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Student Guide INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDE The INRS Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Department offers this guide to assist you with your academic career. The guide explains what intellectual integrity, research integrity, copyright, and intellectual property are. It invites you to think about the consequences of fraud, plagiarism, and cheating for you and others. INRS wishes to promote an environment free of such undesirable behaviour, which undermines honest acquisition of knowledge and damages the institution’s reputation. A university is a world where everyone should be allowed to develop freely in an environment of integrity and intellectual honesty. Intellectual integrity means, among other things, respecting others and their ideas without altering the content of such ideas and, most importantly, acknowledging their contributions, whether such individuals are authors, professors, or fellow students. This guide does not replace existing guides on presenting work (Guide de présentation, essai, rapport de stage, mémoire et thèse and Guide de présentation des mémoires et des thèses de l’INRS en sciences et technologies), The wording of this guide is loosely which explain how to quote bibliographic sources—the very basis of based on the document L’intégrité intellectuelle. Guide de l’étudiant, Dean intellectual integrity. of Studies, Université du Québec en Outaouais, September 5, 2014. INRS would like to thank Université du – Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Department Québec en Outaouais. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to the Guide ........................................ 2 Table of Contents............................................... 3 1 Intellectual integrity, research integrity, copyright, and intellectual property ............................ 4 2 What are fraud, plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and cyberplagiarism? .. 8 3 Ways to avoid fraud and plagiarism............................ 14 4 Documenting your sources ................................... 17 5 Plagiarism detection tool ..................................... 20 6 Procedures in the event of fraud or plagiarism .................. 22 7 Penalties under the INRS Graduate Studies Regulation ................................. 25 3 INTELLECTUAL INTEGRITY, 1 RESEARCH INTEGRITY, COPYRIGHT, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SOME DEFINITIONS… Intellectual integrity: The attitude you adopt and develop are an important life and technical skill you need to cultivate in academic studies and research. It means respecting the ideas and creations of others without altering their content and acknowledging the contributions of others by quoting your sources. Research integrity: Values affect the way we act and see the world. The moral values of honesty and absolute probity are the foundation of integrity in research and creation. Respect for these values requires you to do the right thing and act with intellectual rigour in a fair and responsible manner toward others, in accordance with laws, regulations, standards, and policies applicable to carrying out a research and Université Laval. Politique sur creation project. l’intégrité en recherche et création et sur les conflits d’intérêts, Vice Rector Integrity in research and creation also involves careful management of collected of Research and Innovation, May 20, data and allocated funds. 2009, p. 3 5 Copyright : In its simplest form, copyright means the right to reproduce. As a general rule, only the copyright owner (usually the creator) is entitled to Canadian Intellectual Property Office, produce or reproduce a work or allow someone else to do so. What is copyright? (2014) Intellectual property: According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, intellectual property (IP) includes inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, as well Canadian Intellectual Property Office, as names and images used in business. What is intellectual property? (2015) 6 What are your responsibilities with regard to research integrity? 1 • Applying best research practices honestly, responsibly, openly, and fairly when you search for and disseminate knowledge • Complying with the requirements of standards documents and applicable professional or disciplinary standards • Complying with laws and regulations in effect As a student, your primary responsibility with regard to research integrity is to: “be scrupulous when you propose and carry out research, record, analyze, and interpret data, and report and publish data and results.”2 1. INRS. INRS Policy on Integrity in Research, September 16, 2015, p. 3–4 2. INRS. INRS Policy on Integrity in Research, September 16, 2015, p. 3–4 7 WHAT ARE FRAUD, PLAGIARISM, 2 SELF-PLAGIARISM, AND CYBERPLAGIARISM? INTEGRITY ALSO MEANS AVOIDING undesirable behaviour such as FRAUD, PLAGIARISM, AND CHEATING • Fraud is a dishonest act whose goal is to deceive or to violate a rule. • Plagiarism is the practice of reproducing words, ideas, or data without naming the source; unduly taking credit for someone else’s creation. Self-plagiarism is the practice of submitting your own work, presented • Adapted from the Information and evaluated in a previous course, for evaluation in a subsequent course Literacy Development Program without the instructor’s permission. (PDCI), Université du Québec, 2014 • Cyberplagiarism or electronic plagiarism consists of: - Copying or paraphrasing electronic content without quoting the source, regardless of the medium (Internet, email, video, etc.) - Inserting images, graphs, or data (e.g., PowerPoint or Excel file, online statistics and data) without indicating the source 9 According to the INRS Graduate Studies Regulation, fraud and plagiarism can take the following forms 3 : In studies: • Falsification of academic documents (academic records, registration forms, grade transmission confirmations, etc.) • Use of another student’s exam paper during an exam • Substitution of a student during an exam or work subject to evaluation Example : - Submitting a work that has already been submitted for evaluation at INRS or another educational institution, for evaluation without the prior consent of the instructor 3. INRS. INRS Graduate Studies Regulation, (Regulation 2), April 19, 2016, p. 56–58. The examples are taken from the UQO Regulation on Plagiarism and Fraud (2007): uqo.ca/sites/default/files/fichiers-uqo/plagiat.pdf 10 In studies : • Acquisition, by means of theft, manipulation, or corruption, of exam questions or answers or any other unauthorized document or material, or of an undeserved evaluation Examples : - Buying or reselling works - Paying someone to produce a work - Possessing or using any unauthorized document or material before or during an exam - Obtaining any unauthorized assistance, whether collective or individual 11 In research: • Total or partial reproduction of other people’s work that is passed off as one’s own or not referenced Examples : - Translating other people’s work, in whole or in part, into another language and passing it off as one’s own or not referencing it - Modifying an author’s work by replacing certain words with synonyms and not quoting the source - Using an author’s original idea and expressing it in one’s own words (reformulation) without mentioning the source - Not putting words, sentences, or passages from another source in quotation marks or not indicating them clearly and precisely - Copying information from the computer or email of another student or third party without quoting the source • Falsifying a document or research data (report, essay, thesis, dissertation, lab notebook, publication, paper, etc.) • Invention of data 12 In all the previously mentioned cases, it’s important to know that you are also committing fraud if you: • Commit or attempt to commit any act that violates research integrity • Commit or attempt to commit any act that may expose the university to liability • Collude with someone who commits any of the abovementioned acts 13 WAYS TO AVOID FRAUD 3 AND PLAGIARISM To avoid fraud and plagiarism, it essential that you 4 : • “Provide references and, if applicable, obtain the prior permission required when using published and unpublished works, particularly data, original documents, methods, results, graphs, and images” • Keep complete and accurate records of data, methods, and results, including graphs and images, so that work can be checked or reproduced • Present as authors, with their permission, those who contribute either concretely or conceptually to the content of publications or documents and share responsibility based on their respective contributions and the authorship policies that apply to the publications referred to • Mention, in addition to authors, anyone who contributes to the research, particularly editors, donors, and sponsors 4. INRS. INRS Policy on Integrity in Research, September 16, 2015, p. 3 15 Saying no to fraud means 5 : • Stimulating your curiosity for the joy of learning and the pride of producing original, meaningful work under the rules in effect • Cultivating a taste for authenticity and putting it into practice while respecting the work of your peers • Developing a critical mind and a spirit of reflection; taking a step back • Learning how to search for and use information • Learning how to quote your sources properly 5. Taken, in part, from DUGUEST Didier (2008). Online: responsable.unige.ch/assets/files/CiterSources_ Duquest.pdf. Consulted on December 2, 2013 SPECIFIC RULES FOR SCHOLARSHIP APPLICANTS OR HOLDERS: • Provide truthful, complete, and accurate • Certify that you have not been declared in
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