Electricity Glossary and Terms
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Printer Tech Tips—Cause & Effects of Static Electricity in Paper
Printer Tech Tips Cause & Effects of Static Electricity in Paper Problem The paper has developed a static electrical charge causing an abnormal sheet-to- sheet or sheet-to-material attraction which is difficult to separate. This condition may result in feeder trip-offs, print voids from surface contamination, ink offset, Sappi Printer Technical Service or poor sheet jog in the delivery. 877 SappiHelp (727 7443) Description Static electricity is defined as a non-moving, non-flowing electrical charge or in simple terms, electricity at rest. Static electricity becomes visible and dynamic during the brief moment it sparks a discharge and for that instant it’s no longer at rest. Lightning is the result of static discharge as is the shock you receive just before contacting a grounded object during unusually dry weather. Matter is composed of atoms, which in turn are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons and neutrons, which make up the atoms nucleus, determine the type of material. Electrons orbit the nucleus and balance the electrical charge of the protons. When both negative and positive are equal, the charge of the balanced atom is neutral. If electrons are removed or added to this configuration, the overall charge becomes either negative or positive resulting in an unbalanced atom. Materials with high conductivity, such as steel, are called conductors and maintain neutrality because their electrons can move freely from atom to atom to balance any applied charges. Therefore, conductors can dissipate static when properly grounded. Non-conductive materials, or insulators such as plastic and wood, have the opposite property as their electrons can not move freely to maintain balance. -
"New Energy Economy": an Exercise in Magical Thinking
REPORT | March 2019 THE “NEW ENERGY ECONOMY”: AN EXERCISE IN MAGICAL THINKING Mark P. Mills Senior Fellow The “New Energy Economy”: An Exercise in Magical Thinking About the Author Mark P. Mills is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and a faculty fellow at Northwestern University’s McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, where he co-directs an Institute on Manufacturing Science and Innovation. He is also a strategic partner with Cottonwood Venture Partners (an energy-tech venture fund). Previously, Mills cofounded Digital Power Capital, a boutique venture fund, and was chairman and CTO of ICx Technologies, helping take it public in 2007. Mills is a regular contributor to Forbes.com and is author of Work in the Age of Robots (2018). He is also coauthor of The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (2005). His articles have been published in the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Real Clear. Mills has appeared as a guest on CNN, Fox, NBC, PBS, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. In 2016, Mills was named “Energy Writer of the Year” by the American Energy Society. Earlier, Mills was a technology advisor for Bank of America Securities and coauthor of the Huber-Mills Digital Power Report, a tech investment newsletter. He has testified before Congress and briefed numerous state public-service commissions and legislators. Mills served in the White House Science Office under President Reagan and subsequently provided science and technology policy counsel to numerous private-sector firms, the Department of Energy, and U.S. -
Operating Instructions Ac Snap-Around Volt-Ohm
4.5) HOW TO USE POINTER LOCK & RANGE FINDER LIFETIME LIMITED WARRANTY 05/06 From #174-1 SYMBOLS The attention to detail of this fine snap-around instrument is further enhanced by OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (1) Slide the pointer lock button to the left. This allows easy readings in dimly lit the application of Sperry's unmatched service and concern for detail and or crowded cable areas (Fig.8). reliability. AC SNAP-AROUND VOLT-OHM-AMMETER (2) For quick and easy identification the dial drum is marked with the symbols as These Sperry snap-arounds are internationally accepted by craftsman and illustrated below (Fig.9). servicemen for their unmatched performance. All Sperry's snap-around MODEL SPR-300 PLUS & SPR-300 PLUS A instruments are unconditionally warranted against defects in material and Pointer Ampere Higher workmanship under normal conditions of use and service; our obligations under Lock range range to the to the this warranty being limited to repairing or replacing, free of charge, at Sperry's right. right. sole option, any such Sperry snap-around instrument that malfunctions under normal operating conditions at rated use. 1 Lower Lower range range to the to the left. left. REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE Fig.8 Fig.9 Securely wrap the instrument and its accessories in a box or mailing bag and ship prepaid to the address below. Be sure to include your name and address, as 5) BATTERY & FUSE REPLACEMENT well as the name of the distributor, with a copy of your invoice from whom the (1) Remove the screw on the back of the case for battery and fuse replacement unit was purchased, clearly identifying the model number and date of purchase. -
Units and Magnitudes (Lecture Notes)
physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek Units and Magnitudes (lecture notes) This lecture has two parts. The first part is mainly a practical guide to the measurement units that dominate the particle physics literature, and culture. The second part is a quasi-philosophical discussion of deep issues around unit systems, including a comparison of atomic, particle ("strong") and Planck units. For a more extended, profound treatment of the second part issues, see arxiv.org/pdf/0708.4361v1.pdf . Because special relativity and quantum mechanics permeate modern particle physics, it is useful to employ units so that c = ħ = 1. In other words, we report velocities as multiples the speed of light c, and actions (or equivalently angular momenta) as multiples of the rationalized Planck's constant ħ, which is the original Planck constant h divided by 2π. 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek In classical physics one usually keeps separate units for mass, length and time. I invite you to think about why! (I'll give you my take on it later.) To bring out the "dimensional" features of particle physics units without excess baggage, it is helpful to keep track of powers of mass M, length L, and time T without regard to magnitudes, in the form When these are both set equal to 1, the M, L, T system collapses to just one independent dimension. So we can - and usually do - consider everything as having the units of some power of mass. Thus for energy we have while for momentum 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek and for length so that energy and momentum have the units of mass, while length has the units of inverse mass. -
Measuring Electricity Voltage Current Voltage Current
Measuring Electricity Electricity makes our lives easier, but it can seem like a mysterious force. Measuring electricity is confusing because we cannot see it. We are familiar with terms such as watt, volt, and amp, but we do not have a clear understanding of these terms. We buy a 60-watt lightbulb, a tool that needs 120 volts, or a vacuum cleaner that uses 8.8 amps, and dont think about what those units mean. Using the flow of water as an analogy can make Voltage electricity easier to understand. The flow of electrons in a circuit is similar to water flowing through a hose. If you could look into a hose at a given point, you would see a certain amount of water passing that point each second. The amount of water depends on how much pressure is being applied how hard the water is being pushed. It also depends on the diameter of the hose. The harder the pressure and the larger the diameter of the hose, the more water passes each second. The flow of electrons through a wire depends on the electrical pressure pushing the electrons and on the Current cross-sectional area of the wire. The flow of electrons can be compared to the flow of Voltage water. The water current is the number of molecules flowing past a fixed point; electrical current is the The pressure that pushes electrons in a circuit is number of electrons flowing past a fixed point. called voltage. Using the water analogy, if a tank of Electrical current (I) is defined as electrons flowing water were suspended one meter above the ground between two points having a difference in voltage. -
Lecture 10: Tidal Power
Lecture 10: Tidal Power Chris Garrett 1 Introduction The maintenance and extension of our current standard of living will require the utilization of new energy sources. The current demand for oil cannot be sustained forever, and as scientists we should always try to keep such needs in mind. Oceanographers may be able to help meet society's demand for natural resources in some way. Some suggestions include the oceans in a supportive manner. It may be possible, for example, to use tidal currents to cool nuclear plants, and a detailed knowledge of deep ocean flow structure could allow for the safe dispersion of nuclear waste. But we could also look to the ocean as a renewable energy resource. A significant amount of oceanic energy is transported to the coasts by surface waves, but about 100 km of coastline would need to be developed to produce 1000 MW, the average output of a large coal-fired or nuclear power plant. Strong offshore winds could also be used, and wind turbines have had some limited success in this area. Another option is to take advantage of the tides. Winds and solar radiation provide the dominant energy inputs to the ocean, but the tides also provide a moderately strong and coherent forcing that we may be able to effectively exploit in some way. In this section, we first consider some of the ways to extract potential energy from the tides, using barrages across estuaries or tidal locks in shoreline basins. We then provide a more detailed analysis of tidal fences, where turbines are placed in a channel with strong tidal currents, and we consider whether such a system could be a reasonable power source. -
History and Progress of Fractional–Order Element
296 A. KARTCI, N. HERENCSAR, J. T. MACHADO, L. BRANCIK, HISTORY AND PROGRESS OF FRACTIONAL–ORDER ELEMENT . History and Progress of Fractional–Order Element Passive Emulators: A Review Aslihan KARTCI 1;2, Norbert HERENCSAR 1, Jose Tenreiro MACHADO 3, Lubomir BRANCIK 4 1 Dept. of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3082/12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic 2 Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia 3 Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Porto, Portugal 4 Dept. of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3082/12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic {kartci, herencsn, brancik}@feec.vutbr.cz, [email protected] Submitted April 5, 2020 / Accepted April 19, 2020 Abstract. This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey where Iαv¹tº denotes the "fractional-order time integral" [3] in the area of fractional-order element passive emulators with an order 0 < α < 1. Figure 1 shows these funda- adopted in circuits and systems. An overview of the different mental components in the frequency domain and possible approximations used to estimate the passive element values fractional-order elements (FOEs) in the four quadrants of by means of rational functions is also discussed. A short com- the complex plane [4]. Their impedance is described as parison table highlights the significance of recent methodolo- Z¹sº = Ksα, where ! is the angular frequency with s = j! gies and their potential for further research. Moreover, the and the phase is given in radians (φ = απ/2) or in degrees pros and cons in emulation of FOEs are analyzed. -
Energy Budget of the Biosphere and Civilization: Rethinking Environmental Security of Global Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
ecological complexity 5 (2008) 281–288 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecocom Viewpoint Energy budget of the biosphere and civilization: Rethinking environmental security of global renewable and non-renewable resources Anastassia M. Makarieva a,b,*, Victor G. Gorshkov a,b, Bai-Lian Li b,c a Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188300 Gatchina, St. Petersburg, Russia b CAU-UCR International Center for Ecology and Sustainability, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA article info abstract Article history: How much and what kind of energy should the civilization consume, if one aims at Received 28 January 2008 preserving global stability of the environment and climate? Here we quantify and compare Received in revised form the major types of energy fluxes in the biosphere and civilization. 30 April 2008 It is shown that the environmental impact of the civilization consists, in terms of energy, Accepted 13 May 2008 of two major components: the power of direct energy consumption (around 15 Â 1012 W, Published on line 3 August 2008 mostly fossil fuel burning) and the primary productivity power of global ecosystems that are disturbed by anthropogenic activities. This second, conventionally unaccounted, power Keywords: component exceeds the first one by at least several times. Solar power It is commonly assumed that the environmental stability can be preserved if one Hydropower manages to switch to ‘‘clean’’, pollution-free energy resources, with no change in, or Wind power even increasing, the total energy consumption rate of the civilization. -
On the Nature of Electric Charge
Vol. 9(4), pp. 54-60, 28 February, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJPS2013.4091 ISSN 1992 - 1950 International Journal of Physical Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Sciences http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS Full Length Research Paper On the nature of electric charge Jafari Najafi, Mahdi 1730 N Lynn ST apt A35, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Received 10 December, 2013; Accepted 14 February, 2014 A few hundred years have passed since the discovery of electricity and electromagnetic fields, formulating them as Maxwell's equations, but the nature of an electric charge remains unknown. Why do particles with the same charge repel and opposing charges attract? Is the electric charge a primary intrinsic property of a particle? These questions cannot be answered until the nature of the electric charge is identified. The present study provides an explicit description of the gravitational constant G and the origin of electric charge will be inferred using generalized dimensional analysis. Key words: Electric charge, gravitational constant, dimensional analysis, particle mass change. INTRODUCTION The universe is composed of three basic elements; parameters. This approach is of great generality and mass-energy (M), length (L), and time (T). Intrinsic mathematical simplicity that simply and directly properties are assigned to particles, including mass, postulates a hypothesis for the nature of the electric electric charge, and spin, and their effects are applied in charge. Although the final formula is a guesswork based the form of physical formulas that explicitly address on dimensional analysis of electric charges, it shows the physical phenomena. The meaning of some particle existence of consistency between the final formula and properties remains opaque. -
Electricity Production by Fuel
EN27 Electricity production by fuel Key message Fossil fuels and nuclear energy continue to dominate the fuel mix for electricity production despite their risk of environmental impact. This impact was reduced during the 1990s with relatively clean natural gas becoming the main choice of fuel for new plants, at the expense of oil, in particular. Production from coal and lignite has increased slightly in recent years but its share of electricity produced has been constant since 2000 as overall production increases. The steep increase in overall electricity production has also counteracted some of the environmental benefits from fuel switching. Rationale The trend in electricity production by fuel provides a broad indication of the impacts associated with electricity production. The type and extent of the related environmental pressures depends upon the type and amount of fuels used for electricity generation as well as the use of abatement technologies. Fig. 1: Gross electricity production by fuel, EU-25 5,000 4,500 4,000 Other fuels 3,500 Renewables 1.4% 3,000 13.7% Nuclear 2,500 TWh Natural and derived 31.0% gas 2,000 Coal and lignite 1,500 19.9% Oil 1,000 29.5% 500 4.5% 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2010 2020 2030 Data Source: Eurostat (Historic data), Primes Energy Model (European Commission 2006) for projections. Note: Data shown are for gross electricity production and include electricity production from both public and auto-producers. Renewables includes electricity produced from hydro (excluding pumping), biomass, municipal waste, geothermal, wind and solar PV. -
Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S.