DOCSLIB.ORG

Melungeon Portraits: Lived Experience and Identity Tamara L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Melungeon Portraits: Lived Experience and Identity Tamara L Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2013 Melungeon Portraits: Lived Experience and Identity Tamara L. Stachowicz Antioch University - PhD Program in Leadership and Change Follow this and additional works at: http://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the American Studies Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, Epistemology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Stachowicz, Tamara L., "Melungeon Portraits: Lived Experience and Identity" (2013). Dissertations & Theses. 64. http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/64 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. MELUNGEON PORTRAITS: LIVED EXPERIENCE AND IDENTITY TAMARA L. STACHOWICZ A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July, 2013 This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled: MELUNGEON PORTRAITS: LIVED EXPERIENCE AND IDENTITY prepared by Tamara Stachowicz is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership and Change. Approved by: Carolyn Kenny, Ph.D., Chair date Lize Booysen, DBL, Committee Member date Katherine Vande Brake, Ph.D., Committee Member date Dara Culhane, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2013 Tamara L. Stachowicz All rights reserved Acknowledgements I am very grateful for the advice and support of my advisor and dissertation chair, Dr. Carolyn Kenny for pushing me to do my best work, cheering me on when the challenges were great, and encouraging me to remain true to my research interests. I could not have completed the project without the additional resources provided by Dr. Lize Booysen and Dr. Katherine Vande Brake. Without their individual expertise in leadership and Melungeon scholarship, this dissertation would not have contributed to a body of knowledge that is practical and empowering to so many. Of course, all of my co-researchers helped research, write, and explain, their own stories. You have allowed me the privilege of examining and comparing our collective experiences and validated my personal journey toward identity and family heritage. Angela, you have always been there for me, I could never have completed the enormity of the project without your help. Joanne, your inside knowledge and willingness to debate and discuss the merits of various Melungeon theories and writings helped me understand context and passion in the journey of discovery. William, I hope I have earned your trust. You have modeled how true leadership and activism can be effective by the actions of even one person. Arlene, my sister, my friend—you have come with me on research trips for over 15 years. You help me believe in myself and understand the real priorities in life. It was you that took the brunt of my frustrations during this past few years and I’m grateful. To my mother, Sylvia, and my daughter Kateri, you are the roots and wings of my study. You give me purpose, and keep me grounded. Thanks for your willingness to be my guinea pigs. To Katie, Wilma, Anna, Keith, Connie, Logan, and Rachel, you opened your hearts and your homes to me. I am grateful for your time and input, and for your willingness to share such intimate pains and joys with me for this project. Special thanks to i my father and step mother, James and Judy Campbell, for your support and encouragement. I appreciate your efforts to understand why I would work so diligently for so long just to figure out who I am! To my son Josef, thanks for listening to me read papers out loud, sharing in the pride of professor comments, and for finding me additional resources on feminist writings. It has been a joy to share my scholarly progress with you as a peer and colleague. The depth of these findings and my growth as a scholar have been profoundly impacted by Darlene Wilson. Darlene opened her heart and home to my family and me, baking fresh cookies, sharing books, and making the best damned sweet tea I’ve ever had. Darlene, thank you for challenging me, confronting me, forgiving me, and accepting me. I am forever in your debt. The entire point of “going to the people” was spurred by Dr. Anita Puckett. She challenged me and insisted I go back to my anthropological roots and speak to the people. Thank you for your mentoring and kindness as I pursued this topic. I must also acknowledge the discourse, friendship, and comraderie of my study buddy, Dr. Kimberly Yost. Thank you for the late night discussions and willingness to share lodging at residencies and dispelling the imposter syndrome for me. Most of all, I need to thank my best friend, my other half, the man who has taken this journey with me for over 30 years—my husband Dr. David Stachowicz. You have not only given encouragement, but listened to me cry as stress mounted, and picked up the slack at home and with our family while I spent time (and money) traveling and researching. Because of you, I am at my best. I love you more than you will ever know. Thanks for knowing how important this research is to me and encouraging me to follow my dreams. ii Lastly, I want to dedicate this project to my brother, James Michael Campbell, who died before he could see me finish. He was always proud of his big sisters, and will always be remembered fondly as my “favorite brother.” I wish you were here Jimmy. iii Abstract The desire to claim an ethnicity may be in response to an institutional and systemic political movement towards multiculturalism where ethnic difference is something to be recognized and celebrated (Jimenez, 2010; Tatum, 1997). Those who were a member of a dominant or advantaged group took that element of their identity for granted (Tatum, 1997). Identity work has included reflections and congruence between how individuals see themselves and how they perceive others to see them, including Optimal Distinctiveness Theory where one determines the optimal amount of individual distinctiveness needed to feel a healthy group and personal identity (Brewer, 2012). When most of the people one is surrounded by can verify and support an accepted identity construction, the process is less complicated, and attention is not drawn to the differences because there are very few, if any. As the dominant culture becomes increasingly bombarded with the celebratory aspects of an ethnic identity, it is likely that one will begin searching for one’s own (Jimenez, 2010; Tatum, 1997). This study will present portraits of individuals who are considering an ethnic identity as they are searching for belonging and inclusion from the group with which they desire to identify. In short, through the use of portraiture, I intend to privilege the voices and experiences of several co-researchers as they describe their lives, explain whether or not they have accepted or rejected a Melungeon identity, how they came to that decision, and what it means in their lived experience. This dissertation is accompanied by the author’s MP4 video introduction, as well as 15 MP4 videos of the co- researchers who participated in this study (see the List of Supplemental Media Files). The electronic version of this Dissertation is at OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Supplemental Media Files ....................................................................................................x Chapter I: Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Position of Researcher ...............................................................................................................1 The Purpose of This Dissertation ...............................................................................................2 The Melungeon Identity Movement ..........................................................................................3 Racial Identification and Politics .........................................................................................4 Social Influence on Melungeon Ethnicity ............................................................................8 Melungeon Identity ............................................................................................................11 Discussion ..........................................................................................................................17 Philosophical and Theoretical Framework ..............................................................................19
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African American Culture
    g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n ν Most African-Americans are Christians of various denominations, such as Episcopal and Methodist or a combination of the two. They are also Baptist, Lutheran and he following information is provided to help Catholics as well as a number of Tyou become more aware of your patients’ and Pentecostals and Jehovah’s Witnesses. coworkers’ views, traditions, and actions. While you can use this information as a guide, ν African-Americans are a mainstay in the American entertainment culture in such keep in mind that all people within a culture fields as professional sports, cinema, are not the same. Be sure to ask your patients journalism and music. and their families about specific beliefs, practices, and customs that may be relevant ν You should address the patient in a and important during medical treatment and courteous manner. All people, without hospitalization. regard to culture, race, gender and disability, want to be treated with respect When describing the African-American culture, and courtesy. the following information could apply to African-Americans from all of the states, as ν Although most African-Americans were well as some African-Americans living outside born in the United States, a sizable of the United States. Each piece of number have come from such African information does not necessarily apply to all countries like: Nigeria, and Zaire/Congo. people of African-American descent. i n t e r - p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s relationship roles personal space ν Religion and extended family are traditionally ν Many African-Americans are outspoken, and very important among African-Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Educational and Labor Market Outcomes of Ghanaian, Liberian
    Educational and labor market outcomes of Ghanaian, Liberian, Nigerian, and Sierra Leonean Americans, 2010–2017 Ernesto F. L. Amaral Texas A&M University, [email protected] Arthur Sakamoto Texas A&M University, [email protected] Courtney Nelson Sweet Briar College, [email protected] Sharron X. Wang Texas A&M University, [email protected] Abstract Research on immigrant African Americans is slowly increasing, but more studies are needed particularly in regard to specific ethnic groups and their second-generation offspring. We investigate socioeconomic outcomes among second-generation African Americans focusing on those from English-speaking countries in West Africa including Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone (GLNS). We use data from the 2010–2017 Current Population Surveys to impute ethnicity on the basis of country of parental birth. Results for generalized ordered logit models for men reveal that GLNS are more likely to have a bachelor’s degree than third-plus-generation whites, third-plus-generation blacks, second-generation whites, other-second-generation blacks, but not second-generation Asians. Among women, GLNS are more likely to have a bachelor’s degree than all of these groups. OLS estimates of regressions of wages show that net of education, age, marital status, and having children, GLNS men are not disadvantaged relative to third-plus-generation whites in contrast to the disadvantage of 7 percent for other-second- generation blacks and 18 percent for third-plus-generation blacks. In regard to women, neither GLNS nor other-second-generation blacks are disadvantaged relative to third-plus-generation whites in contrast to the disadvantage of 8 percent for third-plus-generation blacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Ricans at the Dawn of the New Millennium
    puerto Ricans at the Dawn of New Millennium The Stories I Read to the Children Selected, Edited and Biographical Introduction by Lisa Sánchez González The Stories I Read to the Children documents, for the very first time, Pura Belpré’s contributions to North Puerto Ricans at American, Caribbean, and Latin American literary and library history. Thoroughly researched but clearly written, this study is scholarship that is also accessible to general readers, students, and teachers. Pura Belpré (1899-1982) is one of the most important public intellectuals in the history of the Puerto Rican diaspora. A children’s librarian, author, folklorist, translator, storyteller, and puppeteer who began her career the Dawn of the during the Harlem Renaissance and the formative decades of The New York Public Library, Belpré is also the earliest known Afro-Caribeña contributor to American literature. Soy Gilberto Gerena Valentín: New Millennium memorias de un puertorriqueño en Nueva York Edición de Carlos Rodríguez Fraticelli Gilberto Gerena Valentín es uno de los personajes claves en el desarrollo de la comunidad puertorriqueña Edwin Meléndez and Carlos Vargas-Ramos, Editors en Nueva York. Gerena Valentín participó activamente en la fundación y desarrollo de las principales organizaciones puertorriqueñas de la postguerra, incluyendo el Congreso de Pueblos, el Desfile Puertorriqueño, la Asociación Nacional Puertorriqueña de Derechos Civiles, la Fiesta Folclórica Puertorriqueña y el Proyecto Puertorriqueño de Desarrollo Comunitario. Durante este periodo también fue líder sindical y comunitario, Comisionado de Derechos Humanos y concejal de la Ciudad de Nueva York. En sus memorias, Gilberto Gerena Valentín nos lleva al centro de las continuas luchas sindicales, políticas, sociales y culturales que los puertorriqueños fraguaron en Nueva York durante el periodo de a Gran Migracíón hasta los años setenta.
    [Show full text]
  • How Did the Civil Rights Movement Impact the Lives of African Americans?
    Grade 4: Unit 6 How did the Civil Rights Movement impact the lives of African Americans? This instructional task engages students in content related to the following grade-level expectations: • 4.1.41 Produce clear and coherent writing to: o compare and contrast past and present viewpoints on a given historical topic o conduct simple research summarize actions/events and explain significance Content o o differentiate between the 5 regions of the United States • 4.1.7 Summarize primary resources and explain their historical importance • 4.7.1 Identify and summarize significant changes that have been made to the United States Constitution through the amendment process • 4.8.4 Explain how good citizenship can solve a current issue This instructional task asks students to explain the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on African Claims Americans. This instructional task helps students explore and develop claims around the content from unit 6: Unit Connection • How can good citizenship solve a current issue? (4.8.4) Formative Formative Formative Formative Performance Task 1 Performance Task 2 Performance Task 3 Performance Task 4 How did the 14th What role did Plessy v. What impacts did civic How did Civil Rights Amendment guarantee Ferguson and Brown v. leaders and citizens have legislation affect the Supporting Questions equal rights to U.S. Board of Education on desegregation? lives of African citizens? impact segregation Americans? practices? Students will analyze Students will compare Students will explore how Students will the 14th Amendment to and contrast the citizens’ and civic leaders’ determine the impact determine how the impacts that Plessy v.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 25, No
    VOLUME 34, NO. 2 March 2014 http://vipclubmn.org FUTURE EVENT CALENDAR March 5 10:00 AM Board Meeting UNISYS, Eagan March 12 7:00 PM Social hour and speaker UNISYS, Eagan April 2 10:00 AM Board Meeting UNISYS, Roseville April 16 9:00 AM FREE Volunteer Breakfast VFW, Roseville May 7 10:00 AM Board Meeting UNISYS, Eagan May 14 7:00 PM Social hour and speaker UNISYS, Eagan MARCH PROGRAM: APRIL PROGRAM: Organic Farming Cooperatives Volunteer Recognition Breakfast March 12th, 7 PM - at the UNISYS, Eagan Visitors’ April 16th, 9:00 AM – The VIP Club will host the conference room. Preston Green is our invited speaker. annual Recognition Breakfast at the Roseville VFW for Mr. Green grew up on an Organic Valley Farm. Since Club members who performed volunteer services in 1992 his family has farmed the land organically and 2013. [Please review the “Volunteer Breakfast takes a certain pride in doing so. His family has since Schedule and 2013 Survey Form” on Pages 6 & 7 or moved to Virginia and is farming with the same on-line at http://vipclubmn.org/volunteer.html.] principles there as they did in Southwest Wisconsin. April is National Volunteer Month; our Breakfast Being a part of the Farmer-Owned Cooperative allows honors all VIP Club members who perform volunteer his family and many others access to a market place services wherever they reside. Last year, the 101 VIP that individually the over 1800 farmers would not have Club members who responded to our 2012 Survey, the opportunity to enjoy. donated over 21,000 hours to various organizations in Organic Valley and CROPP Cooperative is governed Minnesota, Arizona, Illinois, Texas, and Wisconsin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Free State of Winston"
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2019 Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston" Susan Neelly Deily-Swearingen University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Deily-Swearingen, Susan Neelly, "Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston"" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2444. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2444 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REBEL REBELS: RACE, RESISTANCE, AND REMEMBRANCE IN THE FREE STATE OF WINSTON BY SUSAN NEELLY DEILY-SWEARINGEN B.A., Brandeis University M.A., Brown University M.A., University of New Hampshire DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May 2019 This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, J. William Harris, Professor of History Jason Sokol, Professor of History Cynthia Van Zandt, Associate Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Gregory McMahon, Professor of Classics Victoria E. Bynum, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History, Texas State University, San Marcos On April 18, 2019 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scotch-Irish in America. ' by Samuel, Swett Green
    32 American Antiquarian Society. [April, THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA. ' BY SAMUEL, SWETT GREEN. A TRIBUTE is due from the Puritan to the Scotch-Irishman,"-' and it is becoming in this Society, which has its headquar- ters in the heart of New England, to render that tribute. The story of the Scotsmen who swarmed across the nar- row body of water which separates Scotland from Ireland, in the seventeenth century, and who came to America in the eighteenth century, in large numbers, is of perennial inter- est. For hundreds of years before the beginning of the seventeenth centurj' the Scot had been going forth con- tinually over Europe in search of adventure and gain. A!IS a rule, says one who knows him \yell, " he turned his steps where fighting was to be had, and the pay for killing was reasonably good." ^ The English wars had made his coun- trymen poor, but they had also made them a nation of soldiers. Remember the "Scotch Archers" and the "Scotch (juardsmen " of France, and the delightful story of Quentin Durward, by Sir Walter Scott. Call to mind the " Scots Brigade," which dealt such hard blows in the contest in Holland with the splendid Spanish infantry which Parma and Spinola led, and recall the pikemen of the great Gustavus. The Scots were in the vanguard of many 'For iickiiowledgments regarding the sources of information contained in this paper, not made in footnotes, read the Bibliographical note at its end. ¡' 2 The Seotch-líiáh, as I understand the meaning of the lerm, are Scotchmen who emigrated to Ireland and such descendants of these emigrants as had not through intermarriage with the Irish proper, or others, lost their Scotch char- acteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Race-Class Interactions in Stereotyping
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1998 Race-Class Interactions in Stereotyping Claudine Hoffman Truong Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Psychology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Truong, Claudine Hoffman, "Race-Class Interactions in Stereotyping" (1998). Masters Theses. 1766. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1766 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THESIS REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates (who have written formal theses) SUBJECT: Permission to Reproduce Theses The University Library is receiving a number of request from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow these to be copied . PLEASE SIGN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university or the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. I / 2 1 /fa Date I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University NOT allow my thesis to be reproduced because: Author's Signature Date thesis4.f orm Race-class Interactions in Stereotyping (TITLE) BY Claudine Hoffman Truong J lf 7~ - THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILIJNOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States During the Early Twentieth Century
    Of Double-Blooded Birth: A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States during the Early Twentieth Century Jemma Grace Carter Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies at the University of East Anglia, School of Arts, Media, and American Studies January 2020 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived therefrom must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract Often homogenised into broader narratives of African-American history, the historical experience of mixed-race women of black-white descent forms the central research focus of this thesis. Examining the lives of such women offers a valuable insight into how notions of race, class, gender and physical aesthetics were understood, articulated and negotiated throughout the United States during the early-twentieth century. Through an analysis of wide-ranging primary source material, from letters, diaries and autobiographies to advertisements, artwork and unpublished poetry, this thesis provides an interdisciplinary contribution to the field of Critical Mixed Race Studies, and African- American history. It builds on existing interpretations of the Harlem Renaissance by considering the significance of mixed-racial heritage on the formation of literature produced by key individuals over the period. Moreover, this research reveals that many of the visual and literary sources typically studied in isolation in fact informed one another, and had a profound impact on how factors such as beauty, citizenship, and respectability intersected, and specifically influenced the lives of mixed-race women.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colorblind Turn in Indian Country: Lumbee Indians, Civil Rights, and Tribal State Formation
    The Colorblind Turn in Indian Country: Lumbee Indians, Civil Rights, and Tribal State Formation by Harold Walker Elliott A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Professor Philip Deloria, Co-Chair, Harvard University Professor Matthew Lassiter, Co-Chair Associate Professor Matthew Countryman Professor Barbra Meek Professor Tiya Miles, Harvard University Harold Walker Elliott [email protected] ORCID iD 0000-0001-5387-3188 © Harold Walker Elliott 2019 DEDICATION To my father and mother, Hal and Lisa Elliott And for Lessie Sweatt McCloud, her ancestors, and her descendants ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of eight years of graduate study and nearly a decade of research, writing, and editing. The result is deeply imperfect. Its faults come from my many shortcomings as an author. For anything this project does accomplish, I owe credit to the many people who have helped me along the way. Completing this project would have been impossible without the love, support, and inspiration of my parents, Hal and Lisa Elliott. During my upbringing, they instilled the values that guided me through the moral choices that a project like this one entails. My mother and her family have always been the driving forces behind my research into Lumbee and American Indian history. My father, a reluctant physician, passed down his fondness for history and dream of writing it. In the many difficult moments over the past eight years, my parents steadied me with long hugs or reassuringly familiar, South Carolina-accented voices on the phone.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains Jacob J
    Informing Science InSITE - “Where Parallels Intersect” June 2003 Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains Jacob J. Podber, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA [email protected] Abstract This project looks at Internet usage within the Melungeon community of Appalachia. Although much has been written on the coal mining communities of Appalachia and on ethnicity within the region, there has been little written on electronic media usage by Appalachian communities, most notably the Melun- geons. The Melungeons are a group who settled in the Appalachian Mountains as early as 1492, of apparent Mediterranean descent. Considered by some to be tri-racial isolates, to a certain extent, Melungeons have been culturally constructed, and largely self-identified. According to the founder of a popular Me- lungeon Web site, the Internet has proven an effective tool in uncovering some of the mysteries and folklore surrounding the Melungeon community. This Web site receives more than 21,000 hits a month from Melungeons or others interested in the group. The Melungeon community, triggered by recent books, films, and video documentaries, has begun to use the Internet to trace their genealogy. Through the use of oral history interviews, this study examines how Melungeons in Appalachia use the Internet to connect to others within their community and to the world at large. Keywords : Internet, media, digital divide, Appalachia, rural, oral history, ethnography, sociology, com- munity Introduction In Rod Carveth and Susan Kretchmer’s paper “The Digital Divide in Western Europe,” (presented at the 2002 International Summer Conference on Communication and Technology) the authors examined how age, income and gender were predictors of the digital divide in Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota
    Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota edited by Michael D. Greco Fifth Edition January 2005 Center for Urban and Regional Affairs A publication of the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (CURA), an all- University applied research and technical assistance center at the University of Minnesota that connects faculty and students with community organizations and public institutions working on significant public policy issues in Minnesota. The content of this publication is the responsibility of the author and is not necessarily endorsed by CURA or the University of Minnesota. © 2005 by The Regents of the University of Minnesota. This publication may be reproduced in its entirety (except photographs or other materials reprinted here with permission from other sources) in print or electronic form, for noncommercial educational and nonprofit use only, provided that two copies of the resulting publication are sent to the CURA editor at the address below and that the following acknowledgement is included: “Reprinted with permission of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (CURA).” For information regarding commercial reprints or reproduction of portions of this publication, contact the CURA editor at the address below. Publication No. CURA 05-1 (1500 copies) This publication is available in alternate formats upon request. Cover art by Pat Rouse Printed with agribased inks on recycled paper with a minimum of 20% postconsumer waste. Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (CURA) University of Minnesota 330 HHH Center 301—19th Avenue South Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 phone: 612-625-1551 fax: 612-626-0273 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.cura.umn.edu The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation.
    [Show full text]