MAGAZINE April-June, 1936

CONTENTS

CALIFORNIA: 5 articles with 37 illustrations

San Francisco the Improbable Plant Collecting on Lanai GELETT BURGESS \N al, E :11tvs±rot,c,riii F. PAL BERG Boto,Is!, 5i ive rFitt pf Ha wq California's Mountain Thrones Rana Rugosa. Schlegel LAWRENCE H. DA I NCE With onctornicol ficiuresi DR, ARTHG SVIHLA, State College of Washinotor; California: a Drama of People JOHN CUDC A Troublesome Introduced Grass With figures! EDWARD Y HOSA I," A Educational Facilities of Southern Bishop /V\ciseLyn California DR. R. B. von KLEINSMIC, Pan-Pacifica to Discuss Problems s,ersIty of Southern Coliforn;o FREDERICK c.,ImPICEI JR

Haiku Poetry of Japan Commonwealth Club of California STUART RICHARDSON S

Seed Dispersal in Hawaii English Favored as Philippine Notional W,0-; 5 illustrol,01, CHAS, LE: _ Language Tern Fore,t&-r E's.r_/,[ .1^ NL,c,: -

OTHER FEATURES: Fishes of the American Northwest PROF LEONArs:E' LL C News of Pon-Pacific Union affiliates in China. Japan and the Philippines Books received, reviewed; INDEX pccr A. for Mid-Pacific Magazine, 1935,\

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The Mid-Pacific Magazine of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION GEORGE MELLEN, Editor Published quarterly by Alexander Hume Ford for the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Post Office under Act of Mar. 3, 1879. All members of the Pan-Pacific Union receive the magazine as one of the privi- leges of membership. Single copies 50 cents, mailed to any address in the world. [From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin press.]

VOL. XLIX APRIL-JUNE, 1936 NUMBER 2

San Francisco the Improbable

By GELETT BURGESS

With illustrations from photographs selected by The Editors.

ACH one of us cherishes openly or Here was the ideal site for a city—a in secret an Ideal. It may be dy- peninsula lying like a great thumb on namically expressed or it may rest the hand of the mainland between the E inert in some sanctum sanctorum Pacific Ocean and a deep, land-locked below the level of consciousness. But bay, an area romantically configured of when that ideal is encountered in life hills and valleys, with picturesque moun- we realize that thrill which is called tain and water views, the setting sun in Romance. And my first Romance I the broad Pacific and Mount Diablo a found in San Francisco. sentinel in the east; to the northward, Perhaps it was my puritanical though the sea channel of the Golden Gate enlightened training in Boston, the leg- overhung by the foothills of Tamalpais. acy of generations of Mayflower ances- The old town of Yerba Buena was a tors, which made me feel, by vivid little Spanish settlement by the cove in contrast, the freedom, the sincerity and the harbor. Its straight, narrow streets the simplicity of life in the city by the had been artlessly ruled by Francisco Golden Gate. Proselytes are notori- de Haro, alcalde of the Mission Dolo- ously fanatical. Perhaps it was the cli- res. He had marked out upon the mate, the same, we used to say, as that ground, northerly, La Calle de la Fun- of Greece and of Japan, most favorable dacion and the adjacent squares nec- to art expression and individualism. But essary for the little port of entry in primarily it was the unique physical 1835. Four years later, when Governor character of the gray city on its hills, Alvarado directed a new survey of the almost surrounded by water. And so, as place, Jean Vioget extended the original I am going to piece together a picture lines with mathematical precision to the of what San Francisco meant to me in hills surrounding the valley. In 1846 it the purple '90's from my novel, The would still have been possible partly to Heart Line, written while my impres- correct that artistic blunder of the sim- sions were fresh, let me begin with a ple-minded alcalde. But Jasper O'Far- sketch of the growth of the old Mission rell, the civil engineer, had seen military town. service with General Sutter; his ways

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 81

were stern and severe, his esthetic im- From Nob Hill one sees ships in the pulses, if he had any, were heroically harbor and the lights of the Mission; subdued. Market Street, indeed, he from Kearney Street one keeps the permitted to run obliquely, though it view of Twin Peaks, Telegraph Hill ris- went straight as a bullet towards the ing on the harbor side in a sheer preci- Twin Peaks. The rest of the city he pice over a hundred feet high. And so made one great checkerboard of right- the San Franciscan has always the angled streets in defiance of its natural whole picturesque, improbable town topography. with him wherever he goes. O'Farrell knew no compromise. His That was the fascinating city as I streets took their straight and narrow knew it, almost five decades after the way, up hill and down dale, without gold rush of '49 had overnight changed regard to grade or expense. Where a sleepy Spanish town into a reckless, might have been entrancingly beautiful roaring, roystering gambling center of terraces, rising avenue above avenue to tents and rough shacks. the heights, preserving the master-view In the '90's, though a little sobered of the continent, the streets are hacked down, it was still feverish with dance out of the earth and rock, precipitous, halls and gambling dives and the cli- grotesque. So sprawls the fey, leaden- mate and the outdoor life had flavored colored town over its dozen hills. San Franciscans with a unique quality San Francisco, the Improbable! Its of adventurous boy and girlish tempera- pageantry is unrolled for all to see at ment. It still had the appearance and first glance. In every little valley where the manners of an overgrown town of the slack, rattling cables of her car lines wooden houses and sidewalks. Many slap and splutter over the pulleys, some one and two-story stores remained even great area of the town exhibits a rising in the business districts. Tobacco and colony of blocks of wooden houses butchers' shops with no front walls, stretching up and over a shoulder of the Chinese in colorful costumes. The sum- hill. Atop every crest one is confronted mertime ferries loading and unloading with farther districts lying beneath and joyous camping parties. The famous rising opposite with rival summits. As Coggswell statue was still standing, you are whirled up and down on the surrounded by red, white and blue lamp cable car, the city moves stealthily about posts—till I helped pull it down. Horse- you in valleys and steep declivities. cars were still plodding along "South of Now she is all waterfront and sailors' the Slot". But the bay had been filled in lodging houses and dance halls; in a up to Montgomery Street, covering the trice she turns sandy Chinatown; then hulks of ships abandoned for the gold shocks you with a Spanish, Italian or fields. negro quarter and then surprises you Until the wide sand dunes had been with a terrifying ascent crowned with built upon, the strong Summer after- palaces. Past the next rise you find her noon west winds swept clouds of dust whimsical, fantastic with garish flats through the city, penetrating every and apartment houses. She lurks in and crack in house walls. The Golden Gate about thousands of little wooden houses, Park, one of the finest in the world, and beyond, she drops a little park into stretched its wizardry of gardening your path, discloses a stretch of shim- from Central Avenue to the Ocean mering bay or unveils magnificently the Boulevard. green, gently-sloping expanse of the There were no copper cents, no bank noble Presidio. notes, only silver coins were considered No other city has so many points of worth having, and gold eagles and view, none allures with such originality, double eagles such as we shall probably even oddity. Some cities have single never see again. Generosity, extrava- dominant hills. Rome has seven; but gance like the fog was in the air. I don't San Francisco is all hills. They mount know whether that jovial, carefree prod- north and west and must be climbed. igality is gone. ( I doubt if I'll ever get The important lines of traffic accept teal for two bits again, or a hundred these conditions and plunge boldly up oysters delivered on chipped ice to Rus- and down upon their ways. sian Hill for fifty cents ). But I'm sure "Horse-cars were still plodding along." ment repair gang, right, seems to be Note four beyond cable-car, center, busy. Derby hats, or bowlers, didn't starting up Market Street while, right, care who wore them. Two men on the another on the turn-table is being old Ferry building roof, right, looking headed uptown. Two street sweepers, for the usual leaks, perhaps.—Photo left foreground, are waiting for some- from Chas. B. Turri I I collection, cour- thing. One of the cobble-stone pave- tesy Society of California Pioneers. the Pacific fog still is giving San Fran- a flight of wooden steps; the facade was broken cisco gals the most splendid complexion by a single bay-window, ornamented with con- ventional severity. Block after block of such in the world—unless cosmetics are un- dwelling houses were built. They had a short doing its beauty treatments. of restful regularity, they broke no artistic I had been graduated from the Mass- hearts. achusetts Institute of Technology as a In later days, when San Francisco had begun to take its place in the world, a greater degree civil engineer and was with the South- of sophistication ensued. Capitals of columns ern Pacific Co. for three years before became more fanciful, ornament more gro- living in the city, but I have always tesquely original, till ambitious turners and been interested in architecture and this wood-carvers gave full play to their morbific imagination. Then was the day of scrolls and is the way the physiognomy of the town finials, bosses, rosettes, brackets, grillework and impressed me. I quote from The Heart comic balusters. Conical towers became the Line. rage, wild windows, odd porches and decora- tions nailed on regardless of design made San The architecture of San Francisco was, in Francisco's nightmare architecture the jest of early days, simple and unpretentious, befitting tourists. Lastly, after an interregnum of Queen the modest aspirations of a trading and mining Anne vagaries, came the Renaissance and the town. Builders accepted their constructive limi- Age of Stone, heralded by concrete imitations tations and did their honest best. False fronts, and plaster walls of bogus granite. indeed, there were, making one-story houses appear to be two stories high, but redwood At the Bohemian Club camp in the made no attempts in those days to masquerade virgin forest, once, after a particularly as marble or granite. hilarious High Jinks—now soberly During the sixties, a few French architects called "Grove Play", I stood on a red- imported a taste for classic art, and for a time, within demure limits, their exotic taste pre- wood stump and dodged flying cham- vailed. The simple, flat, front wall of houses, pagne bottles ( empty ) aimed at my now grown to three honest stories high, they head because, in an impassioned har- embellished with dentil cornice, egg-and-dart angue I dared defend the cursed name moldings and chaste consoles; they added to the second story a little Greek portico with Corin- "Frisco". We had, I shouted, the only thian columns accurately designed, led up to by city in the world, almost, with a nick- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 83

name. And a nickname, I maintained, is San Francisco. Of its psychic quality it the surest sign of popularity. San Fran- would be hard to write definitively. One ciscans are fools to object to the term. finds in San Francisco whatever one For surely no city in the United States looks for. I was young and ardent, I is so well known and so well beloved. found Romance. I found Adventure. I No city has so pronounced and so allur- found Bohemia. ing a character. Its name is known It is a trite expression, "Yes, but you wherever men tell tales of travel. should have been here when—" Every There are a thousand reasons for this new generation says it to its successor. individuality. In my Heart Line I cited The outward form does indeed change. many of the city's bizarre details. Here But the heart of youth does not change. are a few. It can always find its little Bohemian There are beaches in other places, but Paradise for a while in no matter what there is no other Carville-by-the-Sea. environment if it can find congenial This capricious suburb, founded upon spirits. Merely to meet any new person the shifting sands of The Great High- is Romance. I have been thrilled at a way, as San Francisco's ocean boule- tea in a Woman's club. I have felt my vard is named, is a little, freakish ham- heart go faster in a subway train to let, whose dwellings are built, for the Harlem. And so you may accept this most part, of old street cars. The archi- account ( quoted in part) from my novel tecture is of a new order, frivolously in- as perhaps a bit too youthfully cynical. consequent. According to the owner's Since Henri Murger's time, the definition of fancy, the cars are placed side by side Bohemia has been variously described, until or one atop the other, arranged every now what is commonly, called Bohemia is a way, in fact, except actually standing place where one is told, "This is Liberty Hall!" —and one is forced to drink beer or cocktails on end. From single cars, more or less whether one likes it or not, where not to like adapted for temporary occupancy, to spaghetti is a crime. Not such was the little co- whimsical residences, in which the car terie of artists, writers and amateurs, who dined together every night at Fulda's (Coppa's*) res- appears only in rudimentary fragments, taurant. a suppressed motif suggested by rows In San Francisco is recruited a perennial crop of windows or by sliding doors. The of such petty soldiers of fortune. Here art re- owners' taste and originality have had ceives scant recompense and as soon as one gets wanton range. Balconies jut from roofs, one's head above water and begins to be recog- nized existence is unendurable in a place where piazzas inclose sides and fronts, cars genius has no field for action. The artist, the are welded together, dovetailed, mor- writer or the musician must fly East to the tised, added as ells at right angles or great marketplace, New York, or to the great forcing-bed, Paris, to bloom or fade in competi- used terminally as kitchens. ( Add to tion with others in his field. this the things mentioned by Cayley, So the little artistic colonies shrink with de- such as the House of 1000 doors, etc. ). fections or increase with the accession of So much for the physical aspect of hitherto unknown aspirants. Many go and never return, A few come back to breathe again the stimulating air of California, to see with new Old Telegraph Hill, nor'west boundary of the * Joe Coppa's old "red paint" restaurant, long the roaring "Barbary Coast," seething sinfully rendezvous of artists, writers, many of whom became on the flat, left, between this 49er ship world famous. The great fire wiped it out, scattered lookout station and the busines district of to the four winds its coterie of bohemians, and though Coppa endeavored to hold on in several successive Son Francisco.—Photo from Turrill collec- locations the spell was broken and another landmark tion, courtesy Society of California Pioneers. of old San Francisco became a memory. ..111Pr''77'.77 • z6'.' • ' Clissli`r-dilt.1111111MIto-riKAW"WAWIREMIVrIg....7(-7-

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"A fig for care, and a fig for woe— Let the World slide, Let the World go."

Coppa's old "Red Point" restaurant was for years a rendezvous for bohemia on the frontier between San Francisco busi- ness district and Latin Quarter. Top, Joe Coppa welcoming his patrons, a choice portrait group of famous writers, artists, poets, several mentioned by fictitious names in the author's novel The Heart Line (text, opp. page) . Next, below, the famous host and his wife taking their ease e Laue before the night's work begins. Behind them (also in three views below) upon the walls of this, a bohemian city's great- est bohemian restaurant, were pictures, poems, other spontaneous expressions of exuberant genius limned in colored chalk, paint or crayon.—Photos from the collec- tion of George Mellen, Honolulu, one- time habitue, who designed and modeled in leather the cover of Coppa's guest book wherein stand names of many immortals.

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eyes its fresh, vivid color, its poetry, its ro- "Two fingers1" mance. To have gone East and to have re- The sound increased in volume. turned without abject failure is here Art's patent "Three fingers, four fingers, five!" of nobility. Of those who have been content to The crescendo rose. linger peaceably in the land of the lotus, some "Two hands! One foot! BOTH FEET!" are earls without coronets, but one and all share There was a hurricane of galloping fists and a passionate love of the soil. San Francisco has soles. Then, in diminuendo: become a fetish, a cult. Under its blue skies and "One foot! One hand! Four fingers, three, driving fogs is bred the most ardent loyalty in two, one! Halt!" these United States. San Francisco is most mag- The clatter grew softer and softer till at last nificently herself of any American city, and San all was still. Franciscans, in consequence, are themselves My novel, The Heart Line, was a with an abounding perfervid sincerity. Faults they have, lurid, pungent, staccato, but hypoc- story of three plots. One carried the risy is not of them. That vice is never neces- love interest, one the history of Fancy sary. Life is too candid. Gray, crowned Queen of Bohemia and The party that gathered nightly at "Fulda's" the third had to do with a precious lot was as remote from the world as if it had been ensconced on a desert island. It was uncon- of palmists and spiritualistic mediums. scious, unaffected, sufficient to itself. Men and I speak of this because San Francisco girls had come and gone since it had formed, at that epoch was notorious for the num- but the nucleal circle was always complete. ber of public seances being continually Death and desertions were unacknowledged— else the gloom would have shut down and the held. They were advertised by the red wine of the country would have tasted salt score in all the newspapers. with tears. There had been tragedies and come- Many of these seances I visited with dies played out in that group, there were names Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson, who spoken in whispers sometimes, there were silent toasts drunk; but if sentiment was there, it was shared my curiosity. It was not how- disguised as folly. Life still thrilled in song. ever the revelations from the Other Side Youth was not yet dead. Art was long and that attracted us. It was the human exigent. dramas enacted, the tales, the confes- It was their custom, after dinner, to adjourn to Champoreau's for cafe noir, served in the sions told by devout believers who ap- French style. In this large, bare saloon, with pealed to us as writers. It was from sanded floor, with its bar and billiard table, al- innumerable visits to these fakirs and most always deserted at this hour save by their the life stories of three different self- company, the genial patron smiled at their gaiety, as he prepared the long glasses of coffee. confessed charlatans that I derived the Tonight there were six at the round table. information used in my novel. Perhaps * * * nothing was more significant of the life Starr pounded with one fist upon the table, of the city than these popular assem- his thumb held stiffly upright: blies. People sought Adventure even "Dance, Thumbakin, dance!" he sang, and the chorus was repeated. Then beyond the grave. with the heel of his palm and his fingers out- I have not visited San Francisco since stretched, pounding merrily in time: 1913. There are sky scrapers now. The "Oh, dance ye merrymen, every one," Golden Gate, to my sorrow, is being then with his fist as before: "For Thumbakin, he can dance alone!" bridged, and so is the Bay. Almost all and, raising his fists high over his head, coming of my old friends have left, or gone. down with a bang: But the same fogs sweep in from the "For Pacific, the same climate is doing its Thumbakin he can dance alone!" work of emancipation from convention- They went through the song together, danc- ing Foreman, Middleman, and Littleman, ending alities, I suppose, and new generations in a pianissimo. Then over and over they sang of Native Sons of the Golden West, I that queer, ancient tune, till all knew it by heart. am sure, are carrying forward the ban- Benton pulled his manuscript from his pocket ner of Youth. and read it confidentially to Elsie, who smiled and smiled. Starr recited his last poem while San Francisco, you must know, has Doug al made humorous comments. Maxim one beloved superstition, one idol still. broke out into a French students' chanson, so I share the superstition and cherish the wildly improper that it took two men to sup- idol. So, with all loyal San Franciscans, press him. Mabel giggled hysterically and began a long, dull story which, despite interruptions, I trust and believe, so long as Lotta's ended so brilliantly and unexpectedly that every Fountain stands in the centre of that one wished he had listened. magic city, the spirit which has made Then Dougal called out: the place adored and which has sent "The cavalry charge! Ready! One finger!" They tapped in unison, not too fast, each so many of its citizens on their way to with a forefinger upon the table. fame and glory will not perish. Sole living link with our planet's lush and lavish Highway. Fossils or dust now these thousands youth these woodland monarchs proved invul- of centuries ore the sabre-tooth tiger, enormous nerable through untold ages to every destruc- elephant, brobdinagian buzzard (illustration p. tive force save one—pygmy man! Now his 146) and all other life contemporary with their hand has been stayed by patriotic Save the heyday for these were old, old trees when Redwoods League and for that you will give "coves where the cave men dwell" were first thanks as you travel California's Redwood illumined by " . . a sense of law and beauty". MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 87

California's Mountain Thrones

By LAWRENCE H. DAINGERFIELD- Meteorologist, U. S. Weather Bureau, Los Angeles, California

With illustrations from photographs by the author excepting those credited otherwise.

LEETINGLY the Mount Wilson Another day, when the tender jade- solar towers and great telescope green leaves of spring were trembling housing glistened in their alumi- in the mountain breeze, we climbed the F nium coats through the fracto- Arroyo Seco trail, cutting the side of stratus clouds of spring. There they the Sierra Madre back of Los Angeles, stood like phantom mosques and mina- to Switzer-land. As we skirted the can- rets, cleaving the speeding scud which, yon we glimpsed through the windows viewed from our vantage point on loftier of the trees the tiny stone chapel nest- San Gabriel Peak, billowed snow white ing on the granite wall across the across the range. mighty gorge. It must have been an We had climbed our grand old moun- inspired thought that prompted erection tain to find ourselves in brilliant sun- of this lovely mountain throne. If one light only a hundred feet or so above were to search through all the hidden the enshrouding vapor. recesses of this old earth, it would be In the far reaches beyond Mount difficult to find a more delightful and Wilson the snow-mountains, Old Baldy fitting place for Nature's throne than ( San Antonio Peak ), San Gorgonio, that where stands this peaceful little San Jacinto, arose like jeweled islands chapel dedicated to a profound appre- above the sea of billowy, enshrouding, ciation of Nature and to the very best of human attributes—simple, enduring sun-illumined clouds. To the right we —like unto the hills in age and caught fleetest glimpses of Mount Lowe summit across which surged the glisten- grandeur. Here, body and soul may ing vapor tide. Over the valley land, find peace and rest and a refreshment even to the coast line of the Pacific, that can come only through communion spread the vast canopy like a white sea. in the quietude of such a sequestered place. Each Sabbath day the little organ Beneath the shroud lay the great City of Los Angeles and her many encircling of this tiny temple of the hills sends cities from which we had so recently forth the music of Rock of Ages, Beulah Land, Trees, or some equally appro- ascended to San Gabriel's quiet, de- priate song finding its deep inspiration tached, and soul-refreshing throne, a sunlit island in a white cloud-sea. in Nature and the Creator. Beyond the ocean of vapor the Island In the late winter or early spring the of Santa Catalina beckoned from the California deserts blossom forth in all real sea, a sort of messenger from Ha- their alluring beauty. Thus we entered waii 2000 miles beyond yet none the the southern end of the San Joaquin less real to us even as the nearby hidden Valley by the Ridge Route and looked Cities of the Valley were real. down upon a vast sea of blue lupines, Standing there on the mountain- white primroses, salmon-red poppies, island in all that detached quietude, the and myriad wild flowers lending their illusion came to me of other days when transient beauty and color to the over- I had stood on the summit of Konahua- lying perfumed air. The glorious blend- nui above the trade-wind-swept clouds, ing of seemingly impossible shades into knowing that beneath the filmy vapor a sublime color symphony fills one with lay Honolulu and just beyond spread reverence for Nature's divine art. the blue and purple sea. In the Antelope Valley, an arm of the great Mojave Desert a few miles west * The author was in charge of the U. S. Weather of Lancaster, we drove beneath a mon- Bureau, for Hawaii, at Honolulu from 1918 to 1922. ster joshua tree, the yucca palm of the Great Western Divide, California High arid Southwest. This lonely giant, a Sierra,viewed from Park Ridge near Point beacon of that high plain, stands aloof of View in General Grant National Park. from thousands of its kind whose harsh verdure defies the desert's heat and drought. a vivid gash, Furnace Creek Inn stands Perhaps the weirdest "throne" at in a tiny, green oasis and, a little way which we have found sanctuary in all down the Valley, a large oasis marks California is that strange, unearthly Furnace Creek Ranch where the tem- region known as the Death Valley, a perature rose to 134 degrees in the deceptive, cruel, treacherous place in its shade in September, 1913—the highest original, unconquered state, lying be- known record for the Western hemis- low sea level between the Panamint and phere. Grapevine-Funeral mountains. From Vivid coloration of the canyons cut- Dante's View, a mile-high point, we ting the giant walls of Death Valley is looked into Death Valley depths, paint- extravagant, ranging through red and ed by the morning sun. Deceptive and gold and purple to purest white. Weird smooth the vast basin gleamed and shapes and strange echoes inhabit these glimmered, a ghost of what was once labyrinthine canyons. Out on the jagged an inland sea, long since exposing its salt-filled floor of the old, dead sea— dry, saline bed in chaotic confusion, delightful in winter, pitiless in summer well expressed as the Devil's Golf —supreme quiet reigns. Little known to Course. the general public, Death Valley is a Beneath us, five thousand feet and Nature Throne destined to be a lure more in the Valley, glistened a tiny for myriads of people when the fame of jewel known as Bad Water, poisonous, its weird beauty spreads abroad. nearly 300 feet below sea-level, a liquid Nearby Los Angeles a Throne is remnant of the ancient sea. Beyond the found amid Vasquez Rocks beyond Valley rose the Panamints, with Tele- Saugus, near Mint Canyon, tributary to scope Peak standing majestically above Solidad Canyon famed for early gold all. Far beyond, clad in a snow-mantle, discoveries. Here in fanciful, grotesque Mount Whitney, loftiest peak in the shapes, the rock formations are tilted United States ( 14,496 feet ), topped the at curious angles, simulating sleeping high Sierra Nevada. In the Valley, monsters silhouetted against the east- where Furnace Creek cuts the rim like ward desert sky. It was here in this MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 89 sandstone chaos that a picturesque of white spray, dashing a thousand feet bandit* and his companions of another or more into the depths of Marble Can- generation are alleged to have estab- yon, singing an eternal anthem to rocks lished their secret rendezvous whence and trees, the vagrant breeze, the azure to swoop down upon luckless wayfarers skies and on to its home in purple sea. and their flocks or herds. In the un- Across the way the cumuli foamed up- earthly eerieness of the place one's ward from the mountains to the sky. fancy might easily conjure up the wild A little later we wandered amid the spirits of these fearsome freebooters giant trees of Sequoia National Park, long since gone down the final trail trod ponderous, red-brown monsters, so by others of their kind. Today a strange vast that the human eye fails to grasp quietude haunts this place of jumbled their stature, so ancient that history is rocks, broken betimes by curious visitors lost in the labyrinth of time since they or more rarely by cinema pilgrims from were seedlings. Greatest of all stood the world of Make Believe. the General Sherman in towering ma- Northward in late May, with the jesty, 274 feet high, 37 feet in its great- mountain highways only recently cleared est diameter, symbol of life that borders of their mantle of winter snow, we en- on the eternal. Thousands of these tered the sublime realm of the Sequoia regal trees pierce the sky—arboreal gigantea, land of the giant trees. Along pride of the Sierra. Guarded by the the motor trail where the foamy, wild ancient monarch, delightful in their syl- Kaweah swirled and rushed, we had van glory and freshness were the flow- passed a multiude of wild buckeye trees, er-filled, mountain meadows. Across one prodigal in their perfumed canopies of of these meadows a fallen giant lay purple plumes. A side trip to Marble where old age ended its pride and Canyon revealed tiny, sun-kissed val- grandeur on a day lost in dim shadows leys, made glorious by the dogwood of the remote past. Beyond the mea- empire, wistfully lovely in their recently dow, where living giants pointed mas- opened glossy-white bracts. Here and sive spires to the sky, another monarch there on scarred hillsides by some an- lay uprooted. Within this tree's great cient, broken trees, rare, crimson-colored hollow core the pioneer, Hale Tharp, snow plants peeped through the loam in discoverer of the Giant Forest in 1858, battalions, flowering miracles, where snow had lain but yesterday. Far out on a marble promontory, where our Vasquez Rocks near Mint Canyon Road a few foot trail wandered, we looked into the miles north of Saugus. Primordial evidence of hazy depths of a mighty canyon. Across a riotous geologic spree when the Pacific Coast was readjusted, their romantic lure today is the way the wild falls leaped, ribbons connected with the picturesque bandit Tiburcio Vasquez finally betrayed, shot, wounded, cap- Tiburcio Vasquez—see book Los Angeles, City of tured at an adobe house near the mouth of Dreams, by Harry Carr; D. Appleton—Century Co., 1935. Laurel Canyon, May 1874, hanged at San Jose. 90 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 once made his home named the "Noble ramas of sawtooth mountains of the Den" by John Muir, who stayed there Great Western Divide, with their snow- with Tharp for several days in 1875, filled canyons. The sweet odor of young collecting material for his book, Our verdure burgeoning in springtime fresh- National Parks. ness from alpine slopes just freed from Where water leaps in wild abandon, snow, and the joyous songs of birds in changing from crystal to snowy foam, the brilliant sunlight accompanied by we climbed the precipitous Tokopah the melody of leaping waterfalls, lent a Valley, carved by ancient glaciers to glorious joy to the wild, free life along form a canyon with far-reaching, rocky the mountain trail. As we descended walls, talus and moraine in wild con- into Kaweah Valley we glimpsed fusion; delightful little flowering mea- through lacy needles the glacier-polish- dows, finally terminating in its upper ed surface of vast Sugarbowl Dome sil- reaches in a vast precipice between houetted against a burnished sky. In towering rock-ribbed sides. Here the the rock-lined gorge and the canyon water leaps in dazzling cascades from a depths foamed the snow waters of the lofty bench, fresh from snow-clad dizzy Kaweah cascading to the sea, singing heights. the glorious anthem of untrammeled Another never-to-be-forgotten 20- freedom. mile walk over a part of the high Sierra The mountain and canyon vistas from trail led us along the rugged, unspoiled, Park Ridge along the east side of Gen- high rim of the splendid Kaweah eral Grant National Park, from Point River, starting at Crescent Meadow, of View ( 7730 feet), we found even fording the white waters of upper Pan- more sublime than any of Nature's ther and Merten creeks and skirting mountain thrones that had gone before. Seven-mile Hill, glimpsing through Now the snow-clad high Sierra Nevada myriad conifer windows endless pano- and the castellated Great Western Divide, sharply glistening white sen- tinels, raised their spires to the purple sky. Far down in the canyon sparkled snow-fed, trout-filled lakes; the haunt- ing depths of Kings River Canyon ap- peared, and in the far western distance. haze-filled San Joaquin Valley faded into a mystery of the unknown. Down in the realm of the great trees we stopped beneath the towering Gen- eral Grant, for which the park is named. Its diameter is even somewhat greater than that of the General Sherman, al- though in general appearance slightly less gigantic. Most perfect of all the arboreal spires we found to be the California Tree, close by the General Grant, its splendid red-brown symmetry thrust mightily to blend with the cobalt sky. When we first visited these two sanc- tuaries of the giant sequoias in May, snowfilled trails prevented ascent of the high mountains. In July we returned to Sequoia National Park, rode "shanks

Lone "Joshua" tree in the desert near Lan- caster, Antelope Valley, California. These rough and tough members of the cactus tribe seem neither "palm" as sometims called, nor cactus nor tree but grotestque survivors of an ancient age of weird vegetation. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 91

mare" over twenty miles of mountain feet above sea level, virtually the same trails and stood at the summit of Alta as that of Crater Lake, Oregon, and Peak, 11,216 feet above the sea. Here equally as gloriously iridescent, vividly the mountain arena spread about us and reflecting the whimsies of sky colors and to the far horizon, a colossal labyrinth shadows, shading through green and of stone and snow and fracturing can- blue and violet, sentient with lustrous yons, dizzy depths and the stupendous sunlight. heights of Whitney, Muir, Russell, and Tahoe at its greatest depth measures LeConte, haze-filled gorges with their 1645 feet, only slightly less than Joa- churning streams—mystical, a dream quin Miller's "Sea of Silence," or Crater divine—and like gems set at the moun- Lake, which reaches the profound depth tain's base glistened Pear and Emerald of 2000 feet. Pine and fir-clad moun- lakes in Circean allurement. Beside the tains border Tahoe, forming a frame of trail appeared dwarfed, misshapen juni- splendor, sky-searching, gorgeous sen- pers marking timberline, the border be- tinels topped by Mount Tallac, throne yond which only pigmy life survived. of the god of rain, approaching in We had passed from the land of giants stature Haleakala, ( House of the Sun) to the realm of the dwarfs in the world on Maui Island, in Hawaii. of trees. Higher still we passed the In the midst of Tahoe's Emerald Bay, frontier of vegetation into the barren, a tree-clothed islet rises from the crystal rocky empire of the high sierra. water, fancifully reminding one of Ten- A few weeks later, on a motor pil- nyson's Lady of the Lake and also, of grimage which carried us to the Colum- the Phantom Ship of Crater Lake. bia River, Mount Rainier ( Washing- In northern California we visited ton ) and Crater Lake ( Oregon) Na- tional Parks, we drove through the Red- wood Empire, a vast realm of the Sequoia Sempervirens. Near Dyerville we saw that monarch of known Ameri- can trees—possibly of all trees on earth —the Founders Tree, 364 feet in height, its regal plume waving in the vivid sun- light high above the heads of its giant subjects. The afternoon sun cast fan- like sheens of light through silent re- cesses of the woodland canopy, the glorious solitude adding immeasurably to the grandeur of this unspoiled empire bought out of commercial bondage by the Save-the-Redwoods League for posterity and the glory of America. One of the gems of our wanderings amid the California Mountain Thrones proved to be Lake Tahoe. Fed by the snow streams of encircling mountains, here nestles in an ancient crater a vast, deep, slender body of water. Lynn Rogers has called Tahoe "the liquid jewel of California—the Koh-i-nor of mountain lakes." The surface is 6225

Nowhere else in all the world is there a bloom comparable, for size, beauty and fragrance combined, with this creamy plume thrusting by thousands from as many bristling bases of green bayonets. It is an annual called locally "Span- ish Bayonet," "Mescal" and "yucca." Cattle relish the budding stalk, make pin-cushions of their noses to get it.—Nielen photo. Lassen Volcanic National Park, a mountain throne perhaps more Hawai- ian in characteristics than any bit of the Golden State—Hawaiian because Pele makes occasional sojourns in this weird and curious realm. Mt. Lassen had been quiescent for about two hundred years when, suddenly, in 1914, a series of relatively small eruptions began, reach- ing great violence in 1915. We arrived at Manzanita Lodge, in the northwest sector of the spectral realm of Pele, on a showery afternoon; cloud-racks shut in the vast Peak and we little guessed the wild grandeur of the strange land. The entrance led us beside the still waters of a lily-pad lake, circumscribed by young conifers casting vivid reflec- tions. Our first reconnaissance beyond Manzanita Lodge carried us through that extremely complicated lava area. known as Chaos Jumbles to the left and Chaos Crags to the right, finally out to that picturesque reminder of past erup- tions, the Devastated Area. On the edge of the Wild Zone we drove along- side a "volcanic bomb," of many tons weight, shot from Mount Lassen dur- ing some stupendous eruption, a silent Mt. Lassen Volcano with clouds, not smoke, reminder of Pele's might similar to that overhead and, foreground, a great "bomb" manifested at Halemaumau ( fire pit of hurled from its crater. Below, a close-up of the Hawaii's Kilauea ) in 1790 with bom- bomb whose size and weight can be estimated with fair accuracy by comparison with the bardment of the nearby lava plain and motorcar alongside. Fancy a projectile of that destruction of an army of Hawaiian bulk hurtling through miles of air! warriors advancing against the forces of Kamehameha the Great. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 93

After photographing the automobile remnant. It is said that if Mill Creek beside the vast bomb ( for proper per- had not broken through and eroded spective) we turned about and snapped away the south rim that a lake surpass- the projectile in the foreground with ing in grandeur the Crater Lake of to- Mount Lassen in the distance, capped day might now fill the vast caldera with by cumuli casting over the ancient crater Diamond Peak in its midst as another an illusion of actual eruption. Wizard Island. The spell of the old mountain was Now we stood on the rim of Lassen upon me, reaching an irresistible stage Crater, Shadow Lake gleaming from the in the early hours of the next day when shoulder of White Mountain, Lake the still surface of Mazanita Lake Helen at the base of our mountain, a imaged Chaos Crags, and Mount Las- beautiful blue glimmer-glass. In the far sen rising through to the perfect morn- southeast, Lake Almanor, vast and ing sky in the distance. The call had to lovely, glowed in the early afternoon be obeyed. sun. We explored the frozen crater Thus it was that we drove around floor, a fantastic realm of solitude and past Hat Creek Lake, a tiny, azure body relics of the eruption of two decades of still water trapped by the 1915 lava ago. Solfataras, steam cracks, fuma- flow; on past lovely Summit Lake, roles contributed their unearthly activi- thence beyond White Mountain with ties. Patches of snow and catchments Shadow Lake nestling on its shoulder, of snow-water dotted the crater sides to the foot trail on the far side of the and floor. The whole area proved to be intriguing cone. As we climbed the trail a region of impossible, magmatic confu- to the alpine zone of Mount Lassen sion, dotted with giant blocks of lava. ( 10,453 feet ), a constantly widening Standing in that vast solitude, filled horizon brought into relief the massive with hidden evidences of Pele's power, ruggedness of the fantastic terrain we dreamed of other days when we formed by the wrath of Pele. August, stood on other crater rims and explored yet snow fields covered protected slopes the caldera depths in Hawaii. Mighty of the fervent-hearted mountain. At the Haleakala, treacherous Hualalai, vast summit, well above the last lingering Mauna Loa, snow-capped Mauna Kea, remnants of western black hemlock and fervent Kilauea, all arose from the far clusters of white-bark pine, near tim- southwestern horizon, passing in mental berline, we beheld one of earth's most review—glorious phantasies of the un- magnificent panoramas. leashed power of Pele. From the base of great Mount We might continue the story of Cali- Shasta, plainly visible on a perfect day, fornia's mountain thrones visited and the eye sweeps a vast horizon for 200 revered, through many, many pages-- miles far down the Sacramento Valley Yosemite, the Mother Lode country, So- to the southwestward, easily placing nora, Angel's Camp ( made famous by our vantage point at Lassen's summit in Mark Twain in his story of the Jumping the list of California's most sublime Frog ), the Great Basin, Mt. Tamalpais mountain thrones. Even into southern and Muir Woods near San Francisco, Oregon to the region of Crater Lake and near Los Angeles the slopes of San and to the east, the shadowy Nevada Antonio Peak ( Old Baldy ), San Jacinto, mountains greeted our vision. In the and the Palomar country; Travertine nearer foreground as we slowly turned Rock near the edge of the Salton Sea; about on that high, lonely eminence, we palm-filled canyons and pine-filled beheld Chaos Crags and, to the east, mountain gorges; alpine lakes and dash- the White Mountains. To the west, ing cascades in the long clefts of the southwest, and south, loomed the en- high sierra--but let those described in circling giants—Loomis Peak, Eagle meager detail suffice to send greetings Peak, Mount Diller, Brokeoff Mountain of aloha to Pan-Pacific Union members and Black Butte, forming the ancient from a kamaaina* member wandering rim of a master crater of which old over the foothills and high places of Brokeoff stands as the far wall and California. Mount Lassen, on which we stood, per- sists as the youngest and most active * Hawaiian for old-timer.

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 95

California: a Drama of People By JOHN CUDDY With illustrations from photographs by Californians, Inc., excepting those credited otherwise.

AXFIELD PARRISH never about one hundred whitewashed adobe painted scenes more appeal- houses with red tile roofs, dotted about ing than countless numbers of on lawns, amid flowers and scattered M those scattered lavishly by trees. Yankee hide-droghers and whal- Nature throughout California. Gor- ing ships were touching there and at geous scenic views beyond man's ability other places along the coast in pursuit to duplicate are to be found almost any- of their business, and gallant white- where, from the Mexican border to the sailed argosies, out of New England Oregon state line, from Nevada to the in the China trade, were breaking their blue waters of the Pacific ocean. Espe- long voyages at the same havens, tak- cially inspiring are the high Sierra, ing on fresh meat and water and, on granite mountains so fresh in outlines occasion, engaging in trade with the and in coloring as to suggest they were silks and other Oriental wares they made but yesterday; age-old redwood bore. trees at lesser elevations and along the Santa Barbara was nearly as large as northern coast, forming vast columned Monterey, but not so sprightly looking, chambers infiltrated by sunbeams which although its imposing mission on an accentuate the silence and the violet elevation contributed to its dignity. San shadows; and, indescribable Yosemite Diego, also important as a trading point, Valley with its towering walls and was smaller still. Los Angeles• and San twenty cascading silvery waterfalls. Jose were very small and unpromising, Not one whit less transcendent in while San Francisco consisted of a few natural beauty are mile-high Lake Ta- rude structures at Yerba Buena cove, a hoe, surrounded by forested mountains, ruinous presidio about six miles to the serenely reflecting them and the sky west and an all but deserted Mission above; mounded hills of the lower San some five miles southward from the Joaquin Valley and other regions, car- landing place. peted with jewel-like wild flowers in Although the Spaniards and the springtime; flower - painted desert Mexicans had known and claimed Cali- stretches of the southeast after rain; fornia for nearly four hundred years, and white sandy beaches, dreamy with there were only a few thousand of them sun and the rhythmic beat of the surf. resident in the territory. They had been When American plainsmen and trap- actively colonizing it for three quarters pers began to enter this land a century of a century. ago, it was a Mexican province. Within The life, however, was idyllic. The its borders they traversed magnificent large land holdings of the rancheros wildernesses of mountains, forests, and sustained fat herds of cattle and sheep desertlike plains before reaching the which were counted by the thousands, thin chain of settlements that extended and hides and tallow were the cur- along the coast from San Diego to a rency of the land in trading for the point just north of San Francisco Bay. linens, silks, jewelry and other things Twenty-one missions had been estab- brought in ships from the Atlantic coast lished along El Camino Real, the King's and the Orient. The fertile land pro- Highway, from San Diego to Sonoma, duced without great toil an abundance each a day's journey from the next. of whatever was planted. Wild game Towns were growing slowly near some was plentiful and easy to procure. It of these and, between, at irregular and was a land of plenty and the people staggered intervals, were the ranchos of lived in ease. There was no greed, very the land-holders, who had received little ambition and a great deal of peace. large grants of land either from the The usual house of a ranchero was a Spanish or the Mexican government. rambling one- or two-story structure of Monterey, the capital, was a town of adobe, built around a court or patio, Looking a mile straight down into Yosemite Valley to the camps at the foot of triple Yosemite Falls. From her attitude, it seems that the rearward young lady of the sightseeing group regards discretion the better part of valor. In the distance roll evergreen highlands of the mighty mountains through which water and time—inconceivable time—cut this stupendous gorge, now a land of enchantment for thousands of visitors every year. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 97

and painted with a lime wash of some in 1839, with twelve men and two color. Nearby were grapevines; orange, women. Wishing to found a colony in fig, olive and other fruit trees; chicken the Sacramento Valley, he applied to runs, and kitchen gardens. The Cali- the government at Monterey for Mexi- fornios married young and ordinarily can citizenship and land. Both requests children were much in evidence around were granted, and forthwith Sutter set the house. out for his new domain in the valley. He The casa was open with a welcome built a trading post and fort at the con- that was endless and without price to fluence of the Sacramento and Ameri- whoever might fare along El Camino can rivers, which stands to this day as Real. "My house, it is yours!" was the a pioneer museum within the limits of customary salutation. On a table beside the city of Sacramento, and named his his bed the visitor always found a sup- princely region New Helvetia. He em- ply of money to which he was to help ployed many Indians to raise wheat and himself if he had need. He was expected cattle, and in time had a growing trad- to exchange his tired horse for a fresh ing business throughout the vast ex- one from the herd of the ranchero. panse of the Sacramento and San Joa- Nearly everyone rode horses and quin valleys. many of the Californios were among In 1812 the Russians, coming down the best horsemen the world has ever from Alaska, had established an outpost known. They were proud of their fine on the shore just north of Russian horseflesh and of their beautifully hand- River. With ninety-five Russians and carved sadles, silver spurs and silver- eighty Alaska Indians, they built a stout mounted bridles. The hunt, rodeo, bull- fort and settlement. Their primary ob- and-bear fights, and the dance were jects were to raise foodstuffs for their common divertisements. Drinking and Alaska colonies and to hunt sea otter gambling were not unknown. along the coast and in San Francisco Celebrations were held frequently at Bay, and seals at the Farallone Islands. rancho and at pueblo, and one of these Their efforts at food raising were not might last for days, if not for weeks. highly successful and in time the fur- People came to them from near and far, bearing animals which they sought be- some of whom would be on the road came scarce. Under pressure of the for days, stopping en route at houses governor of California, because they where their coming would be the occa- were on land which Spain and then sion for impromptu celebrations. And Mexico had claimed for four centuries, each time when the journey was re- the Russians sold their tenuous title to sumed, the group of merrymakers would the land and all their equipment to Cap- be larger than it was before. Many of tain Sutter in 1841 for the sum of thirty the women rode in small groups in ox- thousand dollars. drawn carettas, the unlubricated wood- All of the equipment and supplies, in- en wheels of which could be heard a cluding the household property, the good way off. livestock, some forty pieces of cannon Right after this time of one hundred and a quantity of old muskets, Sutter years ago, there developed a notable transferred to Fort Sutter. The Russian influx of foreigners into California. church, the barracks, blockhouses, look- Among them were Americans, English, out tower, and other appurtenances of French, and Danes, who came for ad- the settlement, built of enduring red- venture or trade or because they liked wood, are to this day in a state of ex- the country. They were hospitably re- cellent preservation and have been ceived by the natives and many of them made a State Historical Monument in secured land for homes, lumber mills, perpetuity. cattle-raising, or permits for hunting In spite of the influx of foreigners in and trapping. the late 'thirties and early 'forties of the One of these foreigners was Captain last century, California's populational John Augustus Sutter, a man of Swiss growth was slow. While there are no parentage who had lived in New York census figures for that period it is reas- and Missouri for a number of years. He onable to assume that the most numer- arrived by way of Honolulu and Sitka ous outside element in the territory at Hotel Ahwahnee harmon- izes so perfectly with the wild grandeur of Yosem- ite Park that it seems a part of the natural pic- ture. Glacier Point forms a backdrop of shimmer- ing opalescence in the haze of incense curling heavenward through tin- gling mountain air at the call of an ardent sun. Across the way (opposite page) Yosemite Falls "rolls its mighty music to our very souls" and, per- haps, helps the lone fly- caster to concentrate on a fighting rainbow. that time must have consisted of Ameri- because there were already several cans. Yet General John Charles Fre- thousand Americans settled in the Wil- mont, after his first visit in 1845, re- lamette Valley, and the Oregon Trail ported that there were not more than from Salt Lake City was the best known. three hundred of them in the entire ter- Then startling news percolated east- ritory. At that time the great interior ward over the trails. There was gold in valleys of California had been only per- California for the taking! functorily explored; and the only inland James W. Marshall, who had been settlement of real importance was Sut- superintending the erection of a sawmill ter's Fort, with a colony of some three for Captain Sutter on the south fork of hundred white men, all more or less de- the American River, about forty-five pendent upon Captain Sutter. miles east of the fort, saw his work com- Conclusion of the United States- pleted on January 23, 1848. That eve- Mexican War in 1848, and the ceding ning he opened the floodgates to clear of California to the Union, aroused new the millrace of debris. The next morn- interest among Americans in reports of ing he closed off the flow of water and the climate, fertility and wealth of the then walked down the bed of the race Pacific Coast. Pioneers in increasing to see that all was in readiness. The numbers turned their footsteps toward water had carried off the light soil and the lands of the Pacific west. The tide, sand, leaving in shallow water pebbles, however, was flowing more strongly to- some of which shone yellow in the sun- ward Oregon than toward California, light. He picked up several of the pebbles and found that they were before, when traders and trappers had heavy—. told of receiving some of the metal from Sutter and Marshall tried to keep the Indians, and what had come of them? matter a secret, but it leaked out. Word But gradually more and more of the of the find reached San Francisco in well-known faces were no longer seen April. Most of the five hundred inhabi- around the bars and the gambling halls. tants of the town thought it was a Then one day a wild-eyed man on a scheme of Sutter's to populate his do- foam-flecked horse dashed into the main, where he had dreams of develop- Plaza, waving a flask above his head ing a new Switzerland. and crying: Had there not been rumors of gold "Gold from the American River!" 100 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Mission Dolores, founded in 1776 on a pleasant plain inland from the Presidio of San Fran- cisco for Christianization of the Indians is now in the heart of a vast city grown around it. For 160 years this June 29 Mission Dolores has been in use contin- uously as a place of Catholic worship. Mission San Juan Bau- tista, opposite page, is another bead in the rosary of missions strung by devout Franciscan padres from San Diego to Yerba Buena (San Francisco) in the 17th Century.

Next year the vast stampede known number came overland by ox-train and as the Gold Rush was well under way. prairie schooner. San Francisco's popu- Men came to California from all quar- lation jumped to five thousand during ters of the globe; 30 thousand of them the year; her port became a forest of in the twelve months following the dis- masts of abandoned ships. covery. They came in vessels around Sacramento, reached by boat from Cape Horn; they toiled across the Isth- San Francisco, became a bustling sup- mus of Panama; but by far the greater ply center for the mines. Strike after

Mission Son Gabriel, near Pasadena, southern Cali- fornia, famed in song and story, scene of the annual Mission Play, stands today as it did in the days of the Don. With materials on the ground—adobe (clay) in sun-dried brick for walls, fired for roofing tile, timbers of live oak and rawhide lashings, the padres sounded the keynote of modern Cali- fornia architecture. strike was made in the hills until the mitted to statehood on September 9, it whole region, from north of the Feather had a population of more than 92 thou- River almost down to the portal of Yo- sand. San Francisco was an energetic, semite Valley, seemed impregnated thriving town of 35 thousand. With the with the yellow metal. Sutter, of course, growth of population and the spread of claimed ownership of all that terrain, activities in the gold country and, to a but the miners ignored, derided, and lesser extent, throughout the great cen- abused him. They overran his lands; tral valley, a number of the valley towns stole his cattle, horses and sheep; raided had developed, notably Stockton, his grain and other supplies; tore wood Marysville, and Oroville. 'Fifty-two be- from his mill to make sluice-boxes; in came the banner year in gold produc- short, they wiped out all his dreams. tion, when a value of more than 81 mil- Years later, in Washington, D. C., lion dollars was realized-880 dollars while seeking redress from the federal for every man, woman and child government, he died an impoverished in the state. But already a greater and a broken man. source of wealth than the mines was in In 1850, when California was ad- prospect of development in the cattle

To fiesta and rodeo rode the women in carretas such as this, greaseless wooden wheels on wooden axles screeched news of their slothful progress, yet tallow was the California's cur- rency and, then unknown, there lay beneath a vast black pool destined to lend wheels the speed of la pa- loma and to lubricate them as well.—Nielan photo. 102 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Conjure a crowd of booted placer miners packing grub- stakes from the side doors of the old "general store," right foreground; a 2-ox-power car- reta where stands the motor; forget the garage where a sa- loon and dance hall probably stood, and you have a corner in Jackson, mining center of the Mother Lode Country, as it was in the Days of '49.

herds and grain fields of the Central nalism recorded the scenes. Building Valley. was active—homes, business structures, People continued to pour into Cali- wharves, churches. The town was fornia during the 'fifties and develop- spreading out and over its hills. By ment went on apace. It was an era of 1860 it had a population of 57 thou- excitement, high hopes, hard work, and sand; the state, 380 thousand. speculation. San Francisco was the main As the nation approached the crisis vortex of the activity. A bustling port, between the North and the South, con- its businesses, banks and industries cern was felt in many quarters as to were growing and increasing in number. what the attitude of California might be Its life was vigorous, colorful, cosmo- in the event of war. Many of its citi- politan, inspiring. Plays, concerts, op- zens had come from southern states, eras and lectures were well attended; and in politics it had always been demo- enthusiastically received when they cratic. The sentiment of its press was were good. Gambling flourished. The preponderantly in favor of the South. prevailing high tension of life bred There even was discussion of the advis- recklessness and disorder, paved the ability of establishing California as an way to that era of lawlessness that independent republic. evoked the Vigilantes of 1856. Cele- In the presidential campaign of 1860, brations were frequent. A piquant jour- Thomas Starr King, pastor of the First

Oldest three-storey building in California at Mokelumne Hill in the Mother Lode Country. Alongside, left, still stands the little old house where Joaquin Murieta, no- torious bandit of the '70's, made his headquarters. Re- putedly run down, shot to death, in San Joaquin Val- ley, another tale records his escape to Mexico where he died peacefully of old age. (Ref. Los Angeles, City of Dreams, by Harry Carr.) Downieville, in the Mother Lode Country, has been un- dermined for gold — note detritus right foreground— excepting beneath the court house, right middle distance with cupola. Downieville's layout is characteristic of the free-for-all "city plan- ning" of helter-skelter gold rush days.

One-man washing for gold was, still is, chiefly by "rocker" or sluice-box into which "pay dirt" is shoveled, sluiced with water to permit gravi- tation of the heavier yellow metal and fine sand to riffles and thence, as this prospector demonstrates, to the "pan" for further wash- ing and amalgamation with quicksilver.

Unitarian Church in San Francisco, toured the state lecturing in behalf of the Union. He was credited with the election result, which placed California solidly behind Lincoln and the Union. Desire for news and a more rapid means of communication with the East than then existed, heightened by the national crisis, led to the starting of the Pony Express between St. Joseph, Mis- souri, and San Francisco in April, 1860, nation. When they arrived there they and its continuance until the completion found among their neighbors many of the telegraph to San Francisco in other newcomers who had come by sea. October, 1861. A result of the war was When the census of 1870 was taken it that Congress passed the Pacific Rail- disclosed that California's population road Bill. The transcontinental railroad had swelled to 560 thousand. San was begun in February, 1863, and com- Francisco was now a city of 149 thou- pleted to Sacramento in May, 1869. sand. With the conclusion of the Civil War The Seventies ushered in the dramatic the westward migration of people era of California's copious production gained new importance. Ex-soldiers, of wheat and other cereals. As people singly and sometimes in groups, took to took up the land, square mile after the overland trail to seek their fortunes square mile of the rich deep soil of the in the Far West. Young men from Sacramento, San Joaquin, and lesser town and country, as well as families, valleys was plow-turned with multiple and sturdy emigrants from European shares, each gang drawn by many mules countries, swelled the numbers of those or horses, and the black virgin soil was moving westward. A majority of these sown to grain. An impressive sight al- people, with their ox-teams and prairie most anywhere in the great central val- schooners forming long queues across ley was the ripening grain, tall and the land, had California for their desti- golden in the sun, stretching far as the • • 2

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eye could see, dancing in cadence to the breeze. Stockton became one of the world's important markets and shipping points for wheat. The grain vessels crowded into San Francisco Bay at har- vest time, and the beauty of them under sail was then a thrilling sight from Land's End near the Golden Gate, or from many another vantage point along the coast. This same period saw southern Cali- fornia shaking off the stupor of a cen- tury and beginning the development that has since been most astounding. Los Angeles was as yet a sleepy little sunbaked town when the "Indiana Col- ony," composed of people from the states of Indiana and Illinois, settled at Pasadena in 1874. Other colonies fol- lowed, from eastern and midwestern regions, taking up lands for orange groves which later became the sites of thriving, enterprising towns and cities. The settlement of the region was fur- thered when, in 1876, the Southern Pa- Chapel of Stanford University, Palo Alto, an inspirational feature of this great institution's cific Railroad completed its line from unique scheme of architecture, to be found San Francisco to Los Angeles, giving nowhere else on the American continent. the southern city through the northern one its first rail connection with the line to the East, via Yuma, southern East. Four years later oil in commercial Arizona and New Mexico, which it quantity was discovered in the Puente joined with the Texas Pacific Railroad Hills, near Los Angeles. The story of at Sierra Blanca, Texas, in 1881. The southern California's advantages—,or- Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail- ange groves, climate, oil, perhaps for- road, building westward, entered Los tunes to be made in developments and Angeles in 1885. speculations—spread through the East. Ensuing rivalry between the two rail- The boom was on. roads became of paramount importance In the meantime the Southern Pacific in sustaining the southern California Railroad had been building a second boom. In their efforts to develop pas-

Campanile of the University of California at Berkeley across the Bay from San Francisco. Located in a grove of native live oaks with, on its campus, the beautiful open air Greek Theater, this great univer- sity has one of the largest student bodies in the United States. senger business for their respective geles itself! The boom grew bigger than lines, they each conducted a vigorous ever. By 1900 Los Angeles had a popu- promotional campaign in the East, in lation of 102 thousand. which they extolled the merits of south- Meantime the rest of the state had ern California; but perhaps of even been forging ahead. More and more of more importance than that was an ag- the rich lands in the central and north- gressive rate war in which they soon ern regions had been tamed. Farming became involved. During at least one period in the 'Eighties, it was possible and stock raising were on a grand scale, to buy a railroad ticket from Chicago except in the coast-central valleys to Los Angeles for as little as one dol- where viticulture and fruit growing lar. Naturally, many people took ad- were crowding out the grains. Wines vantage of the low fares; some to visit produced in these smaller valleys were friends or relatives already removed to winning the approval of connoisseurs, southern California, many others just to and prunes from the Santa Clara Valley see what they might see along the way especially were acclaimed. In addition and in the advertised new paradise, and to gold, other minerals had been dis- a few in nearly every coach intent upon covered. Mining was adding its millions finding a new home. to the income of the state. Lumbering By 1890 Los Angeles had a popula- was going forward in the northwestern tion of 50 thousand. Other communities region. Even the sea was yielding its around it were growing. Many persons tribute to the enterprise of man. In the who had come to southern California Bay region, industrial activities were first as visitors were returning to live. expanding; trade and traffic were busy. Home and business structures were go- New people were continuing to arrive, ing up. Citrus, walnut, and other culti- answering the call of opportunity. By vated areas were expanding. Tourist 1900 San Francisco had a population of resorts were developing and flourishing. 342 thousand; the Bay region 600 thou- New capital was coming in, And then, sand, and the state, one million 485 in 1892, oil was discovered in Los An- thousand. Tucked away in the hills and woods adjacent to San Francisco, residences such as this afford quiet seclu- sion in close proximity to one of America's most urban communities. Opposite page, a prune orchard in full bloom in Santa Clara Valley just south of San Francisco, poetic annual harbinger of the world's chief supply of breakfast fruit.

San Francisco, the business, financial On April 18, 1906, occurred the and industrial capital of the West, had greatest tragedy in San Francisco's his- become a fabled city. It had an airy tory. It was an earthquake, followed by beauty from its position on a hilly pen- a devastating fire, which raged for three insula situated between one of the days, laying waste an area of four world's great bays and the Pacific square miles in the very heart of the city Ocean. It was a lively port of romance and doing property damage of 300 mil- and adventure. From the Gold Rush lion dollars. days it had been cosmopolitan, tolerant, The dauntless spirit of San Francisco and a lover of good living. Robert Louis and its rapid recovery from its calamity Stevenson, Bret Harte, Mark Twain, were impressively demonstrated in and many another of the accounted 1915, when the Panama Pacific Inter- great had enjoyed its color and its life national Exposition in celebration of the and had sung its praise. The passing opening of the Panama Canal was held years had added to its interest and its in the city. The exposition was a splen- fame. Some people called it the Bagdad did success from every standpoint, in of the West. spite of the fact that the World War The men who built San Francisco was then in progress. San Diego, too, had come from all over the country and celebrated in that year the opening of abroad, but largely from long-estab- the canal, with the highly successful lished Eastern centers. They had the Panama-Californian Exposition, which spirit of adventurers, but also the solid it held in its renowned Balboa Park. principles and training of their back- The turn of the century marked the grounds. No mere speculators these, beginning of many changes and a new but builders ,and transplanters of rich era of rapid development for California. cultural traditions. From its early years The single crop ranches were becoming the city fostered all the arts. unprofitable; the raising of fruits, nuts During the 'Sixties, San Francisco and vegetables was spreading; more derived considerable impetus for its de- dairy and poultry farms were being es- velopment from the great wealth that tablished, and gigantic irrigation and poured into its coffers from the gold and reclamation projects were getting under silver bonanza of the Comstock Lode, way. The oil and hydro-electric indus- discovered in Nevada in 1859 and de- tries were to be tremendously expanded, veloped subsequently largely by San and the moving-picture industry was to Franciscans. In thirty years the Com- rise and go on its meteoric, profitable stock Mines produced 350 million dol- way. The population of the state was lars worth of bullion and paid dividends to be nearly trebled within thirty years. amounting to 130 million dollars. One of the first great reclamation and Western Sugar Refinery's plant at San Francisco, where raw sugar from cane fields in the Pacific tropics is processed to remove ex- cess molasses, turned out chemically pure, sparkling. This old refinery has played a romantic part in the Sugar Drama of the West. irrigation projects was undertaken in undertook the building of a great dam the Imperial Valley in 1900, in the basin in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, in the of the Salton Sea, below sea level, in Sierra Nevada, just north of Yosemite the far southern part of the state. It Valley, and of a 156-mile aqueduct, 31 resulted in turning a desert into a gar- miles of it is to be a tunnel through den, eventually consisting of more than the Coast Range of mountains, to se- 368 thousand acres, producing abun- cure a practically inexhaustible supply dantly of lettuce, cantaloupes, alfalfa, of pure mountain water for the city. honeyball melons and other vegetables For some time now, that water has been and fruits. flowing through the city's mains. Back in 1895, Los Angeles had In the first third of the present cen- adopted a policy of wholesale annexa- tury, California became one of the tion of adjoining communities and land. greatest oil-producing regions in the It resulted in the city becoming the world, following largely as a result of largest in area in the country, 440 the discovery of the Elk Hills field, in square miles in extent. In 1906, with its the lower San Joaquin Valley, in 1899, population growing rapidly, it saw the and later of other important fields in need of more water for future require- the same general area. Large refineries ments, so it went to the Owens Valley, were developed in southern California on the eastern side of the Sierra Ne- and on San Francisco Bay. Long pipe- vada, and began the construction of a lines were laid to carry the crude oil to 240-mile aqueduct, forty miles of it to them from the fields. be a tunnel through solid rock, to bring The first motion picture studio for the waters of the Owens River to Los commercial productions was started in Angeles. It has been using that water a Chinese laundry, which was rented for some years. for the purpose in Los Angeles in 1908. San Francisco had always enjoyed a The first production, made that year, splendid water supply, but in 1913 it was a one-reel thriller, Across the Di-

Unsuspected underfoot by Forty-niner as by caballero before him lay a pool of "black gold" destined to render catch-penny by com- parison the wealth from spectacular yellow gold and the Spanish ranchero's vast herds. Here we see the great Richmond Oil Refinery near San Francisco, a major note in the strident cacophony of commerce which seems little to have affected the roman- tic charm of a great city that was Puebla Yerba Buena. Night view of the great Cali- fornia & Hawaiian cane sugar refinery at Crockett, just north of San Francisco, where much of the raw sugar from Hawaiian plan- tations is processed to sup- ply a major part of western America's needs. The bridge spans majestically an arm of San Francisco Bay. vide. Since then, Hollywood has be- ten returns within a few years of his come the motion picture capital of the visit to make his home in California. world, seventy-five per cent of the And California is preparing for the world's output of such pictures being future. produced there and in its environs. In this short article it is not possible The federal census of 1930 disclosed to go into many details, but let us at that California's population had in- least consider a few highlights. creased to five million 677 thousand. Boulder Dam, on the Colorado River, Los Angeles had become the nation's has been completed recently, to impound fifth city, with a population of one mil- 26-million acre feet of water for irriga- lion 238 thousand. San Francisco, with tion and flood control purposes, and to an area of only 42 square miles, had a develop one million horsepower of elec- population of 634 thousand, while in the trical energy. Think of all the acreage Bay area there resided one million 580 this will bring into production at the thousand people. Practically all of this proper time in southern California, and growth had come in eighty-five years. of the impetus it will give to industrial And California is still growing and development. developing. Last year it was visited by The All-American Canal is now be- more than one million tourists from ing constructed from the Colorado other states and other lands. Studies River, to feed canals of the Imperial have shown that one tourist out of every Valley and adjacent districts. It will

Magnificent forests of north- ern California lured the lumberman westward on the heels of the gold-seeker. "Timbah-h-h!" echoed through Humboldt forests as "Powdah-h-!" did among the rocks of the Mother Lode Country. This lumber mill at Scotia is backed by the far-sighted reforestation program of modern timber interests. In the style of the Padres, graceful Mudd Memorial Hall of Philosophy, University of Southern California, exem- plifies the civic pride of the southland's great university as it does that of Los An- geles, city of beautiful architecture.

supply ample water to irrigate one mil- irrigation and other purposes through- lion acres of splendid land. out practically the whole length of the Three years ago, the Metropolitan great, fertile central valley of the state. Water District of southern California The valley is 350 miles long and from began construction of the great Colo- 40 to 80 miles wide. Incidentally, great rado River Aqueduct, to assure a most quantities of electrical energy will be adequate supply of water to southern developed at various of the dams. California communities for years and And San Francisco is building the years to come. two mightiest bridges in all history, one Central and northern California has to the North, across the Golden Gate, in immediate view today work on the the other to reach the east Bay shore. great Central Valley Project, one of the The eastward bridge, riding high above very greatest of its kind in contempla- the shipping on the Bay, is more than tion anywhere in the world. This proj- eight miles long—tunneling through an ect has for its object the storage and island in its path. The other bridge, no utilization of vast quantities of water less spectacular, flings the longest single flowing toward the west from the span in history across the full reach of mighty Sierra Nevada. Dams will be the Golden Gate-4,200 feet from tower built in the mountains, and others at to tower, two hundred and fifty feet various places along both the Sacra- above the famed blue waterway. Thus mento and the San Joaquin rivers, and San Francisco breaks its isolation in the means be employed for regulation and expansive spirit of the days that are distribution of the waters as needed for ahead. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 111

Seed Dispersal in Hawaii

By C. S. JUDD, Territorial Forester With illustrations from photographs by the author

ANDERING of plants about The thinning out of oak groves in the world has existed since France resulted in the dying oaks ac- their first evolution, and is still quiring new life in spite of the attacks Wcontinuing. Nature never al- of a fungus. The lehua tree (Metrosi- lows an area on which plants can grow deros collina polymorpha), whose seed to remain bare for any appreciable can germinate only in full sunlight, has length of time. The competition of found a successful method of propagat- plants for fresh and suitable places of ing its kind in the dark woods. The growth is too great to permit delay. seeds fall on tree ferns and other tall An island rises out of the sea; within trees high above the ground, germinate a year some plants appear on it, first in pockets of humus and the young those that have sea-borne seeds or rhi- plants send their roots down the host to zomes, then wind-borne seeds, then the ground where they develop into those borne on the feet and plumage of sturdy stilt-like trunks, supporting the wandering sea fowl, and when the veg- crown which bathes in the sunlight. etation is tall enough, some land birds It is of some interest to note that the bringing seeds of berries and small plant occupation of bare soil follows ap- fruits which they had eaten before their flight. Finally appears man with seeds of his food crops and the weeds which accidentally accompany them or are carried by his domestic animals. The number of seeds produced by certain plants is enormous. Nature is very lavish in her efforts to perpetuate. Some enterprising scientist with the necessary leisure once undertook to count the number of spores on a fern plant smaller in size than our familiar tree fern and found that it bore at one time 30,996 million spores. Of course, most of the seeds or spores so lavishly produced perish through not reaching a suitable spot for germination and devel- opment. With almost every plant the greater number of its seeds fall too near the mother plant to grow successfully. When plants are too close together dis- ease can spread from one to the other and can become fatal to all. Thus plants are protected by nature by wide dis- persal of their seeds. The plants which have the best means of dispersal will be ever the conquering invaders of new ground. Only seeds removed to a dis- tance reproduce the species.

Killed by fire, this ohia lehua tree's skeleton illustrates seed germination on a tree-fern host 25 feet above ground. Thus nursed, it drove roots to anchorage and sustenance in the ground. 112 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 proximately the same order as was fol- as flowering plants over a wide area lowed by the evolution of plants in the from Pupukea through Waimea to world. The lowest forms, cellular cryp- Kawailoa. togams, algae, mosses and ferns come The wafer-like seed of the silk oak first, followed by the more developed tree (Grevillea robusta), for years has and higher forms of vegetation, the been blown up from the mother tree in phanerogams or flowering plants. Waialua village to the Mokuleia and This is borne out locally by observa- Kuaokala plateaus where sturdy trees tions of the botanist Forbes who found are now growing on the crest of the that plant invasion of the new lava flows Waianae Range. Following this clue, on the island of Hawaii was first by a the Division of Forestry has planted few lower cryptogams, followed by silk oak trees along the lower boundary ferns and phanerogams on the pahoehoe of the Honouliuli reserve to act as seed ( smooth, hard lava ). The wind-borne producers so that nature, with the aid spores and seeds find a very fertile soil of the trade wind, may do cheap but which is apparently formed in the successful and extensive reforestation cracks of the pahoehoe sooner than for us on the upper slopes. amongst the a-a (friable lava ) particles. I was very much surprised a few The general agents responsible for months ago to find in the mountains dispersal of seeds are wind, water, back of Laie, where a new CCC trail birds, animals, man and explosive vol- cuts through the dense undisturbed na- canic eruptions. tive jungle, at 1,800 feet above the sea, 1. Seed dispersal by wind. a lone 8-foot tree of the Shrubby Flea- Many seeds are adapted for dispersal bane (Pluchea odorata). This is an in- by wind by their lightness and by ap- troduced, composite plant related to the pendages provided by nature for this Kalapini, which covers our coral fills so very purpose. Next to the spores of extensively in the region between Wai- cryptogams, minute dust seeds, like kiki and Honolulu harbor. Yet nowhere those of the orchids, are the farthest had I seen this fleabane except at Fort disseminated of any kinds of plants by Kamehameha. The light seed that the action of wind. started this lone tree must have been Probably the record for the farthest carried a great many miles to find lodg- flight of seed on the wind, according to ment finally in this distant and remote H. N. Ridley, was that of a Bromelia- spot in the wet, native forest. ceous plant from South America to The composite plant called the Pama- Tristan d'Acunha, a distance of 5,500 kani (Eupatorium odoratum), suppos- miles. edly introduced many years ago by Tumbleweeds, dust seeds, spores, Captain Makee as an addition to his winged fruits and seeds, plumed fruits charming gardens at Ulupalakua, has and seeds, woolly fruits and seeds, all not only spread over parts of Maui to are borne by wind. the ruination of many hundreds of acres It is no wonder, therefore, that we of good pasture land but its light seeds find the minute, dust-like seed of the have been blown across Pailolo channel Philippine ground orchid (Spathoglottis to Molokai where it has become thor- plicata), blown from Punaluu on Oahu oughly established on the moist palis. over the Koolau range and appearing From the latter island, the light seeds have been carried by the wind across Kaiwi channel to find lodgment in the uplands of Maunalua where about twelve years ago it was discovered with dismay and futile attempts made to eradicate it. Fresh infections have been blown to Oahu and so insidious has

Young milo plants growing from ocean-borne seed cast upon a sandy beach. Milo, a hard wood, was much prized by ancient Hawaiians for making various utensils. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 113 been the invasion that the pamakani successful, but there is considerable evi- may now be found in many places along dence that seeds and fruits may be the Koolau pali, in Makiki valley, on the borne long distances on floating logs northeast slopes of the Waianae range and other vegetable remains and in the in Honouliuli and even over the crest in crevices of floating pumice and thus Nanakuli valley. The CCC boys have successfully be introduced to foreign lately cleared 30 acres of this plant in lands. the Honouliuli Forest Reserve, replac- Ridley points out that in addition to ing the weed with more valuable trees, seeds: "It is undoubtedly the fact that but they may as well attempt to bale it must have been on such rafts as these out Aliapaakai with teaspons. Millions that the endemic rats, shrews, lizards of young plants spring up from the and land mollusca have arrived at the ground and, even if these could all be most remote islands." destroyed, fresh, wind-borne seeds ar- "A considerable number of land rive almost daily from Molokai. snails arrived in Krakatoa very speed- I would not be at all surprised to hear ily, quite upsetting the old theory that soon of the appearance of pamakani on the presence of land snails implied a Kauai in fairly well established patches. former land connection." Professor 2. Seed dispersal by water. Thomas A. Jaggar, volcanologist, states The earliest plants were probably that he has seen, in the region of the aquatic and necessarily water-dispersed. Phoenix Islands, masses of floating veg- Seeds, spores, bulbs, rhizomes and other etation large enough to support a tiger. fragments of the vegetative parts of We are all familiar with the numer- plants can be carried by rain wash, ous logs cast by the ocean on the wind- rivers and floods all over the continents ward shores of our islands after their and by sea currents from one continent long journey on the Japan Current to another and from one island to an- from Washington and Oregon. In 1923 other. Almost the only requirements of I found a whole Oregon ash tree which a seed or fruit for water dispersal are had made a similar journey to find sufficient buoyancy and a sufficiently lodgment in a cave on Nihoa. long period of impermeability by water A large number of seeds are known to allow of its being drifted as far and to have been conveyed by the Gulf no farther than is necessary. Stream from the West Indies to Europe, Millions of seeds are carried down a journey estimated to be at least one rivers all over the world, often drifting year's duration. Many of these seeds away to the open sea, where they form appear to have arrived in Norway and masses of seadrift, mixed with logs and on the English and Irish coasts in good branches of trees. Except in the case of condition for growing and some from seeds or fruits modified for dispersal by the Azores actually germinated and sea, all perish before they can reach a grew after a voyage of nearly 3,000 suitable habitat where they can estab- miles. lish themselves. It is not by individual Some seeds like the kamani (Termi- seeds that this form of seed dispersal is nalia catappa) and hala (Pandanus tec- torius) are either corky or have air Young mangrove plants growing on tide flats spaces within them which make them of Molokai island with, inset right, the infant plant which germinates on the tree, falls, floats buoyant. A milo ( Thespesia populnea) on the water to a favorable location. fruit has been known to float a year in ocean water and then have its seeds Easily distinguished by their light green foliage, germinate. These are now washed by kukui trees wind their silvery queues down gulch and canyon throughout Hawaii. Their ocean currents along our coasts and spherical, hard-shell nuts, well waterproofed germinate in favorable places on the with oil, are dispersed thus by freshets. beaches. The seeds of the kakalaioa (Caesalpinia bonducella) or Hawaiian in three ways. Fruits and seeds may marble were proved by Guppy to keep adhere to feathers and to mud sticking for 2% years floating in water and to the feet of birds, the birds may never to show any signs of germinating, either eat the seeds which later sprout but when filed and planted they germi- from the droppings, or the birds may nated healthily. The buoyancy of this carry the fruits to a convenient roost, hard, flinty seed is due to a large cavity eat off the surrounding pulp, and dis- between the cotyledons. card the seeds which fall to the ground The mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula) and germinate. As an illustration of the springing up on our ocean mudflats at latter method of seed dispersal it is a Kalihi, Heeia, Kahaluu and at other surprising sight to see at the Bird Park parts of Oahu's shores came as small near Kilauea on Hawaii young kopiko voyaging plants on ocean currents a (Straussia spp.) trees coming up abun- distance of at least 60 miles from the dantly under the ohia (Metrosideros imported trees originally planted on the collina polymorpha) trees. In many lee shores of Molokai. The same course cases birds clean from seeds the sur- was followed when the South Sea trad- rounding pulp which, if allowed to re- ing schooner Carrier Dove went ashore main, would become hard and dry and on the west end of Molokai and two prevent germination. Nurserymen do tons of copra from the wreck were the same. gathered up four days later on the Kai- If you have visited New England you lua beach on Oahu. are familiar with the rows of red cedar Many, no doubt, have seen the (Juniperus virginiana) trees which line queues of light foliaged kukui (Aleuri- the fences, the seeds having been tes moluccana) trees winding their way dropped by birds perching on the rails. down a hillside gully and the thickets of The same thing occurs here in Hawaii haole koa (Leucaena glauca) on the with Java plum (Eugenia jambolana) lowlands. The distribution of the trees trees; the mynah birds perch on fences in such situations is due entirely to the while eating the purple fruit and dis- action of freshet water in washing from card the unpalatable seed. The plover the uplands the nuts down the gullies no doubt brought our local huckleberry, and the seed on to the fertile plains. the ohelo (Paccinium reticulatum) from 3. Seed dispersal by birds. Alaska and the advent of the Chilean Birds play a lively part in the dis- strawberry (Fragaria chilensis), which persal of seeds and this is brought about grows at the higher elevations in these MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 115 islands must be ascribed to birds of long vironment in the islands and, increasing flight. their own food supply, they spread lan- The sedge (Scirpus lacustris) which tana much to the detriment of pasture grows in marshy places and is wide- lands, and soon became extraordinarily spread over the world, in Europe, numerous. Northern Asia, America, Australia and In bird introductions, therefore, it is New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Eas- well to study carefully beforehand and ter Island, which is here called the Aka- attempt to avoid any avian combination akai, must have been introduced by with our flora which might result in a birds carrying the achenes on their feet. very undesirable dispersal of seeds. We are indebted to birds for the 4. Seed dispersal by animals. spread locally of the Java plum, the Seeds are dispersed by animals in two royal palm (Oreodoxa regia), prickly general ways. Some seeds and fruits pear, fire tree (Myrica nagi), the are provided by nature with hooks and Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifo- spines which attach them to the fur or lius) , and on the cliffs the native ebony hair of animals, or unarmed seeds and fruits may adhere to the 'feet of animals or Lama (Maba sandwicensis). Some of this dispersal is desirable, some not, in mud. Again, animals may eat the especially according to the ideas of fruit which, passing unharmed through the alimentary canal, germinates in their stockmen. The melastoma and rhodo- myrtus, innocently introduced not very droppings. long ago because of their attractive Introduced in 1828 by Father Bache- blossoms, have been spread by birds in lot, the algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), has the region of Kilohana Crater on Kauai known on the mainland as mesquite, and have become a terrible pest by cov- been spread mostly by cattle over ering up good grazing lands. The Hi- 100,000 acres of what was formerly malayan blackberry has been carried by dry, barren, unforested waste land. birds from Makaha valley up 4,000 feet These useful groves now supply fodder to the summit of Kaala much to the dis- for animals, pasturage for bees which comfort of hikers in shorts who have to produce a superior brand of honey from traverse the knife-like ridge crest. its blossoms, and durable wood most Dr. Hillebrand's name has no doubt suitable for fence posts and the making been vilified innumerable times by stock- of charcoal. What better monument men whose pastures were ruined by the could have been erected in memory of this exiled Catholic priest? lantana plant (Lantana Camara) before the eight parasites introduced from Guppy claims that on the Puna coast Mexico in 1902 became an effective of Hawaii the wild goat is an effective control. In his defense, I am glad to agent in the dispersal through drop- agree with Swezey that there is no pings of naio (Myoporum sandwi- doubt that, had other conditions re- cense), noni (Morinda citrifolia), ahuhu mained as they were in 1858, when the (Tephrosia piscatoria), and hialoa lantana was introduced by this noted (Waltheria americana) seeds over the botanist, the plant would never have almost bare surfaces of pahoehoe lava increased and spread to the extent that flows. Sheep have dispersed European was subsequently reached. plants to many parts of the world, to The native birds would not feed on Argentine, South Africa and Austral- the lantana berries to any extent be- asia by virtue of carrying seeds in their cause of a different environment. Pri- wool. marily, increase of lantana followed in- The dump heap of a certain woolen troduction of the Chinese turtle dove, mill on the mainland of the U. S. is a which found in the aromatic berries a favorite collecting ground of an amateur favorite food. Still later, another Orien- botanist. This mill imports raw wool tal bird, the well-known Indian mynah, from South America. In the process of was imported and being a voracious cleaning the wool, much dirt and many feeder on the berries, aided the doves in seeds are thrown on the dump heap and spreading the seeds far and wide. Both the search of the botanist is rewarded by many new and strange plants. I won- these birds found a most favorable en- 116 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

der if the plant inspectors or other state velope by Dr. Kotinsky from Suva to officials have ever thought with anxiety David Haughs, former forest nursery- of this surreptitious method of the in- man. troduction of seeds of undesirable plants The Maoris in their early canoe voy- with possible pernicious insects har- ages brought to New Zealand their fa- bored within them. vorite clothing plant but found that the I have a little white dog with long wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera) would hair and a sweeping tail who is a good not grow in most parts of the colder traveler and goes out on routine hikes two islands and so turned to the native with me. He not only always gets so flax (Phormium tenax) for a substitute. muddy on rainy days that he has to be They likewise found that the breadfruit washed before he is allowed to re-enter (Artocarpus incisa) would not grow, the house, but he also brings back in even in the north island, and so turned his hair a variety of seeds—the Spanish to sweet potatoes bayonet (Ipomoea spp.). (Bidens pilosa), and clover Among the 23 plants brought by the (Desmodium uncinatum), sand burs early Polynesian settlers and success- (Cenchrus echinatus), kikanias (Xan- fully introduced to Hawaii, according to thium canadense), stick grass (Chae- Hillebrand, were such seedless plants as tochloa verticillata), and pilipili ula the breadfruit, banana (Musa), and (Chrysopogon aciculatus), ti some of (Cordyline terminalis). This was a feat which have to be cut out with scissors. not only of successful navigation but of The extensive waiawi guava (Psi- surprisingly skillful horticulture. dium guayava pyriferum) forests of the These human introductions were fol- Niu valleys on Oahu have been estab- lowed by seeds and plants brought to lished by hogs eating the fruit. The these islands by early navigators and thorny klu bush (Acacia farnesiana), particularly by Don Francisco de Paula with its aromatic, yellow blossoms has Marin, an early horticulturist who ar- been spread along the dry shores and rived in Hawaii in 1791 and died in foothills by cattle that are fond of the 1837. Don Francisco will long be re- foliage and sticky seed pods. 5. membered for his services in introduc- Seed dispersal by man. ing useful fruit trees and other plants The dispersal of seed by man is of and in setting an example of industry. considerable importance and is charac- His introductions were followed by the terized by quality rather than quantity. activities of Hillebrand, Jaeger, the local This method does not apply so much to government, and by the Experiment Cryptogams, which are dispersed by station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' man to a much smaller extent, as to Association, all of whom have been re- flowering plants. Changes made by man sponsible for contributing greatly to the by plant introductions and land clear- wealth of our island flora. ing and cultivation may result in the ex- Most modern method of seed dis- termination of plants previously occupy- ing the soil and the complete alteration persal by man is from airplanes and of the environment. while it has been successful in one or Seeds are dispersed by man in cereals two cases in Hawaii it cannot be and in vegetable seed, in bird food, carts, counted on as an economical method ballast in ships, packing materials, fod- because of the high cost of operation der, road material, dry and dye plants, and the utter waste of vast quantities of and in enough other and innumerable expensive seed which unavoidably finds a hostile germinating bed. ways to turn the hair of a plant inspec- tor gray or give him a series of bad So much for general methods of seed nightmares. The Hilo grass dispersal by wind, water, birds, animals (Paspalum and by man. conjugatum) has been spread through In adding the agency of explosive parts of our mountains by the carrying volcanic eruptions, Prof. Jaggar points of seeds on wet trousers. out that the spores of certain algae, Seed of the panicum grass (Panicum molle), which grow only in hot water, in the now widespread on Oahu, ar- thermal springs of volcanic regions, rived here by being sent in a letter en- could have been spread over the globe MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 117 from the Yellowstone to Japan, from tach them to animals or make them ca- Iceland to Hawaii only by this method. pable of traveling on the wind, or are Still another method of plant dissem- unpalatable to stock. In this case grav- ination might be termed the gravity sys- ity is the only element involved in their tem of plant and seed dispersal. This is dispersal. one in which the force of gravity alone Of the remaining 60 trees, the chief is brought into play. A portion of the agencies or methods of their distribution Koaie valley, a branch of Waimea Can- are apportioned, per cent, as follows: yon on Kauai, is being so choked by the birds, 44; wind, 28; animals, 8; root century plant (Agave americana), that sprouts, 8; ocean currents, 7; streams, 5. one can ride through it only with great A final adaptation of the gravity sys- difficulty. The young bulbils, sprouting tem by which plants are spread to dis- on the tall flowering stalks, have fallen tance may be called the stepladder to the ground by the thousands and method of seed dispersal in which the taken root, forming an almost impene- time element is important. Immigrant trable jungle of spiked leaves. plants may work their way from the The so-called red-flowered Samoan shore and travel inland. By the process ginger (Alpinia purpurata) germinates of evolution new species are developed its seed in the axils of the flower scales. in the course of time. An excellent illus- These young plants grow crowded to- tration of this is the native plant called gether on elevated stalks and as they Naupaka, which is a genus of 83 species grow they take on weight so that the distributed over Australia, but mainly force of gravity gradually bends the West Australia, and over New Caledo- stalk over to the ground where the nia and India. young plants find a lodging in mother Scaevola [rutescens, the Naupaka earth. which is also called the "Beach Magno- The seed of the koa (Acacia koa), lia", is of wide distribution throughout which has a remarkable viability, falls the islands of Polynesia. It hugs the almost directly to the ground without shore, has white, waxy fruit and a thick extensive dispersal from the mother leathery leaf which resists the bitter at- tree. There it is gradually covered by rotted leaves and awaits a time, which may be 25 years distant, when it is re- leased for germination. Fire passing over the ground where old koa trees have grown results in a natural repro- duction of this useful tree. Immediately after the fire of August, 1934, at Pupu- kea on Oahu there came up on most of the burned area a young stand of koa trees. Counted three months after the fire, the average occurrence of the seed- lings was at the rate of 3.3 per square foot or 143,573 per acre, quite suffi- ciently abundant to restock the area. Of a total of 122 introduced and na- tive trees which reproduce freely in Ha- waii, 62 or about one half of them have their progeny near the parent tree. This is due to the fact that the seeds are either too heavy to be wind borne, do not have appendages which would at-

Natural reproduction of the Hawaiian koa, cen- ter foreground, on the Pupukea burn, Oahu. Fire passing over old koa forest hastens germi- nation of seeds that have lain dormant for, perhaps, 25 years. 118 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

tacks of the salt spray of the ocean. It small a portion of the whole mass these can be, no doubt came in seed form to these he is overwhelmed by the certainty that there were millions of streams and that millions of islands in long ages past from Australia years must be assumed in order to say how old as, what Perkins is pleased to term, a the mountain is. It must have commenced to "chance immigrant" in ocean drift. build up long before the tertiary period". There are six endemic species of this "And here," Perkins adds, he is genus which have developed here from considering the most recent portion of this original plant by evolution, by an the group and not the vastly more an- urge to travel inland and upward, one cient parts." of them having even reached our high- The evolution of species as demon- est mountain tops. Descendants of the strated by the Naupaka plant, from the original bush have crept inland by the original immigrant of which six new stepladder method and in finding new endemic species have evolved, as merely environments have so changed their outlined above, may be compared with characteristics that taxonomists have the plants of the Lobelia family. Again classed them as different species. Perkins says: "The multiplicity of the Three of these do indeed differ in the lobelias and their isolation from foreign following respects: The original beach forms bears a striking resemblance to form, still abundant on our shores, has that of the Drepanid birds themselves, white blossoms and fruit and thick indicating likewise an extremely ancient leathery leaves. The form next inland, occupation of the islands." but on the lowlands, has white blossoms The Drepanids are the perching birds but a black fruit and thinner, more deli- of the Hawaiian forests and include the cate leaves. The form on the uplands majority of the song birds, numbering further inland has gorgeous purple blos- 40, peculiar to the islands. Among these soms, a purple, fuzzy fruit and velvety are the iiwi, apapane, amakihi and leaves, and the fourth form which has mama. reached the highest mountain peaks and The birds' bills lengthened with the is constantly bathed in mountain fogs increasing length of the tubular flower has black fruits, thick leaves and a of the lobelias. This adaptation of the beautiful, long, yellow, waxy blossom. bill has led to some most remarkable All have the same characteristic of ap- changes. From the firm, straight bill of pearing to be only half a flower but the Oreomystis.—the genus supposed to each has these distinctive and specific conform closely with the ancestral form differences. which may have come from America in It has taken time for these plants to very remote time, and the form from creep inland, the seeds from the beach which all other genera of the family are form dropping a little farther away from supposed to have evolved—we have the shore, the plants from these seeds widely different types of bills devel- growing and in turn dropping seeds oped. In one branch the normal straight still farther inland, and so on, by this bill becomes long, slender and singu- slow, stepladder progression during larly curved, with a tubular tongue, es- aeons of time with changes of the plants pecially adapted to securing the nectar into different species until mountain from long tubular flowers. The oppo- tops 3,000 feet high and 6 to 10 miles site branch leads off by gradual degree distant from the coast have been to where a short, thick bill of astonish- reached. All this enterprising progres- ing strength enables the bird to confine sion took time but there was much time its food habits to cracking the flint-like in Hawaii in those days. Perkins says: seeds of the naio. Between the two are all manner of special forms and an un- I think that those who are in favor of the comparatively frequent accession of immigrants usual diversity of structure which must to account for the great series of allied species, have required a vast time for their evo- or groups of allied species, hardly make full lution. allowance for the great age of the islands. As we look back over these various Hitchcock remarks in writing of the most re- cent portion of the group, the still active Mauna natural methods of the distribution of Loa on Hawaii: When one considers how seeds, it may be concluded that the little the bulk of the mountain is made up of agency of water is of the greatest im- the few flows delineated on the map, and how portance in their dispersal to new lands. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 119

Plant Collecting on Lanai, 1935

By F. RAYMOND FOSBERG, B.A., M.S.

HE island of Lanai, when viewed Munro of Koele, Lanai, I was enabled from the sea or from neighboring to collect plants on Lanai for a week, islands, presents a dry, barren, and I went expecting to pick up the last Tmost uninteresting aspect. It is lit- remnants of a dying flora. I was cer- tle known, compared with the other is- tainly in no way prepared for the won- lands of the Hawaiian group, and gen- derful condition in which I found the eral belief about conditions on Lanai forests of the island. Lanai furnishes tends to agree with and confirm the im- a striking example of what vigorous pression gained from a distant view- efforts at conservation may accomplish, point. The widespread opinion about also of what the native Hawaiian for- this island is that there is no rain, that ests will do for themselves when pro- the forests have been well nigh de- tected and given a chance. How this stroyed, and that there is nothing there change has come about is a story well to see but a huge pineapple field. worth telling. In botanical literature with the ex- It is the story of the efforts, over a ception of many descriptions of plants period of more than twenty-three years, peculiar to Lanai, the island has been of a man with a rare combination of neglected. Hillebrand, in his Flora of keen interest in and love for plants, the Hawaiian Islands, scarcely mentions strong business ability and the vision to Lanai, while he discusses the other is- see far enough ahead to realize the lands to a considerable extent. Rock, potential value of the miserable rem- likewise, in his fine book, The Indigen- nants of forest which remained when he ous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands, dis- took over the management of Lanai misses Lanai with a single paragraph. Ranch. The fact that there is today a Writers in other branches of natural fine forest, and consequently a depend- history have remarked about the almost able water supply, on Lanai is the di- complete denudation of the forests on rect outcome of the work of Mr. George this island, saying that there are only C. Munro, until he retired as manager a few acres of forest left on the top of of Lanai Ranch. Mr. R. L. Usinger, the highest mountain. entomologist of the Bishop Museum, When, last November, through the and I were fortunate enough to be con- courtesy of the Hawaiian Pineapple ducted over the island by Mr. Munro, Company and the kindness and hospi- who told us of his conservation work, tality of Mr. George C. Munro, of pointing out the differences between Honolulu, and Mr. and Mrs. James conditions which exist now and those which prevailed twenty-five years ago. At that time the forests were being Pua tree survivors, unprotected by windbreaks, of the once extensive Pua dry forest that cov- rapidly devoured by thousands of head ered this area. Note erosion, foreground, some- of wild cattle, goats, deer, sheep, and what stayed by tufts of grass. Dark line, left pigs. Soon after he arrived, Mr. Munro distance, is a planted windbreak. In right dis- declared war on these animals. Many Museum tance rises Mount Lanihale.—Bishop of the wild cattle he ordered driven into photo. Gardenia Brigami,right fore- ground, near Kanepuu, one of the few survivors of this species well nigh extinct in Hawaii and found nowhere else on earth. Its blossoms are exquisitely fragrant.— Fosberg photo.

large corrals, to be domesticated and Strong winds cut rapidly into the ex- used as breeding stock for the ranch, posed soil and great dust storms re- as the ranch was understocked at the sulted. Ordinary wind-breaks of Euca- time. The other animals he hunted lyptus and other trees were of no use, down relentlessly, killing them by thou- as they were immediately killed by a sands. Today they are almost, if not terrific bombardment of wind-driven completely, eliminated. There is prob- sand and gravel. Realizing that if the ably not a pig or cow or goat left wild dry land forest, of which a few small on the island, and the deer and sheep, patches remained, could be encouraged if any remain, are so few as to be to come back this part of the island negligible. The mountains were then might be saved, Mr. Munro studied the fenced off and even the ranch cattle matter for a few years and then in- kept out. From that time on, the native vented a new sort of wind-break. forest on Lanai began to come back. A great many sisal plants were grow- Many plants were introduced from ing near Koele where they were not other places to help in this reclothing wanted. Mr. Munro had them dug up the mountains with forest but, though and hauled out to the region where the some of them have flourished, the im- wind-breaks were necessary. Here fur- portant elements of the new forests are rows were plowed and the great ro- the native trees and shrubs which have settes of thick, leathery leaves of the always grown there. One introduction, sisal were planted in long rows where molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora), is the wind-beaks were to be. They soon apparently of great value in protecting took root and grew. The thick leaves the bare land at the lower edge of the resisted the attack of wind-blown sand forest from erosion while the forest and the plants multiplied by suckers gradually spreads. and bulblets, forming dense hedges. The water supply was not the only Meanwhile on the leeward sides of these problem on Lanai requiring conserva- rows were planted rows of Eucalyptus tion methods. The whole north end of which grew in the protection of the sisal. the island, being denuded of the dry As each row of Eucalyptus got well land forest with which it was naturally started another was planted to the lee- covered, was starting to blow away. ward of it. Each successive row was

Strength of the trade wind that has swept top soil from the cattle devastated island of Lanai can be judged by this pua tree, valiant lone sentinel on the north end plateau.—Wentworth photo. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 121

able to grow a little higher because of tains more than three thousand feet high the protection of the preceding one. lies on the east side of the plateau. On Ironwoods of a species which sends up the other side it slopes to the sea, a great number of sucker shoots were breaking off in some places in high planted among the Eucalyptus, the re- cliffs. The plateau and its depressions sult being, at present, a dense strip of are not, according to Dr. Chester K. solid vegetation sloping up from the Wentworth, geologist, the remains of row of sisal on the windward side. Its an old crater, as many people believe, effectiveness in protecting the land from but the results of intensive faulting dur- the wind is strikingly demonstrated at ing which great blocks of the original points where there are for some reason volcanic dome have become shifted and gaps in the strip. Here, at each gap, is depressed with relation to each other. a swath cut through the vegetation on A number of fault lines and cracks are the leeward side, filled with wind-blown evident on the face of the great Pali sand, and extending for hundreds of Kaholo on the southwest point of the feet down wind. In the shelter of these island when viewed from the sea. The wind-breaks the forest has completely slopes from the edge of the plateau to eliminated wind erosion for a consider- the sea are barren, dry and badly able distance. eroded, supporting nothing but pili In addition to the wind-breaks Mr. grass, cactus, and at the bottom, a kea- Munro fenced the area of dry forest we forest. The most interesting regions, to keep out the ranch cattle, thus giving botanically, are the mountains and the the trees a chance to grow and seed plateau itself. themselves. The result is today perhaps Mr. Usinger and I made two trips to the finest dryland forest in the Hawai- the highest portions of the mountains. ian Islands. The first was a traverse of the whole Lanai has a peculiar general topo- range, from end to end, in company graphy, not at all like that of the other with Mr. Munro. He was able to give Hawaiian Islands. The central portion us the general lay of the land and point is a plateau, lying between 1500 and out the locations of many of the rarest 2000 feet altitude, and draining, not to- plants, some of which are almost ex- ward the coast, but into basins here and tinct. The next day we returned to the there on its surface which have no vis- summit of Lanaihale, where there is a ible outlets to the sea. A range of moun- small cabin, and spent the night and two days in making a hasty survey of the extent and composition of the forest. Unforested land near Kanepuu, topsoil stripped Contrary to reports that there are by wind. Catching some of the wind-driven sand, causing it to pile up, can be seen uha- only a few acres of forest remaining loa (Waltheria americana), redtop (Tricho- on the island, we found that there are laena rosea) and horseweed (Erigeron cana- thousands of acres of forest in good densis). In left distance a remnant of native condition. The region of the summit forest which covered this area, destroyed by grazing.—Fosberg photo. itself is covered with well-developed, Maunalei Gulch with run- ning stream; kukui trees in water course, upper, and Opuntia megacantha in fore- ground. The stream is now source of Lanai's principal water supply. Wentworth photo.

typical, Hawaiian moist forest. The are reached, it disappears completely, most abundant trees and shrubs in this leaving the ridges either bare or in some region are manono (Gouldia), ohia le- parts covered with molasses grass. hua (Metrosideros), kopiko (Straus- The valleys between these ridges, on sia), pilo (Coprosma), kolea (Sut- the other hand, support the finest forest tonia), oha wai (Clermontia), kaawau left on the island. The trees are large (Ilex), and naupaka (Scaevola). There and diversified. In addition to the ones is some moss in the trees, and the found on the ridges above, here are ground is deeply matted with ferns, ohia ha (Eugenia sandwicensis), ma- mostly staghorns ( Gleichenia ). Of hame (Antidesma), mana (Xylosma), these, all four species in the islands are mamaki (Pipturus), kanawao keokeo present, with the giant staghorn (Glei- (Cyrtandra), alaa (Sideroxylon), olo- chenia glauca), the most abundant, in- mea (Perrottetia), opuhe (Urera), and stead of the common one (G. linearis). many others less common. The whole The low annual rainfall ( 22 to pos- is tangled with maile (Alyxia) and ie ie sibly 40 or 50 inches ) calculated by Dr. (Freycinetia). Amaumau (Sadleria) is Wentworth for Lanaihale is by no the most conspicuous of the many means edequate to produce such forests ferns. As one goes toward the mouths as exist there. The explanation of their of these valleys the forests become presence, as pointed out by Mr. Munro, dryer. The alaa becomes more abun- is quite obviously the fog drip. The dant. Pua (Osman thus) and papalaki- summits of Lanaihale and Haalelepaakai pau (Pisonia) finally become the domin- are capped for a great share of the time ant trees and a true dry forest is reach- by clouds, from which a large amount ed. This gradually gives way to open of moisture condenses on the trees. The areas covered with Hilo grass (Pas- presence of a mudhole wherever the trail palum con jugatum), molasses grass, passed under a lehua tree, and an actual and pamakani (Eupatorium adenopho- trickle of water from the drip from a rum). The latter is seriously invading large Leptospermum tree are evidence the forests, and due to its abundant of this fact. seeding, dense habit of growth, and tre- On the west side the mountains fall mendous adaptibility to different con- off in a precipitous fault scarp, wooded ditions, is certainly the most serious wherever slope is not too steep. On the menace, at present, to the forests on the other side peculiar flat-topped, steep- higher parts of Lanai. Guava and Lan- sided ridges descend rather gradually. tana, elsewhere in the islands so bad, These ridges seem to be exposed, much have here been almost eliminated. The of the time, to strong winds causing the most interesting of these gulches, Kai- forest, which is composed largely of the holena Valley, above Koele, is a mag- same species as that above, to be dwarf- nificent piece of forest and a botanist's ed, and of a dense, matted character. paradise. Gradually, as lower and dryer altitudes On the northwest side of the moun- Kaiholena Valley harbors one of the finest areas of forest left on Lanai. Forest in the foreground is largely pua, that farther back holds many types of trees favored by greater moisture. This Valley might well be called a botanists' paradise, so rich is it in variety of possibili- ties.—Forbes photo. tain mass are two tremendous gulches, example of the type of dry land forest perhaps they should be called gorges, which before the advent of Europeans Maunalei and Hauola. The latter is must have covered great areas in the practically inaccessible from either lowlands of the older islands of the above or below, and is so deep and Hawaiian group. Although it is in a narrow that from the ridges on the sides large measure composed of such com- or false sandal- in most places the bottom cannot be mon trees as pua, naio ), lama (Diospyros), seen. In the bottom of the other one, wood (Myoporum Maunalei, there is a pumping station and others, there persist here a number Gardenia Brighami, from which Lanai gets its water supply. of species such as Here is the only permanent stream of formerly abundant on other islands, but water on the island. Many interesting now practically extinct. Also there are dry land plants are found in this gulch, a number of plants found here and which is accessible by an excellent trail nowhere else. One of these, a small is restricted up the steep wall. On the wall is found mint, Haplostachys Munroi, an interesting sage (Artemisia) hitherto to a spot less than one acre in extent. only known from Maui. Also on this Mr. Munro, while he was manager wall Dr. Rock found the amazing Brig- of the ranch had this area fenced off hamia, looking like a cabbage on a pole, and protected from stock. He had a bearing fragrant white flowers, and winding road through the forest making known only from three other localities accessible most of the rare plants, and in the world, all in the Hawaiian Is- had dreams of preserving it as a natural lands. The plant has apparently dis- park. He had full realization of the appeared from this place now, at least great scientific, historical, and sentimen- tal value of this bit of Hawaii as it was within sight of the trail, as none were keawe to be seen though we watched carefully before the coming of plantations, for them. They may still occur else- (algaroba), guava, and lantana, as well where on the unclimable walls of this as its tremendous practical value in pro- tecting the north end of the island from gulch or of Hauola. One of the most interesting days of wind erosion. Furthermore, he had seen Lanai at a period when the forests were our whole visit to Lanai was spent in the company of Mr. Munro tramping at the point of being destroyed, and so over the north end of the plateau near realized the shortsightedness of sacrific- Kanepuu. The slopes down from the ing the forest for a few years cattle grazing. At present, however, the fences edges of the plateau have been eroded have been removed and the cattle are by the wind into a remarkable topo- again feeding in this remarkable area. graphy, even resembling in miniature Although Lanai has by no means the the Garden of the Gods in Colorado. attractions, from the standpoint of the The gently rolling area on top is par- tially covered by patches of dry forest. tourist, offered by the other Hawaiian Islands, it is of such interest to the This forest is remarkable. It might student of natural history that he would even be considered an anachronism. It is apparently the sole remaining good gladly return again and again. 124 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Rana Rugosa Schlegel Notes on the life history of this interesting frog By ARTHUR SVIHLA, Ph.D. State College of Washington at Pullman AUTHOR OR "Tii HAWAIIAN RAT" IN MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, VOL,. XLVII, No. 4.

LTHOUGH no indigenous am- neger 1907 ), and Korea ( Okada 1925 ). phibia occur in the Hawaiian How and when it arrived in the Ha- A Islands, several species of frogs waiian Islands is not known, but since and toads have been introduced the eggs are very small and inconspicu- since the discovery of these islands by ous it is possible that they may have the white man. Some of these have entered the Islands concealed among the been brought to the Islands intentionally roots of aquatic plants shipped from for specific purposes; for example, the Japan. bull frog (Rana catesbians) was intro- At present this frog is fairly common duced as a supplementary source of in the mountain streams on Oahu and food; and more recently the giant toad Maui. On Oahu I first noticed and col- (Bufo marinus) has been introduced lected it in a stream on the windward from the West Indies to aid in the con- side of Mt. Kaala at an elevation of trol of insects injurious to sugar-cane. 1500 feet. It was also found on the Two additional species of amphibia are windward side of the Koolau Range in also present. These are a toad (Bufo asiaticus) a little stream which runs under the so far known to occur only Pali Road just below the crest of the on the Island of Kauai, and a frog (Rana rugosa) Pali. Here both adults and tadpoles which is evidently rath- were found during August. On the er widely distributed in the Islands. Island of Maui, collections of adults, These two species do not seem to have egg masses and tadpoles were made been brought to the Islands for any from the pools of an intermittent stream definite purpose but evidently entered at Olinda. Adults and tadpoles were unobserved before the present stringent also taken on the windward side of quarantine became effective. Maui at Nahiku. It would be of great A number of specimens of the frog, interest to know whether this frog is Rana rugosa, were collected on Oahu found on the other islands of the Ha- and Maui during the summer of 1934. waiian group as well. A search through the literature revealed In general habits, Rana rugosa is a so little information concerning its habits pool or pond dwelling amphibian since that the following notes seem particu- it is usually found in or near the shallow larly important and may serve to stimu- pools of the mountain streams. When late further investigation. Rana rugosa disturbed, it immediately plunges into is medium in size, the the nearest pool and secrets itself under females having a body length of about the decaying leaves on the bottom. two inches while the males are smaller, These frogs are not exceptionally strong measuring about an inch and a half. or fast swimmers compared to other The color is dark green and the specific frogs inhabiting streams. Their dark name of rugosa is derived from the pres- coloration and rugose appearance helps ence of a large number of short parallel to make them inconspicuous against the ridges which run down the back. The dark rock bottom of shallow pools. Since undersides are mottled gray with a they do not possess a vocal-sac they slight suffusion of yellow. The males are naturally voiceless and therefore may also be detected by the presence have no calls or songs. of an elongated-ovoid nuptial pad on On the island of Maui, observations the outside edge of the basal joint of were made during the third week of the thumb and which is absent in the female. July. At this time specimens in all stages of development were collected This species of frog is a native of from the same pool at Olinda. Here, Japan where it occurs on the islands pairs in amplexus, newly laid eggs and of Hondo, Kiusui and Shikoku ( Stej- tadpoles in all stages of growth, ranging Fig. 1 Fig. 2 from those newly hatched to those that had just metamorphosed into frogs, were found. It is unusual to find reproduc- tion taking place so late in the season since amphibia ordinarily breed during the spring of the year. The elongated-ovoid nuptial excre- sence on the outside edge of the lower joint of the male ( Fig. 1) is used when clasping the female during amplexus, its rough surface evidently giving the male a better grasp against the slipping sides of the females. This pad is usually larger in older males than in young ones. Amplexus is pectoral as in other tinuous and extends across the lip frogs of this genus and is performed by whereas the second row is divided into the male passing his arms under the two short rows situated near the ends armpits of the female and clasping her of the upper or first row. Sometimes in breast, thus bringing into play the rough young specimens this second row is patches on the male's thumbs. absent. On the lower lip the first two The eggs are very small and incon- rows are long whereas the third row is spicuously colored, occurring in clusters short and situated in the center of the of approximately from 130 to 150 eggs. lip. The upper row on the lower lip is Each cluster averages about 30 by 33 slightly longer than the second row be- centimeters in extent. The eggs are held neath it. ( Fig. 3 ). The spiracle is sinis- together rather closely by the outer jelly tral and directed upwards and back- coats so that it is difficult to separate wards and is situated closer to the eyes a single egg from the mass. The animal than to the anus. The anus is dextral. pole of the egg varies in color from light In color the tadpoles vary from light tan to dark brown but is not black. The brown to almost black and are covered vegetal pole is light tan in color. Each with numerous light grey spots which individual egg is approximately 1.5 mil- are very apparent when the tadpoles are limeters in diameter. There are two jelly examined closely. coats present, an inner one 3.0 milli- One of the striking observations made meters in diameter and an outer one is the evident prolongation of the breed- which varies from 5.1 to 6.0 millimeters ing season of this frog in the Hawaiian in diameter ( Fig. 2 ). In the pool where Islands. According to Stejneger ( 1907) these eggs were collected there was no the reproductive season for this species vegetation except algae so that the eggs of frog in Japan is during May. Since lay unattached in the shallow water. mating and practically all stages in de- Okada ( 1925) was the first to des- velopment were observed during the lat- cribe the tadpoles of this frog but it ter part of July, it may be supposed that may not be amiss to repeat the descrip- the breeding season of this frog has tion here. At the time the hind legs been extended since its introduction into appear, the pollywogs approximate 50 the Hawaiian Islands. This may have millimeters in length of which 27.5 mil- been brought about by the breaking limeters represents the tail. The great- down of the breeding rhythm due to est width of the body at this time is the uniformity of the climatic conditions 16 millimeters. The distance from the which exist here so that instead of re- tip of the nose to the eyes is 5 milli- production occurring only during the meters and the interorbital width is 4 spring it now continues throughout the millimeters. The muscular portion of summer months as well. Whether re- the tail is 6 millimeters wide and the production is continuous throughout the greatest width of the tail including the year requires further study and investi- fins is 11 millimeters. Both the upper gation. and lower fins are equal in size. There LITERATURE CITED Stejneger, L., 1907: Herpetology of Japan. Bulletin are present five rows of teeth, two on 58, U. S. National Museum, pp. 123-127. Okada, Yaichiro, 1925: Notes on Some Tadpoles the upper lip and three on the lower. from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis, vol. The first row on the upper lip is con- 10, No. 33, pp. 337-348. 126 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

A Troublesome Introduced Grass By EDWARD Y. HOSAKA':

N HAWAII the malihini (new- comer) species are the pests. The kamaaina ( old timer ) plants, insects, I birds and other animals have been in intimate relationship for so long that they have established a balance in Na- ture and cause but little trouble to each other and, incidentally, to man's in- terests. Recently another immigrant species Chloris divaricata of plant has reached our islands, and R. Brown. has begun to cause trouble in lawns. It a; spikelet is the "star grass", a native of Austra- b; first glume lia, where it is useful as a forage and c; second glume range plant. It is known to scientists as d; lemma. e; seed Chloris divaricata, having been so named by the botanist Robert Brown. the grass might help to identify it. It grows very rapidly, sending out, Plant 1/2 to 1 foot high, often the within two weeks, flowering stalks flower panicles stand higher depending which bear hundreds of seeds capable on soil moisture; much branching at the of giving rise to new plants. lower nodes or joints close to the My attention was first called to this ground; the whole plant smooth in ap- grass, a few years ago, by Mr. Albert pearance. Leaves 11/2 to 41/2 inches F. Judd, who had detected it as a new- long, Y8 inch wide, upper surface cov- comer to the islands and a potential ered with very short hairs, more so to- troublesome weed. Today it has taken ward the base, lower surface sparsely possession of many once beautiful lawns clothed with short, soft white hairs, and gardens. edges and keel fringed with saw-like Good examples of its invasions and spines which are rough to touch, base destructiveness may be seen at the Uni- of leaf where it joins the leaf-sheath versity of Hawaii campus and the with V-shaped white marking; leaf grounds of the Kamehameha Boys' sheath glabrous; ligule very short, mem- School. Here, in places, this grass is braneous and hair-like at the margin. crowding out and replacing the Ber- Flower stalks 5-10 inches long, with muda or Manienie grass (Cynodon 4-7 flowering branches extending out dactylon) of which most of Honolulu's almost horizontally from a common cen- lawns are composed. It is important to ter, flowering spikes 2-4 inches long, dig the plant out as soon as it appears light purplish-green when young, yel- in order to avoid later trouble. low or straw-color when old; spikelets Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, who identified close together, with two flowers, a fer- specimens as this grass, states that it tile lower one and an infertile upper has not been previously reported from one; first glume 1/16 or more inch long, the Hawaiian islands. Its distribution narrow and tapering to a point, with 1 and abundance in other parts of the ter- green central nerve; second glume Y8 or ritory is not definitely known to the more inch long, lanceolate, with 1 cen- writer, but it is quite common in Hono- tral and two lateral dark green nerves; lulu. lemma Y8 or more inch long, with short This grass can be easily recognized in hairs on the margins, tip split into two a lawn by the flowering panicles which short acute lobes, between the lobes is stand above those of the Manienie an awn 4/16-6/16 inch long; second grass. The accompanying drawing and floret with lemma similar to the first but following nontechnical description of smaller and with shorter awn. Seed * Published by permission of the Director, B. P. 3/32 inch long, light color, narrow, tri- Bishop Museum. angular, pointed at both ends. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 127

Fishes of the American Northwest

A Catalogue of the Fishes of Washington and Oregon, With Distributional Records and a Bibliography

BY LEONARD P. SCHULTZ AND ALLAN C. DELACY School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, U. S. A.

(Third installment, continued. Copies of issues containing first and second installments, while available, 75 cents a copy, postpaid to any address in the world.--THE EDITORS.)

217. (2283). ARTEDIUS LATERAL'S (Girard). Port Susan*. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Scorpaenichthys lateralis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Islands*. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 145, San Luis Obispo (Port Harford) Calif. Coast of Washington: Gilbert 1891, Artedius lateralis: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Coast of Oregon: Gilbert 1891. Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kin- 221. (2301). TRIGLOPS BEANI Gilbert, caid 1919; Hubbs 1926. Triglops beani Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., RANGE: British Columbia to Pt. Conception 19, 1893 (1895); 426, pl. 28, upper fig., Aleutian Islands and Bristol Bay, at Albatross Stations 3214, (Hubbs 1926). Marine, Common. No com- 3217 and many others in 7r/4 to 42 fathoms: Starks mercial value. 1896, 1911; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kin- caid 1919; Fowler 1923. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigen- RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Com- mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid mon, No commercial value. 1919. Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Holly*, RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Starks 1896; San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. Kincaid 1919. Admiralty Inlet (Albatross Coast of Washington: Neah Bay and Cape Stations 4205, 4211, 4212, and 4213) —Ever- Flattery—Jordan and Jouy 1882. Cape John- mann and Goldsborough 1907. Whatcom son*. La Push*. Cape Elizabeth near Ta- Co.*. San Juan Islands*. Str. Juan de Fuca— holah*. Pt. Grenville, near Moclips*. Gilbert 1895; Fowler 1923. Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rocks*. Cape 222. (2304). PRIONISTIUS MACELLUS Bean. Falcon*. Cape Foulweather*, Y a q u i n a Prionistius macellus Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Head*. Cape Arago*. 6, 1883: 355, Carter Bay, British Columbia: Chap- man and DeLacy 1933. 218. (2289). RUSCARIUS MEANYI Jordan and Triglops macellus: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Starks. RANGE: British Columbia and Puget Sound. Ruscarius meanyi Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. Marine. No commercial value. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 805, pl. 80, Port Or- chard, Puget Sound: Kincaid 1919. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Possession Sound*. Saratoga RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Common. No commercial value, Passage*. San Juan Is.". Lopez Is.*—Chap- man and DeLacy 1933. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. Port Orchard—Jordan and Starks 1895. 223. (— ). PTERYGIOCOTTUS MACOUNI Bean and Weed. 219. (2297). RADULINUS BOLEOIDES Gilbert. Pterygiocottus macouni Bean and Weed, Trans. Radulinus boleoides Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Roy. Soc. Canada, 13, 1920: 73, Vancouver Island. Comm., 24, 1898; 26, pl. 1, Santa Catalina Island, RANGE: Vancouver Island. Marine. Two speci- Calif.: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. mens known. No commercial value. RANGE: Puget Sound to Santa Catalina Island. Marine. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Vancouver Is- land—Bean and Weed 1920. G. V. Wilby, RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: San Juan Is- Provincial Museum, B. C., recently took the lands—Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. second specimen of this doubtful species. 220. (2298). RADULINUS ASPRELLUS Gilbert. (2308). HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS Radulinus asprellus Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 224. 13, 1890 (1891): 88, off Oregon and Washington at (Tilesius). Red Irish Lord. Albatross Stations 3046, 3057, 3058 in 43 to 77 Cottus hemilepidotus Tilesius, Mem. Acad. St. fathoms: Jordan and Starks 1895; Fvermann and Petersb., 2, 1810: Sea of Okhotsk. Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. He»tilepidotus gibbsii: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f. hemilepidotus hemilepidotus: Eigenmann and Figen- RANGE: Burrard Inlet, B.C., to Farallon Islands, mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Meek 1899; Evermann and Goldsborough California. Marine. No commercial value. 1907; Kincaid 1919; Schmidt 1929b; Schultz and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Welander 1934. Hensilepidotus trachurus: Jordan Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. and Jouy 1882. Seattle*, Admiralty Inlet (Albatross Station RANGE: Alaska (Kamchatka—Schmidt 1929b) 4219), and Hoods Canal (Albatross Station to Monterey Bay. Marine. Common, No 4221) --Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. commercial value. 128 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- RANGE: Alaska to San Francisco (Schmidt bert 1881f; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1929a). Marine. Common. No commercial 1896; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; value. Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. San Juan Islands*- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Steindachner Starks 1911. Pt. Angeles-Meek 1899. 1877; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; 1882; Eigen- Coast of Washington: Schultz and We- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Evermann and lander 1934. Neah Bay-Jordan and Jouy Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. 1882. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Cape Eliza- Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. San Juan Islands* beth near Taholah*. Pt. Grenville near Mo- -Starks 1911; Powers 1921. New Orcas Is- clips*. lands-Gunther 1860. Pt. Angeles-Gilbert Coast of Oregon: Schultz and Welander 1895. Str. of Juan de Fuca-Jordan and Jouy 1934. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Falcon*. Three 1882. Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Cape Foul- Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. weather*. Yaquina Head*. Coos Bay*. Cape Coast of Oregon: Cape Arago*. Arago*. 228. (2389). NAUTICHTHYS OCULOFASCIATUS 225. (2309). CALYCILEPIDOTUS SPINOSUS Ayres. (Girard). Sailor fish. Yellow Irish Lord. Blepsias oculofasciatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Calycilepidotus spinosus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Nat. Sci. Phila., 9, 1857 (1858a): 202, Ft. Steilacoom, Sci., ed. 2, 1, 1855: 81 (76), San Francisco: Hubbs Wash. 1928. Nautichthys oculofasciatus: Girard 1858; Gunther Hemilepidotus spinosus: Eigenmann and Eigen- 1860; Suckley 1860; Steindachner 1877; Jordan and mann 1892. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigen- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan RANGE: Cape Johnson, Washington to Santa and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Barbara Islands, California (Starks and Mor- Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. ris 1907). Marine. Common. No commercial RANGE: Alaska to Monterey. Marine. Common. value. No commercial value. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Cape John- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Suckley 1860; son*_Hubbs 1928. Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann Columbia River Mouth: Eigenmann and and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks Eigenmann 1892. 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom-Girard Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rocks*. Cape 1858, 1858a; Gunther 1860. Seattle*. Hoods Falcon*. Cape Foulweather*. Y a q u i n a Canal near Holly*. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. Head*. Cape Arago*. Saratoga Passage*. Admiralty Inlet, (Alba- tross Station 4209) and Oak Bay (Albatross 226. (2310). ASPICOTTUS BISON Girard. Buffalo Station 4219)-Evermann and Goldsborough sculpin. 1907. Pt. Townsend-Steindachner 1877. San Aspicottus bison Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Str. Juan de Phila., 7, 1854: 130, San Francisco: Girard 1858; Fuca-Jordan and Jouy 1882; Gilbert 1895. Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882. 229. Enophrys bison: Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Ei- (2270). SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS genmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks (Ayres). Blue cod. Marbled sculpin. Bull 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Washburn 1901; Ever- cod. mann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. Hemitripterus marmoratus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat Sci., 1, 1854: 4, San Francisco. RANGE: Alaska to Point Conception, California. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus: Girard 1858; Jordan Marine. Abundant. No commercial value. and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jor- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Girard 1858; dan and Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, RANGE: Washington to San Diego. Marine. 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Common. Slight commercial value. Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Hoods Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Canal near Holly*. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Admiralty 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Head, Port Townsend-Evermann and Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Hoods Canal near Goldsborough 1907. San Juan Islands*_ Holly*. San Juan Islands*-Starks 1911. Starks 1911. Pt. Angeles-Gilbert 1895. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. La Coast of Washington: Cape Elizabeth near Push*. Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Pt. Taholah*. Pt. Grenville near Moclips*. Grenville near Moclips*. Grays Harbor*. Grays Harbor*. Columbia River Mouth: Astoria-Girard Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Cape 1858. Falcon*. Three Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rocks*. Cape Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Ya- Falcon*. Tillamook Bay*. Three Arch Rks. quina Bay*. Coos Bay*. Cape Arago*. near Oceanside*. Cape Foulweather*. Ya- 227. (2387). BLEPSIAS CIRRHOSUS (Pallas). Sil- quina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Cape Arago*. ver spot. 230. (2314). COTTUS" ASPER Richardson. Prick- Trachinus cirrhosus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ly bullhead. 3, 1811: 237, Bering Sea. Blepsias cirrhosus: Gunther 1860; Steindachner 17 Cottus philonips Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1877; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1822; Jordan and Amer. Nat., 26, 1892: 963, Kicking Horse River, Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Gil- Field, British Columbia, may be a synonym of some bert 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Golds- species in this region. However, this name was pro- borough 1907; Kincaid 1919; Powers 1921. Blep- posed as a substitute for Cottus microstomus and is sias cirrhosus typicus Schmidt 1929a. not available (Hubbs and Schultz 1932b). MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 129

Cottus asper Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Fish, RANGE: Lost River, tributary of Klamath Lake, 1836: 295, Columbia River Fort Vancouver: Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Seale 1895; Evermann and Oregon. Freshwater. Meek 1898; Meek 1899; Snyder 1908a; Evermann RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Lost R.-Gilbert and Latimer 1910; Crawford 1927; Schultz 1930; 1898. Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. Centridermichthys asper: Richardson 1844; Gun- ther 1860. Cottopsis asper: Girard 1851, 1858; 233. (2317). COTTUS RHOTHELIS (Rosa Smith). Suckley 1860; Jordan and Jouy 1882. Trachidermis Bullhead. richardsoni: Heckel 1840. Uranidea rhothea Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882 (1883): 347, Spokane Falls, Wash. RANGE: Coastal streams from Alaska to Ven- Cottus rhotheus: Gilbert and Evermann 1895; tura County, California. Freshwater and in Snyder 1908a; Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930; brackish water. Common. Slight commercial Schultz 1930; Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. value as bait. RANGE: Columbia River, Kootenay River, Puget RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage*: Suckley Sound Drainage, and Nehalem R., Oregon. 1860; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Crawford 1927; Freshwater. Common. Slight commercial Schultz 1930. Ft. Steilacoom-Girard 1858. value as bait. Trib. to L. Cushman*. L. Washington in RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: Schultz 1930. Seattle*_Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Seale Nisqually R.*. Lynch Cr., Pierce Co.*. New- 1895; Evermann and Meek 1898. Sammamish auken Cr. near Enumclaw*. L. Washington*. L.* Sultan R.* Anderson Cr. near Holly*. Cedar R.*. Evans Cr. near Redmond*. Sno- Chimacum*. Whatcom Co.*. L. Sutherland*. qualmie R.* Raging R. at Falls City*. Wal- Coast of Washington: Olympic Peninsula* lace R.* -Meek 1899; Evermann and Latimer 1910. Coast of Washington: Dickey R.*, Sole- Pleasant L.*. Clallam Co. Quillayute R.*. duck R.*. Lake Cr.", Clallam Co. Quinault Quinault R. mouth*. L. Quinault*. Grays R.*. Humptulips R.*. Satsop R.*. Harbor*. Chehalis R. mouth*. Wynooche Washington and Oregon: Hubbs and R. Schultz 1932b. Washington and Oregon: Hubbs and Columbia River Drainage: Gilbert and Schultz 1932b. Evermann 1895. Lewis and Clark R.*. Washington and Oregon Territories: Gun- Youngs R.*. Klaskanine Cr.*, Clatsop Co., ther 1860. Ore. Kalama*. St. Helens, Ore.*. Willamette Columbia River Drainage: Richardson R.-Snyder 1908a. Clackamas R.*. S. Fk. 1836, 1844; Heckel 1840; Girard 1851; Gun- John Day R.*. Palouse R.*. Grande Ronde ther 1860; Suckley 1860; Jordan and Jouy R.*. Minam R.*. Lostine R.*. Naches R.*. 1882. Columbia R. mouth*. Klaskanine Cr.*, Teanaway R.*. Entiat R.*. Spokane R.- Clatsop Co., Ore. Astoria, Ft. Dalles-Gi- Smith 1883. Little Spokane R.*. Dragoon rard 1858. Cowlitz R. near Kalama*. Kalama Cr.*. Hangman Cr.*, Tekoa, Wash.-Jor- R.*. Umatilla R.*. Wallula, Wash.-Gilbert dan, Evermann and Clark 1930. Colville R.*. and Evermann 1895. Moses L.*, Grant Co:, Coast of Oregon: Nehalem R.*. Wash. Crab Cr.* near Odessa, Wash. We- natchee R.* 234. (2315). COTTUS GULOSUS (Girard). Bull- Coast of Oregon: All coastwise streams- head. Snyder 1908a. Elk Cr. Cannon Beach*. Cr. Cottopsis gulosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 129, San Mateo Cr. and San Joa- at Cape Arago*. quin R., Calif. Coitus gulosus: Evermann and Meek 1898; Sny- 231. (2328). COTTUS ALEUTICUS Gilbert. der 1908a, 1908b; Evermann and Latimer 1910; Uranidea microstoma Lockington, Proc. U. S. Schultz 1930; Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. Cottus Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 58, St. Paul, Kodiak Island: perp/e.rus Gilbert and Evermann 1895. name preoccupied'''. Coitus aleuticus Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish. Comm., RANGE: Alaska to California. Freshwater. Com- 19, 1893: 418, streams at Unalaska; also in Depar- mon. Slight commercial value as bait. ture Bay, Vancouver Island: Snyder 1908a; Craw- ford 1927; Schultz 1930; Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: Schultz 1930. Deschutes R. Newauken Cr., near Enum- RANGE: Coastal streams from Unalaska to claw*. L. Washington* and L. Sammamish* Monterey, California. Freshwater. Common. -Evermann and Meek 1898. Evans Cr. near No commercial value. Redmond*. Snohomish R.*. Snoqualmie R.*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: Schultz 1930. Raging R. at Falls City.*. Tributary of L. L. Washington*. Granite Falls*. Stillaguam- Cushman*. Olympic Peninsula-Evermann ish, Skagit, Nooksack-Crawford 1927. Dun- and Latimer 1910. geness R.* Anderson Cr. near Holly*. Coast of Washington: Olympic Peninsula Coast of Washington: Dickey R.*. Creek .-Evermann and Latimer 1910. Soleduck R.*. one mile south of La Push*. Hoquiam R.*. Cr. one mile south of La Push*. Upper Quin- Satsop R.*. ault R.*. Humptulips R.*. Hoquiam R.*. Washington and Oregon: Hubbs and Wynooche R.*. Satsop R.*. Upper tributary Schultz 1932b. of Chehalis R.*. Skookumchuck and New- Columbia River Drainage: Kalama R.*. St. aukum rivers near Chehalis-Gilbert and Helens, Ore.*. Clackamas R., Eagle Cr.* Evermann 1895. Coast of Oregon: Youngs R.*, Clatsop Washington and Oregon: Hubbs and Co., Ore. Trask, Tillamook, Nestucca, Ya- Schultz 1932b. quina, Coquille, Sixes, and Elk rivers- Columbia River Drainage: Lewis and Clark Snyder 1908a. R.*. Klaskanine Cr., Clatsop Co., Ore.*. Trib to Cowlitz near Kalama*. Kalama*. St. 232. (2316.) COTTUS EVERMANNI Gilbert. Helens, Ore.*. Eagle Cr., trib. to Clackamas Cottus evermanni Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 17, 1897: 11, fig., Lost River, Ore. R., Ore.*. Umatilla, Ore.*. Ellensburg*. 130 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Coast of Oregon: Coastwise streams—Sny- RECORDS: Oregon Lakes: Silvies R.*. Rattle- der 1908a. Nehalem R.*. Nestucca R. near snake Cr. near Camp Harney, Oregon— Hemlock*. Siuslaw R., Lakes Whoahink, Bean 1882. Silver Cr., Harney Co., Oregon Tsiltcoos, and Tahkenitch—Evermann and —Snyder 1908b. There is no basis for Jor- Meek 1898. Above Reedsport*. Umpqua R.*. dan, Evermann, and Clark's 1930 record for Below Drain*. Rogue R. near Medford*. Walla Walla, Washington. Goose Lake Drainage: Drew Creek— Snyder 1908b. 240. (2338). COTTUS MARGINATUS (Bean). Uranidea marginata Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 235. (2319, in part 2320). COTTUS PUNCTL1- 4, 1881 (1882): 26, Mill Creek, Walla Walla, LATUS (Gill) , Rocky Mountain bullhead. Wash.: 1883. Cottus marginatus: Blob. Gilbert and Evermann 1895. Potamocottus punctulatus Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. RANGE: Walla Walla River, Washington. Nat. Hist., 8, 1861: 40, Bridger Pass, Wyo. Freshwater. No commercial value. Cottopsis semiscaber Cope: Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930. RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Walla RANGE: Headwaters of Snake River and the Walla R.—Bean 1882, 1883; Gilbert and Green River of Colorado system, Wyoming, Evermann 1895. also in the upper Columbia River and upper 241. (2339). COTTUS TENUIS ( Evermann and Missouri system. The record of occurrence Meek). of this species in eastern Washington and Uranidea tenuis Evermann and Meek, Bull. U. S. Oregon by Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930 Fish Comm., 17, 1897 (1898): 83, fig. 6, Upper probably is not valid, since it has not oc- Klamath Lake, Klamath Falls, Oregon. curred there in recent collections. Freshwater. RANGE: Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Fresh- Common. Slight commercial value as bait. water. No commercial value. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon Drainage: Upper 236. (2330). COTTUS BELDINGII Eigenmann and Klamath L.—Evermann and Meek 1898. Eigenmann Smooth Bullhead. Cottus beldingii Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 242. (2351). MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHO- Amer. Nat., 25, 1891: 1132, Lake Tahoe: Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. CEPHALUS (Pallas). Great sculpin. Cottus phi/onips: Gilbert and Evermann 1895. Cottus polyacanthocephalus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- Cottus punctulatus: Evermann and Nichols 1909. Asiat., 3, 1811: 133, Aleutian Islands: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1822; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode RANGE: East of Cascade Mountains in Colum- 1884. bia River Drainage and south to Lake La- A canthocottus polyacanthocephalus: Eigenmann and hontan (Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930). Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895. Acanthocottus polyacanthocottus (Pallas): Freshwater. Common. No commercial value, Starks 1896. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus: RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: Above Sno- Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; qualmie Falls*—Gilbert and Evermann 1895. Kincaid 1919; Powers 1921; Fowler 1923. Washington: Hubbs and Schultz 1932b. RANGE: Bering Sea to Puget Sound. Marine. Columbia River Drainage: Walla Walla*. Common. No commercial value. Tucannon R. Grande Ronde R. Minam RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- R.*. Lostine R.*. Naches R.*. Ellensburg*. bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Above Moses L., in Crab Creek, Grant Co.*. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Upper Crab Creek: Evermann and Nichols Starks 1895; Starks 1896; Kincaid 1919. Se- 1909. Nason Cr. near Merrit*. attle*. Meadowdale*. Marrowstone Pt., Ad- miralty Head—Evermann and Goldsborough 237,° (2327). COTTUS KLAMATHENSIS Gilbert. 1907. Port Angeles—Gilbert 1895. San Juan Cottus klamathensis Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 17, 1897 (1898): 10, fig. Upper Klamath Islands*_Starks 1911; Powers 1921. Str. Lake, Oregon: Evermann and Meek 1898; Snyder Juan de Fuca—Fowler 1923. 1908a. Uranidea minuta: Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery— Cope 1884. Goode 1884. RANGE: Klamath River System, Oregon. Fresh- water. No commercial value. 243. (—). MALACOCOTTUS KINCAIDI Gilbert and RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Klamath R. drain- Thompson." age—Snyder 1908a. Upper Klamath L.,-- Malacocottus kincaidi Gilbert and Thompson, Cope 1884; Evermann and Meek 1898; Gil- Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28, 1905: 979, fig. 2, Grin- non, Hoods Canal, Wash.: Kincaid 1919; Hubbs bert 1898. 1928. 238. (2335). COTTUS PRINCEPS Gilbert. RANGE: Burrard Inlet to Puget Sound. Marine. Cottus princeps Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Not rare. No commercial value. 17, 1897 (1898): 12, figure. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Evermann and Meek 1898. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Fresh- Hoods Canal*_Gilbert and Thompson 1905; water. No commercial value. Hubbs 1928. RECORDS: Klamath Lake (upper): Evermann 244. and Meek 1898; Gilbert 1898. (2379). LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS ARMATUS Girard. Bullhead. 239. (2336). COTTUS BENDIREI (Bean). Leptocottus armatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Potamocottus bendirei Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 131, Cape Flattery, Fort Steil- Mus., 4, 1881 (1882): 27, Rattlesnake Creek near acoom, Shoalwater Bay, and other localities: 1858; Camp Harney, Oregon. Ayres 1855; Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert Cottus bendirei: Jordan, Evermann. and Clark 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and 1930. Cottus punctulatus: Snyder 1908b. Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks RANGE: Silvies R. and Rattlesnake Creek near 18 We think the record for Malacocottus zonurus at Camp Harney, Oregon. Freshwater. No com- Albatross Station 4198 (between Bowen Is. and Na- mercial value. naimo), may possibly be for M. kincaidi, since there are no other records of M. zonurus south of Alaska. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 1 3 1

1895; Starks 1896, 1911 Evermann and Meek 1898; RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands*, Ucluelet*, Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919; Powers 1921. British Columbia, to Point Loma (Hubbs Centridermichthys armatus: Gunther 1860. Lepto- 1926a), San Diego Co., California. Marine. cottus armatus armatus: Hubbs 1921. Common. No commercial value, RANGE: Kodiak Island to Carmel River, Cali- RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Hubbs 1928. fornia, Marine. Common. No commercial Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Reef on shore value. opposite Quillayute Needles*. Cape Eliza- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Girard 1858; beth near Taholah*. Pt. Grenville near Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Moclips*. Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan and Starks Coast of Oregon: Hubbs 1928. Cape Fal- 1895; Kincaid 1919; Hubbs 1921, Ft. Steila- con*. Three Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. coom—Girard 1857a. Seattle*—Evermann and Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Ecola Goldsborough 1907. Meadowdale*. Pt. Lud- Rocks*. Cape Arago*. low—Starks 1896. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Saratoga Passage*. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 247. (2383). OXYCOTTUS ACUTICEPS (Gilbert). 1895, Sikiu R. mouth, Clallam Co.*, San Oligocottus acuticeps Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 19, 1893: 432, Unalaska. Juan Islands*_Starks 1911; Powers 1921. Oxycottus acuticeps: Jordan, Evermann and Clark New Orcas Islands—Gunther 1860. 1930. Coast of Washington: Hubbs 1921. Cape RANGE: Aleutian Islands south to Sausalito, Flattery—Ayres 1855; Girard 1857a, 1858. Marin Co., Calif. (Hubbs 1926a). Marine. Quillayute R. mouth*. Quinault R. mouth*. Common. No commercial value. Grays Harbor*. Shoalwater Bay (Willapa) RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Seattle*. .—Girard 1858. Meadowdale*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Columbia River Drainage: Mouth*— Mouth Sikiu R., Clallam Co., Wash.*. San Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Juan Islands*. Coast of Oregon: Hubbs 1921a. Cannon Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery— Beach*. Tillamook Bay*. Three Arch Rks. Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930. Cape near Oceanside*, Nestucca Bay*. Yaquina Johnson*. La Push*. Reef opposite Quilla- Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Siuslaw R. mouth- yute Needles*. Cape Elizabeth near Taho- Evermann and Meek 1898. Coos Bay*. lah*. Pt. Grenville near Moclips.* 245. (2381, 2382). OLIGOCOTTUS MACULOSUS Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Three Girard. Tide Pool Johnny. Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Cape Foul- Oligocottus maculosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. weather*. Yaquina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Sci. Phila., 8, 1856 (1857a) : 133, Tomales Bay, San Francisco: 1858; Suckley 1860; Jordan and Ecola Rocks". Cape Arago*. Gilbert 1881c, 1881f ; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigen- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan 248. (2384). ALLOCOTTUS EMBRYLIM (Jordan and Starks 1895; Greeley 1901; Starks 1911; Miles and Starks). 1918; Kincaid 1919; Powers 1921. Oligocottus embryum Jordan and Starks, Proc. Centridermichthys maculosus: Steindachner 1877. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 808, pl. 82, Oligocottus borealis Jordan and Snyder in Jordan, Neah Bay, Wash.: Starks 1896. Proc. Calif. Acad Sci., 2nd ser., 6, 1896: 225, Neah Oxycottus embryum: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Bay, Wash.: Starks 1896. RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Point Lobos, Cali- RANGE: Okhotsk Sea and southern Alaska fornia, rare southward. Mr. Bolin took sev- south to near Tunitas, San Mateo Co., Cali- eral specimens at Point Lobos and one at fornia (Hubbs 1926a). Marine. Common. No 40° 23' 34" on California coast in Humboldt commercial value. Co. Marine, Not common. No commercial RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Girard 1857a; value. Suckley 1860; Eigenmann and Eigenmann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896; Rocks north of Manchester*. Pt. Ludlow— Greeley 1901; Kincaid 1919. Fort Steilacoom Starks 1896. Friday Harbor*. San Juan Is- —Girard 1857a, 1858. Fox Inlet—Steindach- lands*—Starks 1911. ner 1877. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Hoods Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan Canal near Holly*. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert and Starks 1895. Cape Johnson*. Cape Eliza- 1895. Friday Harbor*—Miles 1918. San Juan beth near Taholah*. Islands*_Starks 1911; Powers 1921. Mouth Coast of Oregon: Three Arch Rks. at of Sikiu R., Clallam Co., Wash.*. Oceanside*. Yaquina Head*. Ecola Rocks*. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*—Jor- Cape Arago*. dan and Gilbert 1881c, 1881f; Jordan and Snyder in Jordan 1896. Cape Flattery—Jor- 249. (2384a on p. 3179). RusocuLus RIMENSIS dan and Jouy 1882. Cape Johnson*. La Greeley. Push*. Pt. Grenville, near Moclips*. Rusciculus rimensis Greeley, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 19, 1899: 13, fig. 3, Point Lobos, Calif.: Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Three Hubbs 1928; Schultz 1930a. Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Cape Foul- Stelgidonotus latifrons Gilbert and Thompson weather*. Yaquina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. 1905: Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks Ecola Rocks*. Coos Bay*. Cape Arago*. 1911; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: British Columbia to Monterey Co., 246. (2381 on p. 2871 and 2384b on p. 3181). California. Marine. Not common. No com- DIALARCHUS SNYDERI Greeley. Cirrated scul- mercial value. pin. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Admiralty Dialarchus snyderi Greeley, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 19, 1899: 14, fig. 4, Pacific Grove, Calif.: Head—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Hubbs 1926a, 1928. San Juan Islands*—Gilbert and Thompson Oligocottus snyderi Greeley in Jordan and Ever- mann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 1898, 2871, 1905; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; Schultz Pacific Grove, Calif. (nomen nudum). 1930a. 132 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson"—, Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Reef opposite Hubbs 1928. Quillayute Needles*. Cape Elizabeth near Coast of Oregon: Cape Arago*_Schultz Taholah*. 1930a. Coast of Oregon: Cape Foulweather*. Ya- quina Head*, Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*. 250. (2385a). BLENNICOTTLIS GLOBICEPS (Gi- rard). Round-headed sculpin. 254. (2395). PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS Gun- 011gocottus globiceps Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., ther. Tadpole sculpin. 10, Pt. 4, Fishes, 1858: 58, South Farallons: Eigen- Psychrolutes paradozus Gunther, Cat., 3, 1861: mann and Eigenmann 1892. 516, Gulf of Georgia: Jordan and Gilbert 1882; Goode Blennicottus globiceps: Jordan and Gilbert 1881c, 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Greeley 1901; Starks 1895; Starks 1896. 1911; Kincaid 1919. Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. Psychrolutes zebra: Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Blennicottus globiceps bryosus Jordan and Starks Starks 1895. 1895. RANGE: Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Point Con- RANGE: Kodiak Island to Puget Sound. Marine. ception, California (Hubbs 1926a). Marine. Common. No commercial value. Common in rocky tide pools. No commercial RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- value. bert 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. bert 1881c, 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Ludlow—Starks 1896. Pt. Townsend*. Pt. Eigenmann 1892; Greeley 1901; Kincaid 1919. Angeles and Str. Juan de Fuca—Goode 1884; San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Str. of Juan Gilbert 1895. Friday Harbor*. San Juan Is- de Fuca—Fowler 1923. lands*—Starks 1911. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*—Jor- 255. (2396). GILBERTIDIA SIGALUTES (Jordan dan and Starks 1895. Cape Flattery—Jordan and Starks). and Jouy 1882. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Gilbertina sigalutes Jordan and Starks, Proc. Reef opposite Quillayute Needles*. Cape Calif Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 811, pl. 86, Elizabeth near Taholah*, Pt. Grenville near Port Orchard, near Seattle, Wash. Gilbertidia sigalutes: Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Moclips.* Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; II ubbs 1928. Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Three RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Common. No Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Cape Foulweath- commercial value. er*. Yaquina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Ecola Rks.*. Cape Arago*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Starks 1895; Gilbert and Thompson 1905; 251. (2362). DASYCOTTUS SETIGER Bean. Woolly Kincaid 1919. Off Everett*. Hoods Canal* sculpin. —Hubbs 1928. San Juan Islands*_Starks Dasycottus setiger Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1911. 13, 1890: 42, off Sitkalidak Island, Alaska: Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. 256. (2393). SYNCHIRUS GILL' Bean. Manacled RANGE: Bering Sea to Puget Sound, Marine, sculpin. Not rare. No commercial value. Synchirus gilli Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, 1889: 642, Barclay Sound, B. C.: Evermann and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Goldsborough 1907; Chapman and DeLacy 1933. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Off Tulalip*. San RANGE: Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. Juan Islands*—Starks 1911, Marine. Rare, No commercial value. 252. (2361). ZESTICELUS PROFUNDORUM (Gil- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Pt. Townsend bert). —Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Friday Acanthocottus profundorum Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Harbor*, and False Bay*, San Juan Islands Fish Comm., 19, 1893: 423, pl. 27, upper fig., Ber- —Chapman and DeLacy 1933. ing Sea, north of Unalaska, at Albatross Station 3328 in 399 fathoms. RANGE: Bering Sea, Alaska and in great depths Family 67. RHAMPHOCOTTIDAE off California (Hubbs 1928). This species has not been recorded from Washington and 257. (2397). RHAMPHOCOTTUS RICHARDSONI Oregon. Marine. No commercial value. GUnther. Northern sea horse. Gruntfish. Rhamphocottus richardsoni Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. IIist., 14, 1874: 369, Fort Rupert, B. C.: Ei- 253. (2394). ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS Jordan genmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks and Gilbert. 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Golds- Ascelichthys rhodorus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. borough 1907; Johnson 1918; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1.2. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880 (1881c): 264, Waadda 1923. Island, Neah Bay, near Cape Flattery: 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann RANGE: Sitka, Alaska, Puget Sound to Monte- 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896; Kin- rey, California (Johnson 1918). Mr. Bolin caid 1919. reports a specimen from Monterey Bay. Ma- RANGE: Alaska (Sitka) to Fort Bragg, Cali- rine. Common in Puget Sound. No com- fornia. Marine. Common in tide pools. No mercial value. commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Eigenmann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1895; Johnson 1918; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Lud- 1892; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow—Starks low—Starks 1896. Admiralty Inlet (Alba- 1896. Deception Pass*. Friday Harbor*. San tross Stations 4205, 4209, and 4212), Hoods Juan Islands*. Canal*_Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*—Jor- San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. Str. Juan dan and Gilbert 1881c; Jordan and Starks de Fuca—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; 1895. Cape Flattery—Jordan and Jouy 1882. Fowler 1923, MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 133

Family 68. AGONIDAE Sea poachers. Ludlow—Starks 1896; Evermann and Golds- Alligator fishes borough 1907. Whatcom Co.*. Pt. Angeles— Meek 1899. San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. 258. (2400). HYPSAGONUS QUADRICORNIS (CaVier New Orcades, Gulf of Georgia—Gunther and Valenciennes). Four-horned sea poacher. 1860. Str. Juan de Fuca—Fowler 1923. Aspidophorus quadricornis Cuvier and Valen- Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery.— ciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4, 1829: 162, (221), Jordan and Jouy 1882. Kamchatka. Hypsagonus quadricornis: Gilbert 1895; Ever- mann and Goldsborough 1907; Heath 1910; Starks 263. (2417). AVERRUNCUS EMMELANE Jordan 1911; Kincaid 1919. and Starks. Window-tail sea poacher. Jordan and Starks, Proc. RANGE: Bering Sea to Puget Sound. Marine. Averruncus emmelane Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 821, pl. 91, Common. No commercial value. Port Orchard. Puget Sound: Starks 1896, RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 191991 1; Admiralty Inlet Albatross Stations 4205 to Fowler 1923. Xystes axinophrys Jordan and Starks 1895: Starks 4207—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. 1896. (Gilbert (1915) finds this is the young of San Juan Islands*; Friday Harbor*—Heath A. emntelane). 1910; Starks 1911. Str. Juan de Fuca—Gil- RANGE: Alaska, Puget Sound to Monterey, bert 1895. California. Marine. Common. No commer- cial value. 259. (2401). STELLERINA XYOSTERNA (Jordan Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and and Gilbert). RECORDS: Brachyopsis xyosternus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Off U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 152, Santa Cruz, Calif. Everett*. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Hoods Stellerina xyosterna: Jordan, Evermann and Canal* (Albatross Station 4222) .—Evermann Clark 1930. and Goldsborough 1907. Whatcom Co.*. San RANGE: Coast of Oregon and California (Jor- Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. Str. Juan de dan, Evermann and Clark 1930). Marine. Fuca—Fowler 1923. No commercial value. RECORDS: We have not been able to verify the 264. (2422). SATHYAGONUS NIGRIPINNIS Gilbert. Oregon record. Black sea poacher. Bathyagonus nigripinnis Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. 260. (2402). OCCA VERRUCOSA (Lockington). Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 89, Coast of Washington at Brachyopsis verrucosus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Albatross Station 3073, in 477 fathoms: Gilbert Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 60, Drake Bay, near San Fran- 1895; Kincaid 1919. cisco. Jordan and Evermann 1898. RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Coast of Washing- Occa verrucosa: ton. Marine. Common. No commercial value. RANGE: Oregon to central California. Marine. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Hoods Canal Coast of Oregon: Jordan and Ever- near Holly*. Saratoga Passage*. Gedney RECORDS: Is.*. Whidby Is.*. Off Tulalip*. San Juan mann 1898. Islands*. Station 261. (2407). PALLASINA BARBATA AIX Starks. Coast of Washington: Albatross Pallasina aix Starks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd 3073—Gilbert 1891; Albatross Station 3343 ser., 6, 1896: 558, pl. 75, Puget Sound near Pt. Ludlow, Wash.: 1911; Kincaid 1919; Powers 1921. —Gilbert 1895; Kincaid 1919. Jordan and Evermann 1898. Pallasina barbata: XENERETMUS TRIACANTHUS (Gil- Siphagonus barbatus: Gilbert 1895. 265. (2426). Aleutian Islands, Puget Sound to coast bert). RANGE: Xenochirus triacanthus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. of Oregon. Marine. Common. No commer- Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 91, off coast of California, cial value. Ore. and Wash., at Albatross stations 2893, 2973 Puget Sound Region*: Starks 1896; and 3059, in 145, 68, and 77 fathoms: Eigenmann RECORDS: and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895. Kincaid 1919. Pt. Angeles*—Gilbert 1895. Xeneretmus triacanthus: Kincaid 1919. San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911; Powers RANGE: Washington to San Diego. Marine. No 1921. commercial value. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. Coast of Oregon: Jordan and Evermann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Hoods Canal near 1898. Holly*. Possession Sound*. San Juan Is- 262. (2413). PODOTHECUS ACIPENSERINUS (Tile- lands*. sius). Common alligatorfish. Sturgeon sea Columbia River: Eigenmann and Eigen- poacher. mann 1892. Agonus acipenserinus Tilesius, Mem. Acad. St. Coast of Washington: Gilbert 1891. Petersb., 4, 1811: 422, pl. 11, fig. 163, Unalaska: Coast of Oregon: Gilbert 1891. Gunther 1860; Steindachner 1877. Podothecus acipenserinus: Jordan and Gilbert (Gil- 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and 266. (2423). ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHA Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks bert). 1896, 1911; Meek 1899; Evermann and Goldsbor- Xenochirus pentacanthus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. ough 1907; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. Podothecus Nat. Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 91, Coast of Wash. at peristethus: Gill 1862b. Albatross Station 3076, in 178 fathoms: Evermann Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Com- and Goldsborough 1907. RANGE: Xeneretmus pentacanthus: Starks and Morris mon. No commercial value. 1907. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- RANGE: Straits of Juan de Fuca to San Diego bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Starks and Morris 1907). Marine. No com- 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. mercial value. Ft. Steilacoom and Pt. Townsend—Stein- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Admiralty In- dachner 1877. Simeahmoo, Wash. Territory— Station 4221) —Evermann and Gill 1862b. Seattle*. Saratoga Passage*. Pt. let (Albatross 134 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Goldsborough 1907, Straits of Fuca—Starks and Morris 1907. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Pt. Townsend—Steindach- Coast of Washington: Gilbert 1891. Alba- tross ner 1877; Kincaid 1919. San Juan Islands*—, Station 3076—Starks and Morris 1907. Kincaid 1919; Schultz 1930a. Coast of Oregon: Starks and Morris 1907. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*_ 267. (2424). ASTEROTHECA ALASCANA (Gil- Hubbs 1928. bert). Gray star-snout. Xenochirus alascanus Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish 272. (2433). ANOPLAGONUS INERMIS (Gunther). Comm., 19, 1893 (1895): 438, Unimak Pass, Aleu- Smooth sea poacher. tian Islands, at Albatross stations 3216, 3219, and Aspidophoroides inermis Gunther, Cat., 2, 1860: others, in 35 to 138 fathoms. 524, Vancouver Island: Eigenmann and Eigenmann Xeneretmus alaskanus: Starks 1911; Miles 1918; 1892; Gilbert 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann Kincaid 1919. and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. No RANGE: Alaska to Columbia River. Marine. commercial value. Common. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911; Miles 1918. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Hoods Canal- Str. Juan de Fuca—Gilbert 1895. Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. What- 268. (—). ASTEROTHECA INFRASPINATA (Gil- com Co.*. San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. bert). Str. Juan de Fuca—Gilbert 1895. Xeneretmus infraspinatus Gilbert, Proc. Calif. Columbia River: Eigenmann and Eigen- Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., 3, 1904: 262, pl. 27, off Cape mann 1892. Flattery, Wash., in 77 fathoms: Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Bering Sea (Gilbert and Thompson Family 69. CYCLOPTERIDAE Lumpsuckers 1905) to Washington. Marine. No com- mercial value. 273. (2436). EUMICROTREMUS ORBIS (Gunther). Spiny lumpfish. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Cyclopterus orbis Gunther, Cat. 3, 1861; 158, San Juan Islands*—Gilbert and Thompson Vancouver Island: Goode 1884. 1905; Starks 1911. Eumicrotremus orbis: Jordan and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery—Gil- Kincaid 1919. 1907; Starks 1911; bert 1904. RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. Ma- 269. (2425), XENOPYXIS LATIFRONS (Gilbert). rine. Common. No commercial value. Xenochirus latifrons Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 92, off coast of Oregon RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and and San Diego, at Albatross stations 2898, 2935, Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Hoods Canal and etc., in 61 and 158 fathoms: Eigenmann and Eigen- Albatross Station 4205 — Evermann and mann 1892 ; Evermann and Goldsboroug Xeneretmus latifrons: h 1907. Goldsborough 1907. San Juan Islands*_ Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919.Starks and Morris 1907; Starks 1911. Str. Juan de Fuca—Goode 1884. RANGE: Burrard Inlet, B.C., to San Diego, Cali- 274. (2438). EUMICROTREMUS VINOLENTUS ( Jor- fornia. Marine. No commercial value. dan and Starks). Smooth lumpsucker. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:" Kincaid 1919. Lethotremus v•nolentus Jordan and Starks, Proc. Elliott Bay*. Seattle*—Evermann and Golds- Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895; 827, pl. 94, Puget Sound, near Seattle, Wash.: Kincaid 1919. borough 1907. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Possession Sound*. Saratoga Passage*. San RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Rare. No com- Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. mercial value. Columbia River: Eigenmann and Eigen- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Near Seattle—, mann 1892. Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Parr Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station 3059 1926: 29, states that this species is the young Gilbert 1891; Starks and Morris 1907. of some species of Eumicrotremus. 270. (2427). ODONTOPYXIS TRISPINOSUS Lock- ing ton. Family 70. LIPARIDIDAE' See snails. Odontopyxis trispinosus Rock suckers Nat. Mus., 2, 1879: Lockington, Proc. U. S. 328, San Francisco: Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Kincaid 1919. 275. (2447). POLYPERA GREENI (Jordan and RANGE: Alaska to Point Loma, California Starks). (Starks and Morris 1907). Marine. No com- Neoliparis greeni Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 829, p1. 96, figs. 2 mercial value. and 3, Victoria, B. C. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Liparis greeni: Kincaid 1919. Burke 1930. Polypera greeni: Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow—, Starks 1896. San Juan Islands`--Starks RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound (Burke 1930). 1911. Marine. 271. (2428). BOTHRAGONLTS SWAMI (Stein- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and dachner). Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. . Hypsagonus swanii Steinclachner, Ichth. Beitr., 5, July, Sitzb. Akad, Wiss. 74, 1876 (1877): 192, 276. (.— ). POLYPERA BERINGIANLIS (Gilbert and pl. 4, Pt. Townsend, Wash. Burke). Bothragonus soanii: Eienmanng and Eigenmann Cyclogaster (Neoliparis) heringianus Gilbert and 1892; Kincaid 1919; Hubbs 1928; Schultz 1930a. Burke, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 30, 1910; 72, Nikolski, RANGE: Vancouver Island, Puget Sound, and Bering Island. Polypera beringianus: Burke 1930. coast of Washington. Marine. Rare. No com- mercial value. ill The members of this family are of no commercial importance in Washington and Oregon. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 135

RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Eigenmann and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Pt. Townsend Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; -Burke 1930. Kincaid 1919. San Juan Islands*-Starks 1911. Str. Juan de Fuca-Gilbert 1895. 277. (2446). LIPARIS FLORAE (Jordan and Starks). 282. (2451 and 2448) LIPARIS FUCENSIS Gilbert. Liparis fucensis Gilbert, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Neoliparis florae Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 837, and Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 830, pl. 96, fig. 1, 19, 1893: 447, Pt. Angeles, Str. Juan de Fuca: Gil- Waadda Island, Str. Juan de Fuca. Kincaid 1919; Hubbs and Schultz bert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896; Liparis florae: Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919; 1934. Burke 1990; Hubbs and Schultz 1934. RANGE: Washington to Monterey Co., Cali- Neoliparus fissuratus Starks 1896: Powers 1921. fornia. Marine. Common. RANGE: Alaska to Crescent City, California. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Marine. Common. Deception Pass*. San Juan Islands*. Wa- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and adda Island, Str. Juan de Fuca-Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow- Starks 1895. Starks 1896. Admiralty Inlet (Albatross sta- Coast of Washington: Hubbs and Schultz tions 4208, 4220) and Hoods Canal-Ever- 1934. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Cape Eliza- mann and Goldsborough 1907. Saratoga Pas- beth near Taholah*. Pt. Grenville near Mo- sage*. Pt. Angeles, Str. Juan de Fuca-Gil- clips*. bert 1895. San Juan Is.*-Powers 1921. Coast of Oregon: Hubbs and Schultz 1934. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*, La Cape Falcon*. Ecola Rocks*. Push*, Reef opposite Quillayute Needles*_ Hubbs and Schultz 1934. 278. (2445). LIPARIS MUCOSUS Ayres. Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*, Cape Liparis mucosus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1855: 22, San Francisco: Burke 1930; Foulweather*, Yaquina Head*, Ecola Hubbs and Schultz 1934. Rocks*, Cape Arago"-Hubbs and Schultz RANGE: Cape Johnson to central California 1934. (Burke 1930 confused it with L. florae). Ma- rine. Rare. 283. (2455). LIPARIS DENNYI Jordan and Starks. Liparis dennyi Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson* Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 835, pl. 98, Admiralty -Hubbs and Schultz 1934. Inlet near Seattle: Gilbert 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Kincaid 1919; Burke 279. (2443). LIPARIS RUTTER! (Gilbert and 1930. Snyder). RANGE: Alaska to Washington (Burke 1930). Neoliparis rutteri Gilbert and Snyder, in Jordan Marine. Common. and Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 2, 2108, Ugak Bay, Kodiak Island. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Liparis rutteri: Hubbs and Schultz 1934. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow- RANGE: Alaska to Oregon. Marine. Not rare. Starks 1896. San Juan Islands*-Gilbert and RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Cape John- Thompson 1905; Starks 1911. Str. Juan de son*; La Push*; Cape Elizabeth near Ta- Fuca*-Gilbert 1895. holah*; Pt. Grenville near Moclips*_Hubbs 284. (2457). LIPARIS PULCHELLUS Ayres. and Schultz 1934. Liparis pulchellus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Three Sci., 1, 1855: 22, San Francisco: Jordan and Starks Arch Rocks near Oceanside*. Yaquina 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Kincaid 1919; Burke 1930. Cyclogaster pulchella: Eigenmann and Eigenmann Head*. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*. 1892. 280. (2444). LIPARIS CALLYODON ( Pallas) . RANGE: Alaska to California (Burke 1930). Cyclopterus callyodon Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., Marine. Not rare. 3, 1811: 75, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands. Liparis callyodon: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Eigenmann Burke 1930. Neoliparis callyodon: Jordan and and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Washington. Ma- Possession Sound*. Anacortes*. San Juan Is- rine. Common in Puget Sound. lands*_Starks 1911. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Deception Pass*. 285. (-). NECTOLIPARIS PELAGICUS Gilbert and Pt. Angeles-Jordan and Starks 1895. San Burke. sta- Nectoliparis pelagicus Gilbert and Burke, Bull. Juan Islands*--Starks 1911. Albatross U. S. Bur. Fish., 30, 1910: 82, fig. 27, Bering Sea. tions 4205 to 4207-Evermann and Golds- borough 1907. RANGE: North Pacific from Hokkaido, Japan, Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Ever- to southern California (Burke 1930). Ma- mann and Goldsborough 1907. Cape John- rine. Rare. son". 286. (2468). CAREPROCTUS MELANURUS Gilbert. Careproctus melanurus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. 281. (2450). LIPARIS CYCLOPUS Gunther. Mus., 14, 1891 (1892): 560, off coasts of California Liparis cyclopus Gunther, Cat. 3, 1861: 162, Es- Stations 2840, 2891, and uimaut Haror, Vancverou Island: Gilbert 1895; and Oregon, at Albatross Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; others in 178 to 339 fathoms: Burke 1930. Jordan l and Starks 1895; Burke 1930. RANGE: British Columbia to southern California Cyclogaster cyclopus: Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Burke 1930). Marine. Not rare. 1892. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station RANGE: Alaska to Washington (Burke 1930). Marine. Common in Puget Sound. 3076-Gilbert 1892. 136 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

287. (2469a). CAREPROCTUS CYPSELURUS (Jor- Family 71. EMBIOTOCIDAE. Viviparous dan and Gilbert). perches. Surf-fishes Prognurus cypselurus Jordan and Gilbert in Jor- dan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle Amer. 1898: 2866, Bogoslof Is., Bering Sea. 295. (1882). CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATUS Gib- Careproctus cypselurus: Burke 1930. bons. Perch. Shiner. Viviparous perch. Cymatogatser aggregatus Gibbons, Proc. Calif. RANGE: Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea to off the Acad. Nat. Sci. in Daily Placer Times and Tran- coast of Washington (Burke 1930). Marine. script, May 18, 1854, San Francisco: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884c; RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Burke 1930. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; 288. (2473). PARALIPARIS CEPHALUS Gilbert. Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Meek 1898; Ever- mann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919; Pow- Paraliparis cephalus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, ers 1921; Fowler 1923; Lloyd and Guberlet 1932. 1891 (1892): 561, off California and Ore- Ditrema aggregatum: Gunther 1862. gon, at Albatross Station 2919 in 984 fathoms: Holconotus Burke 1930. rhodoterus: Girard 1857, 1858. Micrometrus aggre- gatus: Jordan and Gilbert 1882; Tanner 1890. RANGE: Bering Sea to California (Burke 1930). RANGE: Marine. Rare. Southeastern Alaska to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. Marine. Common. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross sta- Slight commercial value as bait. tions 3070, 3071—Gilbert 1892. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Girard 1857, 289. 1858; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan (2475). PARALIPARIS MENTO Gilbert. and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884c; Eigenmann and Paraliparis mento Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1891 (1892): 562, off coast of Oregon at Alba- Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; tross Station 3071 in 685 fathoms: Burke 1930. Kincaid 1919. Seattle*—Tanner 1890; Fow- RANGE: Washington to California (Burke ler 1923. Meadowdale*. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1930). Marine. Rare. 1896. Possession Sound*. Saratoga Passage*. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station Hoods Canal near Holly*. Pt. Townsend- 3071—Gilbert 1892. Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 1895. San Juan Islands*_ 290. (—). PARALIPARIS DEANI Burke. Starks 1911; Powers 1921; Lloyd and Guber- Parabparis dead let 1932. "New Orcas Islands--Gunther Burke, Proc. U 43, 1912: 571, Stevens Passage, Alaska: Hubbs 1862. 1928; Burke 1930. Coast of Washington: Eigenmann and RANGE: Alaska and California (Hubbs 1928). Ulrey 1894. Cape Flattery—Girard 1857, Marine. Not rare. 1858. Quillayute R. mouth*. Quinault R. RECORDS: This species is not yet recorded from mouth*. Grays Harbor*. Washington and Oregon. Columbia River Mouth*: Astoria—Girard 1857, 1858. 291. (2477). PARALIPARIS DACTYLOSUS Gilbert. Coast of Oregon: Eigenmann and Ulrey Paraliparis dactylosus Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish 1894. Cannon Beach*. Tillamook Bay*. Nes- Comm., 19, 1893: 469, pl. 34, fig. 2, off Santa Cruz, tucca Bay*. Yaquina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Calif., at Albatross Station 3112 in 296 fathoms: Gilbert and Burke 1912; Burke 1930. Siuslaw R. mouth*_Evermann and Meek 1898. Coos Bay near Empire*. RANGE: Alaska and California (Gilbert and Burke 1912; Burke 1930). Marine. Rare. 296. (1883). BRACHYISTIUS FRENATUS Gill. RECORDS: This species is not yet recorded from Brachyistius frenatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Washington and Oregon. Phila., 14, 1862: 275, California coast: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894; Jordan and 292. (2478). PARALIPARIS ULOCHIR Gilbert. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Paraliparis ulochir Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish RANGE: Vancouver Island " to San Diego, Comm., 19, 1893: 441, Gulf of Calif. at Station 3010 in 1005 fathoms. Albatross California (Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894). RANGE: Marine, Common. Slight commercial value. Bering Sea and Gulf of California RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- (Burke 1930). Marine. bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann RECORDS: This species is not yet recorded from 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Washington and Oregon. 297. (1887). TOCICHTHYS ELLIPTICUS (Gib- 293. (2479). RHINOLIPARIS BARBULIFER Gilbert. bons). Silver porgy. Rhinoliparis barbulifer Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Cymatogaster ellipticus Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Comm., 19, 1893: 445, north of Unalaska, at Alba- Sci. Phila., 7, July 1854; 123, San Francisco: tross Stations 3237, 3325, and others in 225 to 576 Hubbs 1928. fathoms: Burke 1930. Dttrema jacksoni: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, RANGE: 1882; Jordan 1884c. Embiotoca jacksoni: Eigen- Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea and Califor- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan nia. (Burke 1930). Marine. and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. RECORDS: This species is not yet recorded from RANGE: Cape Johnson, Clallam Co., Washing- Washington and Oregon. ton to southern California (Hubbs 1928). Marine. Common. Slight commercial value. 294. (—). RHINOLIPARIS ATTENUATUS Burke. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Rhinoliparis attenuatus Burke, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, 1912: 573, Bering Sea in 576 fathoms. bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan 1884c; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; RANGE: Bering Sea and Monterey Bay (Gil- bert 1915). Marine. Kincaid 1919. Seattle—Fowler 1923. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 1895. RECORDS: This species is not yet recorded from Washington and Oregon. 20 G. V. Wilby reports the capture of this species in Departure Bay and Round Is., Dodds Narrows, B. C. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 137

Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*_ Meadowdale*, Hoods Canal near Holly*. Hubbs 1928. La Push*. Pt. Grenville near San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911, Moclips*. Grays Harbor*. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. La Columbia River Mouth*. Push*. Pt. Grenville near Moclips*. Grays Coast of Oregon: Cannon Beach*. Cape Harbor*. Foulweather*. Yaquina Bay*. Ecola Rocks*. Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Tilla- mook Bay*. Cape Foulweather*. Nestucca 298. (1886). HYPERPROSOPON ARGENTEUM Gib- Bay*. Yaquina Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Ecola bons. White perch. Wall-eyed surffish. Rocks*. Coos Bay*. Cape Arago*. Hyperprosopon argenteum Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 105, San Francisco: Ei- genmann and Ulrey 1894. 301. (1892). PHANERODON FURCATUS Girard. P Ditrema arcuatum: Gunther 1862. Ennichthys White surf fish. Forktail perch. Splittail megalops Girard 1857, 1858. perch. RANGE: Esquimault Harbor, B. C. (Gunther Phanerodon furcatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 153, Presidio, San Francisco, 1862) to Lower California. Marine. Common. Calif.: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Slight commercial value. RANGE: Vancouver Island to San Diego. Ma- RECORD: Columbia River Mouth*: Astoria— rine. Common. Slight commercial value. Girard 1857, 1858; Eigenmann and Ulrey RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 1894. San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. Coast of Oregon: Yaquina Bay*. Coos Coast of Washington: Grays Harbor*. Bay*. Coast of Oregon: Yaquina Bay*. Coos 299. (1888). HOLCONOTUS RHODOTERUS Agas- Bay*. siz. Porgy. 302. (1896). DAMALICHTHYS VACCA Girard. Pile Holconotus rhodoterus Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 17, May 1854: 368, San Francisco: Girard perch. Silver perch. 1856a, 1857, 1858; Suckley 1860; Hubbs 1928. Dantalichthys vacca Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Amphistichus argenteus: Phila., 7, 1855 (1856a): 321, Puget Sound: 1858; Eigenmann and Ulrey Suckley 1860; Collins 1892. 1894; Kincaid 1919. .Ennichthys heermanni Girard 1858. Damalichthys argyrosomus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884c; RANGE: Esquimault Harbor, B. C. (Gunther Tanner 1890; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Ei- genmann and Ulrey 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and 1866) to Monterey, California. Marine. Com- Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; Fowler mon, Slight commercial value. 1923. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Suckley 1860. RANGE: Vancouver Island to Todos Santos Ft. Steilacoom—Girard 1858. Str. Juan de Bay, Lower California. Marine. Common. Fuca*—Kincaid 1919. Considerable commercial value. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery—Gi- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Girard 1858; rard 1858; Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894. James Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert, 1881f, Is. at La Push*. Quinault R. mouth*. Shoal- 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Collins 1892; water (Willapa) Bay—Girard 1858. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Columbia River Mouth*: Astoria—Girard Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom- 1856, 1857, 1858. Girard 1856a, 1858. Seattle*—Tanner 1890; Coast of Oregon: Cannon Beach*. Mouth Fowler 1923. Hoods Canal near Holly*. of Yaquina Bay*. Saratoga Passage*. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 1895. San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. 300. (1891). TAENIOTOCA LATERALIS (Agas- Coast of Washington: Jordan 1884c. Van- siz) 21 Blue perch. couver Island to San Diego—Eigenmann and Embiotoca lateralis Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 18, 1854: 356, San Francisco. Ulrey 1894. Grays Harbor*. Ditrema jacksoni: Gunther 1862. Ditrema later- Coast of Oregon: Jordan 1884c. Tillamook ale: Gunther 1862; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Washburn 1901, Embiotoca Bay*. Nestucca Bay*. Yaquina Bay*. Coos jacksoni: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Bay*. Cape Arago*. Starks 1895; Gilbert 1898; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. Embiotoca perspicabilis Girard 1856a: 1858; Suckley 1860. Phanerodon laterale: Eigenmann and Family 72. GOBIIDAE " Gobies Eigenmann 1892. Phanerodon lateralis: Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894. Taeniotoca lateralis: Jordan and 303. (2537). RHINOGOBIOPS NICHOLSII (Bean). Starks 1895; Washburn 1901; Starks 1911; Kin- Gobius nicholsii Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, caid 1919; Fowler 1923. 1881: 469, Departure Bay, British Columbia: Kin- RANGE: Vancouver Island to San Benito Island, caid 1919. Lower California (Starks and Morris 1907). RANGE: British Columbia to southern California. Marine. Common, Considerable commercial Marine. Not rare. value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Hoods Canal near Holly*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Suckley 1860; Gunther 1862; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 304. (2581). LEPIDOGOBIUS LEPIDUS (Girard). 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Gobius lepidus Girard, Pac. R. R. Survey, 10, Pt. Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and 4, Fishes, 1858: 127, 25a, figs. 5 and 6; substitute for Gobius gracilis preoccupied. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom- Depidogobins gracilis: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f. Girard 1856a, 1858. Seattle*_Fowler 1923. Lepidogobius lepidus: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. 21 Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz has been confused with RANGE: Vancouver Island to San Diego, Cali- Taeniotoca lateralis and probably the following refer- ences are really for T. lateralis: Gunther 1862; Jordan fornia. Marine. Not rare. and Gilbert 1881f; Eigenmann and Ulrey 1894; Gil- bert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; 22 This family contains no species of commercial Fowler 1923. value in Washington and Oregon. 138 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Meek 1898; Washburn 1901; Gilbert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Kincaid 1919. Ammodytes (Tobianus) personatus: 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Jordan and Gilbert 1881f. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Useless Bay, RANGE: Alaska to southern California. Marine. Whidby Is.*. San Juan Islands*. Abundant. Of commercial value as bait; forming the bulk of the food for many of our 305. (2582). GILLICHTHYS MIRABILIS Cooper. Long-jawed goby. food fishes. Gilbchthys mirabilis Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Nat. Sci., 3, 1863: 109, San Diego Bay: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigen- Gilbert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919. mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Pt. RANGE: Puget Sound to Guaymas, Sonora. Ma- rine. Not rare. Angeles—Gilbert 1895. San Juan Islands*_ Starks 1911. Mouth Sikiu R., Clallam Co., RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Wash.*. bert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Gilbert Kincaid 1919. 1895. Cape Flattery—Ayres 1855; Girard 306. (2584). QUIETULA Y-CALIDA (Jenkins and 1857, 1857a, 1858; Gunther 1862. Grays Evermann). Harbor*. Gillichthys y-cauda Jenkins and Evermann, Proc. Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Tilla- U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1888: 147, Guaymas, Sonora. mook Head*. Three Arch Rks. near Ocean- Quietula y-cauda: Jordan and Starks 1895; Kin- side*. Yaquina Head". Ecola Rocks*. Siu- caid 1919. slaw R.—Evermann and Meek 1898. Cape RANGE: Vancouver Island to Guaymas, Sonora. Arago*. Marine. Not rare. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: (Saanich Arm, Family 75. BATHYMASTERIDAE Ronquils Vancouver Is.—Jordan and Starks 1895; Kin- caid 1919.) 310. (2627). RONQUILUS JORDANI (Gilbert). Ronquil. 307. (2586 and 2587). CLEVELANDIA IOS (Jordan Bathymaster jordani Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1888: 554, Elliott Bay at Seattle: 1895; and Gilbert). Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Gobiosoma ios Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Bathyrnaster signatus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, Nat. Mus., 5, 1882: 437, Saanich Arm, Vancouver 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode 1884. Ron- Island. quilus jordani: Jordan and Starks 1895; Evermann Clevelandia ios: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Jordan and Starks 1895; Gilbert 1904; Kincaid 1919. Clevelandia longipinne: Eigenmann and Eigenmann RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Com- 1892. mon. No commercial value. RANGE: Vancouver Island to San Diego. Ma- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and rine. Common. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Eigenmann Goode 1884; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kin- and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks caid 1919. Seattle*.—Gilbert 1888. Admiralty 1895; Gilbert 1904; Kincaid 1919. Hoods Inlet (Albatross Stations 4209, 4212, 4213, Canal*_Kincaid 1919. San Juan Islands*. 4220) and Hoods Canal*—Evermann and Coast of Washington: Cape Elizabeth near Goldsborough 1907. Possession Sound*. Sara- Taholah*. Grays Harbor*. toga Passage*. San Juan Islands"—Starks Coast of Oregon: Tillamook Bay*. Coos 1911. Bay*. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay, Str. Juan de Fuca—Gilbert 1895. Family 73. ECHENEIDAE 308. (2606). REMORA REMORA (Linnaeus). Re- Family 76. ZAPRORIDAE Flaccid Fishes mora. Shark sucker. Echeneis renfora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed., 10, 311. (1372a on p. 2850). ZAPRORA SILENUS Jor- 1758: 260, Pelago Indico. dan. Highbrow. Echeneis naucrates and Remora remora: Eigen• Zaprora silenus Jordan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., mann and Eigenmann 1892. 2nd set., 6, 1896: 203, pl. 20, Nanaimo, Vancouver RANGE: Warm seas north to New York and Island: Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Halkett north to Vancouver Island. 1913; Kincaid 1919; Dymond 1928. RANGE: Sitkalidak Island*, Alaska to Puget RECORDS: Specimen taken off a sulphur bottom Sound. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. whale at Seechart, Vancouver Island, June 1907, by T. Kermode; now in Provincial RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. Museum, Victoria. Nanaimo Harbor, B. C.—Evermann and Columbia River Mouth: Eigenmann and Goldsborough 1907; Halkett 1913; Dymond Eigenmann 1892. 1928. Family 74. AMMODYTIDAE. Sand launces Family 77. CLINIDAE Southern Blennies or lances 312. (—). GIBBONSIA ELEGANS MONTEREYENSIS20 309. Hubbs. Spotted kelpfish. (1214). AMMODYTES TOBIANUS PERSONATUS Gibbonsm elegans montereyensis Hubbs, Papers Girard. Sand launce. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, 7, 1926: 354, Ammodytes tobianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. reef at Pacific Grove, Calif.: 1928. 10, 1758: 247: Ayres 1855. Ammodytes personatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 23 As this goes to press, G. V. Wilby loaned us for Sci. Phila., 8, 1856 (1857a): 137, Cape Flattery, examination two small specimens of Gibbonsia metzi Wash.: 1857, 1858; Gunther 1862; Jordan and Hubbs, taken from Vancouver Is, 49° 36' N. 126° Filbert 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; 43 1/4' W. on July 10, 1934. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 139

RANGE: (Vancouver Island ?) and southern Gunnellus ornatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 149, Presidio, Calif.: 1858: Suckley California. Marine. No commercial value. 1860. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Recorded north Centronotus nebulosus: Gunther 1861. Muraenoides ornatus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan of California only from Vancouver Island, and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. British Columbia—Hubbs 1928. Pholis ornatus: Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Goldsbor- 313. (2688). HETEROSTICHUS ROSTRATUS23 Gi- ough 1907; Miles 1918; Kincaid 1919; Hubbs 1927. rard. Kelpfish. RANGE: Alaska to San Francisco (Hubbs 1927). Heterosttchus rostratus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Marine. Common. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 143, San Diego, Calif.: IIubbs 1928. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Suckley 1860; RANGE: (British Columbia) and southern Cali- Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and fornia and Guadalupe Islands. Marine. No Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; commercial value. Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. RECORDS: Recorded north of California only Steilacoom—Girard 1858. Deception Pass*. from British Columbia. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Pt. Ludlow*— Starks 1896. Whidby Island*, Admiralty Head, Port Townsend—Evermann a n d Fimily 78. PHOLIDIDAE24 Northern Blennies Goldsborough 1907. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 314. (2766 and 2767). APODICHTHYS FLAVIDUS 1895. San Juan Islands*—Starks 1911; Miles Girard. 1918. "New Orcas Islands--Gunther 1861. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery— Apodichthys flavidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 150, Presidio, Calif.: Jordan Jordan and Jouy 1882. Cape Johnson*. La and Gilbert 1881c, 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy Push*. Quillayute R. mouth*. Cape Eliza- 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and beth near Taholah*. Grays Harbor". Shoal- Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. water (Willapa) Bay—Girard 1858. Apodichthys inornatus Gill 1862. Cebidichthys Columbia River Mouth*. violaceus: Girard 1858. Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Tilla- RANGE: Alaska (Cape Bendal* and Port Con- mook Bay*. Three Arch Rocks near Ocean- clusion*) to Pt. Conception. Marine. Com- side*. Nestucca Bay*. Yaquina Head*. Ya- mon. quina Bay*. Ecola Rocks*. Coos Bay*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Gill 1862; Ei- genmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and 317. (2774, part). PHOLIS LAETUS (Cope). Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom- Bracket blenny. Centronotus laetus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Girard 1858. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Pt. 13, 1873: 27, Sitka or Unalaska. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Deception Pass*. San Muraenoides laetus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881c, Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Sucia Islands- 1881f, 1882. Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Mouth RANGE: Alaska to Del Norte County, Califor- Sikiu R.*, Clallam Co., Wash. nia. Marine. Common. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan and Gilbert 1881c, 1881f, 1882; Jordan and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Jouy 1882. Cape Flattery—Jordan and Jouy bert 1881f, 1882. Manchester Rks.*. Seattle*. 1882. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Quillayute Bainbridge Is.*. Meadowdale*. Pt. Orchard*. R. mouth*. Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Possession Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Cape 'Sound*. San Juan Islands*. Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Ecol a Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan Rocks*. Coos Bay*. Cape Arago*. and Gilbert 1881c. Cape Johnson". La Push*. Quillayute R. mouth*. 315. (2768). XERERPES FUCORUM (Jordan and Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon*. Cape Gilbert). Fucus blenny. Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Ecol a Apodichthys fucorunt Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Rocks*. Cape Arago". U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 139, Point Pinos, near Monterey, Calif.: 1881c, 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann 318. (—). PHOLIS SCHULTZI Hubbs. and Eigenmann 1892. Hubbs in Schultz 1931a: IIubbs Jordan and Starks 1895; Kin- Pholis schultzi Xererpes fucorum: 1928, nomen nudam. caid 1919. RANGE: Puget Sound to San Clemente Island. RANGE: San Juan Island, Coasts of Washing- Marine. Not rare. ton, Oregon, and Del Norte County, Cali- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- fornia. Marine. Not rare. bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: reef* at light- 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. house, west shore, San Juan Is. San Juan Islands*. Coast of Washington: Hubbs 1928. Cape Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan Johnson*. La Push*. Quillayute R. mouth*. and Gilbert 1881c. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Coast of Oregon: Cape Foulweather*. Coast of Oregon: Hubbs 1928. Yaquina Yaquina Head*. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*. Head". Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*. (2774, part), PHOLIS ORNATUS (Girard)." 316. Northern blennies Saddled blenny. Family 79. STICHAEIDAE26 Hubbs and Schultz 24 This family contains no species of commercial 20 Allolumpenus hypochromus value. (1932a) was described from Newcastle Is. near Na- naimo, British Columbia. Only one specimen is 25 All records for this species have been confused by recent authors with Pholis laetus. known. 140 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

319. (2756). BRYOSTEMMA NUGATOR Jordan and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. Williams. Ornamented blenny. Hoods Canal*-Gilbert and Thompson 1905. Bryostemma nugator Jordan and Williams, in Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd Holly*. Possession Sound*. Port Susan*. ser., 5, 1895: 843, pl. 101, Seattle, Wash.: Kincaid Saratoga Passage*. 1919. Columbia River: Eigenmann and Eigen- RANGE: Washington to Fort Bragg, California. mann 1892. Marine. Common. No commercial value. Coast of Washington and Oregon: Alba- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and tross Station 3064-Gilbert 1891. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919, San Juan 323. Islands*. (2781). XIPHISTER MUCOSUS (Girard). Xiphidion mucosum Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., 10, Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. La pt. 4, Fishes, 1858: 119, South Farallon Islands, off Push*. Opposite Quillayute Needles*. Calif.: Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Miles 1918; Kincaid 1919. Coast of Oregon: Cape Foulweather*. Ya- Xiphister mucosus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881c, quina Head*. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*. 1881f, 1882; Bean, T. H., 1884; Figenmann and Fi- genmann 1892; Hubbs 1927. 320. (2764). BRYOSTEMMA DECORATUM Jordan RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to central Cali- and Snyder. Decorated blenny. fornia (Hubbs 1927). Marine. Common. Bryostemma decoratum Jordan and Snyder, Proc. Slight commercial value. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, 1903: 615, Point Orchard, near Seattle, Wash. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Bryostemma polyactocephalum: Jordan and Starks Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigen- 1895; Kincaid 1919. Bryostemma polyactocephalus: Fvermann and mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid Goldsborough 1907. Chiro/ophus polyactocephalus: 1919. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. Pt. Town- Gilbert 1895. send-Bean, T. H. 1884. San Juan Islands* RANGE: Being Sea*, Petersburg*, Alaska and -Starks 1911. Brown Is. at Friday Harbor* Puget Sound Region. Marine. Not common. -Miles 1918. No commercial value. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*-Jor- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and dan and Gilbert 1881c. Cape Johnson*. La Starks 1895. Point Orchard-Jordan and Push*. Snyder 1903. Off Everett*. Admiralty Inlet Coast of Oregon: Three Arch Rks. near (Albatross Station 4205) -Evermann and Oceanside*. Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Goldsborough 1907. Friday Harbor*.-Kin- Head*. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Arago*, Port caid 1919. Str. Juan de Fuca-Gilbert 1895. Orford*. 321. (2777). ANOPLARCHUS PURPURESCENS PUB- 324. (2782). EPIGEICHTHYS ATRO-PURPUREUS PURESCENS Gill. Crested blenny. (Kittlitz). Rock blenny. Anoplarchus purpurescens Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Ophidium afro-purpureum Kittlitz, Denkwiird. Sci. Phila., 13, 1861: 262, Washington Territory. Reise Russ.-Amer., 1, 1858: 225, Alaska. Anoplarchus alectrolophus: Jordan and Gilbert Epigeichthys atro-purpureus: Hubbs 1927. xiphi- 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Bean and Bean dion rupestre: Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896; Kincaid 1919. 1896. Anoplarchus atropurpureus: Jordan and Gil- Xiphister rupestris Jordan and Gil- bert 1881c; Figenmann and Figenmann 1892; Jor- bert 1881c, 1881d, 1881f; Figenmann and Figen- dan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; gvermann mann 1892. and Goldsborough 1907; Miles 1918; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara (Hubbs Anoplarchus purpurescens purpurescens: Hubbs 1927; Schultz and DeLacy 1932. Cebidichthys vio- 1927). Marine. Common. Slight commercial laceus: Girard 1858. value. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to San Francisco. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Marine. Common. No commercial value. bert 1881; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Ludlow-Starks 1896. San Juan Islands*. 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*_Jordan Hubbs 1927, Ft. Steilacoom-Girard 1858. and Gilbert 1881c, 1881d. Cape Johnson*. Seattle*,-Schultz and DeLacy 1932. Seattle La Push*. and Pt. Townsend-Bean and Bean 1896. Coast of Oregon: Cape Foulweather*. Ya- Meadowdale*. Deception Pass*. Hoods Canal quina Head*. Cape Arago*. near Holly*. Pt. Townsend-Evermann and 325. (2779 and 2780). PHYTICHTHYS CHIRUS Goldsborough 1907. San Juan Islands*_ CHIRUS (Jordan and Gilbert). Belted blenny. Starks 1911. Friday Harbor* and Brown Xiphister chirus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Is.*-Miles 1918. Washington Territory- Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 135, Point Pinos, near Monte- rey, Calif.: 1881f, 1882; Figenmann and Figenmann Gill 1862, 1892. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery- Phytichthys chirus chirus: Hubbs 1927. Xiphistes Jordan and Jouy 1882. Cape Johnson*. La chirus: Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Miles 1918; Kincaid 1919. Xiphistes ulnae Jordan Push*. and Starks 1895. Coast of Oregon: Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Cape Arago*. RANGE: British Columbia to central California (Hubbs 1927). Marine. Common. No com- 322. (2787). PLECTOBRANCHUS EVIDES Gilbert. mercial value. Barred blenny. Plectobranchus evides Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 102, coasts of Oregon and bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Wash.: Figenmann and Figenmann 1892; Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Kincaid 1919. 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. San Juan Islands* RANGE: Washington to San Diego (Gilbert -Starks 1911. Friday Harbor-Miles 1918. 1915). Marine. Not common. No commercial value. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay*_Jordan and Starks 1895. La Push*. Cape Johnson*. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 141

Coast of Oregon: Three Arch Rks. near Family 80. PTILICHTHYIDAE Oceanside*. Cape Foulweather*. 331. (2810). PTILICHTHYS GOODEI Bean. Quill 326. (2789). POROCLINUS ROTHROCKI Bean. fish. Poroclinus rothrocki Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ptilichthys goodei Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1890: 40, Albatross Station 2952. 4, 1881: 157, Port L,evasheff, Unalaska: Schultz 1929b, 1930a; Chapman and DeLacy 1933. RANGE: Alaska to San Diego, California. (Starks and Morris 1907). Marine. Rare. Of RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Not no commercial value. common. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Off Tulalip*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Friday Harbor* Saratoga Passage*. Port Susan*. -Schultz 1929b, 1930a; Chapman and De- Lacy 1933. 327. (2788). LEPTOCLINUS MACULATUS (Fries). Clinus maculatus Fries, Kgl. Vet. Ak. Handl., 1837: 51, Bolraslaan, Sweden. Family 81. ANARRHICHTHYIDAE Wolf- Leptoclinus maculatus: Chapman and DeLacy fishes 1933. RANGE: North Atlantic, North Pacific, south- 332. (2806). ANARRHICHTHYS OCELLATUS Ayres. ward to Puget Sound* (Chapman and De- Wolf eel. Lacy 1933). Marine. Probably common. No Anarrhichthys ocellatus Ayres, Proc Palif. Acad. commercial value. Nat. Sci., 1, 1855: 31, San Francisco. (A. felis Girard no description, therefore nomen nudum): RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Orcas Island* Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy -Chapman and DeLacy 1933. 1882; Bean, T. H. 1884; Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Gill 328. (2791). LUMPENUS ANGUILLARIS ( Pallas). 1911; Kincaid 1919; Schultz 1930a. Snake eel. RANGE: Alaska to Monterey (Gill 1911). Ma- Blennius anguillaris Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., rine. Common. No commercial value. 3, 1811: 176, about Kamchatka; not of Peck. Lumpenus anguillaris: Girard 1858; Suckley 1860; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Stichaeus anguillaris: Gunther 1861. Schultz 1930a. Hoods Canal near Holly* and RANGE: Alaska to San Francisco. Marine. Potlatch*. Pt. Townsend-Bean, T. H. 1884. Common. No commercial value. San Juan Is.*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Jordan bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Ei- and Jouy 1882. genmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Coast of Oregon: Haystack Rk. near Pa- Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*-Ever- cific City*. Port Orford*. mann and Goldsborough 1907. Off Everett*. Whidby Island*. Hoods Canal*. Pt. Ludlow -Starks 1896. Bellingham Bay-G i r a r d Family 82. SCYTALINIDAE Burrowing blenny 1858; Suckley 1860. Whatcom Co.". San 333. (2811). SCYTALINA CERDALE Jordan and Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. "New Orcas Gilbert. Burrowing blenny. Islands--Gfinther 1861. Pt. Angeles-Gil- Scytalina cerdale Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. bert 1895. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880 (1881c): 267, Waadda Island. Coast of Washington: Grays Harbor*. Neah Bay: 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Columbia River mouth: Chinnok, Wash.*. Kincaid 1919; Ilubbs 1927; Schultz 1930a. Scytaliscus Jordan and Gilbert 1884. Scytaliscus cerdale: Goode 1884: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 329. (2800). LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS Gilbert. 1892. Red Devil. RANGES Aleutian Islands to Monterey County, Lyconectes aleutensis Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 19, 1893: 452, pl. 34, near Unalaska: Gil- California. Marine. Not common. No com- bert and Thompson 1905; Starks 1911; Kincaid mercial value. 1919; Hubbs 1928; Schultz 1930a. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Eigenmann and RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. Ma- Eigenmann 1892. San Juan Is.*-Schultz rine. Not common. No commercial value. 1930a. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Kincaid 1919. Coast of Washington: Waadda Is., Neah Hoods Canal*-Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Bay-Jordan and Gilbert 1881c, 1881f, 1882; Hubbs 1928. San Juan Islands*-Starks Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode 1884; Kincaid 1911. Orcas Is."-Schultz 1930a. 1919; Hubbs 1927. 330. (2798). DELOLEPIS GIGANTEUS (Kittlitz.) Ophidium giganteum Kittlitz, Denkwiird. Reise Family 83. ZOARCIDAE Eel pouts Russ.-Amer., 1858: 226, Siberia. Delolepis giganteus: Hubbs 1928. Delolepis vir- 334. (2814). EMBRYX CROTALINUS (Gilbert). gatus: Bean, T. H. 1884; Eigenmann and Eigen- Lycodopsis crotalinus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Mus., 13, 1890: 105, off Santa Barbara Is. at Alba- RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to southern Ore- tross Station 2980 in 603 fathoms. gon. Marine. Not rare. No commercial value. Embryx crotalinus: Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Eigenmann and RANGE: Northern Pacific and off Santa Barbara Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Islands (Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930). Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Whidby Island*. Pt. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. Angeles-Bean, T. H. 1884. Coast of Oregon: Yaquina Bay*. Heceta RECORDS: This species has not been recorded Head*_Hubbs 1928. Coquille R. mouth.* from Washington and Oregon. 142 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

335. (2815). LYCODOPSIS PACIFICUS (Collett) . RANGE: Alaska to California (Jordan, Ever- Lycodes (Lycodopsis) pacificus Collett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879; 381, said to be from Japan; mann and Clark 1930). Marine. Not com- presumably an error. mon. No commercial value. Lycodopsis pacificus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Ei- RECORDS: This species has not been recorded in genmann 1892; Kvermann and Goldsborough 1907; Washington or Oregon. Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Central Alaska to Central California. 341. (2839). BOTHROCARA mows Bean. Bothrocara mollis Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. Marine. Common. No commercial value. 13, 1890: 39, off Queen Charlotte Is. in 876 RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and fathoms. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigen- RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands and southern mann 1892; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*, Admir- California. Marine. No commercial value. alty Inlet (Albatross Station 4219), and Port RECORDS: This species has not been recorded in Townsend (Albatross Station 4214) —Ever- Washington or Oregon. mann and Goldsborough 1907. Off Everett*. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Islands*_ 342. (—). BOTHROCARA REMIGERA Gilbert. Starks 1911. Bothrocara remigera Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 48, 1915: 166, pl. 20, fig. 19, Monterey Bay Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery-- in 718 to 756 fathoms: Hubbs 1928. Jordan and Jouy 1882. RANGE: Washington (Hubbs 1928) to San Diego, California. Marine. No commercial 336. (—). LYCODES JORDANI Evermann and value. Goldsborough. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Lycodes jordani Kvermann and Goldsborough, Albatross Sta- Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907): 343, fig. tion 3075—Gilbert 1915. 120, Albatross Station 3788 Northern California and 4267 in Southeastern Alaska. 343. (2864). LYCODAPDS FIERASFER Gilbert. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska and northern Cali- Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. fornia. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 108, off Lower Calif. and Washington at Albatross Stations 2980, 3010, and RECORDS: We cannot verify the Puget Sound 3072 in 610 to 1005 fathoms. record by Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to Gulf of Cali- 337. (2826). LYCODES PALEARIS Gilbert. fornia (Starks and Morris 1907). Marine. Lycodes palearis Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., Not common. No commercial value. 19, 1893: 454, Bristol Bay, Alaska: Starks 1911; RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross Kincaid 1919. Station 3072—Gilbert 1891. RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Not common. No commercial value. Family 84. BROTULIDAE Brotuloid fishes RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 344. (2873). BROSMOPHYCIS MARGINATUS San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. (Ayres). Brosmius niarginatus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. 338. (2827). LYCODES BREVIPES Bean. Nat. Sci., 1, 1854: 13, San Francisco Bay. Lycodes brevipes Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Brosmophycis margmatus: Gilbert and Thompson 13, 1890: 38, between Unga and Nagai Islands in 1905; Kincaid 1919; Jordan, Evermann and Clark 110 fathoms: Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Ever- 1930. mann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Petersburg*, Alaska to San Pedro, RANGE: Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. Ma- Calif. (Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930). rine. Not rare. No commercial value. Marine. Not rare. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Gilbert and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Admiralty In- Thompson 1905; Kincaid, 1919. Elliott Bay*. let (Albatross Station 4218) —Evermann and Hoods Canal near Holly*. Off Everett*. Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. San Juan Gedney Island*. Possession Sound*. Islands*--Starks 1911. East Sound—Gilbert and Thompson 1905. Family 85. BATRACHOIDIDAE 339. (2835). FURCIMANUS DIAPTERUS (Gilbert). 345. (2654). PORICHTHYS NOTATUS Girard. Lycodes diapterus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Singing fish. Midshipman. 14, 1891 (1892): 564, off coast of California and Oregon at Albatross Stations 2892, 2896, 3067, and Porichthys notatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3077 in 82 to 376 fathoms. Phila., 7, 1854: 141, San Francisco: 1858; Jordan Furcimanus diapterus: Chapman and DeLacy and Starks 1895; Greene 1899; Kvermann and 1933. Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Porichthys margaritatus: RANGE: Eigenmann and Eigen- Unalaska (Evermann and Golds- mann 1892. Porichthys porosissimus: Jordan and borough 1907) to California. Marine. Rare. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882. No commercial value. RANGE: Sitka, Alaska, to Gulf of California RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Elliott Bay*. (Starks and Morris 1907); (Panama? Greene Saratoga Passage*. Off Tulalip*. Near Ged- 1899). Marine. Common. No commercial ney Is.*—Chapman and DeLacy 1933. value. Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station 3067 RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and —Gilbert 1892. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and 340. (2839, part). LYCOGRAMMA BRUNNEA Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom (Bean). —Girard 1858. Albatross Station 4218— Maynea brunnea Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Gedney 13, 1890: 38, off Queen Charlotte Islands in 876 fathoms. Island*. Saratoga Passage*. Possession Lycogramma brunnea: Jordan, Kvermann and Sound*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. San Juan Clark 1930. Islands*_Starks 1911. (To be continued through all issues in 1936) MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 143

Educational Facilities of Southern California By R. B. von KLEINSMID, A.M., Sc.D., J.D., Ph. et Litt.D., LL.D. President, the University of Southern California Chancellor, Los Angeles University of International Relations

MERSON once said, "The best po- litical economy is the care and cul- ture of men." To our universities, E colleges, libraries, research labora- tories and museums is given the re- sponsibility for the progressive study of peoples and their problems. Because of its geographical location and population, southern California is strategically situ- ated for the study and co-ordination of the history, culture, political science and relationships of those countries and colonies comprising the Pacific littoral. Southern California's educational in- stitutions have not only kept pace with the highest developments in the theory and practice of education the world over, but also have in many respects advanced standards and explored new realms of academic service. Here are located unusual facilities for scientific and cultural education. Cen- tralized in the area south of the Teha- DR. VON KLEINSMID chapi, the agencies of formal education and the depositories of cultural, histor- discoveries have reached the far ends of ical, and scientific information are co- the earth is the privilege of the students operating to the utmost degree. For of the California Institute of Techno- example, is it not inspiring to the stu- logy. Maintained by the City of Los dent of English Language and Litera- Angeles, the Griffith Observatory and ture who is specializing in the Eliza- Planetarium affords opportunity for stu- bethan period to have the opportunity dents of astronomy to learn from actual to study the original Shakespeare Folio observation, in addition to attending the printed in London in 1623 and now in lectures given by widely-recognized as- the Huntington Library? How can the tronomers. There the scholars of the in- student of Fine Arts find greater reali- finite dissect the heavens, spread the zation of the immortality of great paint- stars upon a domed ceiling, and chart ing than in studying the technique of their courses in order that night might the masters whose canvases hang in the be robbed of its terror and man and the Huntington Art Gallery? The repre- universe made friends. Close by are the sentative works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, La Brea Pits, one of the richest treasure Thomas Gainsborough, and George vaults of prehistoric life ever found in Romney and other world renowned one locality. One of the pits is open artists. These include the famous Blue and shows the partially embedded bones Boy, the Reynolds portrait of Mrs. Sid- as they were first uncovered. The ex- hibitions of the different forms of ani- dons as the Tragic Muse and the Por- mal life from the pits are maintained trait of Penelope Lee Acton, by Rom- in the Los Angeles Museum of History, ney. In the field of science, the amazing Science, and Art, adjoining the campus work of Dr. R. A. Millikan has brought of the University of Southern Cali- fornia. The exhibits include mounted the Nobel Prize to southern California. skeletons of the imperial elephant, mas- To study and experiment in the research todon, ground-sloth, saber-toothed tiger, laboratories with the scientists whose • ▪ - •

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2 Q- s tic E 3 -0 -0 ▪0 o o c • V O O'► MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 145 camel, cave-bear and numerous other Accessible means for surveys, tests and prehistoric animals. measurements, and statistical research The University of Southern California, aid the scholar immeasurably in the California Institute of Technology, the preparation of theses, dissertations, and Claremont Colleges, the University of papers for publication. Experimental California at Los Angeles, Mount St. projects are numerous. The latest de- Mary's College, Occidental College, velopments in teaching-learning activi- Loyola University, La Verne College, ties are examined, and the highly speci- University of Redlands, Whittier Col- alized professional courses are under- lege, Chapman College, and Immacu- taking actual laboratory tests in elemen- late Heart College, all of which are in tary, secondary, and collegiate class- or near Los Angeles, form an enviable room methods. group of institutions of higher educa- Commerce and business administra- tion. Within their halls may be studied tion students find cooperating agencies the academic subjects included in the in the actual commercial world. The curricula of the Colleges of Letters, Los Angeles Harbor brings the students Arts, and Sciences, and extensive pro- of foreign trade in contact with distant fessional courses in the Schools and ports and varied merchandise. Cham- Colleges of Law, Music, Medicine, bers of Commerce, credit associations, Theology, Education, Engineering, Den- and transportation organizations pre- tistry, Pharmacy, Commerce and Busi- sent their latest procedures in order that ness Administration, Architecture and the business leaders of tomorrow might Fine Arts, Government, Social Wel- profit by their experience. fare, Philosophy, Journalism, and Mer- In the movement toward a new Amer- chandising. ican art and architecture, southern Cali- In the city of Los Angeles, largest in fornia is destined to hold a distinctive population and area of the cities of the place. The movement will be a vital Pacific slope, research laboratories, great expression of the essentials of present- hospitals, and clinics afford the student day life and a necessary consequence of of medicine unlimited opportunity for the rapid development of modern tech- advanced and highly specialized study. nology and processes of construction, The municipal, superior, appellate, and but will retain the rich heritage of the Federal courts sitting in Los Angeles past as a general inspiration rather than offer the law student ample opportunity as a system of outworn conventions to to hear cases prepared by eminent mem- be revered and imitated. Already Cali- bers of the bar and to study the deci- fornia has a distinctive type of home sions of the jurists. For students of architecture peculiarly characteristic of music there is the regular Philharmonic the regional and climatic requirements, season of symphony music. Opera com- and reminiscent of the best features of panies, and concert artists do their part the Spanish period in our history. Great in bringing the musical heritage of the public and memorial buildings whose race to Los Angeles. The Hollywood designs stay closer to the classical, offer Bowl with its famous "Symphony the student of architecture unlimited Under the Stars" presents the Los An- opportunity for the study of design. geles Symphony Orchestra under the Here the young artist finds the inspira- direction of noted guest conductors four tion of a community rich in natural nights each week during the summer beauty. Towering snow clad mountains, season. The Los Angeles Oratorio So- withering deserts, palm gardens, orange ciety, the A Cappella choir, and the groves, and the blue Pacific coast line Civic Chorus present frequent vocal offer a contrasting back drop to the concerts, in which many students par- urban industrial civilization of the ticipate. metropolitan area. Registrations in the schools of educa- When the exigencies of the recent tion are increasing rapidly. Facilities depression with its consequent unem- for advanced training in professional ployment problem required the mobili- courses are bringing increasing numbers zation of a vast force of workers train- of students to the metropolitan centers ed in the technique of social welfare for advanced degrees and credentials. administration, the city universities sup- plied the needs of the work and relief and professional studies with work and organizations with their alumni who had study in the actual field of newsgather- studied in the schools of social work. ing, writing and editing. In our own The southern California agencies co- university the classroom work is ampli- operated to the fullest extent in offering fied by field trips. Groups of students sociologists and practical experience of are organized and sent to about fifteen field work under their supervision. Be- small cities in southern California where ing the center of a rapidly developing they produce a complete issue of the and expanding territory, Los Angeles newspaper. The students gather the is confronted with a large quota of so- news, write the editorials and the fea- cial problems. The city presents to the ture stories, plan the make-up, and pro- students many opportunities to study duce the entire issue of the newspaper. social problems and to gain experience Additional conducted trips are made for in the various welfare agencies in the purpose of studying matters of cir- preparation for careers in social work. culation, advertising and other journal- Religion ranks as one of the major istic problems. interests of mankind. Interwoven with We of the Pacific Coast have great every phase of human development, it admiration for our Pan-American, Poly- runs down through the entire course of nesian, Oriental and Colonial neighbors. human history. Situated on the shores Strengthening this friendship and con- of the Pacific, facing the countries of tributing to the understanding of world the Far East with their ever-changing affairs, is the Los Angeles University problems, southern California has an of International Relations. Activities in ideal place for the study of this subject training for foreign service and inter- which is basic in all artistic and cultural national understanding include visiting interests of men. Usually the student and exchange professorships and schol- of religion must make weary pilgrimages arships, supervised study in foreign to far off shrines. In Los Angeles, how- lands, the Interparliamentary Union ever, many world religions have chur- and the World Affairs Institute to ches and groups of worshipers. Schools which the International Relations stu- of religion stand ready to aid the dents are admitted. One feature that scholar in his understanding of the has proved most successful in the pro- many approaches to the infinite God. motion of international good will is the With five daily newspapers and over establishment of the Academies of Na- 150 other periodicals published in Los tional Culture. The series of Academies Angeles alone, southern California pre- furnish opportunities for the commingling sents a fertile field for the student of of American-born citizens and those of journalism to supplement his academic alien birth to discuss problems of na- Doheny Junior Memorial Li- brary of the University of Southern California and, op- posite page, Los Angeles Museum's exhibit of com- plete skeletons and miscel- laneous spare parts of pre- historic animals once lively residents of Hollywood and vicinity who failed to get away in time from wild par- ties at the tar pits of La Brea. Left foreground ap- pears a restored sabre-tooth tiger, public enemy No. 1 of his day and, center, the frame of an elephant along- side which Jumbo would look like a rat. Discovery of this rich fossil bed opened a new, amazing, so far unmatched, page in natural history.

tional or racial importance, to present politan centers of population, such as programs illustrative of cultural achieve- the southern California area. Specaliza- ment, and to acquaint each other with tion implies thorough knowledge, and the contributions to present-day civiliza- thorough knowledge is the definition of tion made by the various peoples of the culture, and the beginning of wisdom. world. Here the student discovers for A beloved educator of California, David himself that everywhere the human Starr Jordan, first president of Stanford heart is human. University, once said: The speech arts are fortunate in the "Thoroughness is the main point, centralization of motion picture produc- after all, and should take precedence tion in southern California. Great actors over versatility. I do not mean to be and actresses appear from time to time understood as advocating narrowness on the legitimate stage. The Shakes- of sympathy or narrowness of culture of pearean players from London, the justly any sort. The broadest education is famed company from the Abbey The- none too broad for him who aspires to ater in Ireland, Max Rinehart and his lead in any part of the world of thought. spectacular productions, the community But the forces of the mind, to continue playhouses, and well-known lecturers the figure, should not be scattered in and orators all contribute to the educa- guerrilla bands, but should be marshal- tion of the student who is looking led toward leadership." - toward the stage or the platform as his Here in southern California man and future. nature have cooperated to create a Placing the field of politics and gov- unique scientific and cultural laboratory. ernmental administration among the Kipling once said that "East is East professions, classes of university grade and West is West,- but here on the are scheduled in the training of students edge of the great Pacific area they have for the administration of public offices. really met, and as any one who knows And so it is in the training of phar- the world might expect, they are finding macists, philosophers, and engineers of that they have much more in common all types—electrical engineers, civil en- than they previously realized. Out here gineers, chemical engineers, mechanical in the land freed from tradition, and engineers, mining engineers, and petro- yet in a position to profit by it, points leum engineers. Professional courses, of view are placed side by side, new intensive study, specialization—,but not premature specialization,—these are the ideas developed and new dreams privileges of those who study and work created; dreams of the civilization and in the universities close to the metro- of the world that is yet to come. 148 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Commonwealth Club of California Gets Action

Condensed from notes contributed By STUART RICHARDSON WARD Secretary, Commonwealth Club of California

AST FEBRUARY 3, the Com- progressive legislation the Club has to monwealth Club of California cele- its credit: brated its thirty-second birthday. A state budget law which ended "log rolling" L Founded in 1903 by Edward F. in the state Legislature was drafted, financed. Adams, editorial writer for the and enacted by the club by means of an initia- San Francisco Chronicle, previously a tive proposal. farmer active in Grange work, the Club The institution of the small claims court which makes it possible for people in moderate cir- has today more than 3000 members, dis- cumstances to recover amounts of less than tributes its publications not only to fifty dollars without hiring an attorney and members but to subscribers scattered other expensive legal procedure. over the nation. Its reports form a shelf The addition of the office of Public Defender to the personnel of the courts in California's of bound volumes exceeding six feet. larger cities. Aptly epitomising its methods of pro- The State Judicial Council which has unified cedure, the Commonwealth Club of all the courts of the State and greatly reduced California has for its motto Get the delay in deciding cases. Facts, and for the keynote of its work The removal of the professional juror from the juries of the State. the axiom that there are at least two The forbidding of reversal of court decisions sides to every public problem. The Club on purely technical grounds when there has has persistently adhered to the prin- been no miscarriage of justice. ciple that both sides must be accorded Substitution of Civil Service in place of the full and fair hearings before any opinion state spoils system. The direct primary law. may be formed by either a study sec- Nomination of candidates for public office by tion or the Club at large. sponsors instead of nominations by meaningless More than 30 of the Club's study petitions. groups meet year in and year out, usu- These and many other improvements ally twice a month at luncheon, to hear for the public good were originated, the best informed friends and foes of drafted, and pushed through to adop- pending proposals present their cases. tion by the Commonwealth Club of After the evidence is all in, a post card California. vote of the section's membership is Every Friday noon in the Palace taken and its opinions and recommen- Hotel, San Francisco, the Club has held dations presented to one of the Club's a luncheon without a break since 1908, monthly dinner meetings open to every heard more than a thousand distin- Club member. The group or "Section" guished speakers from every country in which presents its findings and conclu- the world. Every President of the Uni- sions is held rigidly accountable for ted States since McKinley has ad- having a qualified speaker advocate be- dressed its membership. Attendance at fore that same dinner meeting the view- the luncheons runs from 300 to 1800, point opposed to its own. depending upon the speaker and the That the original seed which founded timeliness of his subject. the Club—the idea that our American In these times of widespread interest public will in time be guided by recom- in public affairs the Commonwealth mendations arrived at by thorough and Club of California finds its dockets painstaking study in a search for the full and running over with problems of truth—is a valid one is indicated by the all sorts. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 149

Pan-Pacifica to Discuss Problems By FREDERICK SIMPICH, JR.

EPRESENTATIVES of eleven 2. Japanese Economic Expansion in World Markets. Pacific countries will gather at the 3. Economic Development and Nationality Yosemite National Park in August Policy of the Soviet Union. Rof this year to convene the sixth 4. Economic and Social Reconstruction in conference of the Institute of Pacific China. 5. The Changing Balance of Political Forces Relations. There business men, educa- in the Pacific. tors, newspapermen and lawyers from the regions that border the Pacific will It would be possible to spend two devote two weeks to discussions based weeks discussing these topics without on an agenda which offers some 175 treading on toes. Words could be pressing questions.—each of vital im- minced and the disputed aspects portance to proper understanding of the avoided. But that would not do for the men who attend these conferences. problems of the Pacific. Institute conferences seek not so much Level-headed industrialists whose prof- solution as understanding. No resolu- its are involved in international rela- tions are passed or action urged. In- tions, newspapermen who must know stead, at the close of the conference the the real significance of everyday events representatives go their way, each to his —they are interested mainly in the dif- own country armed with a better under- ficulties, not the simplicities of Pacific standing of the circumstances and prob- affairs. What then are the questions these lems of his neighboring states. men will consider? The agenda for the Discussions during the conference are forthcoming conference contemplates organized by round tables and, though discussion of about 175 problems. The informal, are guided by a discussion following extracts drawn at random leader, usually an authority on the gen- from this document are typical: eral topic under consideration. Institute What has been the effect of the American conferences cover such a wide range of Silver Purchase program on the financial situ- topics that no group of men can be ex- ation in China? pected to have authoritative knowledge What is likely to be the policy of the United States with regard to Japan's program for con- of the facts of each problem. So, in the trolling the China market in her own interest? periods between conferences, usually How far is Japanese economic expansion part two or three years, the Secretariat con- of a considered program on the part of the Japanese government? ducts extensive researches in fields To what extent and in what markets is there where misunderstanding lies. The facts evidence of dumping of Japanese goods or of so developed are presented at the con- "social dumping"? ference in the form of data papers and Was the yen depreciated deliberately as a means of permitting exports and of checking provide the factual basis for round table the internal deflation of Japanese prices, or was discussions. the depreciation forced upon Japan by the de- Just as countries assiduously avoid preciation of the pound sterling and by the in- sending to the conference representa- adequacy of Japan's gold reserves? To what extent is the Japanese government tives who hold official positions which likely to exert diplomatic or military pressure would interfere with a free expression in order to secure tariff reductions and other of opinion, so those who prepare the commercial concessions in China to the direct agenda consider no topic too dangerous, disadvantage of other foreign interests? How close has the Soviet Union come to self- no problem too delicate for exhaustive sufficiency? Is this the natural result of richness consideration. of natural resources? Does it represent a short- Representatives this year, numbering term objective determined by external condi- 200 or more with their retinue, will de- tions? (Consider here political and financial iso- lation and also the general curtailment of world liberate on five major topics. they are: trade.) How far can Japan regard the further devel- 1. United States Recovery Program and Its opment of a fully industrialized and militarized Repercussions in the Pacific. 150 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

U.S.S.R., including the Far Eastern District, as ain, Japan, the Netherlands and Neth- a revival of the old Russian threat to her terri- tory and interests? erlands Indies, New Zealand, the Phil- How far could Japan obtain her economic ippines, the Soviet Union and the Uni- demands, e.g. for raw cotton, without the neces- ted States will be represented at Yo- sity for military action in North China? Could the profits of Japanese business in China under semite, so many of these problems will Japanese protectorate be large enough to com- evoke three and four conflicting views. pensate for the high costs of maintaining Japa- Yet their frank and informal discussion, nese troops in China? by leaders of the various member coun- What American policy toward the Philip- pines would do most to relieve potential sources tries will, as in preceding conferences, of international friction? lay the ground work for mutual under- standing. No propaganda will be broad- Once such matters as these are intro- cast, no verbatim record of the discus- duced, it will not be long until confer- sions will be made, but one feels that ence members have heard every side of the cause of understanding will advance the question! with every day spent in informed dis- Australia, Canada, China, Great Brit- cussion of differences.

Women of the Pacific for Peace

EXT YEAR, in Canada or Japan, her a cream-colored Maori; next to her, date and place not yet set, will a slightly darker Hawaiian. A Korean N be held the Fourth Pan-Pacific was between a Chinese and a Japanese. Women's Conference (Fir s t, Americans and Canadians and Austral- 1928; Second, 1930; Third, 1934—all ians were sprinkled liberally among held in Hawaii, at Honolulu ). Domi- them. nant subject for expected discussion "Perhaps it may be easier for women next year; Peace in the Pacific. to impress their ideas and ideals in the Reviewing in Liberty, April 11, 1936, Pacific than it was in the Atlantic. For the Third (1934) Conference Mrs. Em- one thing, in most of the Pacific coun- ily Newell Blair, who attended the con- tries women have the vote. In some of ference, says: them they have had it longer than in the "Important women, those delegates! United States. In New Zealand and In the American delegation, for exam- Australia they have had it so long that ple, were the then president of the Gen- women take an active and influential eral Federation of Women's Clubs, part in public affairs as a matter of Mrs. Grace Morrison Poole, and two of course. In China and India they have its vice-presidents, Mrs. E. B. Lawson not had it so long, but the fact that they and Dr. Josephine Pierce. won it simultaneously with men made "Certainly there existed no racial an- for an equal participation in public af- tagonisms at this conference, such as fairs. Even in Japan women now raise one finds in other parts of the world. their voices in public. Therefore, once At the dinner which opened it, on my these women of the Pacific agree on left sat a Caucasian New Zealander; on how to build a more harmonious world my right a dark-skinned East Indian; there, they have the political means at across from me a beige Filipino; beyond hand to do it."

En route home to Australia from the League of Nations Assembly Mrs. Bessie M. Rischbieth, center, an officer of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association, greeted at Ho- nolulu by, right, Miss Alice C. Brown, Treasurer, and Miss Ann Y. Satterthwaite, Honorary Secretary. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 151

Haiku Poetry of Japan; an Appreciation

By JOHN WRIGHT BUCKHAM Berkeley, California, Pacific School of Religion

HATEVER form of art re- the focus of a momentary impression of covers and perpetuates the the scene hinted at" but thereby to sug- spirit of childhood wins, and gest boundless contexts of beauty and W deserves, the gratitude of all meaning. For translation into English men. Very beautiful is chidhood itself, the couplet seems to be the natural at its best and truest, in its wonderment, counterpart.2 Professor Miyamori writes its trustfulness and its joyousness. Yet of Haiku: the child is but partially conscious of "It is composed, throughout the empire, by both its freedom and its limitations. It people of all stations in life, men and women, young and old. Lafcadio Hearn's remark ap- knows not the inner meaning and felic- plies with special significance to the case of ity of its own spirit. It is only as child- haiku:—'Poetry in Japan is universal as the air. hood is recaptured, held fast in the It is felt by everybody. It is read by every- bonds of the spiritual reason and will, body. It is composed by almost everybody— irrespective of class and condition.' In this and lifted into the disciplined experi- sense the Japanese people may well be called a ence of art, that its full meaning can be nation of poets and poetesses." recovered and realized. When one thinks of so rare an This could hardly be said of Ameri- achievement as this there comes to mind cans, yet the universal love of poetry such contrasted instances of it as Can- which makes all the world akin, should ton china, the paintings of Giotto and form a tie between these two peoples. Fra Angelico, the Chorals of Bach, the The chief founder of the School, Jin- was Ba- poems and pictures of William Blake, schichiro, whose nom de plume and the child songs of Francis Thomp- sho, was born in the year 1644 in the son. With gratitude and joy a jaded province of Iga. After studying literary and despoiled world accepts and cher- forms for several years, he began writ- ishes such adventures backward--or ing, while living upon the bank of a should we say forward—into the Ely- river in a but of one room which came sium of pure childhood. to be known as "the Banana Hermi- A fresh discovery of the spirit of tage". Here he familiarized himself childhood embodied in a form of pure with the teachings of the Zen sect of and pleasing art, little known in the Buddhism, which undoubtedly influ- Occident, has come to my attention in enced his views of life and nature. The but was burned, the poet narrowly es- the Haiku Poetry of Japan described and exemplified in the volume by Pro- caping, but was rebuilt by his pupils fessor Asataro Miyamori entitled An and friends. Anthology of Haiku Ancient and Mod- At the age of forty Basho set forth, ern.1 This golden galleon from the accompanied by his pupil Chiri, on the Pure Land of Recovered Childhood first of a series of poetic pilgrimages, contains over a thousand poems of this equipped as follows: "He wore a large School, with an introduction, transla- basketwork hat, paper clothes and a tions and annotations, and a large num- light-brown cotton coat, with a scrip ber of exquisite prints illustrative of the round his neck, carrying in hand a poems. walking stick and a rosary of one hun- Haiku poetry consists formally of dred and eight beads; the scrip con- three lines, containing seventeen syl- tained two or three anthologies, Chinese lables, wholly without meter or rhyme, and Japanese, a flute and a tiny wooden but having that indefinable quality, best gong. In a word, he looked like a Bud- named rhythm, which constitutes the es- dhist pilgrim." In this and later tours

sence of poetry. The genius of Haiku 2 One feels that Haiku is so closely attached to the genius of the Japanese language that translation is is to call before the imagination "only peculiarly powerless to convey all of its flavor and Tokyo, Maruzen Co., Ltd., 1932. meaning. 152 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

wherever he stopped the haikai writers selection from whose verses Professor came to visit him and to hold "poetry Miyamori has brought together in his parties," many becoming his pupils. compendious collection. As one wan- Death came to him with untimely pre- ders, like a happy pilgrim, through the cipitancy on one of his pilgrimages. The ever-changing beauty of this land of poet greeted it with the following heroic verse, certain characteristic qualities and submissive but sorrow-stricken emerge which I have tried to denote in lines: the following analytical study. Tabi ni yande A note that runs with never-failing Yume wa kareno wo Kakemeguru music through these mystical poems is that of a pure nature affection, sincere which may be rendered from Mr. Miya- and full of deep insight, a gentle inti- mori's translation: macy of understanding of nature of the The traveller is arrested on his way, finest kind. One finds it in such verses And his dreams roam o'er withered moors. as these: A note of sadness runs, like the song A bird as my companion, of the beloved nightingale, through Ba- I walked on the withered moor. SENNA. sho's poetry. Through the tempest blowing the shingles None goes along this way From my roof, I heard insects' voices. But I, this autumn eve. RIYU. Ah! summer grasses wave! A hesitation to injure any living The warriors' brave deeds were a dream. thing, even a flower or plant, appears Yet sorrow is mingled in his verses often, as in these lovely lines by the with a quiet joy and always there is a poetess Chiyo-Ni: rare sensitiveness to truth and beauty. A morning-glory having entwined His verses "are, for the most part, ob- The well-bucket, I go to beg water. --- jective descriptions pregnant with deli- Do not tread on the grasses there, cate subjective feelings." His life, de- Where fireflies glowed last night. voted to poetry, was fruitful in inspiring exclaims Issa. many other poets through succeeding Pervading all the references to nature years. there is a rare delicacy of discernment Next to Basho Professor Miyamori of beauty which the careless eye fails to ranks Buson, born in 1716, an artist as observe. Basho, e.g., notes: well as poet, another son of poverty but The lespedeza flowers swaying, swaying, having periods of great domestic happi- But not enough to shake down their crystal ness and inner content. dews. Wind in the willow is thus described Third of the leaders of the School by Saryu: was Issa, born in 1763. His life, too, The willow paints the wind, was one of constant sorrow and trouble, Without using a brush. yet he was not overcome thereby. Out Early passing of the morning dew of his grief at the loss of one of his lit- awakens this comment from Tsuyu tle boys, dying at an early age, came Chiru: this touching threnody: The morning dew melts willingly, Life is a morning dew; As if it scorned this impure world. 'Tis true, but well-a-day!' The grateful mind of the poet feels in nature a kindly benevolence; as when Fourth of the poets whose lives are Basho, regarding with compassion and sketched by Professor Miyamori was sympathy an aged village, notes with Shiki, born in 1867 at Matsuyama. For pleasure: many years he conducted a Haiku col- The village is so old, there is umn in the newspaper Nippon. He was No house but has persimmon trees. the author also of several works of fic- In no land is the uniting bond born tion. of the enjoyment of natural beauty so Besides these formative poets, num- felt as in Japan. Nature binds together berless others have composed Haiku i n one those who share her beneficence. verse, continuing to the present time, a Issa has happily expressed this as fol- 3 Perhaps this might be rendered: ows: Life is like morning dew, Under cherry-flowers Fair, yet how full of rue! None are utter strangers. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 153

Basho, listening to a cuckoo, would Lo! a crow perched on a bare branch; fain believe that the apparently indiffer- In the dun autumn even. ent tea-pickers are listening also. Sombre crow, bare branch, the dreary It may be that, hidden in the shade of the trees, autumn nightfall—the picture is com- Tea-pickers too are listening to the cuckoo. plete. Contrasted with this is the still A parallel of the Scottish proverb more famous verse ( "there is not a "Ilka blade o' grass has its drap o' dew" Japanese but knows it by heart" ): may be found in these lines of his: Furuike ya Quite unknown to the passers-by— Kawazu tobikomu The chestnuts flower beside your house. Mizu no oto Many translations have been made of Issa, beholding some aged folk enjoy- this poem. Guided by them ( knowing ing the evening air, reflects: Unaware 'tis their life's curfew, nothing of Japanese ) I venture the fol- They enjoy the cool of evening. lowing: Yet there is always danger that one, The ancient pond in silence sleeps; all of whose days are occupied with When splash! a frog disturbs its deeps. beautiful things, may become careless to It were impertinent to try to analyze beauty as Buson warns: this verse. One feels that the solemn Cultivator of chrysanthemums, and the ridiculous lie close together in You are a slave to chrysanthemums. it, as they often do, and should, in life. The detection of humble and incon- This sense of contrast appears, in a very spicuous beauty comes to him who stops different form, in the well-known beau- to look again, or stoops to pluck the tiful verse of Buson: lowly flower. Poised upon the temple bell Taken in the hand, A butterfly is sleeping well. Still prettier seems the violet! Opposite this verse in the volume is a KOSHU. charming picture of the bell of a great The purifying and hallowing influ- Buddhist temple with a butterfly ence of nature makes itself felt in con- perched upon its rim, and Professor Mi- duct and mood. yamori comments: "This apparently I looked out over the first snow, artless little verse may be construed to And turned to wash my face. ETSUJIN. mean something more . . . some reflec- tion on human life." Basho has this Looking at the plum-blossoms, striking picture of war and peace: I regret having lost my temper. Alas! beneath the helmet reflects the sensitive spirit of Rosen. A grasshopper is chirruping.' One is reminded of ten of Wordsworth's This sense of incongruity takes a lines: playful aspect in such a verse as "The With an eye made quiet by the power of Fan-Pedlar" by Kako. harmony A load of wind upon his back, And the deep power of joy, we see into the How hot he is—with this strange pack!' life of things. The scarecrow, oblivious of the pres- Moonlight seems to appeal to the ence of the Emperor, amuses Dansui. Japanese music-lover with peculiar The scarecrow does not uncover charm. Even to His Imperial Majesty! What a bright and beautiful night! I can hardly believe there is only one moon, Swift, revealing flashes of insight into human nature and relations con- cries the entranced Ryota. Saikaku, stantly occur, such as this comment having lived two years beyond the al- upon making the most of what one has lotted age of fifty, exclaims in gratitude: I have enjoyed the harvest moon in the way of hospitality, by Basho: Two extra years, in fleshly life. In my cottage the mosquitoes are small; Reflected in Haiku poetry is a keen That is the only good cheer I can offer. sensitiveness to what may be termed How I enjoyed the evening cool monotones, as also to abrupt contrasts With one who speaks not all he thinks. which startle and arouse the meditative exclaimed the wise Hyakuchi. Saga- mind. The former is illustrated in the ciously detecting, like Paul, that "there famous Haiku by Basho "which took are many kinds of voices in the world the first step," writes Professor Miya- Instead of "Alas!" why not substitute "Rejoice"? mori, "in the movement elevating the In this and other verses I have again ventured an haikai to severe, pure literature." altered rendering. 154 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

and none of them without signification," This recognition of the ingression of Wafu writes: the universal into the particular sounds With different ears, we mortals ken The insects' songs, and talk of men. like an anticipation of Whitehead's Presented with a maiden-flower by Principle of Concretion—in the con- his landlord, the witty Kakei comments: crete. Since I've no wife, to give me loving care, If to any sophisticated reader these My landlord sends me a -maiden-flower- fair. miniature vignettes signify nothing let Full of tenderness is this beautiful him re-enter the Banana but of Basho, poem of the bereaved poetess Chiyo- or turn again to the philosophic mind of Ni: Sodo, and having caught the vision Tombo-tsuri splendid, fare forth to find beauty and Kyo wa doko made meaning everywhere. Itta yara How far may he have gone today— One leaves these poems with some- My little dragonfly hunter! thing of the reluctance with which Ba- Many a pearl of wise philosophic sho pictures a bee withdrawing from a thought, too, lies hidden in these sea- flower: shells drawn from the deeps of nature How reluctantly the bee emerges from and life—none quite so replete with The delightful depths of a peony! paradox and profundity as this: Yet there is more than honey here— In my but this New Year time, there's nothing; wisdom and tranquillity and the heart Which means that in it there is everything. of childhood clothed in true and living SODO. art.

Pan-Pacific Union Affiliates in Japan Active

ARGEST of the many Pan-Pacific Another noted speaker was Miss F. Union branches in Japan is the Pan- A. Randell, an ardent member of the L Pacific Club of Tokyo, which holds Pan-Pacific Union, formerly lecturer in regular weekly luncheon meetings where mathematics, Municipal Training Col- noted speakers from all countries are lege, Hull, England, who spoke on The heard. Among recent speakers was League of Nations and the Present Robert H. Davis—better known to mil- Crisis. lions of readers as Bob Davis—of the New York Sun, Among other recent foreign speakers most widely traveled the Club has heard Colonel Lapoma- correspondent in the world. He spoke lede of the Echo de Paris; on Immortals I Have Met. Frank Smo- thers of The Chicago Daily News; Dr. Mr. Davis mentioned meeting Prince Frank Leavell, of Nashville, Tenn., Hirobumi Ito in America in 1903, writ- U.S.A.; Feodor Chaliapin, the singer; ing a page story about him, asking him Giacinto Auriti, Italian ambassador to to read and approve it. The prince said Japan; Arthur Male, Honorary Consul he didn't want to see it—to send it to of Western Australia for Japan; Mel- Tokyo and if the Foreign Office ap- ville H. Walker, University of Califor- proved it, that was sufficient. Ultimately nia; Dr. Kyu H. Chyun, Loyola Uni- it was approved, returned, and pub- lished. versity, Chicago; Gen. Francisco Agui- lar, Mexican ambassador to Japan; Mr. Davis spoke of 0. Henry ( Syd- Miss Claudia Cranston, American nov- ney Porter) with whom he negotiated elist; Wilder Hobson, an editor of for newspaper stories at $60 a week in For- tune; Dr. S. S. Nehru, scientist, Indian 1903. The managing editor thought Civil Service; Miss Gwen Dew, of the this excessive so Bob quit the news- Detroit News; Manuel A. Alzate, paper, took 0. Henry with him into Chairman Committee on Foreign Rela- magazine publishing. For 20 years Bob tions of the Philippine Commonwealth; Davis was one of America's great mag- Prof. Hugh Miller of the University of azine editors, discovered many new Southern California. Many residents of writers who have since become world- famous. Japan, prominent in official and civil life, addressed the Club at various times. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 155

English Favored as Philippine Official Language

By TEODORO R. YANGCO

HE PHILIPPINES, launched in lanos, the Ilocanos, the Pampangos and an alluring but perhaps perilous others. It is necessary that we have a adventure on its way to an inde- common medium of expression in order T pendent existence, must concen- that there may be unity, because with- trate on a common language if unity is out unity we will no doubt fail. That is to bless the new government. For unity my conviction and I am sure that most becomes absolutely essential for the up- of the Filipinos will agree with me on keep of our government in the midst of this point. the present international scramble for On the other hand, the English lan- territory and power. For this reason, guage is spoken by most progressive I advocate the adoption of English as countries of the world. We could, the common language of the Filipinos. therefore, adopt it as the official lan- Ever since the implantation of the guage of the Filipinos so that we may American sovereignty in this country, understand each other, and I am sure public schools were established through- the adoption of one common language out the archipelago and the Philippine will bring great progress in our coun- Legislature has continually appropriated try, and if there is progress there is a considerable amount of money for happiness. maintenance of these schools. American Aside from what I have just men- teachers and instructors were employed tioned, there are millions of good books and books freely distributed throughout written and published in English which for use of school children. The growth can be bought at a low cost and these of public schools was rapid and to such books are very instructive and helpful an extent that even at the remotest vil- to our culture and civilization. So if we lage they are found, so that practically know English we have no need to write all over the islands English becomes vernacular books which are very ex- widely spoken. pensive and no doubt there would be Under such circumstances, it is ab- few who would buy them on account of surd and improper to promote local dia- the dialect which is only local. I my- lects. What we ought to do is to forget self, if I know many things which are our dialects and speak the English practical and have helped me very much language. That is what I am trying to in my education, they are due to my do among the Filipino people. The Ta- knowledge of the English language. If galogs want the Tagalog dialect to be I did not know English, I am sure I made the common language of the Fili- would not have succeeded not only in pinos; the Visayans want theirs instead, my private and public life but also in and so with the Pangasinanes, the Bico- my social and commercial life.

Pan-Pacific Union Strong in the Philippines

EPORTS from Gregorio Nieva, dent Quezon, are many officials of the Secretary of the Pan-Pacific Asso- Commonwealth and men and women R ciation of the Philippines, indicate prominent in the professional and busi- strong and increasing interest in the ness life of the islands. Pan-Pacific Union and lively apprecia- Indicative of the part its women are tion of its growing power as a factor playing in advancement of education for mutual understanding between peo- and community spirit in the Philippines, ples of the Pacific area. the Pan-Pacific Union is glad to present Identified with the Pan-Pacific move- two distinguished examples through ment in the Philippines, led by Presi- photographs received from Mr. Nieva. 156 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

MISS LOURDES MILA NIEVA MISS MERCEDES MONTILLA Miss Mercedes Montilla, daughter of the Hon. Gil Montilla, Speaker of the ippines for 1936 by representatives of Philippine House of Representatives, seventeen universities and colleges, and was elected "Miss Philippines" by 2,- Secretary of the Editors' Guild of the 500,000 votes and crowned Queen of Philippines. She is now in her third the 1936 Carnival held in Manila Feb- year in journalism, University of San ruary 15 to March 1. Tomas. She has visited China and Miss Lourdes Mila Nieva is the Japan several times and expects to go daughter of Secretary Nieva. She was abroad when she finishes her course in elected Inter-Collegiate Girl of the Phil- journalism.

Noted Speakers at Shangai Pan-Pacific Meetings

WO active and growing branches cent notable speakers including Sir of your Pan-Pacific Union in China, Charles Marston, famous archeologist, Tt h e Pan-Pacific Association o f vice-chairman of the British School of Shanghai and the Pan-Pacific Associa- Archeology in Egypt, member of the tion of China with clubs in various cen- Executive Board of the Palestine Ex- ters of the vast Republic, report steady ploration Fund and author of several progress. books, who spoke on Recent Excava- Miss Marguerite Chen, secretary of tions in Palestine. the Shanghai Association, mentions re- Dr. Dugald C. Jackson, Professor MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 157

Friday night science dinner at the Pan- Pacific Union's Research Institution in Honolulu, is a trustee of the Canton branch. En route, he addressed also the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo. Dr. J. H. Liu, Director General of the National Health Administration, Nan- king, China, advises that the National Health Administration has appointed three delegates to The Second Congress of the Pan-Pacific Surgical Association to be held in Honolulu next August 6 to 14; they are Dr. H. L. Chang, Asso- ciate Professor, Department of Sur- gery; Dr. G. M. Meng, Associate Pro- fessor of Orthopedic Surgery; Dr. J. Hua Liu, Professor Otolaryngology, all of Peiping Union Medical College, Pei- DR. JAMES N. HENRY ping, China. Other China delegates previously ap- Emeritus of M.I.T., spoke on Recent pointed are Dr. Kenelm H. Digby of Industrial Developments in China and the University of Hongkong; Dr. P. F. the Far East. Dr. 0. C. Kiep, Chair- Greene, Chief of the Surgical Division, man of the Economic Mission, gave a Hunan-Yale Medical College Chang- talk on progress in the work of the sha; Professor B. Martin, Sun Yatsen Mission. University, Canton; Dr. J. B. Todd of Canton has an especially active Canton. branch of the Pan-Pacific Union. Dr. This gives China the largest single James N. Henry, Dean of Lingnan delegation so far from any Pacific University, who recently addressed a Country excepting the United States.

Honolulu Meetings of the Pan-Pacific Union

OTABLE speakers who have Oren E. Long, Superintendent, De- addressed Pan-Pacific Union partment of Public Instruction, Terri- members and guests at the tory of Hawaii, on Social and Educa- N weekly luncheons held every tional Trends. Monday in Fuller Hall, Honolulu, since Stanley C. Kennedy, President, In- March 16 include: ter-Island Airways, on The Hawaiian Dr. Daniel Poling, President, Inter- Air Mail Service and Its Value to the national Society of Christian Endeavor, Territory. on World Affairs and Youth. Eiichi Kiyoka, visiting professor in Dr. William Alanson Bryan, Direc- Oriental Studies, University of Hawaii, tor, Los Angeles Museum of History, from Keio University, on The Work of Science, and Art, on work of the Los Keio University, founded by his grand- Angeles Museum. father, Yukichi Fukuzawa. Mrs. Bessie M. Rischbieth, J.P., Frank E. Midkiff, of the Community O.B.E., one of Australia's five govern- Association of hawaii, on Improving ment delegates to the League of Na- Conditions in Rural Communities, fol- tions 16th Assembly, on impressions of lowed by 5-minute speakers represent- the European Situation and Its Social ing the Army and Navy and civilian Implications to the Women's Move- interests. ment. ( See illus. p. 150.) Felixberto G. Bustos, publicist of 158 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Manila, on The Upbuilding of the Phil- crops, poultry diseases, live stock feed- ippines. ing. In addition to the weekly luncheons, John M. Westgate, Professor of the Pan-Pacific Union holds dinner Tropical Agriculture, University of Ha- meetings every Friday evening at the waii, on Agriculture in Java and Ma- Pan-Pacific Union's Research Institu- laya. tion for discussion of scientific subjects Theodore Rhea, Director, Health Ed- and to hear noted speakers who, since ucation, Department of Public Instruc- March 6. include: tion; one of three educators sent to Otto Degener, B.S., M.S., botanist, Poyer School, American Samoa, through University of Hawaii, 1925-27; natural- Barstow Foundation last summer, on ist, Hawaii National Park, 1929; col- Life in Samoa, illustrated. laborator in Hawaiian botany for the F. G. Bustos, journalist of Manila, on New York Botanical Gardens; author Agriculture and Science in the Philip- of Flora Hawaiiensis and Plants of Ha- pines. waii National Park. Dr. Willard H. Eller, Associate Pro- Miss Margherita Herendeen, on Fly- fessor of Physics, University of Hawaii, ing Over South Africa. on Radio Activity and Transmutation Forrest J. Pinkerton, M.D., on The of Elements, followed by motion pic- Eye, illustrated. tures of California's winter sports J. W. Berger, General Secretary shown by Ray J. Baker. Mr. Baker Y.M.C.A. of Berkeley, California, on talked on Some American Industries, International House. illustrated with colored slides. Dr. Ormond E. Wall, on Angkor Max Cutler, M.D., head of Tumor Wat, with colored motion pictures of Clinic, Michael Reese Hospital, Chi- the ruins. cago, on Control of Cancer, followed Dr. James M. Henry, Dean of Ling- by discussion in which representatives nan University, Canton, on Progress in of the Army and Navy and the civilian China. Dean Henry is a director of the community participated. Pan-Pacific Union branch at Canton Hans Zimmerman, physical culturist, ( see illus. p. 157 ). on Technique of Physical Culture Ther- Mrs. Bessie M. Rischbieth, J.P., apy with demonstrations, including a O.B.E., President, Australian Federa- program by the Pan-Pacific Union Stu- tion of Women Voters, Perth, West dents' Club, members of which reside Australia, on The League of Nations. at the Union's Research Institution. Dr. 0. C. Magistad, Director, Ha- Col. George Bicknell, Hawaii repre- waii Agricultural Experiment Station, sentative of the Pan-American Airways, on New Work of the Hawaii Agricul- on Wake Island. tural Experiment Station, including Col. L. H. Stanford, Signal Corps, taro, rat extermination, liver fluke, truck U.S.A., on Military Communications.

HOWARD KENT BURGESS

HE persons whom you remember rectitude, its sincerity and its sense of the longest, whom you most respect responsibility. Honesty with him was Tare those who make no compro- as natural as breathing. To induce him mises, who are true to themselves. My to take money he had not earned or brother, more than any man I ever which he thought he didn't deserve was knew, pursued unswervingly the path impossible. His will was adamant and his conscience and his duty led him. If his honor inflexible. Thoroughness in there is still such a thing extant as a every least thing he did made his ac- "New England conscience," Howard tions as honest as his word. When he had it. Descended from I don't know said "No," it was useless to argue. how many Mayflower ancestors, a half When he said "Yes" his loyalty and dozen of whom I could name, he inher- his generosity went all the way to the ited the moral sap and fibre of the Puri- end. tan character—not its inhibitions, but its Howard was a philosopher; he had MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 159 his own plan of life and pursued it re- gardless of success or failure. There was something of the Stoic in him, something of the fatalist. In his last letter to me he asked about the lines beginning, "Serene, indifferent to fate," etc. I think it was his favorite senti- ment. What disappointments and trials and sorrows came to him were borne without lament or self-pity. He sought or wished for no sympathy, he was too strong in himself, too proud ever to seek aid of any man. Life treated him harshly but he never showed it. Few even of those who saw most of him, perhaps, were aware of the talent he possessed in many lines, the blitheness of comedy in which he could excel, his rare, dry humor, his invention, his adap- tability to many arts found little oppor- tunity for expression in later years. HAROLD KENT BURGESS They were put aside by his splendid (1861-1936) power of self-sacrifice. He was without For seven years a member of Pan-Pacific Union rashness and without timidity. His self- headquarters staff, the last two as Treasurer, respect and his great sense of propor- Mr. Burgess passed suddenly on April 20. The accompanying appreciation by his brother tion gave his character a tone and sta- Gelett Burgess expresses as truly that of all bility that prevented the possibility of who knew him. his ever appearing undignified. It seems strange that one who so delighted in the open air, in the sane life of the country, in physical exercise and spartan diet should not have had Howard loved Hawaii. It was his his life extended to a longer span. But real home. I am forever grateful that, he died having expressed himself more after the herculean tasks he set himself sincerely than anyone I know in the and accomplished, but which few be- conditions imposed upon him and the sides he himself knew, he could have answer he always gave when duty passed his last years in the beautiful called has, I believe, helped him to and soothing environment of his adopted progress after those mortal restrictions country, the Paradise of the Pacific. were removed. -, GELETT BURGESS Books Received ETHIOPIA, A Pawn in European Diplomacy, By the Eastern littoral, now French and Italian So- Ernest Work. MacMillan, New York. maliland. England also obtained a strip of land between these two. This scholarly book is particularly valuable at this time, giving as it does a full account of Later, when England had convinced the em- the relationships of Ethiopia with Egypt and peror of her good faith and chief desire, the with various European countries during the last protection of Egypt, she was given a good slice 50 years or so. The author was of late educa- of Ethiopian land along the eastern and western tional adviser to the government in Ethiopia; side of the Nile River whose source head waters consequently he had access to historical docu- lie in Ethiopia. The book clearly shows how ments, treaties, and material not usually avail- vital it is that Egypt should have a powerful able to foreigners. Here is to be found in detail protector who is on good terms with Ethiopia. a description of the efforts and intrigues first of For the Nile waters, flowing down through the France, then of Italy, also of England, Ger- Sudan, upper and lower Egypt, alone guarantee many, Russia, and Turkey to obtain a secure to the Fellaheen (peasants) the fertilization of footing in Ethiopia, efforts thwarted in each their desert lands on which their very life de- case by the courage and astuteness of the two pends. Some unfriendly power dominating emperors in these fateful years. France and Ethiopia and wishful to annex Egypt could Italy, however, were both able to secure part of threaten to destroy the whole country by cut- 160 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

ting off the flow of these waters or by letting crystal clear, thinks the group of distinguished them loose to flood and drown it out. Ethiopian writers, and they quote Charles M. Schwab, native rulers could never do this on account of head of the gigantic Bethlehem Steel Company, a solemn covenant they made with Egypt when whose profits during the World War were that country returned "the True Cross' to Ethio- staggering, as having put it baldly when he pia centuries ago. In return, the Ethiopians sol- said, "There never was a war that did not emnly undertook that they "would never there- spring from commerce, with selfish trade mo- after divert the waters of the Nile from Egypt." tives at the bottom of it." Commmorating this agreement, the ancient Under the stimuli of martial music, frenzied "Festival of the Cross" is religiously observed exhortation and cunning propaganda, one man in Ethiopia each year with great ceremonial. of every seven on earth between 1914 and 1918 It was the rivalry of France and Italy to get donned a uniform, shouldered a rifle, practiced a strangle hold on Ethiopia and thus on Egypt the art of killing his fellowmen, and marched off that made it imperative for England to to test his skill at shooting them down, ripping strengthen her position as protector of Egypt them with old steel, blowing them apart, and the Sudan at the end of the last century and drowing them or poisoning them. also to claim the friendship of Ethiopia. A friendly treaty concluded between England and Thirteen million men, or one in every four Ethiopia in 1902 calmed the apprehensions of composing those armies, were killed, a statisti- Egyptians, but the necessity of maintaining cian asserts. Another twenty million suffered the independence and integrity of Ethiopia and the agony of wounds. Tens of millions of "the her rulers remains just as urgent now as then. people at home" wasted away and died from Dr. Work thinks that ever since Italy made causes directly traceable to that "glorious" her desperate attempt to seize Ethiopia in 1893 World War, one of the authors declares. and was defeated at the Battle of Adowa, she The heartbreak, the physical and mental has been longing for her revenge. Consequently, suffering, the demoralization and terrific eco- she has consistently refused to submit her nomic losses developing out of that conflict claims and her disputes in "border incidents" to were so great, and so horrifying, as to appal arbitration or of late to the League of Nations, any normal human being who gives it intelli- so that she could use them as reasons for a gent consideration. Its full extent can never be fresh attack on the country. fully visualized. The human mind cannot grasp This unrighteous battering of a weaker na- it all. But if you wish to try, you will find in tion by a stronger, fully armed one only empha- this volume a wealth of figures and statements, sizes the need in our own day for strengthening estimates and judgments, all as authoritative as our co-operative protection of smaller nations can be procured, and you will have to tax your by a strong League of all Nations, backed by mental powers to the utmost to appreciate the an International Police Force that can act terrible effect of the World War alone on the promptly. human race. Dr. Work is to be congratulated on having That the world today is facing a conflict even given us a most interesting and timely book, greater than the last major struggle seems cer- which has also a good bibliography showing tain. If you think any good will come of it, the sources of his fine array of facts. This you should read the analysis made by these ten makes it a valuable reference book for educa- women on the results of the last one, and you tors, historians, and others. may believe their statement that "it is now cer- --MILDRED STALEY. tain no benefit will accrue to any nation in- volved in war hereafter that will equal the calamitous price paid for it, . . . for the next WHY WARS MUST CEASE, A Symposium, by war is bound to result in the most titanic dis- Ten Eminent Women. Macmillan, New York. aster within the experience of the human race!" $1. Wars must cease because if we do not de- War is Hell, said Sherman. If Hell is a place stroy war now, war will destroy us, declares or state of utter torment, of shattered, flesh- Carrie Chapman Catt; because the war idea is ripped and bone-broken bloody human bodies, obsolete, says Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt; because desolate countryside, wrecked communities, wars waste human life, Mary E. Woolley agonized remnants of families, bankrupt and proves to our horror; because wars cost too chaotic nations—then Sherman was right. much, Mrs. William Brown Meloney shows us; In a stunning arraignment of war, the ten because wars produce economic chaos, argues authors of Why Wars Must Cease drew upon Florence Brewer Boeckel; because in war you a vast amount of authentic material to prove never know what you are fighting for, writes that war is Hell, that "war in the modern world Emily Newell Blair; because wars unleash de- is simply a one hundred per cent mistake," that moralizing instincts, Judge Florence E. Allen it "can give nothing of the slightest value to assures us; because war breeds war, Dr. Alice any modern nation and lays waste most of what Hamilton points out; and because wars inter- makes life worth living," and that, viewed from fere with the normal growth of civilization, Jane any angle, it is obsolete and in practice the ulti- Addams graphically reveals. mate of stupidity. Granted that we are convinced of the futility The roots of war do not necessarily go deep, of war, what can be done to prevent it? After but they spread widely, and the very number of all, that is the important question. Jane Ad- the tangled rootlets confuse the average person dams declares that "man has learned to grow as to the main source of nourishment. Shorn his food with one-tenth the labor formerly re- of all the bewildering network of encumbering quired, and possesses in technical knowledge, in detail, the fundamental reason for war becomes energy of men and machines, and in raw mate- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 161

rials enough to give security and leisure to all be printed in newspapers and magazines the those now living on the planet." Because of world over. Referenecs made to Chinese gov- this, the venerable founder of Hull House ernmental agencies and officials have in most thinks, "It has therefore become a deeper dis- cases, it is probable, left no clear picture in the grace than ever before that men should be reader's mind of their relative importance and starving in the midst of plenty . . .and that the functions. relationships to his fellow men, upon which The Chinese system of government is so dif- distribution depends, are still so ill-adjusted that ferent from the various forms familiar to most dearth continues and even increases." readers of the English language that unless She believes correction of this sad state of they have some knowledge of its fundamentals affairs can come only through international co- they cannot hope fully to understand the ma- operation, and implores men to have faith in chinery that is brought into play to cope with one another and in their common purposes to the monumental problems harassing the nation. consummate this great task. Since an appreciation of Chinese psychology In the last chapter of this absorbing, startling, is essential to an appreciation of the profound informative book, Dorothy Canfield Fisher con- changes now taking place in the Far East, and cludes that ''Nobody can doubt the soundness since a people's mental processes can to some of the proofs set forth in this volume, of the extent be gauged by the form of government idiotic, purposeless destructiveness—what one under which they live, the person who informs might call the murderous inanity of war. himself of China's peculiar governmental "As completely as modern hygiene has structure is doubly benefited. proved that filth, disease germs, bad food and Dr. Lum's description of his country's gov- too much alcohol are harmful to bodily health," ernment from its earliest days to the present is she continues, "these facts and figures prove complete, yet briefly treated. It is well written, that ordinary horse sense is revolted by the save for an occasional quaint sentence con- cosmic wastefulness of war, that common de- struction, is easily read, and strange as it might cency is horrified by it, that everyone of the seem of such subject matter, is interesting read- higher qualiites of our nature recoils from it." ing. Thus it is possible readily to gain a prac- In asking why this "damnable institution con- tical understanding of China's governmental tinues to threaten our lives," she blames it on set-up without expending a great deal of time human stupidity, the thick-witted human capac- and energy. The knowledge obtained should ity to resist obvious proofs that a deeply-rooted materially increase the reader's ability to com- tradition is false. Miss Fisher praises President prehend the process by which a huge national Roosevelt's definition of a defensive war as one population is being guided through one of the in which a country's army and navy are within critical periods that mark its long history. its own bounds. She castigates the use of war Four appendices contain The Fundamentals as an "escape mechanism" for discouraged, eco- of National Reconstruction, by Sun Wen ( Dr. nomically hopeless people who, for one hour Sun Yat Sen); The Organic Law of China; of imitation greatness, must pay with years of The Provisional Constitution; and a Select Bib- misery and lowered vitality, with hideous de- liography, to round out a well-planned treatise. humanizing memories, with shame, with drab The volume is indexed and covers but 177 hopelessness, far worse than anything they had pages of large print. known before, and the last sentence in the book Well known for his work at the University reminds us that: of Hawaii, Dr. Lum is a Visiting Professor of "A nation should call itself disgraced if it so Government and International Relations at New orders life within its borders that there can be York University, and is Commissioner of Over- even one of its citizens living so poorly, so un- seas Affairs for the Republic of China. His beautifully, so hopelessly, that war—wad—can eminence in the field of which he writes is even for an hour seem a change for the better!" sufficient assurance of the reliability of his work. This small volume of 157 pages is packed —RoY M. FRISEN with meat, interestingly written and well edited. If one can read it and not be convinced that THE CHINESE—THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE, war is a mass mania for suicide and that it can By Kenneth Scott Latourette, Professor of lead only to ruin, then he is so callous and ab- Missions and Oriental History, Yale Univ., normal in his human instincts as to warrant a 2nd Edition Revised. 2 Volumes in one, sanity examination. It lacks only photographs Macmillan, New York. 900 pp. $5. depicting the stark horrors of war in all its A record of China and its "mixed peoples," gruesomeness to make it a perfect appeal to chronicled by a recognized authority. It is a mind and eye. As it is, there could be pre- handbook of two volumes masterfully prepared sented no better argument to the intelligence with each chapter devoted to a distinct phase than this symposium compiled under the aus- of that country's complex evolution. pices of the National Committee on the Cause The author paints an unbroken picture of and Cure of War. China from her remote historical period to the --ROY M. FRISEN present time, and discusses in considerable de- tail its religions, culture, geography, invasions, CHINESE GOVERNMENT, By Kalfred Dip Lum, dynasties and social orders, all potent factors Ph.D. The Mercury Press, Shanghai, China. in the shaping of China's destiny. The world has had a large share of its atten- An extensive Bibliography, a detailed Index tion focused upon China for some years past, and a large map of China help materially to and indications are that it will increase in the make this book one of the most complete his- near future. Many millions of words reporting tories of China yet to appear. the situation there have gone out of China to --PETER E. CHU 162 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

PAN-PACIFIC UNION FOUNDED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD An educational, non-profit, organization incorporated (1917) under the laws of the Territory of Hawaii. HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A.

HON. WALTER F. FREAR, President and Acting Treasurer DR. IGA MORI, Vice-President WALTER F. DILLINGHAM, Chairman Finance SENATOR JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON, Vice-Presi- Committee dent, Chairman Executive Committee. DR. FREDERICK G. KRAUSS, Chairman Pan- Pacific Research Institution ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE, Secretary GEORGE MELLEN, Editorial Director With a Board of Trustees representing all Pacific Countries

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ADDRESS MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 Page A-1

1935 INDEX; Mid-Pacific Magazine

VOL. XLVIII-NUMBERS 1 TO 4 INCLUSIVE

Magazine Section

Anti-Missionary Criticism—WALTER F. FREAR Jan-Mch 5 Australian Aborigines—E. J. T. BARTON Apr-Jun 151 Britain in the Pacific (From the Literature) Jul-Sep 235 Canada, A Mediating Power in World Affairs—REV. THOMAS T. FAICHNEY Jul-Sep 249 Canada and Japan—J. ELMER BROWN Jul-Sep 201 Canada, Health and Medical Service In,—MILDRED E. STALEY, M.D Jul-Sep 196 Canada, The Last Frontier, Western—D. LEO DOLAN Apr-Jun 159 Canadian-American Friendship, The Basis of—B. P. STEEVES, PH.D Jul-Sep 193 China, Kwangsi, A Model Province of—WING TSIT CHAN, PH. D Oct-Dec 360 China, My Glimpse of—R. E. LAMBERT Apr-Jun 104 China, Today's—KING-CHAu Mui Apr-Jun 97 China's Premier Agricultural College.—ALEXANDER HUME FORD Apr-Jun 135 Chinese Foreign Study—SHAG CHANG LEE Apr-Jun 134 Chinese Stage, Painted Mask of the—GLADYS Li HEE Apr-Jun 131 City Built Upon a Cistern, The---FREDERICK OHRT Oct-Dec 336 Conferences, 1920 to 1934 inclusive, Notable Pan-Pacific Jan-Mch 4 Cotton in the Philippines—H. F. SCHUNEMANN Jan-Mch 45 Court of the Indolent—H. V. SUTHERLAND Oct-Dec 333 Dominion, In Step With The—ROBERT CROMIE Jul-Sep 239 Fanning, Mystery of the Coral Atoll—ALEXANDER MACDONALD Jul-Sep 246 Hawaii, a Friendly Land—HOMER HAYES, JR Oct-Dec 346 Hawaii, Crucible of Peace Psychology—FANNIE HURST Oct-Dec 287 Hawaii, If We Could All Be Schooled in--MARGARET BAIROS Oct-Dec 347 Hawaii, Mauna Kea, The White Mountain Of,—CHESTER K. WENTWORTH Oct-Dec 291 Hawaii, Race Biological Impressions In—DR. W. W. KRAUSS Oct-Dec 301 Hawaii, Racial Patterns IM—RAY JEROME BAKER Oct-Dec 317 Hawaii, The Sensory Appeal of Sound In.—MAURICE HILL Oct-Dec 297 Hawaii, Educating for World Citizenship, University of Oct-Dec 323 Hawaii's Bernice P. Bishop Museum—EsTHER C. ANDERSON Oct-Dec 304 Hawaiian Farmers, Sugar Tax Helps—CHAUNCEY B. WIGHTMAN Oct-Dec 341 Hawaiian Rat, The—ARTHUR SVIHLA, PHD Oct-Dec 344 Hawaiian Sports and Pastimes, Ancient—CHARLES W. KENN Oct-Dec 308 Honolulu Academy of Arts, The—MARVEL ALLISON Oct-Dec 329 Japan Is Doing? What—,ALEXANDER HUME FORD Jan-Mch 16 Japan, Old Fashioned Ways In Modern—CHARLES R. FRAZIER Oct-Dec 351 Japan Tries Great Britain's Recipe—PAT TERRY Jul-Sep 245 Jane Addams of Hull House Apr-Jun 146 Jenolan Caves, Wild Life at—J. C. WIBURD Jan-Mch 13 Jews in Honan for More than a Thousand Years Apr-Jun 137 Korea, Land of the Morning Calm—A. H. C Apr-Jun 142 Let's Go To the Desert—J. E. MORHARDT, JR Jan-Mch 41 Lingnan University—FRANK S. WILSON Apr-Jun 112 Mexico the Magnificent—From Report of Ministry of Foreign Affairs Apr-Jun 155 Mid-Pacific Magazine Valued for Reference Oct-Dec 364 New English Mind, The—A. WYATT TILBY Jul-Sep 228 New Guinea, The Sepik River of —GEN. C. NICOLL Jan-Mch 1 New Zealand, By Railway and Motor Through Jul-Sep 267 Pan-Pacific Affairs, Orient Most Active in Jan-Mch 12 Pan-Pacific Represented At Oxford Apr-Jun 150 Philippines, Cotton in the—H. F. SCHUNEMANN Jan-Mch 45 Rise and Fall of the Greatest Empire (Mongolia) —China Weekly Chronicle Apr-Jun 138 Rotorua Revisited—WILLIAM F. KENNEDY Jan-Mch 61 Salmon Runs, When King—BILL REID Jul-Sep 243 School Teachers Experience Geography, (From their Diaries) Jul-Sep 252 Siam, The King and Government In—M. SIVARAM Apr-Jun 147 Solomon Islands Mislaid for Two Centuries—ALBERT JEWELL Jul-Sep 262 Soviet Science In the Arctic—S. EXC. M. CONSTANTIN YOURENEFF Jan-Mch 55 Streets of Fur—CLARA L. DAWSON Jan-Mch 50 Sun Yat Sen's School Days In Hawaii—DR. SH AO CHANG LEE Apr-Jun 130 The Last Spike (Canada) —ELIZABETH BAILEY PRICE Jul-Sep 198 Tung Oil In Australia—CECIL W. SALIER Jul-Sep 266 University, They Wanted a (Canada) —EDGAR BROWN Jul-Sep 208 Page A-2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Bulletin Section Balboa Day Meeting at Shanghai Oct-Dec 390 Books Received and Reviewed Apr-Jun 187 China, Amazing Developments In.—CAMERON FOORBES Apr-Jun 177 Expatriation—Back To the Soil—TAKIE OKUMURA with UMETARO OKLIMIIBA Jan-Mch 81 Fifty Years After,—MASAJI MARUMOTO Jan-Mch 89 Filipino National Language, What,—TRINIDAD A. Rojo Apr-Jun 179 Hawaii, China Trade Celebration In—EDNA W. LAWSON Jan-Mch 95 Hawaii, Japanese In—C. P. IAUKEA Jan-Mch 87 Hawaii's Youth—JOHN AKAU Jan-Mch 96 Pan-Pacifica, Greetings From Oct-Dec 385 Pan-Pacific Associations in China Jul-Sep 279 Pan-Pacific Clubs in Japan Apr-Jun 186 Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo in Membership Campaign Jul-Sep 280 Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Observes Balboa Day Oct-Dec 391 Pan-Pacific Conferences, Notable 1920-1934 Inclusive Jul-Sep 283 Pan-Pacific Countries Observe Balboa Day—ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE Jul-Sep 277 Pan-Pacific Luncheon Meetings Apr-Jun 191 Pan-Pacific Movement in China—DR. KUANGSON YOUNG Apr-Jun 182 Pan-Pacific Union Research Institution News Jul-Sep 281 Pan-Pacific Union Research Institution Science Meetings Oct-Dec 393 Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference, Second Jul-Sep 281 Pan-Pacific Union Appreciated, Educational Value of Jul-Sep 280 Pan-Pacific Union Luncheons, Noted Speakers at Jul-Sep 282 Pan-Pacific Union Luncheon Meetings Oct-Dec 392 Pan-Pacific Union, Sketch History of—ALEXANDER HUME FORD Oct-Dec 381 Pan-Pacific Union, Will Tour Pacific for Jul-Sep 278 Philippines, Popular in the—GREGORIO NIEVA Jan-Mch 91 Proud of Membership Apr-Jun 192 Puerto Ricans in Hawaii Pan-Pacific Minded—JOSEPH SANTIAGO Oct-Dec 394

Journal Section Adventures in Friendship—GEORGE H. AKAU, JR. Apr-Jun 167 Arctic Sea Route and Northern Economics—Arctic Institute Bulletin Jul-Sep 269 Breeding Activities of the Little Redfish—L. P. SCHULTZ and Students Jan-Mch 69 Cacti, Who's Who Among The Jul-Sep 273 Coconuts Do Fall on People.—GEORGE H. AKAU, JR. Apr-Jun 171 Fishes Found Nowhere Else, Some Hawaiian—E. H. BRYAN, JR Jan-Mch 65 Fishes of the American Northwest—L. P. SCHULTZ and ALLAN C. DELACY Oct-Dec 365 Fishes of the Pelew Islands—ALBERT W. C. T. HERRE Apr-Jun 163 Fishes of Washington and Oregon Jul-Sep 272 Fruits of the Land in Hawaii—GEORGE MELLEN Jan-Mch 77 Japanese and Occidental Family Life Contrasted —T. KITAOKA Apr-Jun 172 Okhotsk Sea, Strange Life In the—DR. PETER SCHMIDT Apr-Jun 161 Pan-Pacific Union Research Institution Dinners Apr-Jun 175 Pests, Some Empire—ERIC HARDY Jul-Sep 275

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Page A-4 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. NYONE who has visited the Hawai- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd. ; The Mat- A ian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 Page A-5 GUMP'S

The finest arts of the East and the West meet logically in a beautiful setting here in the Heart of the Pacific— yours to enjoy or possess. A visit to Gump's will be , a memorable pleasure.

S. & G. GUMP COMPANY OPP. ROYAL HAWAIIAN HOTEL [ 2206 KALAKAUA ... HONOLULU AETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY and its Affiliated Companies Writing Every Form of Insurance THE B. F. DILLINGHAM CO., LTD. AGENTS Dillingham Transportation Bldg. HONOLULU, HAWAII

Since "horseless carriage" days

has served the transportation needs of Hawaii

Page A-6 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 H ealth the Fountain of Youth

ON'T SLOW DOWN; be V • VIGOR • wide awake to your op- I A D portunities; be in condi- tion to handle any situa- T P tion—be it business or sports. P A Safeguard that which rightfully I belongs to you, HEALTH. L N Let Professor Henry S. Oka- I E zaki, who has helped thousands Prof. Henry S. Okazaki to regain lost health, put you on T Restoration Masseur S the right road. Y • HEALTH •

Visit the NIKKO RESTORATION Restoration massage properly ap- SANATORIUM. plied by one who understands anatomy Give your body an original Japanese quickly brings back to your body the massage such as was first given 1200 clear, pure bloodstream of life. This years ago by the famous Professor awakens dormant, atrophied muscles, Oyama of Tokyo. brings to those past forty the vigor and energy of youth. REDUCING OR Accommodations for men, women ADDING WEIGHT and children. A highly trained staff of Prof. Okazaki has reduced the weight five experts at your service. of hundreds of men and women. Any Prof. Okazaki has done wonders for part of the body—stomach, chest, legs, so many persons that he is confident he etc.—can be reduced, without trouble- can help anyone regain health. He some diets or dangerous drugs. Add- uses the most modern methods of mas- ing weight is just as easy. sage, hydrotherapy and electrotherapy.

NIKKO RESTORATION SANATORIUM 801 South Hotel Street Telephone 2148 HONOLULU, HAWAII MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 Page A-7

For your home . . . When building, renovating or remodeling your home, you will find a splendid selection of materials in our stock. In addition to building supplies, paint, tools, hardware and plumbing fixtures, we have a well-selected stock of interior decorating materials, electric, gas, and oil ranges, stoves and heaters, electric appliances, and garden supplies. LEWERS & COOKE LIMITED Building Material Specialists Since 1852 HONOLULU, HAWAII

ROYAL HAWAIIAN HOTEL On Waikiki's Famous Beach

MOANA-SEASIDE HOTEL AND BUNGALOWS (Nearby the Royal Hawaiian)

* FOR over a third of a century WAIALAE GOLF CLUB DAIRYMEN'S has brought safe (Ten min. by motor from Hotels) pure milk, from smiling meadow- lands to your doorstep—and made

Reservations, Rates, etc., may be ob- delicious, nourishing ice cream for tained through an authorized Steam- little folks to eat. DAIRYMEN'S ship, Railroad or Travel Agent, or by writing direct to: is in business to bring Health and Happiness to little children. ARTHUR BENAGLIA, Managing Director HONOLULU DAIRYMEN'S HAWAIIAN HOTELS, LTD. ASSOCIATION, LIMITED Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. HONOLULU, HAWAII Page A-8 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

Home of the American Factors, Limited Fort at Queen Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Sugar Plantation Agents Wholesale General Merchandise Insurance

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HAWAII MEAT FOR COMPANY, LTD. BOOKS ON Kaahumanu and Merchant Sts. Honolulu, Hawaii HAWAII and

Wholesale Meat and Hawaiian Lore Provision Dealers Novels based on Hawaii and Books on Plant and Supply finest quality Island meats Bird Life of the Islands all Federally inspected at the most modern and sanitary plant in the Hawaiian Islands. GET THEM AT Monolulu GP- Paper MEAT is man's food and Hawaii Co., Ltd. produces finest in the world. 1045 BISHOP STREET Honolulu, Hawaii Page A-10 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

McCABE, HAMILTON AND RENNY CO., LTD. 20 South Queen Street HONOLULU, HAWAII Only Commercial Stevedoring Firm in the Territory Established 1900

Modern equipment. Quick and efficient loading and unloading of vessels in Honolulu

q REFRIGERATORS THE OF REFRIGERATOR VALUE

OVERSIZE FROSTER! Welded Sanalloy — for quick POINT freezing, easy cleaning.

BY FOOD-SAVING . . . Moon- stone Ware Triple Food Saver POINT Set. Handy for leftovers. Comparison ROASTS? WATER- MELONS? Plenty of room proves on the new Adjusto-shelf I

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Seeing is believing. So we urge you to compare, dollar-for-dollar, how much more value comes with the new Golden Jubilee Westinghouse.

THE HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC CO., LTD. PALACE SQUARE HONOLULU, HAWAII PHONE 3431 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936 Page A-11

BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED, Hono- Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plan- C• lulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, tation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Com- was established in 1826. It represents the fol- pany, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paa- lowing Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Com- uhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson pany, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Baldwin Locomotive Works and Kapapala Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Ranch. Agents for all forms of insurance.

J. W. PODMORE & SONS 77 South Queen Street HONOLULU, HAWAII W. A. Ramsay, Ltd. Wholesale and Commission Merchants Mechanical and Electrical Engineers Machinery and Mill Supplies FORT AND QUEEN STREETS It's Better HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. All-Ways ICE * CREAM SERVICE COLD STORAGE CO., LTD. Honolulu, Hawaii

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Fumigating Moving-Shipping-Storage Gifts Packed and Shipped Cold Storage Department to All Parts of the World for Furs, Clothing, etc. 11■4 Agents Everywhere

702 FORT STREET, MALOLO DOCK PHONES 1281 AND 3579 HONOLULU, HAWAII Page A-12 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1936

The World's Finest Channel Service Linking the entire group of Hawaiian Packard, Hudson, and Nash Islands by Plane or Steamer Automobiles INTER-ISLAND Cummings Diesel Engines STEAM NAV. CO., LTD. Frigidaire and Atwater-Kent Radios INTER-ISLAND AIRWAYS, LTD. Marshall Field Dry Goods General Traffic Agents for Pan-American Air- ways, United Air Line and Americana Airways. MACHINERY for Every Purpose Reservations and tickets on any air line in the world are obtainable at our offices.

All Types of Insurance Call, Write or Phone 2941

HONOLULU - - HAWAII THE For 85 years, serving quality von HAMM-YOUNG bakery products at a price com- mensurate with standard quality. CO., LTD. HONOLULU, HAWAII

BISCUIT AND BREAD COMPANY HONOLULU, HAWAII CITY MILL Since 1851 COMPANY, LTD. 660 Prison Rood EASTMAN STORE 1059 Fort Street HONOLULU, HAWAI I And on the Beach at Waikiki 2401 Kalakaua Avenue HONOLULU, HAWAII Established 1899 Kodak Supplies—Hawaiian Curios

Dealers in Lumber, Hardware, etc. AMERICAN CAFE Rice and Planing Mill 174 South King St. BUILDERS HONOLULU, HAWAII U. TAKARA, Manager

I •

cZtve 31131- Leading Japanese Newspaper in Hawaii Published in Japanese and English every afternoon except Sundays and holidays at 920 Nuuanu Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. Founded in 1895 (41st Year) +autrail a Pacific Crossroads by sea and air

• 11'•_ •

• -•th _1:: The most powerful man in America ! Who is he? OU and I. Our friends. Our power of yours! Let jingoistic politi- neighbors. In other words. Mr. A cians, big-navy lobbies, war-fomenting y verage Citizen! The only trouble papers, feel the might of your wrath. is, he frequently fails to realize his own strength. He allows himself to What to do about it be bullied, led, and tricked, and when he realizes it, is inclined to say: "But Hysterical protests won't avert an- what can I do about it?" other war, any more than will -pre- paredness... Take, for instance, this absurd busi- Civilization must build its ness of war. He doesn't want war. He own de- fense out of human reason and intel- doesn't want to give up his job. leave ligence, properly organized and applied. his wife and youngsters, live like an ani- mal in trenches, and be To every reasonable and intelligent shot at like an man and woman in America animal by Average Citizens of another goes the country. responsibility of doing his or her shire to avert the coming war. Yet he does all this. He fights wars World Peaceways offers a created by Far-from-Average Citizens poetical plan of how you can help. Write tor it. who do not give up their jobs, do not There is no obligation involved in vain leave their wives and-youngsters. do not get shot at. inquiry. except the obligation to von: conscience and to your conviction rims Peace is something to fight for: war there mns't be no more wars. W orid is something to fight against. So. Mr. Peaceways Inc.. 103 Park ■ Average Avenue. Ne,. Citizen. wield that tremendous York City.

By courtesy of the Honolulu Branch, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.