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The Origin of Timber Arch Bridges in China

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The Origin of Timber Arch Bridges in China Journal of JSCE, Vol. 2, 54-61, 2014 (Invited Paper) THE ORIGIN OF TIMBER ARCH BRIDGES IN CHINA Yan YANG1, Shozo NAKAMURA2, Baochun CHEN3 and Takafumi NISHIKAWA4 1Assistant researcher, College of Civil Eng., University of Fuzhou (2, Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou 350108. China) E-mail: [email protected] 2Member of JSCE, Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., Nagasaki University (1-14, Bukyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan) E-mail: [email protected] 3Professor, College of Civil Eng., University of Fuzhou (2, Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou 350108. China) E-mail: [email protected] 4Member of JSCE, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., Nagasaki University (1-14, Bukyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan) E-mail: [email protected] The main structure of timber arch bridges in China consists of two longitudinal polygonal arch systems made of straight logs. According to their present situation, location, and structural details, these timber arch bridges can be further divided into two types: one is exemplified by the non-extant ancient Bianhe rainbow bridge, and the other by the extant Min-zhe timber arch bridge. However, the historical origin of these two bridges is not clear and is still being argued. In this paper, the two types of timber arch bridges are struc- turally and historically analyzed and compared to determine which one is the pioneer from the techno- logical development viewpoint. Results of our research indicate that, compared with the Bianhe rainbow bridge, the Min-zhe timber arch bridge has better traffic performance and can provide additional service performance. The spandrel structure, X-bracings as well as inserted wood blocks among logs in the Min-zhe timber arch bridge play important parts in carrying loads and enhancing the integrity and stability of its main structure, while the covering house adds dead load to the main structure to improve its resisting capacity against uplift loads. Therefore, from a reasonable consideration of technological development, the authors support the opinion that the Bianhe rainbow bridge is the origin of the Chinese timber arch bridges. Key Words: Chinese timber arch bridges, origin, Bianhe rainbow bridge, Min-zhe timber arch bridge, structure technology development 1. INTRODUCTION called the ancient Bianhe rainbow bridge; ‘Bianhe’ is the transliteration of Bian River. This kind of bridge The Chinese timber arch bridge is a woven arch can now be seen only in the famous painting of bridge; its main structures are two longitudinal po- Chhing-Ming Shang Ho Thu shown in Fig.1 (a)1). lygonal arch systems consisting of straight logs. It More than one hundred Min-zhe timber arch can be further classified into two branches, one is the bridges, typified by the Guangli Bridge as shown in non-extant ancient Bianhe rainbow Bridge, and the Fig.1 (b), are still extant in mountainous areas other is the extant Min-zhe timber arch bridge1). northeast of Fujian Province and southeast of According to historical records, the first Chinese Zhejiang Province. Since the short names of Fujian timber arch bridge was built from 1032 to 1033; Province and Zhejiang Province are “Min” and many such timber arch bridges had been built in “Zhe” respectively, they are called Min-zhe timber several places over the Fen and Bian Rivers in North arch bridges1), 3). China after that. The local people greatly benefited Both of these two kinds of timber arch bridges from these bridges. These bridges were sometimes could achieve large spans by weaving longitudinal called “No Foot Bridge,” “Fly Bridge,” or “Rainbow and transverse straight logs in a special way, alt- Bridge” in many masterpieces of the Song Dynasty hough their structural types are somewhat different. (960~1279)2). In this paper, this kind of bridge is The historical relationship between these two bridges 54 (a) Bianhe rainbow bridge (b) Min-zhe timber arch bridge Fig.1 Two types of Chinese timber arch bridges. concerning their origin is not clear and is still being Min-zhe timber arch bridge. The former had been argued. Insufficient historical records and frequent built in the Song Dynasty, while archaeological repair/rebuilding make archeological investigations discovery found no evidences to prove that the difficult, and there has been no consensus on the Min-zhe timber arch bridge had existed before the origin of the Chinese timber arch bridges. In this South Song Dynasty (1126 - 1279) 9). paper, three opinions on the origin of the Chinese 2) Most families with strong backgrounds in tra- timber arch bridges are introduced and evaluated ditional construction technologies come from the from the structural and technological points of view. north of China. Therefore, the timber bridge tech- This paper aims to discuss the origin of the Chinese nology must have spread from north to south through timber arch bridges. these families9). 3) The cradle of the Bianhe rainbow bridge was in the capital of China in the Song Dynasty, which had 2. BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE better economy and advanced technology. At the same time, the Fujian and Zhejiang provinces were There are three different opinions on the origin of major areas in the Song Dynasty, planting and pro- the Chinese timber arch bridges. One considers the ducing tea for the imperial group. The economy, Bianhe rainbow bridge as the original; the other technology, and information exchanges were rela- maintains that the Min-Zhe timber arch bridge is the tively frequent between the north of China and Fujian original one, while the third opinion states that the and Zhejiang provinces at the south of China in those two branches developed independently. days. Therefore, it was possible that merchants and craftsmen spread advanced technology from the 9) (1) Opinion A: Bianhe rainbow bridge is the capital to other places . original In the History of Technique of Archaian Bridges in (2) Opinion B: Min-zhe timber arch bridge is the 4) original China published in 1986, the author conjectured 10)~13) that the Chinese timber arch bridge originated from Some other researchers conjectured that the the Bianhe rainbow bridge, and the extant Min-zhe Chinese timber arch bridges originated from the timber arch bridge was introduced after the ancient Min-zhe timber arch bridge based on the following Bianhe rainbow bridge when the capital of the investigations: Northern Song Dynasty moved from Dongjing to 1) A piece of tile made in the Tang Dynasty (618 - Lin’an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) in the 907) was found on the roof of a covering house in one South Song Dynasty to start a new period. The dif- of the extant Min-zhe bridges, the Santiao Bridge ferences between the Min-zhe timber arch bridge and located in Taishun County of Zhejiang Province. the Bianhe rainbow bridge stemmed from differences From this fact, some researchers inferred that the in local geographical conditions and characteristics Santiao Bridge had been built in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 AD), much earlier than the time the first of architecture. The Min-zhe timber arch bridge is a 10) combination of the Bianhe rainbow bridge and local Bianhe rainbow bridge was built . wooden craftsmanship4). 2) Historical records and field surveys show that a This conjecture has been accepted by many re- series of wooden construction bridges had been built searchers5)~9). In addition, experts and scholars in Fujian and Zhejiang Province. These bridges in- brought forth further arguments as follows: clude simple beam bridges, timber beam bridges with 1) Many historical records have shown that the columns, timber beam bridges with inclined braces, Bianhe rainbow bridge appeared earlier than the secondary beam-braced timber bridges, timber bridges with combined braces, and woven timber 55 Table 1 A series of timber bridges in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. No. Type Simplified plane schemes Bridge name, location Photo 1 Simple beam Hua Bridge, bridge Pingnan county of Fujian province 2 Timber beam Guangtong Bridge, bridge with Pingnan county of column Fujian province 3 Timber beam Jichuan Bridge, bridge with Pingnan county of inclined braces Fujian province 4 Secondary Shengxian Bridge, beam braced Shouning county of timber bridge Fujian province 5 Timber bridge Meishuban Bridge, with combined Xinchang county of braces Zhejiang Province 6 Double Xingrong Bridge, secondary Shuncang county of beam braced Fujian province timber bridge 7 Min-zhe timber Yingfeng Bridge, arch bridge Pingnan county of Fujian province arch bridges shown in Table 1, forming a complete chains of woven timber arch bridges, and may indi- construction development system in timber structural cate that the Min-zhe timber arch bridge must have bridges10)~13). Theses bridge types consists of whole developed solely from local timber bridges. 56 60 830 (3) Opinion C: The two kinds of timber arch 60 bridges developed independently The third opinion is that the two types of bridges 30 30 9), 14) 30 40 perhaps originated and developed independently . 21×45＝945 Researchers supporting this opinion consider that there were no technology exchanges and communi- cation between the builders due to inconvenience in The first system The second system transportation and communication as well as long Fig.2 Sketch of Bianhe rainbow bridge. and frequent wars. In addition, there are no historical records due to the wars. The other reason is that these Coveringthe coveredhouse house two kinds of bridges differ in appearance and in Covered house structural forms. Transverse beamthe transverse of 2ndbeam of thesystem second system Transverse beamthe transverse of 1st beam ofsystem the first system Spandrelthe spandrel structure structure (horse-leg) (horse-leg) the longitudinal beam 3. ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE Longitudinal beam the rails Spandrel protection plates CHINESE TIMBER ARCH BRIDGES X-bracingthe X-bracing FROM THE TECHNOLOGICAL Transversethe transverse beam of the beam second system of 2nd system DEVELOPMENT VIEWPOINT 2ndthe second system system of the arch of ring arch ring the frist system of the arch ring 1st system of arch ring (1) Description of Bianhe rainbow bridge and Min-zhe timber arch bridge Fig.3 Sketch of Min-zhe timber arch bridge1).
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