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Diasporic Chronotope in Women's Fiction

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Diasporic Chronotope in Women's Fiction ANTI-GLOBALIZATION VOICES: A SELECT STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY INDIAN WRITINGS Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH By P. KARKUZHALI Under the guidance of Dr. T. MARX DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY PUDUCHERRY - 605014 May 2013 CONTENTS Certificate iii Declaration iv Acknowledgements v Abstract vii Note on Documentation ix CHAPTERS I Introduction 1 II Globalization: Culture as Commodity 53 III Economic Globalization: The Challenge of Change 113 IV Global Bio-Invasions: Narrativising Native Voices 170 V Conclusion 237 Works Cited 248 ii Dr. T. Marx Department of English Reader Pondicherry University Puducherry – 605014 CERTIFICATE This is to certify, that the thesis entitled, ‘Anti-Globalization Voices: A Select Study of Contemporary Indian Writings,’ submitted to Pondicherry University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, is a record of original work done by Ms. P. Karkuzhali, during the period of her study 2009-2013 in the Department of English, Pondicherry University, under my supervision and guidance and that the thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/ Fellowship or any other similar titles. Signature Place: Puducherry Date: 02.05.2013 (Dr. T. MARX) Signature HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT iii P. Karkuzhali Department of English Research Scholar Pondicherry University Puducherry – 605014 DECLARATION I, hereby declare, that the thesis entitled, ‘Anti-Globalization Voices: A Select Study of Contemporary Indian Writings’, submitted to Pondicherry University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, is a record of original work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. T. Marx and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/ Fellowship or any other similar titles. Signature Place: Puducherry Date: 02.05.2013 (P. KARKUZHALI) iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am glad to owe my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to a number of people without whom this three years journey of Ph.D research work would not have been possible. I am truly indebted and thankful to my supervisor, Dr. T. Marx for his patient guidance, valuable and constructive suggestions in the process of my research work. I would like to owe my sincere and earnest thanks to my doctoral committee members, Dr. Clement S. Lourdes and Prof. A. Chellaperumal, the Head of the Department of Anthropology for their invaluable suggestions and strong encouragement in all stages of my research work. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Head of the Department of English, Prof. Sujatha Vijayaraghavan and offer a special thanks to Prof. N. Natarajan for his invaluable suggestion and useful advice. I also extend my thanks to all other faculty members of the Department of English: Prof. S. Murali, Dr. P. Bhaskaran Nair, Dr. H. Kalpana, Dr. Lakhimai Mili, Dr. Binu Zachariah, Dr. S. Visaka Devi, Dr. Ujjwal Jana and Dr. K. Reshmi for their support. I would like to express my gratitude to Anandarangapillai library, Pondicherry University, Madras Institute of Development Studies and Connemara Public Library, Chennai for providing excellent resources for my research. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by Prof. Ramaswamy Murugan and Mr. M. Mohan, Department of Physics. I wish to express my deep v gratitude for their concern and enthusiastic encouragement. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for their unconditional love and unfailing support both in my ups and downs. My special thanks are also extended to my friends: K. Muruganandan, V. Dhivya, R. Indumathy, Biju Manjaly Antony, D. Sakthi Brinda, C. Devi Annapoorani, S. Malarvizhi, P. Mohanambika, N. Senthilnayaki, R. Lalitha, N. Chandra, M. Parimala and Vasundhra Srivastava for their constant support, suggestion and help in material collection. I once again express my heartfelt thanks to each and every one who walked along with me in my journey of research work for their myriad forms of support without which I would not have been successfully completed my thesis. vi ABSTRACT The thesis seeks to explore the negative impact of globalization on the society, culture, economy and environment of developing nations in general and India in particular. seven contemporary Indian writings such as Chetan Bhagat’s One Night at the Call Center (2005), Anjum Hasan’s Neti, Neti – Not This, Not This (2009), Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger (2008), Vikas Swarup’s Q and A (2005), Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People (2007), Amulya Malladi’s A Breath of Fresh Air (2002) and C.K. Janu’s Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of C.K. Janu (2004) have been selected for analysis. Chapter One INTRODUCTION This Chapter introduces the topic taken for discussion. It includes a short biographical note on the authors and a critical summary of their works. The theoretical framework of this thesis will include writings on globalization and neo-colonialism. An attempt will be made to establish connection between the argument and the writings of the critics. Chapter Two GLOBALIZATION: CULTURE AS COMMODITY In this chapter, the researcher attempts to establish the negative impact of the spread of the global capitalist monoculture on Indian society and culture. it explores the forces that mould the minds, tastes and values of Indian youth. It also explores how people in the contemporary world find it difficult to come to terms with the rapid vii transformation of the 21st century. The researcher has selected Chetan Bhagat’s One Night at the Call Center and Anjum Hasan’s Neti Neti – Not This, Not This to substantiate the argument. Chapter Three ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE Chapter three demonstrates the negative consequences of economic globalization on the less developed nations. It unfolds the dangerous consequences of the widening gap between the rich and the poor in developing nations. Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger and Vikas Swarup’s Q and A are selected for the study. Chapter Four GLOBAL BIO-INVASIONS: NARRATIVISING NATIVE VOICES This chapter deals with the adverse effects of globalization on the environment in the developing countries. It explores how the LPG model has not only deteriorated the ecosystem, but also displaced tribal people and poor agricultural peasants from their lands and left them with less livelihood options. Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People, Amulya Malladi’s A breath of Fresh Air and C.K. Janu’s Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of C.K. Janu have been taken for analysis. Chapter Five CONCLUSION The concluding chapter sums up what has been analysed in the previous chapters. It briefs the major argument, the research findings and presents a list of research areas for future study. viii NOTE ON DOCUMENTATION All reference and bibliographic details in this project have been completed in accordance with the MLA handbook for Writers of Research Papers (Seventh Edition). Secondary source references have also been provided in accordance with the parenthetical documentation specifications of the MLA handbook. ix 1 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Globalization is, in fact, the ultimate enclosure-of our minds, our hearts, our imaginations, and our resources. -- Vandana Shiva The function of literature has always been the source of fierce debate for at least three millenniums. There have been several philosophical discourses in the western metaphysics down the centuries about the form and function of arts and the institution of literature in particular. Much against Plato’s rejection of literature as an unworthy and vicious medium for the ‘republic state’, the Greco-Roman philosophers from Aristotle and Horace defended its utilitarian function for expressing truth and achieving social progress. The function of literature was defined in the best sense of renaissance in this line by Philip Sidney, who in his Apology for Poetry posits: “Literature can teach and delight in a manner that other methods of communication do not possess” (138). In form, the term ‘literature’ commonly refers to a piece of ‘creative writing’ such as poetry, prose, drama, fiction and short fiction. These forms created by the different characteristics of language have the best possibility to entertain and appeal to the people, which, according to Sidney, must be used to instruct people, thereby articulating what is best and desirable for the society. The view of literature as an entirely isolated aesthetic artifact has been largely contended by the modern and postmodern theories also, which range from Marxism, formalism and structuralism to new historicism. The literature, as established by these theories, is 2 a product of the complex social process and power relations which shape and get shaped by one another. Literature’s inextricable connection with the social, economic, cultural and political forces have always been strongly advocated since the ancient times, the present approaches to literature have brought out this fact vividly in different realms such as social, linguistic, historical and artistic. Terry Eagleton remarks that one needs a different kind of approach to define literature. Since literature foregrounds language, it is the literary language that distinguishes it from other forms of discourse. The literary devices such as imagery, meter, rhythm, rhyme, and syntax and narrative techniques produce an estranging and defamiliarizing effect (2-3). This formalist approach also lays emphasis on the function of literature as a catalyst to the social change by attracting the ordinary people to react to the social evils and events. Most of the literary theorists and critics deny the school of thought that the sole function of literature is to amuse its readers. These critics reject the aesthetic function of literature that ‘art for art sake’ and believe in the commitment of art to the betterment of the society.
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