DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Ceemical Treatments on the Abrasion Resistance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Ceemical Treatments on the Abrasion Resistance THE EFFECT OF CEEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE OF WOOLFABRICS A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by ATHANASIOS PEPPAS It, LIBRARY Being an account of work carried out under the supervision I of Dr. ' I. Holme l I The Department of Textile Industries, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT. February, 1981 Tttýýý T, ý oý 4 DEDICATED TO HAZEL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the late Professor A. Robson, Ph. D., C. -Chem., A. R. I. C., C. Text., F. T. I. in initiating this research and to Dr. I. Holme, B. Sc., Ph. D., C. Text., F. T. I., C. Col., F. S'D. C., for his constant guidance, invaluable advise and sustained interest throughout the preparation of the work. I am particularly indebted to the International Wool Secretariat for financing this research and to Professor P. Grosberg M. Sc., Ph. D., M. I. Mech. E., C. Text., F. T. I., for the opportunity to work in this department. I also wish to thank : Dr. T. Shaw and Dr. M. A. Ruahforth for helpful discussions. I. W.S. Technical Centre for technical assistance at various stages of the work. Dr. D. J. Johnson and Dr. M. G. Dobb and the Textile Physics Laboratory for provision of x-ray diffraction and SEM pictures. Mrs. V. Whitehead and the staff of the Clothworkers' Library for helpful assistance and to Mrs. J. Caiger and Miss H. A. Greenwood for typing this thesis. Finally, I would like to express my deep appreciation for the help and encouragement received over a long period of time from my parents who sacrificed much to ensure my education. LIBAgy Preface The low abrasion resistance of wool fabrics compared with many man-made fibre fabrics is known to be a frequent cause of consumer dissatisfaction particularly in pure wool suiting fabrics. Accordingly this project was undertaken to attempt to improve the abrasion resistance in order to maintain the quality image associated with wool fabrics and improve their market competitiveness vis-ä-vis other fabrics. - Although several workers have discussed the effects of particular finishes on specific fabrics, very little systematic investigation of the effects of chemical treatments on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics has been carried out. In the current study the difference in abrasion rates of woven wool fabrics composed of different structures have been studied in relation to the abrasion resistance and other relevant physical properties. The work carried out in this thesis is divided into two parts. A review of the literature is followed by a description of the experimental work carried out. The review of the literature summarises current views on the general mechanisms and factors involved in abrasion processes for textile fabrics and the effects of selective finishing treatments on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics. In addition details of the abrasion testing conditions used in this work for determining fabric abrasion resistance have been described. The' experimental work is concerned with the changes in wool fabric abrasion resistance produced by the following treatments: (i) Application of polymer shrink-resist finishes by padding and by exhaustion treatments, (ii) Treatment with organic solvents, (iii) Treatment with ethylene glycol at-1500C, (iv) Deamination and esterification, (v) High temperature steaming (130°C), (vi) Dyeing, (vii), Wet abrasion. Because of the great commercial importance of polymer shrink- resist finishes for wool fabrics, the main objects of the experimental work were to establish the effects of a range of polymer shrink-resist finishes applied by conventional padding and exhaustion techniques on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics and the mechanisms by which the abrasion resistance is improved. CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 THE ABRASION RESISTANCE OF TEXTILE FABRICS 1 1.1. Fabric Abrasion Mechanisms 6 1.2. Morphological Changes in Wool Fibres during Fabric Wear and Abrasion testing 9 1.3. Abrasion Testing 17 1.3.1. The Martindale Abrasion Tester 19 1.3.2. Factors Affecting the Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics 23 1.3.3. Assessment of Abrasion Damage (end-point) 28 1.4. Factors Determining Fabric Abrasion Resistance 29 1.4.1. Fibre Properties 29 1.4.1.1. Fibre dimensions and morphological characteristics 29 1.4.1.2. Mechanical properties of Fibres in Relation to Abrasion Resistance 30 1.4.1.2.1. Tensile Properties 32 1.4.1.2.2. Flexural properties 39 1.4.1.2.3. Shear Properties 39 1.5. Yarn Structure 40 1.5.1. Yarn Twist 42 1.5.2. Yarn Crimp 43 1.6. Fabric Structure 45 1.6.1. Threads per Centimetre 45 1.6.2. Weave Structure 46 1.6.3. Crown Height 48 1.7. Fibre Blending 49 1.8. The Effects of Selective Finishing Treatments on the Abrasion Resistance of Wool Fabrics 51 1.8.1. Binding Agents and Lubricants 51 1.8.2. Moisture Regain 52 1.8.3. The Effect of Heat 53 Page 1.8.4. The Effect of pH 57 1.8.5. The Effect of Shrink-resist Treatments 59 1.8.5.1. Subtractive processes 59 1.8.5.2. Additive processes 63 1.8.5.2.1. Monomer Processes 64 1.8.5.2.2. Prepolymer Processes 68 1.8.6. The Effects of Steam Treatments on the Abrasion Resistance of Wool Fabrics 77 1.9. The Effects of Dyeing. Processes on the Abrasion Resistance of Wool Fabrics 81 CHAPTER 2 The Effects of Polymer Shrink-resist treatments on the Abrasion resistance of woven wool'Fabrics 95 2.1. Introduction and Objectives 95 2.2. Shrinkage in Wool Fabrics 95 2.2.1. Relaxation shrinkage 96 2.2.2. Felting shrinkage-Mechanisms and Theories 97 2.3. The Control of Felting Shrinkage 99 2.4. Preliminary Studies of Polymer shrink-resist treatments 101 2.4.1. Introduction and Objectives 101 2.4.2. Experimental 102 2.4.3" Results and Discussion 116 2.4.3.1" Martindale Abrasion Resistance (MAR) 116- 2.4.3.2. Rate of fabric weight loss during abrasion testing 128 " 2.4.3.3. Fabric Bending Properties 142 2.4.3.4" Fabric Tensile Properties 151 2.4.4" Conclusions 151 2.5. Method of Polymer Application 159 2.5.1. Introduction and Objectives 159 2.5.2. Experimental 159 Page 2.5.3. Results and Discussion 162' 2.5.3.1. Martindale Abrasion Resistance (MAR) 162 f 2.5.3.2. Rate of Fabric weight loss during Abrasion testing 169 2.5.3.3. S. E. M. Studies of Polymer-treated fabrics 181 2.5.3.4. Fabric pilling-mechanism of fabric wear 185 2.5.3.5. Fabric Bending Properties 189 2.5.3.6. Fabric Tensile Properties 197 2.5.4. Conclusi ons 203` 2.6. Synergism in Abrasion resistance and Shrink-resistance 205 2.6.1. Introduction and Objectives 205 2.6.2. Experimental 206 2.6.3. Results and Discussion 208- 2.6.3.1. Abrasion Resistance 208, E 2.6.3.2. Rate of Fabric weight loss 212 ' 2.6.3.3. ' Fabric Pilling 215 2.6.3.4. Fabric Tensile Properties 217 2.6.3.5. Fabric Bending Properties 220 2.6.3.6. Shrink-Resist Effectiveness and Abrasion Resistance 223 2.6.3.7. Flex Abrasion Resistance 228 2.6.4. Conclusions 231---- 2.7. The Effects of Cubex Testing 233 2.7.1. Introduction and Objectives 233 2.7.2. Experimental 234 2.7.3. Results and Discussion 235 2.7.3.1. Shrink-resist Effectiveness 235 2.7.3.2. Martindale Abrasion Resistance (MAR) 238---- 2.7-3-3. Changes in Fabric Properties as a result of 3 hour washing test 242 2.7.3.4. The effects of blowing on the abrasion resistance and pilling of woollen flannel 250 2.7.3.5. Crease Recovery Angle 250 Page 2.7.4. Conclusions 259 2.8. The effects of Polyacrylate shrink-resist treatments 262 2.8.1. Introduction and Objectives 262 2.8.2. Experimental 263 2.8.3. Results and Discussion 266 2.8.3.1. Fabric Area Felting Shrinkage 266 2.8.3.?. Martindale Abrasion Resistance (MAR) 270 2.8.3.3. Fabric Tensile Properties 274 2.8.3.4. Flex Abrasion Resistance 277 2.8.3.5. Fabric Bending Properties 277 2.8.4. Conclusions 282 CHAPTER 3 The Effects of Organic Solvents on the Abrasion Resistance of Woven Wool Fabrics 285 3.1. Introduction and Objectives 285 Section 3.2.287 3.2.1. Experimental 287 3.2.2. Results and Discussion 290 3.2.2.1. Martindale Abrasion Resistance (MAR) 290 3.2.2.2. Fabric Tensile Properties 299 3.2.2.3. Cyclic Stress-strain Properties 304 3.2.2.4. Fabric Bending Properties 308 Section 3.3. 310 3.3.1. Introduction 310 3.3.2. Experimental 310 3.3.3. Results and Discussion 312 3.3.3.1. Martindale . abrasion resistance 312 Section 3.4. 329 3.4.1" Experimental. 329 3.4.2. Results and Discussion 333 3.4.2.1. Flex Abrasion Resistance 333 3.4.2.2. Fabric Surface Frictional Properties 336 Page 3.4.2.3. Fabric Area Felting Shrinkage (F. A. F. S. ) 341 . 3.4.2.4. Crease Recovery Angle (CRA) 345 3.4: 2.5" X-ray diffraction studies 354 3.5" Conclusions 354 CHAPTER 4 The Effects of Ethylene Glycol at 1500C on the Abrasion Resi stance of Woven Wool Fabrics 357 4.1. Introduction and Objectives 357 4.2. Experimental 358 4.3. Results and Discussion 359 4.3.1. Cyclic Stress-strain Properties 359 4.3.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indigenising the Interior of Some Selected Hotels in Enugu Metropolis Through the Production of Textile, Using Igbo Motifs
    International Journal of Art and Art History December 2020, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 24-39 ISSN: 2374-2321 (Print), 2374-233X (Online) Copyright © The Author(s).All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijaah.v8n2p3 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijaah.v8n2p3 Indigenising the Interior of Some Selected Hotels in Enugu Metropolis through the Production of Textile, using Igbo Motifs Adaeze Q. Silas-Ufelle1 and Pius A. Ntagu2 Abstract It was observed that interior of hotels in Enugu metropolis are predominantly adorned with foreign fabrics that do not reflect the culture of the host communities. The essence of actualizing and stabilizing the economy, especially the hospitality industry in Enugu metropolis implies employing all workable parameters that can restructure the cultural and economic growth of the people positively. Therefore, there is need to indigenize the interiors of hospitality industry in Enugu using Igbo traditional motifs. Selected hotels were used to mirror this attenuation by employing the Igbo unique traditional symbols and mural designs to acculturate their interior environments. Qualitative research was adopted and snowball sampling was used for the selection of hotels. As a studio area, the work employed the transfer of developed designs on fabrics with the aids of batik, tie-dye and screen printing method of fabric production. The final fabric works were produced to satisfy the various end uses relevant to hotel interiors and to provide materials for documentations as a means of projecting the esteemed culture of Enugu metropolis in particular and Ndigbo in general. The studio experimentation employed mixed media and construction techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Instant Conductors
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2015 Instant Conductors Mary Petralia University of Central Florida Part of the Creative Writing Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Petralia, Mary, "Instant Conductors" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1466. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1466 INSTANT CONDUCTORS by MARY PETRALIA A.A. Eastern Florida State College, 2008 B.A. University of Central Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing in the Department of English in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2015 Major Professor: Russ Kesler © 2015 Mary Petralia ii ABSTRACT Instant Conductors is a collection of poems meant to engage the reader in conversation about the imperfect nature of the world in relation to the imperfect nature of readerly experience. Walt Whitman wrote, “I have instant conductors all over me whether I pass or stop / they seize every object and lead it harmlessly through me.” And so the things on these pages are intent on transmitting what one experiences in the minutiae of memory and routine: the sounds that surround a blackwater tidepool, what one imagines happens behind the closed doors of the friendly neighbors, or what’s heard in the whispers of an elderly man sitting in a waiting room.
    [Show full text]
  • Textile Printing
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, North Carolina, 27513 • Telephone (919) 678-2220 ISP 1004 TEXTILE PRINTING This report is sponsored by the Importer Support Program and written to address the technical needs of product sourcers. © 2003 Cotton Incorporated. All rights reserved; America’s Cotton Producers and Importers. INTRODUCTION The desire of adding color and design to textile materials is almost as old as mankind. Early civilizations used color and design to distinguish themselves and to set themselves apart from others. Textile printing is the most important and versatile of the techniques used to add design, color, and specialty to textile fabrics. It can be thought of as the coloring technique that combines art, engineering, and dyeing technology to produce textile product images that had previously only existed in the imagination of the textile designer. Textile printing can realistically be considered localized dyeing. In ancient times, man sought these designs and images mainly for clothing or apparel, but in today’s marketplace, textile printing is important for upholstery, domestics (sheets, towels, draperies), floor coverings, and numerous other uses. The exact origin of textile printing is difficult to determine. However, a number of early civilizations developed various techniques for imparting color and design to textile garments. Batik is a modern art form for developing unique dyed patterns on textile fabrics very similar to textile printing. Batik is characterized by unique patterns and color combinations as well as the appearance of fracture lines due to the cracking of the wax during the dyeing process. Batik is derived from the Japanese term, “Ambatik,” which means “dabbing,” “writing,” or “drawing.” In Egypt, records from 23-79 AD describe a hot wax technique similar to batik.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Independent Mesh Modeling for Textile Composites
    EVALUATION OF INDEPENDENT MESH MODELING FOR TEXTILE COMPOSITES A Thesis by JEFFREY SCOTT MCQUIEN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, John D. Whitcomb Committee Members, Mohammad Naraghi Terry Creasy Head of Department, Rodney Bowersox May 2017 Major Subject: Aerospace Engineering Copyright 2017 Jeffrey Scott McQuien ABSTRACT The Independent Mesh Method (IMM) was used to analyze stress distributions within a unit cell model for a symmetrically stacked plain weave textile composite. Results from these analyses were compared to those of conventional finite element analyses, which are well established. Preliminary comparisons showed extreme dis- agreement between the two methodologies. Further investigation into the source of these differences led to significant corrections to the IMM implementation. After these updates, much better agreement between the two methodologies was observed; however, noticeable differences were still present. The remaining differences were characterized using a simple two-inclusion model upon which the impacts of the penalty displacement method, which the IMM relies upon heavily, were more appar- ent. It was shown that the implementation of the penalty displacement method for maintaining approximate displacement continuity between two surfaces induces sig- nificant error in stress distributions close to the interface. While these effects are less noticeable in the plain weave model, they are still present and diminish the fidelity of stress information in important tow-matrix interface regions, prohibiting the reliable prediction of damage initiation and growth. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father, without whom, it would have never been.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tustenegee 14 How Has Pioneer Linens Lasted 100 Years? ‘It Feels Like Home
    The Tustenegee 14 How has Pioneer Linens lasted 100 years? ‘It feels like home by Jan Tuckwood, Palm Beach Post Writer Re-printed with permission by The Palm Beach Post When Toby Keller’s daughter, Chelsea, got engaged, Keller knew what they must do: Go to Pioneer Linens so the bride-to-be could learn how a proper lady handles proper linens. There was just one woman who could teach her: Penny Murphy, president of Pioneer and Keller’s longtime friend. Drawing of the original Pioneer Linens storefront. Courtesy Penny Murphy. 15 April 2012 Linens are Murphy’s lineage, after all. From hardware store can run a profitable business.” She is the granddaughter of the man to luxury linens boutique Daughter Penny had no intention of who founded Pioneer 100 years ago Pioneer opened in 1912, the same running the store at all. She earned and the daughter of the dapper George year the Titanic sank, taking so many a master’s degree in early childhood Greenberg, the “Mayor of Clematis Victorian traditions of civility down with education and ran a school for several Street,” who ran Pioneer for 60 years it. years in Wellington. When her three and turned it into a destination. For Lake Worth was barely settled, let children - Alan, 31, Marissa, 29, and young ladies like Chelsea, this is a rite of alone civil, when Max Greenberg Camille, 26 - were born, she became “the passage: You get the diamond ring, then opened his “Pioneer Hardware” store ultimate room mother,” volunteering and you get the Pioneer lesson.
    [Show full text]
  • Fashion Arts. Curriculum RP-54. INSTITUTION Ontario Dept
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 048 223 SP 007 137 TITLE Fashion Arts. Curriculum RP-54. INSTITUTION Ontario Dept. of Education, Toronto. PUB LATE 67 NOTE 34p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Clothing Instruction, *Curriculum Guides, Distributive Education, *Grade 11, *Grade 12, *Hcme Economics, Interior Design, *Marketing, Merchandising, Textiles Instruction AESTRACT GRADES OR AGES: Grades 11 and 12. SUBJECT MATTER: Fashicn arts and marketing. ORGANIZATION AND PHkSTCAL APPEARANCE: The guide is divided into two main sections, one for fashion arts and one for marketing, each of which is further subdivided into sections fcr grade 11 and grade 12. Each of these subdivisions contains from three to six subject units. The guide is cffset printed and staple-todnd with a paper cover. Oi:IJECTIVE3 AND ACTIVITIES' Each unit contains a short list of objectives, a suggested time allotment, and a list of topics to he covered. There is only occasional mention of activities which can he used in studying these topics. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Each unit contains lists of books which relate either to the unit as a whole or to subtopics within the unit. In addition, appendixes contain a detailed list of equipment for the fashion arts course and a two-page billiography. STUDENT A. ,'SSMENT:No provision. (RT) U $ DEPARTMENT OF hEALTH EOUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF THIS DOCUMENTEOUCATION HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACT' VAS RECEIVED THE PERSON OR FROM INAnNO IT POINTSORGANIZATION ()RIG IONS STATED OF VIEW OR DO NUT OPIN REPRESENT OFFICIAL NECESSARILY CATION
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the Patterns Formed by Primary Textile Structures and Their Photographic Abstraction
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 9-22-1976 A comparison of the patterns formed by primary textile structures and their photographic abstraction Pamela Perlman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Perlman, Pamela, "A comparison of the patterns formed by primary textile structures and their photographic abstraction" (1976). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis Proposal for the Master of Fine Arts De gree Collee;e of Fine and Applj_ed .Arts Rochester Institute of Technology Title: A Comparison of the Fatterns Formed by Primary Textile structures and their Phot ographic Abstraction Submitted by: Pamela Anne Perlman Date: September 22, 1976 Thesis Co mm it te~: Nr . Donald Du jnowski I-Ir. I,l az Lenderman hr. Ed 1iiller Depart~ental Approval : Date :-:--g---li6~-r-71-b-r-/ ----- ---------~~~~~'~~~r------------------------- Chairman of the School for American Craftsme:l: ___-r-----,,~---- ____ Da t e : ---.:...,'?7~JtJ--J7~i,-=-~ ___ _ Chairr.ian of the Gr3.duate Prog:rarn: ------------------------~/~~/~. --- Date: ___________________~ /~~,~~;j~~, (~/_' ~i~/~: 7 / Final Committee Decision: Date: ----------------------- Thesis Proposal for the Master of Fine Arts Degree College of Fine and Applied Arts Rochester Institute of Technology Title: A Comparison of the Patterns Frmed by Primary Textile Structures and their Photographic Abstraction My concern in textiles is with structure and materials. I v/ould like to do v/all hangings based on primary textile structures such as knotting, looping, pile, balanced weaves, and tapestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Livelihoods of the Urban Poor in Kampala, Uganda an Institutional, Community, and Household Contextual Analysis
    Exploring livelihoods of the urban poor in Kampala, Uganda An institutional, community, and household contextual analysis Patrick Dimanin December 2012 Abstract he urban poor in Kampala, Uganda represent a large portion of the populationulationn ooff thtthehe caccapitalapipitatal ciccity,ityty, yyeyetet llilittleittttlele iiss Tdocumented about their livelihoods. The main objective of this study was to gain a generalgenerall understandingundndererststananddiingg of the livelihoods present amongst the population of the urban poor and the context in considered whichhicch theythheyy exist, so as to form a foundation for future programming. Three groups of urban poor in the city were identi ed through qualitative interviews: street children, squatters, and slum dwellers. Slum dwellers became the principal interest upon considering the context, aims and limits of the study. Qualitative interviews with key actors at community and household levels, questionnaires at a household level, and several other supplementary investigations formed the remainder of the study. Ultimately, six different livelihood strategies were identi ed and described: Non-poor Casual Labourers, Poor Casual Labourers, Non-quali ed Salary, Quali ed Salary, Vocation or Services, and Petty Traders and Street Vendors. Each of the livelihood strategies identi ed held vulnerabilities, though the severity of these varies between both the type of vulnerability and group. Vulnerabilities of the entire slum population of Kampala include land tenure issues, malnutrition monitoring, and enumeration information. Those at a community and area level include the risk of persistent ooding, unhygienic and unsanitary practices, and full realisation of bene ts of social networks. Finally, major household vulnerabilities included lack of urban agriculture, and lack of credit.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume Iy. Washington City, D. 0., March 29,1874. Number 4
    VOLUME IY. WASHINGTON CITY, D. 0., MARCH 29,1874. NUMBER 4. SENATE, Wednesday, Mar«h 28.—Mr. Hamlin in- out, which were all that the subject Is capable of. that Messrs. E. V. Hermangc and James R. Brewer had THE CAPITAL, troduced a bill to amend the act to incorporate the LOCKWOOD, HUFTY & TAYLOR, «23 Pennsylvania One Is that the effect-of the bill will be to postpone formed a copartnership for conducting It in the future, avenue, have received, and will open to-morrow, many National Union Savings Bank of the District of Co- PUBLISHED WEEKLY the resumption of specie payments and settled values The New» Is daily improving, its circulation Is steadily novelties in fancy goods for ladles and gentlemen's BT THE lumbia. indefinitely; and the other is that the people de- on th« lucrease, and its value as an advertising medium wear. Ladles wishing fancy articles for the coming The first important matter under discussion was thus enhanced. CAPITAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, mand of Congress to perform just such a foolish Easter festivities can purchase them of this firm at very the finance bill, to provide for the redemption and thing, and so it must be done. CAPITAL BITS. reasonable prices. 027 D Street, Washington, D, C. reissue of United States notes, and for free banking. There was no vote had, and the Senate adjourned The Cathedral Is to have a new organ at a cost appro: The novelties just received comprise plain and fancy Mr. Schurz moved to amend the bill by fixing the imating $10,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Addie Pietrowski - 8Th Grade Mackinaw Student - Tells About Her New Normal
    by Sandy Planisek Mackinaw News MI Safe Start - Governor to Restart Economy by Region and Workplaces The governor has a plan to slowly allow business to reopen based on the region of the state and the type of business. The governor extended her emergency declaration for 28 days. She announced that residential and commercial construction crews can return to work on May 7th. Also, real estate activities and outdoor work can resume as well as workers who fulfill orders for curb-side pick-up from non-necessary stores, to care for a family member or pet in another household, visit people in health-care facilities, attend a funeral with 10 or less people, attend addiction meetings, and view real estate by appointment. Prohibited is travel to vacation rentals. Read the details at https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MIEOG/2020/05/01/file_attachments/1441315/EO%202020-70.pdf May 3, 2020 page 1 Mackinaw News by Sandy Planisek No Prom - Help Celebrate With a Parade ! For Mackinaw’s Graduating Class Decorate your car and join a celebratory parade for Mackinaw’s graduating seniors on May 9th. Decorate your car, then proceed to the school parking lot at 7:45 pm for the line up. Parade begins at 8:30 pm. If you would rather stay home and are on the parade route, put out decorations or at least wave at the parade passes. Give these students the launch into their future that they deserve. Ron Dye May 3, 2020 page 2 Mackinaw News by Sandy Planisek MACKINAW CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS PRESCHOOL OPEN HOUSE AND REGISTRATION INFO The preschool open house has been canceled due to COVID-19 restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • African Lace
    Introduction Does changing an original material destroy its traditional context? If a material assumes new meaning or significance in a new context, is this inherently an appropriation of the object? What loss does this cause, and is it a positive change, a negative one, or neither? This lexicon revolves around African Lace. Through an analysis of this particular material, I broadly explain, craftsmanship, authenticity and reasons behind an object’s creation, including why and how it is made, from which materials, and how the object translates into a specific environment. Various kinds of objects are created in and relate to specific places and time periods. If situated in an environment in which it did not originate, the meaning of an object changes. In fact, the object is used from a new perspective. Although it is possible to reuse an object as a source of inspiration or research, it cannot be used as it was in its previous context. Thus, it is necessary to rethink the authenticity of an object when it is removed from its past context. History is important and can explain a materials origin, and it therefore warrants further attention. A lack of knowledge results in a loss of authenticity and originality of a historical material. In view of this, I develop this Lexicon to elaborate on the importance of this historical attention. It is interesting to consider how an object can influence a user in relation to emotional or even material value. The extent of this influence is uncertain, but it is a crucial aspect since any situation could diminish the value and the meaning of an object.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigo and the Tightening Thread ­ 1 ­ for the Journal of Weavers, Spinners and Dyers 231 Autumn 2009
    Indigo and the Tightening Thread ­ 1 ­ For the Journal of Weavers, Spinners and Dyers 231 Autumn 2009 Jane Callender Natural indigo and synthetic Many varieties of indigo bearing plants flourish in indigo are both available to us. hot and temperate climates all over the world A key date in textile history is and more than one can be found in any one 1856 when 18 year old assistant region. The European indigo bearing plant is chemist William Perkins, Isastis Tinctoria, known as woad. stumbled upon, developed and Although there are an incredible number of patented the first synthetic species and subspecies, ‘indican’, the actual dyestuff from coal tar. ‘Perkins chemical source and precursor of indigo, a tiny Purple’ became known as organic molecule, is common to all. (A Large Mauvine. Later the German percentage in the woad precursor is also indican, chemist Adolf von Baeyer with Isatan B making up the rest) Consequently synthesized indigo which was ‘…..the resulting blue is indistinguishable even to sold on the open market in the specialist’ (Balfour-Paul) 1897. Astonishingly, the Harvesting the plants, extracting the indican molecular structure of natural present within the leaves and storage of the and synthetic indigo, as it was indigo pigment differs from country to country. then and as it is now, is the Though glycosides and enzymes vary, as does the same. alkalinity level and temperature of the water in which leaves are immersed, the following Dyeing can only be done graphics illustrates, in essence, the acquisition of with indigo in its soluble form natural indigo through fermentation.
    [Show full text]