DOCSLIB.ORG

Editorial Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Editorial Notes AUGUST 1919. EDINBURGH MEDICAL JOURNAL. EDITORIAL NOTES. In the Senate Hall of the University on 11th Th^ma^R^Fraser* J11^) Emeritus Professor Sir Thomas R. Fraser was presented with his portrait, painted by Mr. Robert Home. The Principal, Sir Alfred Ewing, presided over a large gathering of Sir Thomas's former students, academic colleagues, and personal friends. Prof. Harvey Littlejohn, Hon. Secretary of the Committee who had arranged for the presentation, intimated apologies from many of Sir Thomas's friends and pupils, including Prof. Crum Brown, Prof. John Chiene, Prof. Matthew Hay, and Sir W. Watson Cheyne, M.P. Sir Alfred Ewing said that Sir Thomas Fraser was a professor in the University when he (Sir Alfred) was still an undergraduate, and in the long interval that had passed since then his services to scientific medicine had been such that his life might well be summed up in the phrase, " A Chapter of Medical History "?a chapter the end of which he rejoiced to think was not yet. Sir James Affleck, in handing over the portrait on behalf of the subscribers, said :? " When Sir Thomas Fraser recently retired from his Chair it was felt by his colleagues, former pupils, and friends, that this event could not in be allowed to pass without some tangible expression of the esteem which he was held, and of their sense of the splendid service he had rendered to the University and Medical School, the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, and indeed to the whole world of medicine, for the long period of over forty years. " Accordingly the matter was taken in hand by a Committee, and an effort was made to induce Sir Thomas to sit for his portrait, which was happily successful, and the work was placed in the hands of an artist who proved to be in perfect sympathy with his subject. " of It would ill become me in his presence to use the language adulation; but there are facts, and impressions, and memories which cannot be omitted from notice on an occasion like this. K. M. J. VOL. XXIIT. NO. II. 6 74 Editorial Notes " From the outset of his career Sir Thomas Fraser's work proclaimed him marked out for great things in his profession, and the years which followed fully justified that anticipation ; so that when in 1877 he was called to succeed his great master, Sir Robert Christison, in his Chair, the whole medical world approved the choice. "It is impossible for me at this time to enter into details of Sir Thomas Fraser's work as a professor and investigator (even were I competent to do so) further than to state that the fruit of that work produced important contributions to the therapeutic resources of the * physician which have stood the test of time, and will always be associated with his name, and which moreover shed a lustre on our University. " Sir Thomas Fraser's work in the Royal Infirmary (with which as one of his colleagues I was well acquainted) proved him to be a physician and clinical teacher of the first order, and thousands of his students, who during his long service there passed through his hands, are to-day in all parts of the world, putting in practice the precepts of thorough- ness, accuracy, and honesty in the investigation and treatment of disease, of which he himself was so conspicuous an example in all his own work. " In all he undertook he gave the impression of the scientific spirit and the mind of the seeker after truth. " Whatsoever his hand found to do?and it found plenty?he did with all his might, and difficulties only served to stimulate to increased effort. " But the energies of Sir Thomas Fraser were not limited merely to the duties of his Chair. The numerous and important positions he was called on to fill?Member of the University Court, Member of the General Medical Council (where he did excellent work in the cause of medical education), President of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, President of the Indian Plague Commission, and other appointments under the Crown?are but a few examples. They bore testimony to him as a man of affairs in whom professional and public confidence could be reposed. "Honours and distinctions from Universities and from learned s Societies, both at home and abroad, came in abundance; while his knighthood, and especially his appointment as Honorary Physician to His Majesty the King in Scotland, were gratifying acknowledgments of his eminent merits. " Those who know Sir Thomas only as a scientific worker knew but part of the man and little realised how behind that weight of scientific learning there lay a genial and warm heart, which was revealed mostly to those who enjoyed his intimate friendship. "These few halting words of mine convey but an inadequate im- pression of the man whom we have to-day met to honour, and the only reason for complying with the request that I should occupy the position L_ Editorial Notes 75 I do in this interesting ceremony is that I am perhaps the only one available among his old and intimate friends to undertake the duty which I have done with singular pleasure. " That duty I should not consider discharged did I not in a word refer to the gentle lady who has been his companion through all his active and strenuous life. Lady Fraser has throughout been an unfailing strength to his heart, and, amid all the difficulties, the vicissitudes, and the trials through which they have been called to pass, has proved, by her courage, her sympathy, and her sweetness, a true helper and made it possible for him to do the work he has done. " It only remains for me to ask you, Sir Thomas, to accept this portrait from your friends as a mark of their appreciation of your work and a token of their affectionate esteem." In acknowledging the presentation, Sir Thomas Fraser said :? " Although I cannot pretend to be unaccustomed to address audiences, I confess I have had a great difficulty in finding words adequate to express my feelings of profound gratitude for this most valued expression of the great kindness of many of my friends. "It forms the culmination of many kindnesses I have received during my exceptionally long professional and academic career of between forty and forty-five years, in which, I may be permitted to say, my life has not been an inactive one. " This long tenure appears to be almost one of the characteristics of the Professorship of Materia Medica. My immediate predecessor, Sir Robert Christison, filled the Chair for forty-five years, having previously been Professor of Medical Jurisprudence for ten years. " It has possibly the advantage of giving time to add experience to experience, which may be of value to a teacher and also to an experimenter, so long as enthusiasm survives. " It has allowed me to take a share in the training of between 6000 and 7000 men, who constitute as a body the best qualified practitioners of medicine and surgery in the British Empire. "It has given me the opportunity, often in conjunction with Sir William Turner, of defending, in the lobbies of the Houses of Parliament, several important University privileges rendered precarious in Parliamentary Bills; of taking a suggesting and pro- moting part?especially when, for twenty years, I held the office of Dean of the Faculty of Medicine?in the remarkable expansion of the University which may be illustrated in the part I have taken in founding Lectureships on Ophthalmology, Diseases of the Throat and Ear, on Sick Children's Diseases, Tropical, Infectious, and Venereal Diseases, on the History of Medicine, on Physical Therapeutics, and on Practical Pharmacology, and the institution of diplomas in connection with several of them. Apart from the above lecturers, there are now 76 Editorial Notes fifty-nine or sixty associated with the Faculty of Medicine, whereas none are recorded in the Calendar of 1878-79. " Practical instruction has simultaneously extended, so that it even threatens to supersede instruction by lectures; but it should not be overlooked that a course of lectures is indispensable for the broad and academic conception of almost every subject, while for such lecture- courses large classes are not objectionable, but rather advantageous by stimulating both the teacher and the audience. " Perhaps, above all, during the last twenty years there has been a recognition of the high academic and professional value of original research, and in all medical departments it is being seriously engaged in; whereas, at the time of my appointment, it was almost totally unprovided for, both in accommodation and equipment, and was regarded as an amateurish occupation or dissipation, which did not possess any educational value. "In the Royal Infirmary?my other important sphere of official work?the expansions have also been great. They may be illustrated by the statement that there were no assistant physicians until 1869, when Dr. Muirhead was with me honoured by being the first appointed to this office: whereas there are now eight assistant physicians on constant duty ; and that, while the first assistant physicians, besides their other duties, had charge of the fever patients, comprehending all the fever cases in Edinburgh, these patients are no longer received into the Infirmary, but are treated in a special city hospital. "This long tenure has given me the opportunity likewise of engaging in several branches of research and observation in Medicine and Materia Medica. At the danger of being egotistical, I would venture to mention especially such work as that which led to the discovery in physostigma of the first substance found capable of con- tracting the pupil, now in everyday use by the ophthalmologist.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S
    150 Obituary Notices. Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S. JAMES ALFRED EWING, a great engineer, scientific man, and charming Scot, was distinguished in many fields of activity. Born in 1855 at Dundee, where his father was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, he grew up in an intellectual and spiritual atmosphere in which his early education was greatly influenced by his mother, whose critical taste in letters was passed on to her children. From Dundee High School Ewing proceeded in the early seventies to the University of Edinburgh, where his great ability soon manifested itself in the classes of Tait and Fleeming Jenkin, the latter of whom brought him into touch with Sir William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin), then engaged in the development of submarine telegraph cables, an introduction which led to Ewing taking part in three cable-laying voyages to Brazil and the River Plate. Fleeming Jenkin was a man of wide culture, and his literary and scientific circle included Ewing and another young student, Robert Louis Stevenson, then at the commence- ment of an engineering training, soon to be abandoned for a literary career of the greatest distinction, the beginnings of which have been happily described by Ewing in "The Fleeming Jenkins and Robert Louis Steven- son." In 1878, at the early age of twenty-three, Ewing went to Japan as Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Tokyo, a post which he occupied for five years, and there he made his classical researches in the widely different fields of magnetism and seismology.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Fellows Biographical Index Part
    Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 Biographical Index Part Two ISBN 0 902198 84 X Published July 2006 © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 22-26 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PQ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 PART II K-Z C D Waterston and A Macmillan Shearer This is a print-out of the biographical index of over 4000 former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh as held on the Society’s computer system in October 2005. It lists former Fellows from the foundation of the Society in 1783 to October 2002. Most are deceased Fellows up to and including the list given in the RSE Directory 2003 (Session 2002-3) but some former Fellows who left the Society by resignation or were removed from the roll are still living. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT Information on the Fellowship has been kept by the Society in many ways – unpublished sources include Council and Committee Minutes, Card Indices, and correspondence; published sources such as Transactions, Proceedings, Year Books, Billets, Candidates Lists, etc. All have been examined by the compilers, who have found the Minutes, particularly Committee Minutes, to be of variable quality, and it is to be regretted that the Society’s holdings of published billets and candidates lists are incomplete. The late Professor Neil Campbell prepared from these sources a loose-leaf list of some 1500 Ordinary Fellows elected during the Society’s first hundred years. He listed name and forenames, title where applicable and national honours, profession or discipline, position held, some information on membership of the other societies, dates of birth, election to the Society and death or resignation from the Society and reference to a printed biography.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of British Seismology
    Bull Earthquake Eng (2013) 11:715–861 DOI 10.1007/s10518-013-9444-5 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER A history of British seismology R. M. W. Musson Received: 14 March 2013 / Accepted: 21 March 2013 / Published online: 9 May 2013 © The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The work of John Milne, the centenary of whose death is marked in 2013, has had a large impact in the development in global seismology. On his return from Japan to England in 1895, he established for the first time a global earthquake recording network, centred on his observatory at Shide, Isle of Wight. His composite bulletins, the “Shide Circulars” developed, in the twentieth century, into the world earthquake bulletins of the International Seismolog- ical Summary and eventually the International Seismological Centre, which continues to publish the definitive earthquake parameters of world earthquakes on a monthly basis. In fact, seismology has a long tradition in Britain, stretching back to early investigations by members of the Royal Society after 1660. Investigations in Scotland in the early 1840s led to a number of firsts, including the first network of instruments, the first seismic bulletin, and indeed, the first use of the word “seismometer”, from which words like “seismology” are a back-formation. This paper will present a chronological survey of the development of seismology in the British Isles, from the first written observations of local earthquakes in the seventh century, and the first theoretical writing on earthquakes in the twelfth century, up to the monitoring of earthquakes in Britain in the present day.
    [Show full text]
  • Friedman-Zimmermann-Transcript.Pdf
    Date of Speech: September 1958 Speaker: William F. Friedman Location of Speech: NSA, Friedman Auditorium, Fort George G. Meade, MD Introduction: Dr. Abraham Sinkov Note: Friedman‟s Lecture on the Zimmermann Telegram at the Semiannual Meeting of Crypto-Mathematics Institute, September 1958. Sinkov: Ladies and gentlemen the Crypto-Mathematics Institute is now a half year old. As you will have seen from your program notices, we have planned a special semiannual meeting. As the main item of this meeting we have especially good fortune to have a talk by Mr. Friedman. Mr. Friedman certainly needs no introduction to this audience. He has been a highly important part of the U.S. cryptologic effort for over 40 years. In fact, during a good portion of that period, he personally was the U.S. cryptologic effort. ((Audience chuckles.)) He retired from full time association with the National Security Agency about two years ago, but has continued quite active. In particular, he and Mrs. Friedman recently published a scholarly study of the various attempts made to prove, by cipher methods, that the Shakespearean plays had been written by other people than William Shakespeare. The book has gained for the Friedmans world wide acclaim. The subject that Mr. Friedman has chosen for today‟s talk was announced as the “Zimmermann Telegram.” When I saw Mr. Friedman last, a few days ago, he expressed to me some regret that we had made any announcement of a subject title. The reason, I gathered, was that he has a rather interesting turn to the manner in which he is going to announce the subject of his talk.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth F. Lewis Phd Thesis
    PETER GUTHRIE TAIT NEW INSIGHTS INTO ASPECTS OF HIS LIFE AND WORK; AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Elizabeth Faith Lewis A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6330 This item is protected by original copyright PETER GUTHRIE TAIT NEW INSIGHTS INTO ASPECTS OF HIS LIFE AND WORK; AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS ELIZABETH FAITH LEWIS This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of St Andrews. 2014 1. Candidate's declarations: I, Elizabeth Faith Lewis, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 59,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in September 2010; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2014. Signature of candidate ...................................... Date .................... 2. Supervisor's declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Fellows Biographical Index Part
    Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 Biographical Index Part One ISBN 0 902 198 84 X Published July 2006 © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 22-26 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PQ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 PART I A-J C D Waterston and A Macmillan Shearer This is a print-out of the biographical index of over 4000 former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh as held on the Society’s computer system in October 2005. It lists former Fellows from the foundation of the Society in 1783 to October 2002. Most are deceased Fellows up to and including the list given in the RSE Directory 2003 (Session 2002-3) but some former Fellows who left the Society by resignation or were removed from the roll are still living. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT Information on the Fellowship has been kept by the Society in many ways – unpublished sources include Council and Committee Minutes, Card Indices, and correspondence; published sources such as Transactions, Proceedings, Year Books, Billets, Candidates Lists, etc. All have been examined by the compilers, who have found the Minutes, particularly Committee Minutes, to be of variable quality, and it is to be regretted that the Society’s holdings of published billets and candidates lists are incomplete. The late Professor Neil Campbell prepared from these sources a loose-leaf list of some 1500 Ordinary Fellows elected during the Society’s first hundred years. He listed name and forenames, title where applicable and national honours, profession or discipline, position held, some information on membership of the other societies, dates of birth, election to the Society and death or resignation from the Society and reference to a printed biography.
    [Show full text]
  • International Aspects of the History of Earthquake Engineering
    International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering This draft contains Part I: Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Japan The planned contents of Part II are chapters 3 through 6 on China, India, Italy, and Turkey. Oakland, California 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................i Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 “Earthquake Engineering”.......................................................................................................1 “International” ........................................................................................................................3 Why Study the History of Earthquake Engineering?................................................................4 Earthquake Engineering History is Fascinating .......................................................................5 A Reminder of the Value of Thinking .....................................................................................6 Engineering Can Be Narrow, History is Broad ........................................................................6 Respect: Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due ..........................................................................7 The Importance
    [Show full text]
  • On the Connections Between Hysteresis Loops, Sir Alfred Ewing and Pigs Drawn Whilst Blindfolded
    ISSN: 2152-1972 The IRM Inside... Visiting Fellows' Reports 2 Chelyabinsk Rapid Response 3 Current Articles 4 QuarterlyWinter 2012-2013, Vol. 22 No.4 On the connections between hysteresis loops, Sir Alfred Ewing and pigs drawn whilst blindfolded Nick Swanson-Hysell IRM One of the rites of passage for visiting fellows to the Institute for Rock Magnetism is to draw a pig while blind- folded (or at least with their eyes shut) during our Friday social hour. As Mike Jackson has explained to many a visitor over the years, this IRM tradition was instituted following on the practice of Sir (James) Alfred Ewing who, while entertaining them in his home, invited guests to make such a sketch. It was while researching Ewing for a Spring 2001 IRM quarterly profile that Mike came Left: Photograph of Sir Alfred Ewing taken in 1884 during a holiday in Wales soon after upon a treasure trove of these "drawn whilst blindfold" his return from his appointment at the University of Tokyo. Right: Hysteresis loop (note the sketches in the biography "The Man of Room 40: The ZFORC) on piano wire from Ewing's 1885 paper "Experimental Researches in Magnetism." Life of Sir Alfred Ewing." These sketches were not made by children visiting the Ewing household. Rather, in the the phenomena of hysteresis, he also gave it its name. The book there are sketches by some of the most accomplished word hysteresis was proposed by Ewing in 1882 and is scientists and leaders of the early 20th century including derived from the ancient greek word for "to lag behind." Arthur Eddington, Alexander Graham Bell and Winston Interestingly, Sir William Thomson (more well known by Churchill to name but a few.
    [Show full text]
  • King's College Cambridge
    KING’S Spring 2005 PARADE a newsletter for members of King’s College, Cambridge King’s & Engineering Keynes & Lydia Profile: Gareth Stedman Jones Editor’s Letter College news New Dean: The cover image of Keynes and his wife Lydia, by Vanessa Bell, is fresh Ian Thompson and light-hearted. The KCA Keynes and Lydia Day on Saturday 18 June aims to be similarly fresh and light-hearted, as well as informative and rewarding. A programme of short talks, exhibitions and wine tastings has been arranged by the King’s College Association, whose AGM is on the same day. All are invited. Booking details on the next page. You can also now enjoy a wider range of events and reunions – both in King’s and around the country – arranged by the Development Office. In addition to the traditional Non-Resident Members’ Reunion Dinner (years 1979 –1982) there are subject dinners for Music, Law and Engineering this year, and for English in early 2006. Following the success of the Harewood House reception last year, there is a King’s summer evening The Reverend Ian Thompson arrived in January. He’s a reception at Glynde Place in May for members living in Scot, from a Salvation Army background, and spent five the South East. For those living or working in London years with the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney before there will be an evening event at the Bank of England in coming to Cambridge as Dean and Chaplain of Selwyn October. The list on the back page shows you what’s on College in 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Archives Nigel De Grey – Famous British Codebreaker at Roehampton Club in World War One the Club Recently Received
    From the Archives Nigel de Grey – famous British codebreaker at Roehampton Club in World War One The Club recently received an enquiry from a historian who was researching the background of those responsible for the development of our military and secret intelligence services. Mark Lubienski is a lifelong Londoner with a keen interest in this subject. He is a volunteer at Bletchley Park – home of the legendary World War Two code breakers. He also works as a tour guide at the RAF Museum in Northolt where he specialises in the story of the Battle of Britain. During his research, Mark had established that one of the most important figures in the history of British Signals Intelligence, Nigel de Grey was based at Roehampton Club with the Royal Naval Air Service for his training in the use of Kite Balloons in late 1914, early 1915. The balloons were used by the military for intelligence gathering, artillery spotting and were also used at sea for anti-submarine purposes. These activities were featured in a previous article in the Recorder in 2018 under the title of The Balloonatics – unsung heroes of the First World War. Nigel de Grey was born on 27th March 1886 – son of the Rector of Copdock in Suffolk and grandson to the fifth Lord Walsingham. Educated at Eton College and became fluent in French and German. After his training at Roehampton Club, he was transferred to Belgium where he saw action. Early in 1915, he was transferred to the Naval Intelligence Division based at the Admiralty Building in Whitehall where the section was referred to as ‘Room 40’.
    [Show full text]
  • British Codebreaking Operations: 1938-43 Andrew J
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2015 All the King’s Men: British Codebreaking Operations: 1938-43 Andrew J. Avery East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Avery, Andrew J., "All the King’s Men: British Codebreaking Operations: 1938-43" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2475. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2475 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. All the King’s Men: British Codebreaking Operations: 1938-43 _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History _____________________ by Andrew J. Avery May 2015 _____________________ Dr. Stephen G. Fritz, Chair Dr. Andrew L. Slap Dr. John Rankin Keywords: World War II, Alan Turing, Bletchley Park, Code-breaking, Room 40, Gordon Welchman, GC&CS ABSTRACT All the King’s Men: British Codebreaking Operations: 1938-43 by Andrew J. Avery The Enigma code was one of the most dangerous and effective weapons the Germans wielded at the outbreak of the Second World War. The Enigma machine was capable of encrypting radio messages that seemed virtually unbreakable.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives
    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 1202-1225, August 1995 Review A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives by Ari Ben-Menahem Abstract The history of seismology has been traced since man first reacted lit- erarily to the phenomena of earthquakes and volcanoes, some 4000 yr ago. Twenty- six centuries ago man began the quest for natural causes of earthquakes. The dawn of modern seismology broke immediately after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 with the pioneering studies of John Bevis (1757) and John Miehell (1761). It reached its pinnacle with the sobering discourses of Robert Mallet (1862). The science of seismology was born about 100 yr ago (1889) when the first te- leseismic record was identified by Ernst yon Rebeur-Pasebwitz at Potsdam, and the prototype of the modern seismograph was developed by John Milne and his associates in Japan. Rapid progress was achieved during the following years by the early pioneers: Lamb, Love, Oldham, Wieehert, Omori, Golitzin, Volterra, Mohorovi~ie, Reid, Z~ppritz, Herglotz, and Shida. A further leap forward was gained by the next generation of seismologists, both experimentalists and theoreticians: Gutenberg, Richter, Jeffreys, Bullen, Lehmann, Nakano, Wadati, Sezawa, Stoneley, Pekeris, and Benioff. The advent of long-period seismographs and computers (1934 to 1962) finally put seismology in a position where it could exploit the rich information inherent in seismic signals, on both global and local scales. Indeed, during the last 30 yr, our knowledge of the infrastructure of the Earth's interior and the nature of seismic sources has significantly grown.
    [Show full text]