I11PERIAL GAZETTEER OF

PROVINCIAL SERIES

UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH

VOL. I

THE PROVINCES ; RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, LAKES, CANALS, AND HISTORIC AREAS; THE :MEERUT, AGRA, AND BAREILLY DIVISIONS

SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING CALCUTTA .OXFO:RD i HORACE HART l'lliNTER. TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE

THE articles contained in tliese volumes were compiled, for the most part, by Mr. R. Burn, I.C.S., from materials that had been prepared for the revision of District Gazetteers. The whole is therefore largely based on the labours of the District and Settlement officers, who collected the informa­ tion required, and also rendered valuable assistance by exa­ mining the articles on Districts, taksils, and towns. Special thanks are due to the late Mr. J. Hooper, C.S.I., and to Messrs. W. H. Moreland, C.I.E., S. H. Butler, C.I.E., an·d H. R. Nevill, I.C.S., who contributed portions of the Provin­ cial article, or made useful criticisms. Other acknowledge­ ments will be found attached to various articles. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH l-160 PHYSICAL AsPECTS 1-17 Situation and boundaries . I Dimensions Origin of name Oudh. Natural divisions 2 Himalayas • 2 Sub-Himalayas • 2 Gangetic plain 3 Central Indian plateau • 4 East Satpuras 4 Hill system 4 River system 5 Ganges 5 Jumna. 6 Gogra. 6 Gumti. 7 Ram ganga 7 Scenery • >. 8 Lakes 8 Geology • 9 Tibetan zone 9 Central axis . 10 Lower Himalayan zone 10 Sub-Himalayan zone 10 Gangetic alluvium II Vindhyan system • II Botany . 12 Elements 12. Gangetic plain . • 12 Himalayas • • • • IJ East Satpuras and Central Indian plateau 14 Wild animals • 14 \ P. 1, b vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

l'AGE Clitpate and seasons IS Temperature . 15 Rainfall . x6 Storms, floods, and cyclones x6 . Earthquakes • I7 HISTORY 17-32 Prehistoric remains . I7 Historical records • I7 Buddhism x8 The Greeks 18 '. . ' The Mauryan dynasty 18 Later dynasties .19 Sakas and Kushans. 19 The Guptas .. 20 White Huns and the Rajputs 20 The early Muhammadans 21 The Mughals and Siiris. •. 23 Akbar 23 JahangYr. 24 Shah Jahan 24 Aurangzeb 25 Decline of Mughal power, x70.7-6 I 25 Jats and Sikhs • •. 26 · Marathas 26 Foreign invasions .:z6 Internal dissensions . 26 New states· 27 Oudh. 27 Farrukhabad and 27 'Battle of Panipat 28 Commencement of British power 28 Hindu invasions 29 Collapse of the • 29 · Benares • 29 Progress of Maritha power" 30 Formation ofthe Provinces 30 Nineteenth century , 31. The Mutiny 31 ARCHAEOLOGY • 32-33 Buddhist 32 Jm • 32 Hindu 32 Early Muhammadan 33 Mughal • 33 TABLE ·OF CONTENTS vii PAGE PoPULATION • •• 33-5t Density • 33 Towns and villages • 34 Growth of population 34 Migration. s6 Age statistics • 37 Vital statistics • . • 37 Disease • ss Infant mortality 39 Female infanticide • 40 Infirmities 40 Sex statistics • 40 Civil condition 41 Language 42 Caste, tribe, and race . 42 (a) Hindus· , . 42 (b) Musalmans 44 Physical characteristics 45 Religion • 45 Hinduism , 45 Arya Samiij • 46 Islam • 46 "Christian missions 47 Occupation 47 Food 48 Dress 48 Dwellings 49 Disposal of dead 49" Amusements • 49 Festivals. so Nomenclature. SI AGRICULTURE • SI-66 Soils sr Conformation of surface 52 Rainfall, humidity, &c. 53 System of cultivation 53 Population dependent on agriculture 54 Staple food-grains • 55 Rice • 55 Wheat. 55 Gram • • 55 Barley. s6 Jowii, and Mjra , 56 Maize • s6 b 2 viii T.4BLE OF COlVTENTS

11At1E Sub~idiary food-crops s6 Oilseeds • 57 Fibres 58 Drugs and stimulants 58 Sugar-cane 58 Indigo 59 Fruits and vegetables 59 · Extension or decrease in cultivation . 59 Improvements in quality . 59 Agricultural implements 6o Agricultural department 6o Agriculturalloans • 61 Agricultural banks 61 Cattle 61 Horses . 62 Sheep and goats 62 Pasture-grounds 62 Fairs 62 C~ttle diseases and the Civil Veterinary department . 63 Irrigation 63 Canals 63 General description • 63 Revenue • 64 .Tanks. 65 Indigenous methods • -. 6s (a) Wells 6s . (b) Tanks and streams 6s Importance of different sources 66 Fisheries. 66' RENTS, WAGES, AND PRICES • 66-72 Rents 66 .Batai • 66 Kankut 67 Hybrid systems 67 Transition to cash rents 67 Cash rents . 68 Influence of prices 68 Legislative action . 68 Field and lump rents 69 Rates of rent 69 Special rents 70 Wages 70 Prices 71 Material condition of the people 71 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix PAGE FORESTS 72-76 Upper Himalayan 72 Middle Himalayan 73 Sub-Himalayan 73 Plains forests . 73 Administration 74 Reserved and lea.Sed forests 74 Working-plans • 74 Relations with the people . 75 Protected forests 75 Fuel and fodder reserves 76 Fire protection 76 Survey 76 Special plantations 76 Receipts and expenditure . 76 MINES AND MINERALS 76-78 Coal 76 Metals 77 Limestone 77 Stone 77 Salt and saltpetre 77 ARTS AND MANUFACTURES . 78-84 Hand industries 78 Cotton 78 Silk 78 Embroidery • ~ 79 Wool . 79 Carpets and rugs • 79 Dyeing 8o Jewellery 8o Iron ·So Brass and copper . 81 Pottery Sx Glass . 8t Stone-carving S.z Wood-carving Sa Ivory • .. S2 Sugar • Sa Mill industries • S2 Cotton. 82 Wool • 83 Leather SJ Breweries SJ Other industries SJ X TA.BLE OF CONTENTS PAGK 'Wages. 83 Condition of operatives 84 TRADE AND COMMERCE • 84-88 Before annexation • 84 General character of existing trade 8s Chief centres • ss Chamber of Commerce ·, 86 Internal trade • 86 External trade • 87 Imports , 87 Exports • 87 Trade outside India • 88 MEANS oF CoMMUNICATION . 88-g4 Railways 88 General system 8g Connexion with Bengal Bg Connexion with Bombay go Connexion.with the Punjab . 90 Other lines ~ go Extensions . go

Cost of construction . l gi Influence of railways 91 Roads 9I Conveyances . _, 92 Light railways . 92 Canals •. • g2 Steamers. g3 River traffic 93 Ferries 94 Post Office 94 FAMINE. . g4-99 Causes 94 Harvests 95 .Warnings 95 History • g6 Early famines 96 1837-8 96 x86o-t 97 t868 • 97 1873-4 97 1877-8 97 189o-2 98 1896-7 98 Statistics • g8 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi PAGE Protection 98 ADMINISTRATION 9CJ--102 Government • 99 Districts and Divisions 100 Subordinate officers. 101 / Village system • • 101 Native States • 102 LEGISLATION AND jUSTICE 102-105 Legislative Council • 102 Administration of justice • 103 Civil justice 104 Criminal courts 105 ' Registration 105 FINANCE 105-109 Native rule 105 British rule 106 Decentralization, 1871-7 • xo6 1877-82 li06 1882-7 107. 1887-92 107 1892-7 xo8 1897-1904 xo8 General results 108 Present arrangements x-o8 LAND REVENUE 109-ll7 V'renures • 109 ../ Proprietary • 109 · TaluMiirs • 109 Other subordinate rights IIO Revenue unit 110 ' 2Amindiin • Ill Tenant rights •• Ill Assessment of land revenue 112 Benares 112 Ceded and Conquered Provinces • 113 Regulation VII of 1822 113 Regulation IX of 1833. : 114 Second regular settlement 114 Permanent settlement • us Third regular sett~ement 115 Oudh. us Incidence It6 Suspension and remission of revenue II6 Restrictions on transfer • 116 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE MISCELLt-NEOUS REVENUE II7-I22 Opium II7 Salt u8 Excise II9 Liquor. II9 Drugs , 120 Opium. .· 121 General 121 Stamps . 122 Income tax 122 LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT 122-126 District and local boards . 122 Municipalities . I24 Act XX of x856 125 Municipal finance 126 PuBLIC WoRKs 126-127 ARMY 127-128 POLICE , 128-130 Regular police 128 Rural police . 129 Cognizable crime · 130 ]AILS . 130 EDUCATION 130-138 History ~ 130 Present organization IJ1 University 132 Arts colleges . 132 Oriental studies 132 Professional colleges 132 Secondary education (boys) 133 Primary education (boys). 134 Female education . .. 134 Special schools 134 European and Eurasian education 135 Muhammadan education . 135 General results 136 Finance • 137 Newspapers 137 Registered publications 138 MEDICAL 138-140 Hospitals and dispensaries 138 Lunatics . 139 Vaccination 139 TABLE OF COATTE1VTS xiii PAGK Sale of quinine 139 Village sanitation 139 SURVEYS 14o-141 BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 STATISTICS 142-160 Table I. Temperature , II. Rainfall · • , III. Distribution of population in 1901 , IV. Statistics of agriculture , V. Prices of food-staples in seers per rupee , VI. Trade with other Provinces . , VII. Statistics of criminal and civil justice • ,. VIII. Principal sources of revenue. , IX. Principal heads of expenditure , X. Income and exi>enditure of District Boards • , XI. Income and expenditure of municipalities , XII. Strength and cost of police .• , XIII. Statistics of jails • ,,..XIV. Educational statistics • , XV. Statistics of hospitals, lunatic asylums, and vaccination 159 RIVERS • 161-184. GANGES x6x-x66 In the United Provinces x6x In Bengal 162 The Delta 162 Sacred places 163 Traffic x6s SOLAN I t66 RAMGANGA, WEST 166 KXLi NADi, EAS;r 167 GUMTi 168 SAl 169 TONS, SOUTHERN 169 B.ANGANGA. 170 TONS, EASTERN 170 KARAM NASA 170 SoN .. J71 JUMNA 173 ToNs, NoRTHERN 174 HINDAN 1~5 KXLi NAni, WEST 1~5 CHAMBAL • 175 BXN.GANGA (or Utangan) 177 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS l'AGB BETWAi 178 DHASAN 179 KEN • '. 179 SAR.DA. t8o CHAUKA I8I KAuaiA.LA • 181 GIRWA I81 GOGRA 182 RAPTi 183 BANGANGA. 184 GANDAK, GREAT. t84 GANDAK, LITTLE 184 MOUNTAINS , 184-204 HIMALAYAS, THE 185-198 Name x8s Extent of range . 186 Political distribution 186 Divisions of range • 187 Scenery • 187 Snow-line 188 Rivers 188 Highest peaks • 189 Valleys and lakes .• 189 Geology . .•. 189 Age and origin of the range. 189 The Siwalik series 191 Unfossiliferous rocks of Outer Himalayas 191 The crystalline axis 192 Fossiliferous rocks of the Tibetan zone • 193 Economic minerals 193 Botany • 194 Fauna 194 People 195 Agriculture .197 Forests • 197 Means of communication • 197 Bibliography • 198 SIWAUK'HILLS • '99 VINDHYA HILLS 199-203 Geographical extent and position 199 Orographical features 200 Outlying ranges 201 Elevation and drainage 201 Geological formation 201 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV PAGE Forests • •. 202 Mythological associations. 202 KAIMUR HILLS • 203 SATPURAS, EAST • 203 LAKES • 204-206 GOHNA 204 DAHAR LAKE 20S BAKHIRA TA.L . • 205 SURAHA TAL 205 CANALS. 206-210 GANGES CANAL, UPPER 206 GANGES CANAL, LoWER 208 JUMNA CANAL, EASTERN 208 AGRA CANAL 209 HISTORIC AREAS 210-248 AGllA PROVINCE • 210 BAISWARA • 2II BuNDELKHAND (BRITISH) 212-219 Ph-y!;ical features 212 History • 213 The Bundelas . 214 Population 2.16, Agriculture 211 Special legislation 217 Bibliography 219 THE DOAB. 219 HlNDUSTAN. 220 KOSALA 221 MADHYA DE3A 221 MAGADHA • 222 . MEWAT 223 0UDH 224-242 Physical aspects 224 River system and lakes us Scenery • :us History • 225 Legends us Buddhism • 226 Mediaeval period • 226 Early Muhammadan period • 226 The Mugha.ls , 227 Eighteenth cent11ry 228 Saidat Khan 228 Safdar Jang . 228 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE 228 230 230 2JI 231 232 233 234 234 234 235 · .. 235 235 235 236 238 238 239 239 240 240 242 242 242 ROHILKHAND 243-248 Physical features 243 History . .. 244 Population 247 Bibliography · 248 SURASEN~ . 248 MEERUT DIVISION 249-3 70 Dll:HRA DuN DISTRICT 250-268 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. 250 Geology 251 Botany . 251 Fauna . 25t Climate and temperature . 252 Rainfall . 2 52 History , 252 Archaeology • 2 55 The people 2 55 Castes and occupations 2 56 Christian missions . 256 General agricultural conditions. 256 ) TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

PAGE Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • .. 256 Improvements in agricultural practice 257 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 257 Irrigation. 257 Forests . 258 Minerals. 258 Arts and manufactures 258 Commerce 258 Railways and roads • 259 District staff • 259 Civil justice and crime 259 Land revenue administration • 260 The Diin 260 Chakratii 261 Local self-government 261 Police and jails 262 Education 262 Hospitals and dispensaries 262 Vaccina.tion 262 Bibliography • 262 DEHllA TAHSiL • 262 CHAUATA TAHSiL 263 CHAKRATA TowN 264 DEHRA TowN 264 KAUNGA , 265 KA.LS'i. 266 LANDOUR z96 MussooRlE. 266 RiJPUR •· 267 • 268-289 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. 268 Geology • 268 Botany 269 Fauna , , 269 Climate and temperature • 269 Rainfall • 269 History • 269 Archaeology 272 The people 2 73 Castes and occupations 273 Christian missions • 2 74 General agricultural conditions • • , 2 74 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 2 74 lm provements in agricultural practice · 2 7 5 XVIU ·TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGF. Cattle and horses 275 Irrigation . 275 Forests , 275 Minerals. 276 Arts and manufactures 275 Commerce 276 Railways and roads 276 Famine , 277 District staff • 277 Civil justice and crime· 278 Land revenue administration 278 Local self-government •. 279 Police and jails 279 Education · 279 Hospitals and dispensaries 280 Vaccinatio~ 280 Bibliography • :z8o SAHARANPUR TAHSiL :z8o DEOBAND TAHSIL z8o RooRKEE TAHSIL 281 NAKUR TAHSIL.• 281 AMBAHTA • 281 DEOBAND TOWN , 282 GANGOH 283 HARPWAR. • -. 283 MANGLAUR. 285 NAK:fiR TowN 286 RA.MPUR :~86 RooRKEE TowN ·•· 286 SAHARANPUR CITY :z88 SARSAWA 289 • 281)--305 Boundaries, configuration, and river system :Z89 Geology 290 Botany 290 Fauna 290 Climate and temperature . 290 Rainfall . zgo History • 290 Archaeology 293 The people 293 Castes and occupations 294 Christian missions , 294 General agricultural conditions • 294 TABLE OF CONTENTS xil(

PAGK Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops 294 Improvements in agricultural practice 295 Cattle, horses, and sheep • 2 95 Irrigation . 2 95 Minerals • 296 Arts and manufactures. 296 Commerce 296 Railways and roads 296 Famine • 297 District staff 297 Civil justice and crime 297 Land revenue administration 298 Local self-government 298 Police and jails 299 Education 299 Hospitals and dispensaries 299 Vaccination 299 Bibliography .• 299 MUZAFFARN1,SjAR TAHSIL 299 KAlllANA TAHSiL . JOO }ANSATH TAHSIL. JOO BUDHANA TAHSiL JOO ' BHUKARHERi JOI BuDHANA TowN • JOl CHARTHAWAL JOI JALiLABAn • JOI JiNSATH TowN J02 JHINJHANA. JOz· KAIRANA TOWN J02 KiNDHLA • 3°3 KHATAULI • 303 MIRANPUR. 303 MuzAFrARNACAII. TowN JOJ PuR • 304 SHAMLI 3°4 THANA BHAWAN. 305 MEERUT DISTRicr , , 3°5-331 Boundaries, configuration, and river system JOS Geology J06 Botany JQ6 Fauna J06 Climate and temperature J06 Rainfall J07 History • 3°7 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS rAGE Archaeology 309 The people 309 Castes and occupations 310 Christian missions • 310 General agricultural conditions . 3II Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 3II Improvements in agricultural practice 3II Cattle, horses, and sheep . 312 , Irrigation • 312 Minerals . 313 Arts and manufactures 313 Commerce 313 RAilways and roads • 313 Famine . 314 District staff • 314 Civil justice and crime 314 Land revenue administration . 314 Local self-government 315 . Police and jails 316 Education JI6 Hospitals and dispensaries JI6 Vaccination 316 Bibliography • 316 MEERUT TAHSiL • 316 GHAZIABAD TAHSiL 317 MAWANA TAHSiL JI8 BAGHPAT TAHSiL JI8 SARDHANA TAHSIL 318 H.APUR TAHSiL • '. .'319 SARDHANA EsTATE 319 B.AGHPAT TowN • 320 BARAUT 320 CHHAPRAULl 321 FARiDNAGAR 321 GARHMUKTESAR , 321 GHAZIABAD TOWN 322 H.APUR TOWN (or Hapar) 322 KHEKRA 323 LA WAR 323 MAWANA TowN • 324 MEERUT CITY 324 PARiCHHATGARH. 327 PHALAUDA. 328 PxumuX 328 TABLE OF C01VTE1VTS xxi PAGE SARDHAlS' A TowN .J38 SHAHDARA • 331 BVLANDSHAHR DISTRICT 331-352 Boundaries, configuration, and river system · 331 Geology 332 Botany 332 Fauna 33 2 Climate and temperature 332 Rainfall • 332 History • 332 Archaeology 335 The people 335 . Castes and occupations 335 Christian missions • 336 General agricultural conditions . 336 Chief agricultural statistics and princi~al crops 336 Improvements in agricultural practice . 337 Cattle, horses, and ·sheep • · 337 Irrigation .- 338 Minerals • 338 Arts and manufactures 338 Commerce 338 Railways and roads • 339 Famine • 339 District staff • 339 Civil justice and crime 340 Land revenue administration 340 Local self-government 341 Police and jails J4I Education 341 Hospitals and dispensaries 342 Vaccination 342 Bibliography • 342 ANUPSHAHR TAHSiL • 342 BULANDSHAHR TAHSiL 34:.it SIK.ANDARABAD TAHSiL 343 KHURJA TAHSiL. 343 AHAR, 344 ANfiPSHAHR TowN .344 AURANGABAD SAIVID 345' BuLANDSHAHR Tow,. 345 CHHATARi • 347 DANK.AUR • 347 DIBAI 347 C.P.I. c xxii 'TABf.J4 OF CONTENTS

rAGE GULAOTHi 348 1 JAHANGIRABAD 348 }EWAR. 348 KHURJA TowN 349 PAHASU 350 RABUPURA • 350 ' SHIKARPUR • 350 SIKANDARABAD TOWN • 351 SIYANA 352 Ai.iGARH DISTRICT • 352-370 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 35 2 Geology , ·. 352 Botany 353 Fauna 353 Climate and temperature 353 Rainfall • · · 353 History • · 353 Archaeology · 356 The people 356 Castes and occupations · 356 Christian missions· • 357 General agricultural conditions . 357 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops 357 Improvements in agricultural practice 357 Cattle, horses, and sheep -:- 358 Irrigation . 358 Minerals . 358 Arts and manufactures 358 Commerce 359 Railways and roads 359 Famine • · 359 District staff s6o Civil justice and crime 360 Land revenue administration s6o Local self-government 36I Police and jails 361 Education 361 Hospitals and dispensaries 361 Vaccination 362 Bibliography • 362 ATRAULi TAHSiL 362 ALiGARH TAHSiL 362 iaLAS • 362 KHAIR 3°3 T.J.BLE OF CONTENTS xxiii

PAGE H.iTHIUS TAHSIL 363 Sut. .U"'DRA RAo TAHSiL 363 :MuR.SAN 364 A.LiGARH CITY • 365 ATRAl..rU TOWN • 368 HAIU>lJAGANJ 368 H.iTHIUS CITY 368 JAL.iti 369 PILKHA.'i"A • 370 SIK.ANDRA RAo ToWN 370 AGRA DIVISION 371-481 MUTTRA DISTRICT • 372-391 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and. river systems • 3 7 2 Geology • . 3 7 2 Botany • 372 Fauna 373 Climate and temperature. 373 Rainfall • -. 3 73 History • 373 Archaeology 3 76 The people 376 Castes and occupations 3 76 Christian missions • 3 77 General agricultural conditions • 3 77 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 377 Improvements in agricultural practice 378 Cattle, horses, and sheep • 3 78 Irrigation 378 Minerals • 378 Arts and manufactures 3 79 Comm~ 379 RAilways and roads • 379 Famine • 379 District stalf' • 38o Civil justice and crime 380 Land revenue administration 38o Local self-government 381 Police and jails 382 Education 382 Hospitals and dispensaries 382 \Taocination 382 Bibliography • 382 M l'TIRA T A.HSIL • 382 CHHATA TAHSiL • 383 c z xxiv TABLE OF C01VTE1VTS

PAGI! MAT TAHsiL 383 MAHABAN T AHSii. 384 SADABAD TAHSiL. 384 BALDEO 385 BARSANA 385 BRINDABAN. 385 CHHATA TowN 386 GIRl RAJ • 387 GOBARDHAN 387 Kosi • 387 MAHABAN TowN • 388 MUTTRA CITY 389 391-418 Boundaries, configuration,. and hill and river systems. 391 Geology 392 Botany 392 Fauna 392 Climate and temperature . 392 Rainfall • 393 History . 393 Archaeology 394 The people · 394 Castes and occupations 395 Christian missions . 395 General agricultural conditions. 396 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 396 Improvements in agricultural practice 396 Cattle and horses 397 · Irrigation 397 Minerals • 3 9 7 Arts and manufactures 397 Commerce . _ 397 Railways and roads . 398 Famine· • 398 District staff 398 Civil justice and crime 398 Land revenue administration 399 Local self-government 399 Police and jails 400 Education 400 Hospitals and dispensaries 400 Vaccination 400 Bibliography . 400 ITIMADPUR TAHSiL 400 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV PAGE FiROZABAD TAHSiL 401 BAH • 401 FATEHABAD. 402 AGRA TAHSiL 402 KIRAOLi 403 KHAlRAGARH 403 AcHHNERA, .• 404 AGRA CITY. 404-414 Situation. 404 History . 404 Description 407 The Jama Masjid 407 The Fort. 408 The Taj • 4°9 Tomb of ltimad-ud-daula. 4II Public buildings, &c. 41:2 Municipality 412 Cantonment 413 Trade 413 Education - 414 BATESAR . 414 FATEHPVR SiKRI. 415 FiROZABAD TowN 416 ITIMADPVR TowN 417 SIKANDRA • 417 TuNnLA 418 F ARRVKHABAD DISTRICT. 418~438 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 418 Geology • 419 Botany . 41.9 Fauna 419 Climate and temperature • ' 419 Rainfall • 419 History • 419 Archaeology 422 The people 422 Castes and occupations 422 Christian missions • 423 General agricultural conditions . 423 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 424 Improvements in agricultural practice 424 Cattle, ponies, sheep, and goats 424 Irrigation. 425 Minerals . 425 xxvi TABLE OF C01VTENTS PAGE Arts and manufactures 425 Commerce 425 Railways and roads . 425 Famine . 426 District staff 426 Civil justice and crime 426 Land revenue administration 426 Local self-government 427 Police and jails 427 Education 428 Hospitals and dispensaries 428 Vaccination 428 Bibliography . . ' . 428 KANAUJ TAHSIL • 428 TIRWA TAHSIL .• 428 CHHIBRAMAU TAHSIL • 429 FARRUKHABAD TAHSIL 429 KAIMGANJ TAHSIL 430 ALiGARH TAHSiL • 431 CHHIBRAMAU TowN . 431 FARRUKHABAD CITY 43I FATEHGARH 432 KAIMGANJ TowN. 433 KAMPIL 434 KANAUJ TowN • 434 SANKisA. 436 SHAMsA.nA.n TowN 437 T.ALGRAM .• .· 437 TIRWA TOWN 438 . 438-451 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 438 Geology 438 Botany . 438 Fauna 439 Climate and rainfall . 439 History and archaeology 439 The people 440 Castes and occupations 441 Christian missions . .• 441 General agricultural conditions . 441 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops . 441 Improvements in agricultural practice 442 Cattle, horses, sheep, and go3ts 442 Irrigation 442 TABLE OF COATTEATTS xxvii PAGE Minerals . 443 Arts and manufactures 443 Commerce 443 Railways and roads . 443 Famine • · :443 District staff 443 Civil justice ahd crime • 444 Land revenue administration 444 Local self-government ' 445 Police and jails 445 Education ' • • 445 Hospitals and dispen!iaries 445 Vaccination 445 Bibliography • 445 MAINPUlti TAHSiL 445 BHONGAON TAHSiL 446 KARHAL TAHSiL • 447 SHIKOHABAD TAHSiL 447 MUSTAFABAD -· 44& MAINPUili ESTAfE 44·8 BaoNGAON TowN 449 KARHAL TowN • 449 MAINPURi TOWN 449 PENDHAT • 450 RA.PRi 450 SHIKOHABAD TowN 451 SIRSAGANJ • 45I • 451-465 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 45I Geology 452 Botany 452 Fauna 453 Climate and rainfall . 453 History • 453 Archaeology • 455 The people 456 Castes and occupations , 456 Christian missions • 457 General agricultural conditions . 457 Chiefagricultural statistics and principal crops • 457 Improvements in agricultural practice 458 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 458 Irrigation 453 Minerals. 458 xxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE Arts and manufactures 458 Commerce 459 Railways and roads .. 459 Famine . 459 District staff • 459 Civil justice and crime .. 459 Land revenue administration 460 Local self-government 461 Police and jails 461 Education 461 Hospitals and dispensaries 461 Vaccination 461 Bibliography • 461 ETAWAH TAHSiL. 461 BHARTHANA 462 BIDHUNA • 462 AURAIYA TAHSiL. 463 AuRAIYA TowN • 463 ETAWAHTowN 464 JASWANTNAGAR 465 PHAPHUND. 465 465-48' Boundaries, configuration, and river system 465 Geology • 466 Botany • 466 Fauna: 466 Climate and rainfall . 466 History • 466 Archaeology 468 The people 468 Castes and occupations 469 Christian missions • 469 General agricultural conditions • 469 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops 469 Improvements in agricultural practice 470 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 470 Irrigation . 470 Minerals. 470 Arts and manufactures 471 Commerce 471 Railways and roads . 471 Famine • 471 District staff • 472 Civil justice and crime 472. TABLE OF CONTENTS xxix PAGE Land revenue administration 47Z ~1 seU-governrnent 473 Police and jails 473 Education 473 Hospitals and dispensaries 473 Vaccination 473 Bibliography • 473 ETAH TAHSiL 473 KAsCANJ TAHSIL 474 ALiGANJ TAHSiL • 475 JALESAR TAHSiL • 475 AwA EsTATE 476 ALiGANJ ToWN 477 ETAH TowN 477 ]ALESAR TowN 478 KAsGANJ TowN 478 M.ARAHRA (or Marhara) 479 SAHAWAR • 480 SO RON 480 BAREILLY DIVISION. 482-573 B'AREILLV DISTRICT 483-501 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 483 Geology 4l34 Botany 484 Fauna 484 Climate and temperature . 484 Rainfall • 484 History • 484 Archaeology 487 The people 487 Castes and occupations 488 Christian missions • 488 General agricultural conditions . 489 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops 489 Improvements in agricultural practice 489 Cattle, horses, and sheep • 490 Irrigation. 490 Minerals . 491 Arts and manufactures 491 Commerce 491 Railways and roads . 491 Famine • 491 District staff . 492 Civil justice and crime 492 XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Land revenue administration 492 Local self-government 493 Police and jails . .. 493 Education 494 Hospitals and dispensaries 494 . Vaccination 494 , Bibliography . · 494 .F ARiD PUR TAHSiL 494 BAREILLY TAHSiL 495 AONLA TAHSIL 495 MiRGANJ 496 BAHERi 496 NAWABGANJ TAHSIL 496 A,ONLA TOWN 497 BAREILLY CITY • 497 FARiDPUR TowN 500 .RAMNAGAR. 500 50I-5IB Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. sox Geology . , 502 Botany 502 Fauna 502 Climate and rainfall. 502 History • 503 ArGhaeology -:... 504 The people 504 Castes and occupations . . 505 Christian missions . . . so6 General agricultural conditions . so6 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops so6 improvements in agricultural practice so6 Cattles horses, and sheep . · 507 Irrigation, 507 Forests 507 Minerals • 507 Arts and manufactures 507 Commerce 507 Railways and roads 508 Famine , soB District staff soB Civil justice and crime soB Land revenue administration so9 Local self-government 509 Police and jails 510 TABLE OF CONTENTS ;xxxi PAGE Education .. 510 Hospitals and dispensaries 510 Vaccination 510 Bibliography . 5IO BIJNOR TAHSiL • 510 NAJiBABAD TAHSiL 511 NAGiNA TAHSiL • 511 DHAMPUR TAHSiL 512 AFZALGARH. 512 BIJNOR TowN 512 CHANDPUR • 513 DHAMPUR TOWN • 513 HALDAUR • 514 ]HALO. 514 KiRATPUR 514 MANDA WAR 514 NAGiNA TowN 51 5 NAJiBABAD TOWN 5I6 NIHTAUR 517 SAHASPUR 517 SEOHARA 517 SHERKOT 517 TAJPUR 5I8 DISTRICT • • 518-533 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 518 Geology • sx8 Botany • 518 Fauna ,• 519 Climate and temperature . 519 Rainfall , 519 History , 51 9 Archaeology 521 The people : 521 Castes and occupations 522 Christian missions . 522 General agricultural conditions 522 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops • 522 Improvements in agricultural practice 523 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 52 3 Irrigation 523 Minerals, 523 Arts and manufactures 523 Commerce 524 Railways and roads , 524 xxxii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Famine o 524 District staff 524 Civil justice and crime 525 Land revenue administration 525 Local self-government 526 Police and jails 526 Education 526 Hospitals and dispensaries 526 Vaccination 526 . ·Bibliography o 526 GUN:NAUR TAHSIL 526 BISAULi TAHSiL o 527 ' SAHASWAN TAHSiL 52 7 BUDAUN TAHSIL • 528 DATAGANJ 528 ALAPUR 52 9 BlLSi • ' 529 BISAULi TowN • 529 B:UDAUN TowN • 530 GUNNAUR TOWN. 531 JSLAMNAGAR 53 2 KAKORA 532 • 532 SAHASWAN TOWN 532 UJHANi 533 • 533-550 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 533 Geology 534 Botany o 534 Fauna 534 Climate and temperature . 534 Rainfall· • 534 History : 535 Archaeology 536 The people 536 Castes and occupations 537 Christian missions • 537 General agricultural conditions. 538 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops 538 Improvements in agricultural practice 539 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 539 Irrigation 539 Minerals. 539 Arts and manufactures .. 539 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxi.i.i. PAGE Commerce 539 Railways and roads . 539 Famine • 540 District staff • 540 Civil justice and crime 540 Land revenue administration 541 Local self-government 542 Police and jails . 542 Education 542 Hospitals and dispensaries 542 Vaccination 542 Bibliography . 542 MORADABAD TAHSiL • 542 THAKURDWARA TAHSiL 543 BILARi 543 SAMBHAL TAHSiL 543 AMROHA TAHSiL • 544 HASAN PUR TAHSiL 544 AMROHA TOWN 545 BACHHRAON 546 546 fuSANPUR TOWN 546 KA.NTH 547 MoR.iDA.BA.D CITY 547 SAMBHAL TOWN 548 SIRSi • 549 SaLAH SARAI sso THAKURDWARA TOWN 550 DISTRICT s5o-563 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 550 Geology • 550 Botany • 55 I Fauna 551 Climate and temperature • 551 Rainfall • 55 I History • 55 I Archaeology • 552 The people 552 Castes and occupations • 553 Christian missions • 553 General agricultural conditions • 553 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops : 554 Improvements in agricultural practice 554 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 554 xxxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Irrigation 555 Forests , 555 Minerals. 555 Arts and manufactures 555 Commerce 555 Railways and roads • 555 Famine • 556 District staff . 557 Civil justice and crime . .• 557 Land revenue administration 557 Local self-government 558 Police and jails 558 Education · ·558 Hospitals and dispensaries 558 Vaccination · 558 Bibliography . 558 SHAHJAHANPUR TAHSIL 558 JALALABAD TAHSiL 559 . TAHSIL • 559 TAHSiL 560 JALALAB~ TOWN 560 KATRA (or Miriinpur Katra). 56o 56 I PAWAYAN TowN • 561 SHAHJAHANPUR CITY 56 I TILHAR TOWN 562 DISTRICT • 563-573 Boundaries, configuration, and river system 563 Geology • 563 Botany • 563 Fauna 564 Climate and temperature . 564 Rainfall . 564 History , 564 Archaeology s6s The people . • 565 Castes and occupations 565 Christian missions • 566 General agricultural conditions • 566 Chief agri~ultural statistics and principal crops • 566 Improvements in agricultural practice 567 Cattle, horses, sheep, and goats s67 Irrigation • 567 Forests • 567 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV PAGE Arts and manufactures 56& Commerce 56s Railways and roads . 56s Famine . 56s District staff . 568 Civil justice and crime 56s Land revenue administration 569 Local self-government 569 Police and jails 569 Education 569 Hospitals and dispensaries 57° Vaccination 570 Bibliography . 570 BisALPUR TAHSiL 570 PiLiBHiT TAHSiL • 570 PURANPUR 57 I BiSALPUR TOWN • 57J DEWAL 572 PiLiBHiT TOWN 572

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