvania Tungsten Vendor Code: SYL Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Magnesium alloys are in 3 groups. They are: (1) aluminum-zinc-magnesium, (2) aluminum-magnesium and (3) manganese-magnesium. Since magnesium will absorb a number of harmful ingredients and oxidize rapidly when subjected to welding heat, TIG welding in an inert gas atmosphere is distinctly advantageous. The welding of magnesium is similar, in many respects, to the welding of aluminum. Magnesium was one of the first metals to be welded commercially by the inert-gas nonconsumable process (TIG). Accessories Welding Aluminum The use of TIG welding for aluminum has many advantages for both manual and automatic processes. Filler metal can be either wire or rod and should be compatible with the base alloy. Filler metal must be Ground Dia. Length Electrodes dry, free of oxides, grease or other foreign matter. If filler metal becomes damp, heat for 2 hours at Part No. (inches) (inches) 250˚ F before using. Although AC high-frequency stabilized current is recommended, DC reverse polarity 0407G .040 7 has been successfully used for thicknesses up to 3/32". 1167G 1/16 7 Stainless Steel Pure 3327G 3/32 7 In TIG welding of stainless steel, welding rods having the AWS-ASTM prefixes of E or ER can be used as 187G 1/8 7 filler rods. However, only bare uncoated rods should be used. Stainless steel can be welded using AC high frequency stabilized current, however, for DC straight polarity current recommendations must be increased 5327G 5/32 7 6 25%. Light gauge metal less than 1/16" thick should always be welded with DC straight polarity using 0407GL .040 7 argon gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted
    A Novel Method for the Production of Microwires by Alexander Michael Couch B.S., United States Naval Academy (2017) Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2019. All rights reserved. redacted A u th o r ...........................................................Signature .. Department of Mechanical Engineering 1, y.- january 14, 2019 Certified by...........Signature redacted ......... Kasey Russell Principal Member of the Technical Staff, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Certified by.....SignatureC ertified by ....... redacted Thesis.... .....Supervisor .. Irmgard Bischofberger Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Signature redacted Thesis Supervisor A ccepted by ............. .................. MASSACHUSES INSTITUTE I Nicblas Hadjiconstantinou OF TECHNOWOGY Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Theses FEB 252019 LIBRARIES ARCHIVES A Novel Method for the Production of Microwires by Alexander Michael Couch Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on January 14, 2019, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Abstract Radio frequency (RF) systems such as cell phones and GPS can perform better and last longer if we can reduce electrical heat loss in the wires. This is typically done in power systems by twisting or weaving the wires, following one of several patterns. Though, at radio frequencies, wire dimensions must scale down by as much as 1000 times in order to achieve the same effects. This project decomposes the problem into two main categories; the manufacturing of micron scale wires and the manipulation of these wires in order to form a twisted bundle.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Course Guide Jan 2017.Pdf
    1 Wilmot Union High School Mission Statement As a professional learning community, Wilmot Union High School's core purpose is to ensure our students are college, career, and civic ready by fostering a culture of life-long learning. District Vision As a learning community and through community involvement, Wilmot Union High School has developed a clear sense of who we want to become through a process where district stakeholders: students, staff, parents, community members, business partners and Board of Education members came together and identified the key characteristics and values we want to exemplify. These characteristics and values were aligned under five pillars to further define the key areas of focus for our learning community. I. Safe and Supportive Learning Environment II. Equity and Access for All Students III. Community Partnerships IV. Collaborative Culture for Learning V. Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment It is through these five pillars and their guiding statements that WUHS and our stakeholders will empower one another to create and fulfill the goals and commitments that will bring our vision to fruition. We invite every stakeholder of the WUHS learning community to enter in to this process of adopting the defined values to fulfill our vision of an exemplary school. 2 Wilmot Union High School P.O. Box 8 11112 – 308th Avenue Wilmot, WI 53192 High School Administration (262) 862-2351 John LaFleur, Ph.D., Principal [email protected] Tom Blair, Associate Principal [email protected] Luke Braden, Associate
    [Show full text]
  • ROLLING of METAL (Auxiliary Operations Used in Connection With
    CPC - B21B - 2017.08 B21B ROLLING OF METAL (auxiliary operations used in connection with metal- working operations covered in B21, see B21C; bending by rolling B21D; manufacture of particular objects, e.g. screws, wheels, rings, barrels, balls, by rolling B21H; pressure welding by means of a rolling mill B23K 20/04) Definition statement This place covers: Methods and devices for rolling of metal. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal is passed through a pair of rotating rolls for plastic deformation of the metall. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is termed as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is termed as cold rolling. A rolling mill is a machine for plastic deformation of metal between rotating rolls. In a broader sense, a rolling mill is an automatic system or line of machines that performs both rolling and auxiliary operations: transport of the original billet from the stock to the heating furnaces and the mill rolls, transfer of the rolled material from one groove to another, turning, transport of the metal after rolling, cutting into sections, marking or stamping, trimming, packing, and conveyance to the stock of finished product. This subclass includes the following main groups: Rolling of metal in general: • Methods or devices in general B21B 1/00, B21B 11/00 - B21B 13/00 • Control B21B 37/00 • Measuring B21B 38/00 • Operation B21B 35/00, B21B 39/00, B21B 41/00 • Details of rolling mills B21B 27/00, B21B 29/00, B21B 31/00 • Maintenance of rolling rolls B21B 28/00 • Safety devices B21B 33/00 • Cooling beds and accessories B21B 43/00 Rolling of special formats: • tube rolling B21B 17/00, B21B 19/00, B21B 23/00 1 B21B (continued) CPC - B21B - 2017.08 • accessories for tube rolling B21B 25/00 • Extending closed shapes of metal bands B21B 5/00 Rolling of special alloys: B21B 3/00 Rolling of metal under special conditions (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Pretoria, 18 April 2007 2 No
    Pretoria, 18 April 2007 2 No. 29790 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. 18 APRIL 2007 CONTENTS Page Gazette No. No. No. GENERAL NOnCE Safety and Security, Department of General Notice 433 Explosives Act (15/2003): Draft Explosives Regulations, 2007 .. 3 29790 STAATSKOERANT, 18 APRIL 2007 NO.29790 3 GENERAL NOTICE NOTICE 433 OF 2007 DRAFT EXPLOSIVE REGULATIONS 2007 The Minister for Safety and Security intends to put the Explosives Act, 2003, (Act No. 15 of 2003) in operation once the Explosive Regulations has been finalised. Draft Regulations are hereby published for general information and comment from interested parties. IMPORTANT NOTE: This is merely a working document which is used to obtain the input of interest groups. The finalisation of the draft Regulations, will ultimately be done after the consultation process has been concluded. NO PART OF THE CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY ALTERATION THEREOF MAY BE CONSIDERED AS A COMMITMENT TO THE FINAL PROVISIONS OF THE REGULATIONS Kindly note that as this is a working document certain technical correction with regard to the numbering, spacing and general layout still need to be done. Any comments, contributions or proposals on the Regulations may be submitted within 6 weeks from the date of publication of this Notice in writing to the following; e-mail address:[email protected] fax number: (012) 393 7126 Postal address: Dir. K Strydom Legal Service SAPS Private Bag X302 PRETORIA 0001 4 No. 29790 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 18 APRIL 2007 DRAFT EXPLOSIVES REGULATIONS Issued in terms of section 33(1) of the Explosives Act, 2003 (Act No 15 of 2003) 2007-02-28 STAATSKOERANT, 18 APRIL 2007 No.29790 5 DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY Explosives Act, 2003 (Act No.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Mechan
    9-17-2014 Wednesday, September 17, 2014 6:50 AM Strengthening mechanisms •stretching is due to plastic deformation •plastic deformation is due to Motion of dislocations • to strengthen Materials, make it harder for dislocations to move. ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 1 Example: Calculate 0 and Ky and estimate YS of a polyxrystalline brass with ASTM number 8 From interactive graph we find: Solve: Use M=1 and n=8, you get N=1.28x106 •It means •So ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 2 ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 3 3)Work hardening, strain hardening, Cold working, more later Effect of cold work on tensile stress-strain curve for low-carbon steel bars. Pasted from <http://www.daldermaterialsconsulting.com/html/materials-engineering.html> ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 4 4)ppt hardening (or Age hardening) more Later. ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 5 Dislocations create Plastic deformation by "slip" "SLIP" occurs as shear in slip system consisting of SLIP PLANE and SLIP DIRECTION. Both SLIP PLANE and SLIP DIRECTION are closed pack. In BCC, SLIP PLANE is (110) and SLIP DIRECTION is [111] In FCC, SLIP PLANE is (111) and SLIP DIRECTION is [110] (6planes)*(2 directions) =12 systems ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 6 Slip system in FCC, (111) and [110) (4 planes)*(3 directions) =12 systems ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 7 Schmid's factor ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 8 ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 9 More on Cold working, Strain Hardening, work hardening. These are all examples of C.W: Rolling Bending Shearing Swaging Angle Tube drawing Slitting Extrusion
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Alloys
    THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical
    [Show full text]
  • Process Type Description Adhesive Application F+S Used to Bond Non-Metal Components. Adhesives Are Applied Either by Hand Or In
    Process Type Description Used to bond non-metal components. Adhesives are applied either by hand or in a spray Adhesive Application F+S booth controlled for air emissions. A two-step process by which the aluminum is first dissolved in a caustic bath and then Aluminum Making VENDOR precipitated out in crystals. This two-step process can be circumvented by using recycled scrap that is melted down to form new parts. Most stainless steels receive a final annealing (a heat treatment that refines the Anneal and Pickle VENDOR material's mechanical properties) and pickling (an acid wash that removes furnace scale from annealing and helps promote the passive surface film that naturally occurs). An electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide Anodizing VENDOR layer on aluminum. Produces a protective surface that inhibits further oxidation (corrosion). F+S / Process that provides a matte/etched looking surface finish to material by applying fine Bead Blasting VENDOR glass beads at low pressure. Process in which a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and metal granule matrix is blended and Bonded Metal Casting F+S cast in a mold. A mechanical process in which material is shaped at a single angle along a straight axis. Brake Forming F+S The process can be repeated to form more complicated shapes. An annealing process carried out in a controlled atmosphere furnace or vacuum so that Bright Annealing VENDOR oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright. Metalworking process in which sheet metal is rolled out at room temperature, changing Calendaring VENDOR the molecular structure to make it harder and more resistant to scratching.
    [Show full text]