C H A P T E R IV
PERSONALITY OF NASHIK DISTRICT
4.1 Introduction : 140
4.2 Historical Background 140
( Peshwa’s Period - Historical Background - B ritish Period
- Administrative Division)
4.3 Geographical Profile 142 ( Location - Boundaries - Size - Clim ate - Temperature - Soil- Irrigation - Drainage - Forest - Taluka )
4.4 Population 147 ( Size and Growth of Population - Population Density - Urban Population - Rural Population - Sex Ratio - Literacy - M ortality Rate - Religionwise Classification - Occupational Pattern - Landholding )
4.5 Cropping Pattern 159
4.6 Electricity 162
4.7 Communication 162
4.8 Transport 163
4.9 Industrial Development and Financial Institutions 164
4.10 Co-operative 166
4.11 Education 166
4.12 Public Health 167
4.13 Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institutions 168
139 C H A P T E R IV
PERSONALITY OF NASHIK DISTRICT
4.1 Introduction :
This chapter throws light on physical factors like location, boundaries and
areas, historical background, territorial changes, physiography, drainage,
climate, soil types, irrigation, population, livestock, agricultural credit and
finance, electricity, transport and communication in Nashik District are
considered. It is essential to discuss the abovecited factors from the viewpoint of
agricultural development because agricultural development is the key of
agrobased industries. The development of agrobased industries depends upon
the developm ent of agricultural factor.
4.2 Historical Background :
Prabhu Ramchandra along with wife Seeta and brother Laxman spent
major time of ‘Vanavasa’ (Exile period) in Nashik, hence Nashik is also called
as ‘Rambhumi’. According to mythology, Laxm an cut the nose (‘Na s i k a ’ in
Sanskrit) of 'Shurpanakha’ (who insisted to marry Laxman) the sister of
‘Ravana’ hence the cit>' got the name ‘N ashik’.
According to some experts the city of N ashik is situated on the nine sm all hills ‘Shikhars’ hence the city is called as Nashik. (Nava-Shikhara)' It is also believed that Brahmadev had meditated in ‘Padmasana’ in the city hence the
city was also called ‘Padm a-Aasan’ for some time. It is also believed that Lord
Vishnu had defeated three demons and thus the city had also the name of ‘Tri-
K a n t a k ’ .
It is said that Agastya the first Aryan to cross Vindhya Mountains and
live on the banks of Godavari river. He presented Ram with bow and two
140 quivers to fight the ‘Rakshasas’. He also advised him to stay at Panchavati, so called because of the five great banyan trees grew there. Panchavati was then at the fringe of the Dandakaranya forest, from where Ravana abducted Seeta.
The name has been maintained through out the centuries, although the name has been changed occasionally like Padmanagar, Trikantak, Jansthan,
Gulshanabad and so on. The great writers like Kalidas, Bhavbhuti, Valmiki
Rishi, Patanjali and others had made a mention of Nashik in their literature.
Akbar also mentioned Nashik in his autobiography ‘Aaine Akbari’. Once every
12 years the historic ‘Kumbhmela’ is held at Nashik.
4.2.1 Peshwa’s Period :
The Moguls were fascinated by the beauty of the city and renamed it as
‘Gulshanabad’ meaning the city of gardens.^ Fresh beautiful flowers were sent to Aurangazeb from ‘Gulshanabad’ i.e. Nashik. During the Peshwas period the place was finally renamed as Nashik. Raghobadada and his wife Anandibai settled down at ‘Anandawalli’ in Nashik. The British fell in love with the beauty of the city and developed it in various fields. The Golf course developed by the British was one of the largest in Asia.^
4.2.2 British Period :
The present territory of Nashik District was formerly partly distributed in
Khandesh and Ahmednagar Districts. In 1837-38 some part of Ahmednagar
District consisting of Sinnar, Chandor, Dindori, Nashik, Igatpuri and Peth were merged into a sub-collectorate under Ahmednagar. The sub-collectorate of
Nashik was abolished in 1956 and its talukas incorporated in Ahmednagar
District. In 1869 Nashik was made a fullfledged district with 13 talukas.
Anant Kanhere shot Collector Jackson in Vijayanand Theatre on 21®‘
Dec., 1909 in Nashik. The people involved in the murder of Jackson, Anant
141 Kanhere, Krishnaji Karve and Vinayak Deshpande were sentenced to death. W e have to salute them who struggled for the freedom of our Nation from British rule and gave up their lives.
4.2.3 Administrative Division :
Nashik became Revenue Division in Feb. 1981 comprising of four districts (Nashik, Dhule, Jalgaon and Ahmednagar), before that Nashik District was in Bombay region. For administrative convenience the district has been divided into three sub-divisions. Sub-divisionwise coverage of Talukas are given in the Table No. 4.1.
Table No.4.1
Administrative Sub-divisions in Nashik District
Sr.No. Sub-division Talukas 1. Nashik 2. Dindori 3. Igatpuri 1. Nashik 4. Tryambakeshwar 5. Kalwan 6. Peth 7. Surgana 1. Niphad 2. Sinnar 2. Niphad 3. Chandvad 4. Yeola 1. Malegaon 2. Nandgaon 3. Malegaon 3. Satana 4. Deola
4.3 Geographical Profile :
Nashik District lies in the northwest part of the Maharashtra State. It is the third largest district in Maharashtra occupying 5.04 per cent of total area of the State; Nashik is at a height of 565 metres above sea level. Since
1869 the district was having 13 Talukas; from 26'*’ June 1999 two more talukas
(Deola and Tryambak) are added in the list with total 15 talukas. At present
142 Nashik is one of the most important cities of Northern Maharashtra. It is situated at a distance of 200 km. from Mumbai (Bombay) as well as Pune. The river Godavari flows through the city. The temples and ghats on the banks of
Godavari have made Nashik one of the holiest places for Hindus all over the world.
With the exception of a few villages in the west, the whole district is situated on a tableland from 1300 to 2000 feet above sea level. The average length of the district in north-south is 120 kms. and east-west is 200 kms.
Nashik is having collectorate of revenue department since 1982. Total area of the district is 15530 sq.kms., which comprises of rural area 15113 sq.kms. and urban 417 sq.kms.
4.3.1 Location :
The district lies in the northern region of Maharashtra State between
19.16 and 20.52 north latitudes and 73.16 and 74.56 east longitudes. It is rhomboidal in shape with longer diagonal of about 170 kms. from southwest to northeast.
4.3.2 Boundaries :
The Nashik District is bounded in the northwest by the Dang District of
Gujrat State, on the north by Dhule District, Jalgaon on the east, Aurangabad on the south and Thane District on the west; the second highest peak of the state
‘Salher’ (1967 meters) is in Baglan Taluka forms the northwestern boundary of the district.
4.3.3 Size :
The district has 15 talukas with total area of 15530 sq.kms. With total population (as per 2001 census), 49.87 lakhs, it ranks 3'^‘^ in terms of area and 4^'' in terms of population in all the 30 districts of the state. It is situated on both sides of the sacred Godavari river. The headquarter of the Dist. is Nashik
1 4 3 city. The District is having 2 Corporations, 8 Municipalities, 1 Cantonment
Board, 1389 Grampanchayats having 11968 members and 13 Agriculture bazaar
committees.
4.3.4 Climate ;
The climate of district is warm in summer and slightly humid in rainy
season. Igatpuri, Peth, Tryambakeshwar and Surgana Talukas in the western
part of the district receive more rainfall. The rainfall decreases as we move
towards the east. Winter is severe in the eastern parts of the district; Igatpuri,
Saptshringi and Tryambakeshwar are cool even in summer. A year may be
divided into four seasons :
a) The cool season from December to February.
b) Hot season from March to May.
c) The southwest monsoon season is from June to September.
d) Post-monsoon season in October and November.
The average rainfall for the whole district is 1035 mm. The rainfall is recorded at 15 stations and the record is available for more than last 80 years.
The average rainfall in the western ghat area Peth receives 2851.6 mm. while
south ghat area Igatpuri receives 3341.6 mm. The amount of rainfall decreases towards east and Satana (Baglan Taluka) Taluka average is less than 500 mm. of rainfall. The main rainy season starts from middle of June and lasts up to the
end of September, about 88 per cent of the total annual rainfall is received
during this season.
4.3.5 Temperature :
The temperature of the Nashik District begins to increase from the middle
of February. M ay is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature at
40.6°C at Malegaon and 37.4°C at Nashik. The highest maximum temperature
recorded at Malegaon as 46.7*^C in 1929 while at Nashik 42.4*^C in 1960. The
144 lowest minimum temperature recorded at Malegaon was 0.1‘’C in 1929 and at
Nashik 0.6°C in 1945. The normal minimum average temperature in the coldest month of December is 8-9'^C whereas at Malegaon it is 6.6*^C.
4.3.6 Soil :
The district is having four types of soil which are Black (kali), Red
(7a/),Red and Black (koral), and light brown (Barad). Black soil is found mostly in the near bed of river such as Girana and Mosam. These soils are mostly fertile and are suitable for agriculture.
The soils in the Godavari, Kadva and upper parts of the Girana and
Mosam villages are quite deep and fertile. The soil in the rest of the district is undulating and susceptible to erosion. Light shallow soils are formed on hill slopes and very coarse soils at higher elevations.
4.3.7 Irrigation :
There are different irrigation sources in the Nashik. During 2000-2001 total irrigated area was 1,70,769 hectares and this is 20 per cent of total cultivated land, out of the total irrigated area, 94 per cent are watered by wells and 6 per cent from canals etc. In the district 13 big irrigation projects and
8 medium size projects exist. From these projects 56,861 hectares of land is irrigated out of which 6 per cent area was cultivated throughout the year.
4.3.8 Drainage :
As a result of new technology in many industries the demand for water has increased greatly. Consequently, the problem of securing usable water at reasonable rate is now a major one. A n adequate water supply is a necessity in choosing a site for industries including poultry farming. The following are the important rivers of the Nashik District :
145 Table No.4.2
The Important Rivers and their length in Nashik District
Sr. N a m e of Length Talukas through which flows No. the River (km .) 01. Godavari 111 Nashik, Niphad
02. Girana 114 Surgana, Kalwan, Baglan, Nandgaon
03. Vaitarna 40 Igatpuri
04. Darna 80 Igatpuri, Nashik, Niphad
05. Kadvva 74 Dindori
06. Manaid 48 Nandgaon
07. Mosam 98 Baglan, Malegaon
4.3.9 Forest:
Nashik District have good amount of forest wealth. These forests lie in
the western part of the district. Surgana, Kalvan, Peth, Dindori, Nashik,
Igatpuri, Tryambakeshwar Talukas have a number of forests. Teak, sissoo trees
are found in large number in these forests.
Table No.4.3
Nashik District Forest Area (Hectare)
Total % of Forest to Year Geographical Forest Area Geog. Total Area Area 1997-1998 1563430 311248 19.9
1998-1999 1563430 332310 21.3
1999-2000 1563440 282865 18.1
2000-2001 1563430 320668 20.5
{Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002,
pp.33-34.)
146 The forest in the district covers 3,20,668-hectare area, which is 20.5 per
cent of total geographical area. The forest area is mainly located in the western, northern and southwestern regions of the district. Teak is the main species; other species are Sadada, Hed, Haldii, Sisum, Khair, Tiwas, Bibla and Dhavda Bomboos.
4.3.10 Taluka :
A Taluka is an administrative block generally comprising about 90 to 100 contiguous villages, with a small town as its headquarters. O n an average 8 to
10 Talukas make up a district. Nashik became fullfledged district in 1869. At that time there were 13 talukas and Govt, has announced two more talukas on
26^ June 1999 (Deola and Tryambakeshwar). At present 15 Talukas are representing district. Malegaon Taluka is the largest in area in the district, occupying 12 per cent area of the district, whereas Peth is the smallest taluka having 3.36 per cent area followed by Deola having 3.8 per cent area; remaining talukas are having on an average 5 to 9 per cent area of total district. A s per
2001 census, the district is having total 1931 villages out of which 4 villages are uninhabited.
4.4 Population :
M an, being a powerful geographical factor on the earth surface, not only determines the economic pattern of resource utilization but also is himself a very dynamic and important resource for the society. H e plays a crucial role in the entire progress of production and he is also the beneficiary of the whole of resource utilization and economic development. M a n gets nearly all his food from the soil; less than one per cent of what he eats being fish. ^
147 4.4.1 Size and Growth of Population :
India possesses about 2.4 per cent of the total land area of the world but
it has to support about 16 per cent of the world population. The size of the
population of Nashik District is given in the Table N o .4.4.
Table No.4.4
Talukawise Population Distribution
D e n s i t y S r . A r e a Taluka Particulars P o p u l a t i o n p e r N o . s q . k m s . s q . k m .
Total Male Female
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total 810.57 1625 1317081 705901 6 1 1 1 8 0
1 N a s h i k Rural 536.36 3 0 8 1 6 5 0 3 3 8 5 9 3 9 7 9 0 9 4
Urban 274.21 4201 1152048 619962 5 3 2 0 8 6
Total 560.60 173 96755 4 8 5 6 8 4 8 1 8 7
2 P e t h Rural 560.60 173 96755 4 8 5 6 8 4 8 1 8 7
U r b a n 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1342.19 1 9 7 2 6 4 7 3 1 1 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 9 0 6 1
3 D i n d o r i Rural 1342.19 197 264731 1 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 9 0 6 1
U r b a n 0 0 0 0 0
Total 845.65 1 7 2 1 4 5 0 3 6 7 2 9 4 3 7 2 0 9 3
4 S u r g a n a R u r a l 8 4 2 . 1 9 1 6 5 1 3 8 8 9 2 6 9 6 4 1 6 9 2 5 1
U r b a n 3 . 5 3 1 7 4 1 6 1 4 4 3 3 0 2 2 8 4 2
T o t a l 859.71 192 165437 8 3 7 8 9 8 1 6 4 8
5 K a l v a n R u r a l 859.71 192 165437 8 3 7 8 9 8 1 6 4 8
U r b a n 0 0 0 0 0
T o t a l 1 4 7 7 . 8 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 8 159714 151434
6 B a g l a n Rural 1461.88 1 91 2 7 8 5 9 7 142937 135650
U r b a n 1 5 . 9 5 2 0 4 1 3 2 5 5 1 1 6 7 6 7 1 5 7 8 4
Total 1825.13 432 788961 4 0 5 4 1 6 3 8 3 5 4 5
7 M a i e g a o n Rural 1800.09 185 333112 1 7 2 5 4 4 1 6 0 5 6 8
U r b a n 2 5 . 0 4 1 8 2 0 5 455849 232872 222977
Total 958.73 214 205145 105888 9 9 2 5 7
8 C h a n d v a d Rural 958.73 214 205145 105888 9 9 2 5 7
U r b a n 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1089.82 217 236359 122109 114250
9 N a n d g a o n Rural 1057.23 133 140756 7 3 1 3 2 6 7 6 2 4
U r b a n 3 2 . 5 9 2 9 3 4 9 5 6 0 3 4 8 9 7 7 4 6 6 2 6
Total 1064.47 221 235379 121350 1 1 4 0 2 9
10 Y e o l a Rural 1051.68 1 8 3 192174 98945 9 3 2 2 9
U r b a n 12.79 3378 43205 22405 20800
T o t a l 1053.65 414 436330 226311 2 1 0 0 1 9
11 N i p h a d R u r a l 1006.00 376 378035 195630 182405
U r b a n 47.65 1223 58295 30681 27614
148 T o t a l 1 3 5 2 .6 1 2 1 5 2 9 1 0 2 5 1 5 0 7 7 4 1 4 0 2 5 1
12 S i n n a r R u r a l 1 3 4 8 . 8 8 1 9 2 2 5 9 2 9 8 1 3 4 2 9 1 1 2 5 0 0 7
U r b a n 3 . 7 3 8 5 0 6 3 1 7 2 7 1 6 4 8 3 1 5 2 4 4
T o t a l 8 4 6 . 3 2 2 7 0 228363 117065 1 1 1 2 9 8
13 I g a t p u r i R u r a l 8 2 8 . 1 2 213 176587 90240 8 6 3 4 7
U r b a n 1 8 . 2 0 2 8 4 5 5 1 7 7 6 2 6 8 2 5 2 4 9 5 1
T o t a l 8 8 4 . 1 8 1 5 4 136160 69061 6 7 0 9 9
14 T r y a m b a k R u r a l 8 8 2 . 0 0 1 4 3 126356 63936 6 2 4 2 0
U r b a n 1 .8 9 5 1 8 7 9 8 0 4 5 1 2 5 4 6 7 9
Total 576.94 2 2 5 1 3 0 0 1 3 6 7 4 2 1 6 2 5 9 2
15 D e o l a Rural 576.94 2 2 5 1 3 0 0 1 3 6 7 4 2 1 6 2 5 9 2
U r b a n 0 0 0 0 0
T o t a l 1 5 5 3 0 3 2 1 4 9 8 7 9 2 3 2 5 9 1 9 8 0 2 3 9 5 9 4 3
District Total R u r a l 1 5 1 1 2 2 0 2 3050921 1568581 1 4 8 2 3 4 0
U r b a n 4 3 6 4 4 4 7 1 9 3 7 0 0 2 1 0 2 3 3 9 9 9 1 3 6 0 3 [Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 1-2 (As per 2001 Census)]
A s per the population census of 2001 Maharashtra population was 9.67
crore which was 9.4 per cent of the total population of the country (102.70
crore). Nashik District is largest district in respect of population after Mumbai.
Total population of the district is 49,87,923 out of which 25,91,980 are male
and 23,95,943 are female. During the decade 1991-2001 the population of
the district has increased by 29.51 per cent, which is excess by 6.9 per cent of
state increase. As per the census of 2001 Nashik Taluka is having highest
population of 26.40 per cent, whereas Surgana is having lowest population of
2.91 per cent of the district. The biggest taluka Malegaon is having 15.82 per
cent population, Niphad and Baglan talukas are having 8.08 per cent and 6.24
per cent population respectively, and remaining talukas are having 3 to 6
per cent population of the district.
4.4.2 Population Density :
Density of population means the average number of persons living per sq.
kilometre. It also indicates the man land ratio. The density of population cannot
be treated as an index either of the poverty or of the prosperity of a country.
149 Table No.4.5
Decadal Variations of Population Density
Density Female Decadal Rate Year per Sq. kms per 1000 Males Total Rural Urban
2001 321 924 29.52 22.93 41.49
1991 248 940 28.73 20.25 47.52
1981 193 937 26.28 22.05 36.80
1971 152 920 27.20 22.49 42.84
1961 119 945 29.75 30.22 28.39
1951 92 715 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 10
(As per 2001 Census)^
A s per population census of 2001 the density of population of the district is 321, almost equal to that of Maharashtra (314) and India (312). As per 1991 population census the density of population in the district was 248, during the decade 1991 to 2001 there was an addition of 73 persons per kilometre. Nashik
Taluka is having highest population density of 1625 per sq.kms. whereas
Tryambak Taluka is having lowest population density of 154 per sq.km. (Table
No.4.5)
4.4.3 Urban Population :
Economic development is generally associated with the growth of
urbanization. Some writers say that acid test of development lies in the shift of
population from the rural to the urban areas.
150 Table No.4.6
Decadal Urban Population Variation (000)
Total Year Urban Population Population Total Male Female
2001 4988 1937 1023 914 1991 3851 1369 715 654 1981 2992 928 491 437 1971 2369 678 356 322 1961 1855 475 253 222 1951 1430 370 194 176
[Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 6
(As per 2001 Census)]
As per the 2001 population census 42.4 per cent (4.10 crores) of the
Maharashtra state population was in urban area, as against 27.8 per cent (58.53 crores) at all India level. In Nashik District, out of the total population of 49.88
lakh, 38.8 per cent (19.37 lakh) are living in urban area. Out of this 59.48 per cent population is from Nashik city only, 23.58 per cent is from Malegaon
the second largest city. Population density in urban area is 4447 per sq. km. The
urban population has increased by 5.41 lakhs during the decade (1991-2001).
4.4.4_RuraI Population :
In India around 72 per cent population is living in rural area and 28 per
cent in urban area. The decadal rural population variation of the Nashik District
is given in Table N o .4.7.
A s per the population census 2001, 57.6 per cent (5.57 crore) of the state
total population (9.67 crores) was in rural area. Out of the total population of
district (49.88 lakhs), 3.51 lakh are living in rural area, in other words, 61.17
per cent people are living in rural area. Population density in rural area is 202
per sq.km.
151 Table No.4.7
Decadal Rural Population Variation (000)
Year Total Male Female 2001 3051 1569 1482 1991 2482 1270 1212 1981 1994 1053 941 1971 1691 865 826 1961 1380 700 680 1951 1040 517 523 Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002,
pp. 6 (As per 2001 Census)]
During the decade 1991-2001 the increase in rural population in the state was 15.1 per cent, which was less than the corresponding increase (18.0 per cent) for all India. The rural population in the district in 1991-2001 decade,
increased by 22.92 per cent, in other words, the rural population of the district has increased by 5.69 lakhs.
4.4.5 Sex Ratio :
Sex ratio is nothing but number of females per thousand males. India is
male dominated country and Maharashtra as well as Nashik District are not
exception to this. The Decadal sex ratio variation of the Nashik District is given
in Table No.4.8
The census of 2001 indicates that sex ratio in Maharashtra as a female per
thousand males is declined from 934 in 1991 to 922. Nashik District also shows
declined position from 940 in 1991 to 924 females in 2001. In urban and rural
area of the district the females are 893 and 945 per thousand males.
152 Table No.4.8
Decadal Sex Ratio Variation (000)
Year Male Female Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2001 2592 1569 1023 2396 1482 914 1991 1985 1270 715 1866 1212 654 1981 1545 1053 492 1447 1010 437 1971 1221 865 356 1148 826 322 1961 954 700 254 901 680 221 1951 731 517 214 699 523 176
[Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 6
(As per 2001 Census)]
4.4.6 Literacy :
Literacy and population growth are two factors, which bring about a change in agriculture. The state literacy ratio has improved as 77.3 per cent
(2001 Census) from 64.9 per cent (1991 Census). All India literacy ratio is 65.4 per cent (2001 Census). The district has over all 74.20 per cent literacy, in that
83.4 per cent males and 64.20 per cent females are literate. The district is at
20th rank in the state in respect of literacy.
4.4.7 Mortality Rate :
Due to proper health and hygiene conditions, crude death rate is low and infant mortality rate is also reducing in the district. During 2001-02 total births recorded in the district were 1,17,933, it means birth rate was 24 per 1000 persons and the deaths recorded during the period were 26,227 it means death rate was 5 per 1000 persons.
153 4.4.8 Religionwise Classirication :
In our country people of various castes and creeds live together. In
Nashik District also the same thing is evident. The religionwise population classification of Nashik District is given in Table No.4.9
Table No.4.9
Religionwise Population Classification (00)
Religion Rural Urban Total Percentage Hindus 23962 9367 33329 86.53 Muslims 451 3469 3920 10.17 Buddhists 309 424 733 1.90 Jains 74 197 275 0.71 Christans 10 148 158 0.41 Sikhs 3 51 54 0.14 Others 14 35 50 0.14 Total 24823 13691 38514 100 Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 20
(As per 1991 Census).]
Graph No.4.1
154 As per 1991 Census major population in the district were Hindu i.e. 86.53 per cent; whereas lowest population was of Sikh religion i.e. 0.14 per cent.
Population of other religions to the percentage of total population of district was Bouddha 1.90 per cent, Christian 0.41 per cent, Jain 0.70 per cent, Muslim
10.17 per cent and others were hardly 0.15 per cent.
4.4.9 Occupational Pattern :
Broadly we divide occupations into three types. Agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, etc., are collectively known as ‘primar>'’ activities.
Manufacturing industries, both small and large scale, are known as ‘secondary’ activities. Transport, communication, banking and finance services are called
‘tertiary’ activities, which help the primary and secondary activities in the country. The occupationwise classification of workers in the Nashik District is given in Table No.4.10.
Proportion of main workers to total population in Maharashtra State in
2001 was 39.3 per cent, which has decreased from 41.13 per cent in 1991. As per broad economic classification four categories are made for composition of workers. As per the 1991 Census, in the district 15.85 lakh workers were recorded, which were 41.13 per cent of total population. Out of these workers
43.30 per cent were cultivators, 24.16 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.46 per cent were in the household industry and 14.40 were in other classes. The proportion of cultivators in the state declined from 34 per cent in 1991 to 28.6 per cent in 2001. It means there is shift of work force from agriculture to other sectors in the last decade.
155 Table No.4.10
Occupationwise Classification of Workers
R u r a l U r b a n T o t a l
Prim ary Sector Male 538 32 570 (81.14) (9.52) (57.05) Female 500 20 520 (95.78) (30.76) (88.58) Total 1038 52 1090 (87.59) (12.96) (68.72)
Secondary Sector Male 50 144 194 (7.54) (42.85) (19.41) Female 11 17 28 (2.10) (26.15) (4.77) Total 61 161 222 (5.14) (40.14) (13.99)
Tertiary Sector Male 75 160 235 (11.32) (40.61) (23.52) Female 11 28 39 (2.12) (43.07) (6.64) Total 86 188 274 (7.25) (46.80) (17.27)
Grand Total
M a l e 6 6 3 3 3 6 999
(100.00) (100.00) ( 1 0 0 . 0 0 )
F e m a l e 5 2 2 2 8 5 8 7
(100.00) (100.00) ( 1 0 0 . 0 0 )
T o t a l 1 1 8 5 4 0 1 1 5 8 6
(100.00) (100.00) ( 1 0 0 . 0 0 )
Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 19,
(As per 1991 Census) (Figures in bracicet is percentage to total
male/female population)
4.4.10 Landholding :
Landholding refers to size of land held by landowner. Average size of holding in hectares, number of land holders and total area of land held by the
land holders in the Nashik district is given in Table No. 4.11 :
156 Table No.4.11
Average size of holding (1990-91)
Sr. Size of Holding (area in Total Holding No. Hectare) No. Area (Hectare) 1 Less than 0.02 Hectare 2565 27
2 0.02-0.05 Hectares 51657 14199
3 0.05-1.00 Hectares 62418 47354
4 1.00-2.00 Hectares 117679 173508
5 2.00-3.00 Hectares 66561 161793
6 3.00-4.00 Hectares 35019 120887
7 4.00-5.00 Hectares 21311 94855
8 5.00-7.50 Hectares 26321 159895
9 7.50-10.00 Hectares 10660 91009
10 10.00-20.00 Hectares 8563 112387
11 20.00 Hectares 1063 41350
Total 403817 1017264
[Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002, pp. 78,
(As per 1991 Census)]
As per agricultural survey conducted during 1990-91, 4,03,817 landholders were recorded with having 10,17,243 hectares land, average landholding was 2.52 hectares, 58 per cent landholders were having less than 2 hectares land and these landholders were having 23 per cent of total land, 25.15 per cent landholders were having 2 to 4 hectares land and were having 28 per cent of total land, 24 per cent of total land 2.12 per cent landholders were having 10 to 20 hectares and more than 20 hectares land and these landholders were having 11 per cent and 4 per cent of total land respectively in the district.
157 Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy and despite rapid
industrialization in the last five decades; agriculture occupies a place of pride.
Being the largest industry in the country, agriculture provides employment
to the around 65 per cent of the total workforce in the country.
In Maharashtra State out of the total area under agriculture, about 84 per
cent is depending upon monsoon. Nashik District agriculture is also depending upon monsoon. A s per land survey during 2000-2001, 75 per cent agricultural
land is depending upon monsoon. Soil, topography, climate and monsoon in few talukas in district are not favourable for agriculture. A s a result per hectare yield
is low, rather reducing due to low rainfall, draught in recent years.
A s per land survey during 2000-2001, total area of the district was 1537 thousand hectares, out of which 20.53 per cent area is occupied by forest, hence
51.75 per cent is net area under cultivation, 9.08 per cent area is not available for agriculture, 2.94 per cent area though cultivable but not cultivated and 8.31 per cent area is barren land. 865 thousand hectares land was under cultivation out of which 56 thousand hectares area has been cultivated at more than one time in a year, out of the net cultivated area this was 7 per cent. As per land survey of 2000-2001 out of the total cultivated area 85.91 per cent area was cultivated with food grains and 14.09 per cent area were cultivated with non food grains. In cereal crop bajara was at the top in cultivation with 61 per cent area under cereals. In the district sugarcane, grapes vegetables are the main cash crops.
158 Table No.4.12
Distribution of Agricultural Land (Area ooo Hectares)
Particulars 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01
Cultivated for agriculture 947 863 842 865
Forest area 311 332 283 320
Not cultivated 112 102 79 115
Not available for agriculture 193 266 359 263
Total geographical area 1563 1563 1563 1563
{Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002,
p p .34)
Graph No.4.2
1600 □ Cultivated for 1400 agriculture £ re 1200 o □ Forest area a> 1000 X o' 800 o ■ Not cultivated 600 re 0) 400 ■ Not available 200 for agriculture 0 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 ■ Total geographical Year ______
4.5 Cropping Pattern :
Cropping pattern means the proportion of area under different crops at a point of time. A change in cropping pattern impHes a change in the proportion of area under different crops. The cropping pattern of the Nashik District is given in Table No. 4.13 :
159 Table No.4.13
Cropping Pattern (Area Hectares) (00)
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 Cereals 6261 5870 5532 5245 5518 Pulses 707 1104 668 641 648 Fibers 70 75 73 111 99 Sugarcane 296 193 286 289 313 Fruits 300 323 284 272 300 Spices 59 56 57 67 61 Others 1257 1846 1732 1795 1708 Total 8950 9467 8632 8420 8647 Cultivated Area
(Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002,
pp. 35 48)
The Table No. 4.13 indicates the share of different categories of crops in the total area sown. Bajara, Rice, Jower are the main Kharif crops of Nashik district, cotton and groundnuts are also grown here. Jawar, wheat and gram are grown in the district during the rabbi season.
Table No.4.14
Total Area and Cultivation of M aize
Total Sr. M aize Taluka Year Cultivated No. Area (hectares) Area (hectares) 1 Nashik 1997-1998 105 65551 1999-2000 0 40582 2000-2001 0 41420 2 Peth 1997-1998 95 44393 1999-2000 0 35474 2000-2001 0 19857
3 Dindori 1997-1998 355 70364 1999-2000 30 70599 2000-2001 164 67724 4 Surgana 1997-1998 75 33528 1999-2000 0 34993 2000-2001 0 31542
160 5 Kalvan 1997-1998 6442 72840 1999-2000 5033 40993 2000-2001 6963 44306 6 Baglan 1997-1998 5410 102096 1999-2000 6639 77586 2000-2001 7156 75657
7 Malegaon 1997-1998 3019 123467 1999-2000 4188 108735 2000-2001 4985 106637 8 Chandwad 1997-1998 38 67538 1999-2000 66 67521 2000-2001 911 64267 9 Nandgaon 1997-1998 296 76897 1999-2000 580 67420 2000-2001 60 48547 10 Yeola 1997-1998 466 78386 1999-2000 3623 83163 2000-2001 510 75938 11 Niphad 1997-1998 255 76923 1999-2000 0 81080 2000-2001 161 77481 12 Sinnar 1997-1998 60 81657 1999-2000 0 82027 2000-2001 0 87116 13 Igatpui 1997-1998 155 52050 1999-2000 0 51909 2000-2001 0 51498 14 Tryambak 1997-1998 N.A. N.A. 1999-2000 N.A. N.A. 2000-2001 0 36724
15 Deola 1997-1998 N.A. N.A. 1999-2000 N.A. N.A. 2000-2001 5111 35947
District 1997-1998 16771 895100 Total 1999-2000 20159 842042 2000-2001 26028 864661
{Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District)
161 4.6 Electricity:
The most single factor, which can act as a constraint on economic growth, is the availability of energy. The use of electricity profoundly changed the structure and role of energy supplies in modern industry and has certain important consequences on the location of industrial activity ^
In the district up to 3 1®‘ March 2002 all towns and villages were supplied with electricity for irrigation purpose, and 2,03,228 electric pumps were lifting the water. Out of these Niphad Taluka was on the top having 18 per cent pump sets and Peth Taluka was at the lowest having 0.36 per cent electric pump set as on 31.3 2002 because of hilly and rocky forest area.
During 2001-2002, 18281 lakh kilowatt electricity was used in the district. Out of this 17.28 per cent was utilized for industry, 16.62 per cent was utilized for domestic purpose and 6.06 per cent was utilized for agriculture purpose. Total electric connections recorded were 8,28,232 as against 7,50,514 recorded till 2000-2001. The district has one electricity project at Eklahare having linear capacity of 910 megawatt. In the district all towns and villages are electrified.
4.7 Communication :
Communication can be made through telephone, post, fax, mobile, etc.
O n 31®‘ March 2001 and 31®‘ March 2002 in the district 625 and 667 places respectively were provided with post offices; up to the end of March 2002 for every lakh population 13 post offices were providing services. A s on 31^‘ March
2001 and 31"‘ March 2002 in the district 58 and 74 places were having telegram facility. In recent years business of private courier services are developed and people are availing of the facility even in taluka places.
In the district up to 31*' March 2001 and 31*' March 2002, 1,98,131 and
2,23,257 telephone connections were given. It means there is 13 per cent
162 increase as compared to 2001. Almost in all villages telephone on national and international level is available, telex facility is also available at all talukas.
Private and Government mobile services are available in the district. Nashik
District has local and non-local newspapers.
4.8 Transport :
Transport means the movement of men and material from one place to another. R a w material and fliel are brought to the factory site by quick transport.
If agriculture and industry are regarded as the body and the bones of the Indian economy, transport and communication constitute its nerves, which help the circulation of men and materials.^
Transportation can be made through roads, railways, and air, in the district. The district is having total length of roads of 7290 kms. up to S T '
March 2002 as against 7261 as on 31®‘ March 2001. The total road length of the
Maharashtra State was 2.66 lakh kms. up to 31^‘ March 2002. Nashik is located at the railway route of Mumbai-Delhi main broad gauge route and another broad gauge route is Manmad-Pune, length of central railway of 287 kms. routed through Igatpuri, Nashik, Niphad, Nandgaon, and Yeola Talukas. Manm ad is the place in district having junction railway station. T h e district w as having
3,93,179 and 4,34,244 registered vehicles as on 31.3.2001and as on 31.3.2002 respectively. Major transport on road as public transport is the buses of
M S R T C . T w o national highways running through the Nashik District are :
(a) Mum bai-Agra Highw ay : Enters into Igatpuri Taluka and travelling
through Igatpuri, Nashik, Chandwad and Malegaon Talukas leaves the
district at Zodage village of Malegaon Taluka.
(b)Nashik-Pune H ighw ay : After crossing Nashik, Sinnar Taluka leaves the
district in Hanuman Ghat, Kashe Ghat on the south.
163 4.9 Industrial Development:
Industrialization has a major role to play in the economic development of a developing country like India. The share of primary sector which includes agriculture, forestry and fishery has gone done 57.7 per cent in G D P in 1950-51 to 39.7 in 1980-81 and further declined to 25.2 per cent in 1999-2000. The share of secondary sector which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water supply has shown a steady increase from 14.8 per cent of G D P in 1950-51 to 23.7 per cent in 1980-81 and further increased to 27 per cent in 1999-2000. The share of the tertiary sector which includes trade, transport, storage, communications, banking, insurance, real estate, community and personal services improved from 28.0 per cent in 1950-51 to 36.6 per cent in 1980-81 and further increased to 47.8 per cent in 1999-2000.
The structural change in the composition of national income by industrial origin is the consequence of the process of economic growth initiated during the plans. Since the growth process involves rapid expansion of manufacturing in the organized sector, the share of manufacturing was bound to indicate a relatively sharp increase. However agriculture did not indicate a fast rate of growth in India. ^
The district has industries like sugar, bidi, soap, oil, rice and dal, cotton ginning and pressing, power loom, electrical and mechanical workshops and engineering works, iron and tin works, ayurvedic, medicine, chemicals, and cement products, confectioneries, saw mills, M I G aircraft factory, brass, copper and silver, paper mills, printing presses, thread industry, heavy and light machinery, vehicle industry, machinery and their parts, poultry industry, equipments, spare parts and so many other industries have proved their existence and are progressing fast.
164 As on March 2000 in the district there were 1571 registered factories under Indian Companies Act 1956, out of which 1416 were working and were engaging and providing worlc to 82832 employees. Out of this 25 per cent, 10 per cent and 30 per cent workers were employed in the factory having 100 to
499, 500 to 999, and 1000 to 4999 workers respectively, 155 factories were shut down during the year. A s on 31*‘ March 2001 in the district there were 1378 registered factories as per the Indian Companies Act 1956, out of which 1260 were working and were engaging and providing work to 78,612 employees.
4.9.1 Financial Institutions :
Industries in district are being financed by -
(a) Maharashtra State Finance Corporation (M S F C ).
(b) Maharashtra Smallscale Industrial Development Corporation (M S S ID C ).
(c) Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (M ID C ).
(d) Western Maharashtra Development Corporation ( W M D C ) .
Besides the above state financial institutions credit is also distributed through Industrial Dept, of State Govt., Co-operative Dept, of State Govt., C o operative Societies, Zilla Parishad, National Small Industries Corporation of the
Central Govt, and State Industries Corporation.
Apart from above till March 2002, 234 branches of nationalized banks were functioning in the district. Financial assistance was provided through these branches. Out of these branches 67 branches of Bank of Maharashtra,
36 branches of State Bank of India, 8 branches of Central Bank of India, 11 branches of Union Bank, 6 branches of Syndicate Bank, and other nationalized banks’ branches are spread over the district, Maharashtra Bank is playing the main role in the district. In the district 269 co-operative banks are functioning.
As on 31^^ March 2002, they were having Rs.2,199 crores fixed deposits in the banks and loans of Rs. 1,262 crores were disbursed. In other words, 73.39 per cent of fixed deposit amount was disbursed as loan.
165 4.10 Co-operative :
The purpose of Co-operative is to make the development of all society on some common goals / activities without profit or loss. This has been adopted as a national policy and also adopted by each state. There are several organizations in the district, which are active in the field of co-operative are :
(a) Nashik District Co-operative Bank,
(b) Co-oprative Sugar Factories,
(c) Service-co-operatives,
(d) Dairy societies,
(e) Processing societies,
(f) Housing societies, etc.
As on 3 March 2002 the district had 9873 co-operative societies having
2066 lakh members with Rs. 18822 lakhs share capital. Out of these societies
2128 were credit co-operative societies. Out of which 48.59 per cent were agricultural credit societies and 51.41 per cent were other co-operative societies.
As on 31*‘ March 2002 there were 2066 lakh members of co-operative societies in the district. Out of these 31 per cent members were from agricultural credit societies, 45 per cent members were non-agricultural credit societies, 14 per cent members were production societies and remaining 11 per cent members from other societies.
4.11 Education :
Superior Anglo vernacular school was opened in 1861 in Nashik, which was transformed into Nashik high school in 1871 and was the first Secondary
School in the district. In 1883-84 Church Mission started another school at
Satpur. In 1923-24 Nashik Education Society was established which later on came to be know as Pethe High School in 1948.
166 In the year 2000-2001 Nashik District was having 3322 primary schools,
648 secondary and higher secondary schools. Out of the total 10.65 lakh students in primary and secondary schools, 49.89 per cent were girls and remaining 50.11 per cent were boys. Out of the total students in primary, secondary and higher secondary schools 9.83 per cent and 20.67 per cent students were from scheduled caste and scheduled tribe respectively in the district.
During the year 2000-2001 Nashik District was having 32 Arts, Science and Commerce Colleges. The students studying in these colleges from XI onwards were 37,216, out of this 40.12 per cent were girls and remaining 59.88 per cent were boys. The district is having 2 engineering and 4 polytechnic institutions, 1 medical college, 3 ayurvedic colleges, 15 ITIs, 12 D.Ed. and
2 law colleges. Apart from this the district has education institutes in the areas like management, computer, hotel, medicine, management, engineering and catering technology, etc.
4.12 Public Health :
The first city hospital was opened in 1870 in Nashik for public health purpose. Allopathic as well as Ayurvedic treatment are becoming popular in the district. Due to the development in science and technology all the talukas and many villages are now having Government and private medical facilities.
In the year 2001-2002 the district has public aided 60 hospitals, 113 dispensaries, 134 delivery centres and 103 primary health centres. In all these
5600 total beds were available, out of which 2329 beds were for ladies patients only. Total doctors working were 657 and they admitted 1.60 lakh patients and other medicated patients were 20.54 lakhs. More recently emphasis has been given to AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) control, cancer control and special health facilities in the tribal area in the district.
167 4.13 Animal Husbandry :
The term animal husbandry accounts for production to all activities up to distribution of product and by-products. The term livestock management includes improved husbandry practices with respect to breeding, weeding, feeding and management. Am ong the allied activities relating to agriculture, one important sector is animal husbandry.
Livestock resource also plays an important role as a base for development o f industries in a particular region. Dairy development, leather industry, woolen textiles, is directly related to the animal resources.
All the agricultural operations are based on them and they are the chief source of power and manure.'*^ Th e importance o f livestock in agriculture is great. T h e entire field operations from ploughing to the harvesting of crops are carried out by the draught animals, mainly bullocks, male buffaloes, they are keystone in the farming. In addition to crops draught and milch stock are raised and maintained by the individual farmer.
According to 1992 Census total livestock population in India was 47.0 crores. The share of Maharashtra in all India livestock population was 7.7 per cent. Recent livestock census was conducted in 1997. The total livestock population in Maharashtra was about 3.96 crores which includes cattle, sheep, and goats and other livestock poultry birds were 3.54 crores.
The main livestock products are milk, eggs, meat, and wool. Livestock plays important role in agricultural economy like India and are part and partial of farmer’s life. Livestock is wealth for farmers since they are useful in their day-to-day life, as bullock carts are used for transportation, agricultural operations like ploughing, harrowing, sowing, etc. are carried with the help of bullocks. Buffaloes and cows are the main source of milk. Since independence, the state and central Govt, have launched several developmental schemes and
168 programmes in order to improve farmer’s position as well as livestock position
in the district. A s a result the position of the district in the state shows improved
position and has acquired leading position.
The District has fairly large number of livestock including Cattle,
Buffaloes, Sheep, Birds, Horses, Dinkies, Pigs and Poultry, etc. The livestock population of the District according to 1997 census excluding poultry was
26 lakhs. The following table gives Talukawise figures :
Table No. 4.15
Livestock Population (1997 Census)
Sr. Total Poultry Fowls Taluka Cattles No. Deshi Improved Total 1 Nashik 133885 62331 339785 402116
2 Peth 120184 174714 2890 177604
3 Dindori 162562 68898 1159009 1227907
4 Surgana 86896 122083 446 122529
5 Kalwan 195262 126366 9368 135734
6 Baglan 312603 120037 34010 154047
7 Malegaon 439744 141317 103126 244443
8 Chandwad 205660 73872 33346 317218
9 Nandgaon 186788 46891 9400 56291
10 Yewala 185316 45285 19286 64571
11 Niphad 234771 74562 40958 115520
12 Sinnar 194592 64617 27395 92012
13 Igatpuri 136928 106592 115737^ 222329
14 Tryambak N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
15 Deola N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Dist. Total 2595191 1227565 1894756 3 1 2 2 3 2 1
(Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001 -2002, pp.92)
169 Graph No.4.3
■Deshi - ^ — Improved — <^Total
10000000 n
1000000
100000 c ■2 10000 n Q. O 1000 Q.
100
10
A s per 1997 population census of livestock the district had total 25.95
lakhs livestock population, the same was 23.35 lakhs as per 1992 livestock census. Out of the total livestock, cows and bullocks were 38.99 per cent, buffaloes were 10.09 per cent, sheep and goats were 42.96 per cent.
A s compared to 1992 livestock population census, livestock has increased
by 11 per cent, hybrid cows and bullocks increased by 7 per cent. Hybrid cows
and bullocks were 13.91 per cent of indigenous cows and bullocks.
In the district 16 authorized slaughterhouses were slaughtering mainly
sheep and goats. During 2001-2002, 74,865 cattle were slaughtered. Out of this
50 per cent were sheep and goats, 19 per cent buffaloes, male buffaloes,
170 20 percent cows and bullocks and 11 per cent were other animals. Apart from this many sheep and goats were slaughtered in rural area unauthorizedly.
In the district during 2001-2002, 174.55-lakh-litre milk was collected in
Government Scheme. In the district two Government Milk Schemes are there in
Nashik city and district has in all 4 milk projects.
The Government itself and through various agencies including
Nationalized Banks is assisting the farmers engaged in animal husbandry and for that purpose facilities are being provided through various schemes. Recently sheep, goat scheme introduced by Government in the district was accepted even by educated youths of the district. The business of milk and milk product is well taken care of and popular but has no major facilities available. Majority of the products are transported to Pune and Mumbai, because the distance is short between these cities. There are many collection centres in the district run by co-operative societies, which also arrange for collection and transportation.
Livestock is one of the best supporting businesses today. Besides agricultural buffaloes, cows, sheep, goats, poultry are very profitable, and economical. Due to availability of fodder and land available for pastures, in the district the business in this field is growing day by day.
4.13.1 Veterinary Institutions :
Talukawise availability of various veterinary facilities like veterinary polyclinics, hospitals, first-aid and disease investigation laboratories are given in following Table No. 4.16 :
171 Table No. 4.16
Veterinary Institutions
Veterinary Disease Invest. Veteri Veteri Sr. Hospital L a b Taluka nary nary No. State Level State Level Policlinic First-aid Local Local 1 Nashik 1 1 4 9 0 1
2 Peth 0 0 5 4 0 0
3 Dindori 0 0 5 13 0 0
4 Surgana 0 0 7 6 0 0
5 Kalwam 0 0 11 4 0 0
6 Baglan 0 0 8 13 0 0
7 Malegaon 0 0 6 8 0 0
8 Chandwad 0 0 4 10 0 0
9 Nandgaon 0 0 3 9 0 0
10 Yeola 0 0 11 11 0 0
11 Niphad 0 0 15 15 0 0
12 Sinnar 0 0 13 13 0 0
13 Igatpuri 0 0 5 5 0 0
14 Trimbak 0 0 10 10 0 0
15 Deola 0 0 3 3 0 0
District Total 1 1 84 133 0 1
(Source : District Socio-Economic Survey - Nashik District, 2001-2002,
pp. 93.)
In 2001-2002 the district had 1 Public veterinary hospital, 84
Dispensaries, 113 First-aid centres, 217 artificial breeding centres. During 2001-
202, 5,44,192 cattles were treated from these hospitals, dispensaries and
1,03,837 cattles were artificially bred and out of 31,839 calves born, 27,318
were hybrid.
172 The Table N o. 4.16 indicates that in the district in all total 133 veterinary institutions and only one veterinary decease investigation laboratory are providing veterinary services. Apart from these institutions now a days a few private veterinary doctors are practicing in animal health. Farmers have also become more aware about the health of their cattle especially about cows, bullocks, buffaloes and poultry birds.
In the district one veterinary polyclinic having all facilities of animal health care is available and the same is located in Nashik city. One state level hospital, 84 local level hospitals / dispensaries and 133 veterinary first-aid centres are in the district. All talukas in the district have local level hospital / dispensary and first-aid centre. In the district Kalwan Taluka had highest no. of local level hospitals i.e. 11 followed by Igatpuri i.e. 9 and Yeola taluka is having the lowest no. of local level hospitals i.e. 2 followed by Chandwad and
Tryambak talukas having 3 hospitals each.
In the district all talukas were having veterinary first-aid centres, Niphad
Taluka had the highest no. of first-aid centres i.e. 15 followed by Dindori and
Sinnar having 13 veterinary first-aid centres and Deola Taluka is having lowest no. i.e. 3.
173 r<^ ON 00 o VO ON CO 00 O f C C ^ "5 .a 03 Vm § § S x ‘S (N 00 (N ON in 00 oc 00 fN VO 00 m O in o OO (N (N o 00 o fN fN r- r-' c^ r- VO 1—4 On (N tN o fN IT) fN fN VO «—H o >r^ ON r- ON ON On >n VO m o 90 VO (N oo T—1 oo 00 1-^ ON ON ON 00 o 6t® On^ r<^ cn o fN - n m ■rr VO OO ON - 1—t mT—t H 0!! t/J z References : 1. Nashik-Tryambak : Historical and Cultural Perspective, Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Samiti Maharashtra, 1998, pp. 118. 2. Nashik District Gazetteer, Government of Maharashtra, 1975, pp. 15. 3. Intellectual’s Sandarbh Maharashtra, Intellectual Book Bureau, pp.615. 4. Nashik Dist. Gazetteers, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai (Revised Edition) Secretary, Gazetteers Department, 1976. 5. R. C. Chandana and M . S. Sindu (1980) : ‘Introduction to Population Geography’, Kalyani Publisher, N ew Delhi, p.31,144. 6. R. S. Kohla : ‘Marketing of Agricultural Products’, New York, MacMillan 1958, p.7. 7. Ruddar Datta and K .P .M . Sundaram : ‘Indian Economy’, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 12003, p. 130. 8. National Accounts Statistics of India (1950-51 to 2000-2001) 9. Girish Mishra ;‘Comparative Economic Development’, Pragati Publication. 10.Singh Jasbir and S .S. Dhillon. : ‘Agricultural Geography’, Tata M cGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., N ew Delhi, 1995, p.l 15. □ □ 176 VO (N • Xi Z Q H US VO 00 2 c/3 Z VO ON 00 o fN ON 1-H 00 O o