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Paper and Poster Abstracts for 2015 History of Science Society Meeting

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Paper and Poster Abstracts for 2015 History of Science Society Meeting Paper and Poster Abstracts for 2015 History of Science Society Meeting Abstracts are sorted by the last name of the primary author. Author: Will Abberley Title: Darwinian Mimicry, Maladaptation and Narrative Uncertainty Session: Roundtable: Darwinian Loose Ends: Evolution, Narrative and Maladaptation (Saturday, November 21, 1:30 – 3:30 PM) Abstract: This presentation will discuss the uncertain narrative trajectories of the theories of protective mimicry described by Darwin and his supporters, Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace. The tendency of some organisms to resemble other, inedible species, and thus avoid being eaten, was celebrated as a vivid example of organisms adapting to their environments. Yet this mimicry was also maladaptive, as it enabled weak forms to survive by parasitically hiding behind other species’ defences. Will argues Darwin, Bates and Wallace equivocated in their narrations of mimicry as an evolutionary phenomenon. Sometimes they suggested such ‘degenerate’ mimics were doomed to extinction by the efficient mechanism of natural selection; other times they rejected this teleology, presenting natural selection as the author rather than the foe of maladaptive mimics. Author: Charlotte Abney Salomon Title: A Mineralogical Geography: Chemists, Geologists, and Mapmakers in Eighteenth- Century Sweden Session: Chemistry in (Practical) Context: Connecting Eighteenth-Century Chemistry to its Uses (Friday, November 20, 3:45 – 5:45 PM) Abstract: In the conventionally accepted history of geological mapmaking, formulated by Martin Rudwick, its techniques developed from two general scientific perspectives in France and England, that of what he calls "mineral geographers” and “traveller-naturalists,” with cartographic conventions from disparate traditions of the former coalescing with the latter to form a unified visual language within the Geological Society of London around 1820. Seldom mentioned are the several Swedish chemical mineralogists who created geological maps of their own prior to this time, whose work confounds this scheme at several points. At the turn of the nineteenth century, Swedish mineralogists had been exploring and interpreting the earth below them for centuries in the service of the mining sector. In this paper, I demonstrate that Swedish geological mapping developed within Swedish geology in a scientific environment that was internally vibrant and innovative. Swedish geologists built their work on systems developed both within Sweden and abroad, but it seems that published scientific interpretation of Swedish land during the development of geological mapping was conducted by Swedes alone until at least the 1830s. Additionally, the makers of early Swedish geological maps demonstrate the clear influence of an existing internal Swedish tradition of earth science and description. Author: Miruna Achim Title: Writing Lessons in the History of Antiquarianism: Mexico City, ca 1800s HSS 2015 Paper Abstracts Session: Collecting Science: Antiquities and Materia Medica in 18th and 19th- Century Mexico (Saturday, November 21, 3:45 – 5:45 PM) Abstract: This talk takes as its point of departure the manuscripts produced during the Royal Antiquarian Expeditions of New Spain (1805-1808), sponsored by the Spanish crown with the aim of studying pre-Conquest ruins in Mexico. Fragments of these manuscripts were published in the 19th century, most notably in Paris and London, and these luxury editions contributed to making antiquities into the objects of a science of America’s ancient past, with its own disciplined methods for collecting and studying antiquities, and with its own set of questions concerning the essence of New World civilizations and their relation to those of the Old World civilizations. The manuscripts produced by the Royal Antiquarian Expeditions, on the other hand, are seldom seen. The drafts, scraps of drawings, disorganized lists and inventories, taken together, tell a different story of American antiquarianism: far from making universal and objective claims, knowledge about antiquities was produced in a dispersed way, at many sites, where determining factors were specific configurations of persons, material, cultural modes, and political trends. The picture I draw here captures American antiquarianism in its rich and complex moment of undiscipline, when antiquities did not yet have the (economic, symbolic, or historical) values with which they acquired in the course of the 19th century, and addresses more general questions about the emergence of cultural and scientific objects and about the formation of scientific collections. Author: Antony Adler Title: Prince of Science: Albert Ist of Monaco (1848–1922) Session: Internationalism (Thursday, November 19, 1:30 – 3:30 PM) Abstract: Prince Albert Ist of Monaco, who once described himself as uniting in one mind “ideas and will,” is a towering figure in the history of oceanography. Yet, his unique position as both a scientist and head of state poses several historiographical challenges. Scientists lionized the Prince for his contributions to marine science and, perhaps most importantly, for his work as a scientific patron. Yet, Albert was also the subjected to frequent mockery, as his small principality’s reliance on gambling revenue was an easy target for condemnation by the popular press. This paper evaluates Prince Albert’s contribution to the development of the marine sciences in the late nineteenth century. I argue that Prince Albert must be included in any account of the development of the marine sciences because his efforts to meld oceanographic work with political internationalism helped forge transnational cooperative programs in marine science beyond the scope of fisheries research. Furthermore, the institutions he founded, the oceanographic museum at Monaco and the Oceanographic Institute in Paris, bolstered the French marine science program in the absence of government support, and melded physical and biological studies under a humanist program for marine research. The dependence of Albert’s oceanographic program on his own dynastic lineage proved, however, to be its greatest weakness. The downscaling of his institutions’ scientific output in the aftermath of his death (and in the wake of World War I) reveals the inherent flaw in a program dependent upon a single individual Author: Gerard Alberts Title: The Purification of Mathematics and its Consequences Session: Re-periodizing the History of Mathematics (Saturday, November 21, 3:45 – 5:45 PM) Abstract: Modern mathematics: 1800 by stark consensus appears as the beginning of a new era of mathematics. The gist of the Gaussian or Lagrangean transition was that mathematics emerged as an autonomous discipline, liberated from its ties with the outside world and concerned with rigor. Dirk Struik characterizes the emergence of modern mathematics as an emancipation. Let us call it a purification. Nineteenth Century pure mathematics was the outcome of a process of purification. HSS 2015 Paper Abstracts The notion of pure mathematics was not new, but the appearance of the other mathematical practices as application thereof was. Historians were most active in this reinvention. Our forebears created the genealogy of mathematics: they gave mathematics a history and started reading older works as the sources and designated these sources as heritage. Modernism: The stronger interpretation allows further periodization of the next episodes. First, modernism is more specific than “modern mathematics.” Depending on the characterization of modernism, one may wish to give it a start at Dedekind and Cantor in the 1870s, or rather emphasize Hilbert and start later, or even wait until Van der Waerden’s Moderne Algebra of 1930-31. Hybrid: The emergence of mathematical modeling in the 1950s fundamentally changed the idea of applying mathematics. The present hybridization towards the plural mathematical sciences foreseen for 2025, puts an end to the purification of two centuries ago. By consequence, within the history of mathematics, late modernity, 1800- 2000, may be called the era of pure mathematics. Author: Statman Alexander Title: The Tarot of Yu the Great: Enlightenment Theories of Civilization's Oriental Origins Session: Prisca Scientia: Paradoxes of Progress in History and the Sciences, 1500-1800 (Saturday, November 21, 3:45 – 5:45 PM) Abstract: During the late 1770s, there was one thing about Chinese civilization that all Europeans could agree on: it was very old. Voltaire, who had once championed China as a model for Europe, came to view it as static or even regressive. Meanwhile, others began to praise Chinese culture for the very reasons for which many of the philosophes rejected it. French scholars who challenged the emerging Enlightenment theory of progress became aligned with those interested in China, extending their quest for universal truth to include other knowledge traditions distant from their own in time and space. The Protestant minister Antoine Court de Gébelin and the astronomer Jean-Sylvain Bailly following in his footsteps sought the wisdom of the ancients in the East. Did the Chinese inscription on the Stele of Yu the Great express the same cosmology as the ancient Egyptian game of Tarot? Was a legendary outcropping of stones at a Buddhist site in Xinjiang actually evidence of the pan-Eurasian flourishing of the lost civilization of Atlantis? To investigate, savants in Paris turned to the ex-Jesuit missionary in Beijing, Joseph- Marie Amiot. Reading their books and letters,
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