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Alluvial-Fan Sedimentation of the Cutler Formation (Permo-Pennsylvanian) Near Gateway, Colorado

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Alluvial-Fan Sedimentation of the Cutler Formation (Permo-Pennsylvanian) Near Gateway, Colorado Alluvial-fan sedimentation of the Cutler Formation (Permo-Pennsylvanian) near Gateway, Colorado GREG H. MACK Department of Earth Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 KEITH A. RASMUSSEN Phillips Petroleum Company, 101 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102 ABSTRACT esses (Hubert, 1960; Baars, 1962; Mack, 1977; Campbell, 1979, 1980). Alluvial-fan sediment can provide important paleogeographic and paleo- The Permo-Pennsylvanian Cutler Formation near Gateway, Colo- tectonic information, not only about conditions within the basin of deposi- rado, is the most complete (1,334 m) proximal section of alluvial-fan tion, but also about conditions in the source area. Experimental fan sediments deposited along the western flank of the Ancestral Uncom- studies and observations on modern alluvial fans indicate fan morphology, pahgre uplift. Cutler facies can be correlated with depositional processes and surface processes are controlled by both allocyclic variables, such as observed on modern "dry" alluvial fans. Proximal Cutler facies include climate and tectonism, and autocyclic variables, such as channel diversion matrix-supported bouldery debris-flow and channel-form streamflood and bar migration, that are inherent to fan depositional systems (Eckis, conglomerates. Midfan sedimentation in the Cutler is represented by 1928; Hooke, 1967; Williams, 1973; Steel and Wilson, 1975; Schumm, trough-cross-bedded, granular, braided-stream sandstones, laterally con- 1977). The ability to differentiate between these variables is critical to the tinuous streamflood conglomerates, and sheetflood deposits. Laterally con- interpretation of geologic events. One problem is converting changes in fan tinuous streamflood conglomerate was deposited at the mouth of large morphology and depositional processes observed on modern and experi- channels near the intersection point and consists of a cross-bed set as much mental fans into vertical changes in facies and grain size in an ancient as 2 m thick with a basal boulder-cobble lag. Rippled and laminated sedimentary sequence. With the exception of the relationship between siltstone with gravel channels represents distal sheetflood sedimentation. Pedogenic features include rhizocretions and calcareous nodules. Vertical changes in facies and maximum clast size delineate three megasequences on the scale of hundreds of metres thick. Each mega- sequence is composed of a coarsening-upward sequence of proximal facies overlain by a fining-upward sequence of more distal facies. Coarsening- upward sequences record periods of tectonic uplift and fan progradation, whereas fining-upward sequences result from tectonic quiescence and weathering-back of the mountain front. Small-scale cycles on the scale of ten metres occur within the larger megasequences and represent changes inherent to the alluvial-fan system (autocyclic). Sedimentologic data on Cutler alluvial-fan sediments at Gateway support previous interpretations of semiarid or arid paleoclimate dur- ing Permian time along the western flank of Uncompahgria and may act as a standard of comparison for tests of the role of tectonism on sedimentation trends in the Paradox basin. INTRODUCTION Permo-Pennsylvanian sedimentation in Colorado was controlled by uplift of two separate blocks of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains: Uncom- pahgria on the west and Frontrangia-Apishapaia on the east (Mallory, 1972a; Fig. 1). Clastic wedges deposited as an apron around the uplifts include the Cutler Formation on the west flank of Uncompahgria, the Fountain and Lyons Formations on the east flank of Frontrangia and Apishapaia, and the Maroon, Minturn, and Sangre de Cristo Formations in the intermontane basin (Mallory, 1972a, 1972b). The thickness and coarse grain size of the terrigenous detritus indicate that the source terrain Figure 1. Generalized paleogeography of the Ancestral Rocky had high relief, and arkosic composition reflects derivation from uplifts Mountains and position of the Permo-Pennsylvanian equator. Large cored by crystalline rocks (Werner, 1974). Deposition directly adjacent to arrows represent inferred trade-wind direction; adapted from Mallory the Ancestral Rocky Mountain front was the result of alluvial-fan proc- (1972a) and Mack and others (1979). Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 109-116, 5 figs., January 1984. 109 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/95/1/109/3434420/i0016-7606-95-1-109.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 110 MACK AND RASMUSSEN tectonism and sedimentation in Permo-Triassic fan deposits in Scotland debris-flow deposits indicate that the channel-form conglomerate facies (Steel and Wilson, 1975) and Devonian alluvial-fan-fluvial deposits in was deposited in fanhead channels. Norway (Steel, 1976; Steel and others, 1977), and the role of climate in Laterally Continuous Streamflood Facies. These cobble-boulder Cambrian fan deposits in Texas (McGowen and Groat, 1971), geologists conglomerates have an erosive base and are clast-supported, tabular, and have failed to utilize a potentially powerful paleogeographic and paleo- laterally extensive for tens or hundreds of metres parallel to and perpen- tectonic tool. dicular to paleoslope. A basal-lag boulder and cobble conglomerate grades The present study examines the most complete proximal alluvial-fan upward into a single thick (2-m) trough cross-bed set composed of pebbles section of the Cutler Formation deposited on the western flank of Uncom- to coarse sand (Fig. 2c). This facies is relatively uncommon and represents pahgria (Mack, 1977). Depositional facies within the Cutler are related to about 2% of the total section. The basal lag and overlying cross-bed set modern alluvial-fan processes, and vertical changes in grain size and facies represent a single depositional event and imply flow depths of at least 4 m are related to allocyclic and autocyclic variables. and flow velocities that initially were high enough to transport boulders but subsequently were in the upper part of the lower flow regime. Thick METHODS (2-m) sets of cross-bedded gravelly sandstone in other ancient alluvial-fan sequences are interpreted to have resulted from streamflood deposition in Coarse arkosic alluvium of the Cutler Formation was deposited fanhead channels (Bluck, 1965; Steel, 1974; Brookfield, 1980). The thick directly adjacent to the ancient Uncompahgre uplift near Gateway, sets of cross-bedded gravelly arkose in the Cutler differ from previously Colorado (Fig. 1). Several measured sections were combined to form a described streamflood facies by being laterally extensive rather than complete section 1,334 m thick. The basal contact between the Cutler and channel-form, a characteristic that is not consistent with deposition in Precambrian crystalline rocks coincides with the Permo-Pennsylvanian steep-sided fanhead channels. Perhaps the laterally continuous streamflood boundary fault system, because northeast of the contact the Triassic Chinle facies of the Cutler was deposited near the intersection point, where chan- Formation lies directly on Precambrian rocks. Owing to the low angle of nels become shallower and wider before they merge with the midfan dip of the Cutler and to modern erosion, the construction of a complete surface. vertical section was possible only by measuring each partial section at a Braided-Stream Facies. Braided-stream sediment is characterized by location progressively southwest of the Cutler-Precambrian contact. This abundant trough cross-beds in sets 10 to 30 cm thick (Fig. 2c). Grain size direction corresponds roughly to fan paleoslope. Each partial section thus ranges from fine sand to granules, with local lenticular to massive bodies of was measured at an increasingly distal location relative to the ancient clast-supported pebbles and cobbles. Horizontal bedding is subordinate mountain front; the most distal partial section was deposited 7 to 10 km but commonly forms laterally extensive horizons 10 to 40 cm thick. The southwest of the basal section. The upper contact of the Cutler is an pebble-cobble conglomerates and horizontally laminated granular sand- angular unconformity between the near-horizontal Moenkopi Formation stones result from deposition of longitudinal bars under rapid flow condi- (Triassic) and the Cutler, which dips 4° to the southwest. tions (Williams, 1971). The abundant trough cross-beds form as dune bed forms migrate along the channel floor during intermittent high water CUTLER FORMATION FACIES (Allen, 1963, 1964; Harms and Fahnestock, 1965; Williams, 1968, 1969, 1971). Debris-Flow Facies Red to maroon, massive to poorly laminated, sandy micaceous mud- stone and thinly laminated brown claystone occur as lenticular to planar This facies consists of laterally continuous, extremely poorly sorted, beds within the braided-stream sediments. This fine-grained sediment is matrix-supported boulder conglomerate (Fig. 2a). Large clasts as much as interpreted as local overbank sediment that accumulated along migrating 600 cm in diameter float in a muddy to granular matrix. The basal contact braided channels (Anderson and Picard, 1974). Silt and clay are deposited with the underlying units is abrupt and non-erosive, and stratification is from suspension along bar tops or within cutoff secondary channels during rare. Sequences commonly coarsen upward as large boulders become waning flood stages and may be reworked by subsequent braided-stream concentrated near the top. Debris flows are restricted
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