No Pain! Gain! Ben Franklin
GO What did FLY AA Ben, Mozart, KITE and Beethoven do with ! 37 glass bowls in a case filled with water HOW ? BEN DISCOVERED THE GULF STREAM ELECTRIFYING
EXPERIMENT IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Ben_Franklin_FC.indd 1 3/13/17 5:02 PM 2 A Few of Franklin’s Contributions Young Ben Franklin want- r IN FRANKLIN’S ed to be a sailor and see the day, there were no fire hydrants. world beyond colonial Bos- There were also ton. Instead, he learned the no public water systems. When nized the Union remove household printing trade and became a fire broke out, Fire Company goods. Once these the most famous American anyone unlucky – Philadelphia’s volunteer firefight- of his day. He was the best- enough to be first firefighters. ers were in place, trapped in a Each one carried Franklin offered known writer, scientist, and burning build- a leather bucket Philadelphia home- inventor in the New World. ing usually died. to haul water and owners America’s Europeans admired Franklin orga- a canvas bag to first fire insurance. Franklin too. They were im- pressed by his discoveries – especially his ex- periments with electricity. They also enjoyed the delivered three u IN FRANKLIN’S common sense times a week time, there were and humor that in the summer no hospitals, so made his Poor instead of once, sick people were u FRANKLIN WAS and he introduced often cared for at Richard’s Almanack an in- deputy postmaster home delivery home. Franklin ternational best seller. of the colonies. for a small fee. believed that Franklin was the oldest – He rode America’s After the colonies hospitals would postal routes, mea- began to fight for be useful, and and many believe the wisest sured distances, their freedom, the he fought to get – of the United States’ and shook up Second Continental one started. He management. He Congress elected is responsible for founders. He was a legisla- also improved ser- Franklin postmas- the first American tor (lawmaker), the post- vice. For example, ter general. He was hospital, which master general, a diplomat, he had the mail the first person to opened in 1751. between New York hold that position. and a statesman. He helped and Philadelphia write both the Declaration of Independence and the Place U.S. Constitution. He BEN & HIS stamp talked the French into tak- here. ing the American side dur- STAMPS ing the Revolutionary War, and he negotiated peace
with Britain. Ben Franklin The United States didn’t start issuing Ben’s face was was quite a person. stamps until 1847. To honor the coun- also on 1¢ stamps try’s first postmaster general, it placed issued in 1898 Ben’s face on the first 5¢ stamp. and 1903.
Ben_Franklin_2-3.indd 2 3/13/17 5:03 PM FRANKLINPROPOSED paper money to replace gold and silver coins. His portrait appears on the $100 bill. Today the only other note that does not feature a U.S. president is the $10 bill. It shows Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury. The $20 bill is scheduled to be redesigned with abolitionist Harriet Tubman on the front. She will replace President Andrew Jackson.
Ben_Franklin_2-3.indd 3 3/13/17 5:03 PM 4 That was nine long years away. Ben loved to write. But he knew Young Ben James would never knowingly print Ben Franklin was born in Boston in the writings of his 16-year-old 1706. He was the 10th of 17 chil- brother. So Ben signed his witty dren. Ben went to school for just essays “Silence Dogood.” He two years before going to work in slipped them under the print his father’s soap and candle shop. shop’s door. James didn’t realize At that time, school was a luxury this and published several of Ben’s that most tradespeople couldn’t af- essays in the New England Cou- ford. But Ben hated soap-making, rant, the newspaper he had started. so his father sent him to his older The brothers did not get along. brother James to learn printing. As After one bitter quarrel, Ben ran an apprentice – a tradesperson in away to New York and then to Phil- training – Ben had to promise to adelphia, the place he called home work for James until he was 21. for the rest of his long life.
l ASSOONAS he reached Philadelphia, hungry young Ben bought three large rolls. He then walked through the city, holding one roll under each arm while he munched on the third. A teenage girl who stood in her door- way that morning, laughing at Ben, was Deborah Read. A MAGNIFYING Try This! She later became GLASS MAY Ben created many rebuses. his wife. HELP! A rebus is a puzzle made up of pictures or symbols. Can you figure this one out?
l BEN WAS BORN in Boston, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In the early 1700s, the land along the Atlantic coast was home u BENLOVEDTO to settlers and experiment. One Native Americans. day, he was lying It was divided into on his back in the 13 colonies ruled water while hang- by the British king. ing on to a kite To the west lay a string. As the wind huge amount of pushed the kite, it land where Native pulled Ben through Americans lived. the water for almost a mile.
Ben_Franklin_4-5.indd 4 3/13/17 5:08 PM r WHEN BENRAN less than 50 years away from his old when Franklin brother’s shop, arrived in 1723. he took a ship to It was the start- New York. Once he ing point for most learned there was pioneers heading already a printer in west, and it was New York, he left. already about as Philadelphia was big as Boston.
MORETHANANYTHING else, Ben loved to read. After reading a book that recom- mended not eating meat, he sometimes ate a vegetarian diet.
Ben_Franklin_4-5.indd 5 3/13/17 5:06 PM 6 his Gazette became the most important newspaper in the colonies, he used the Printing & Publishing postal service to deliver the paper quickly. Ben came to Philadelphia to be a Franklin also turned out dozens of es- printer, and as a printer, he ac- says, articles, and pamphlets. He wrote complished a lot. He made the thousands of letters (to more than 4,000 fi rst copperplate printin press in people!). He also wrote a four-part autobi- America. As owner and printer of o raph and Poor Richard’s Almanack, the Pennsylvania Gazette, he which was published once a year. It was printed ne s a out people li in very popular, and people still treasure cop- in Pennsylvania. Local news was ies of it today. uncommon at that time. When Poor Richard says: “Make haste slowly.”* PRINTING TOOK PATIENCE AND *From Poor Richard’s Almanac by Benjamin strength in the 18th cen- Franklin. The U.S.C. Publishing Co., 1914. tury. Ben set type for the New England Courant and the Pennsylvania Gazette, and he also helped print them. Pieces of type were set by hand, locked into metal frames, and laid on the “bed” of a handpress. A leather ball stuffed with hair was used to apply ink to the type. Then a sheet of damp paper was laid over the type and covered. Next, the flat upper plate of the press, called the platen, was screwed down onto the bed. It pressed the paper against the type. It took two workers to run the press. Printing was a long, hard process.
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u IT WASN’TEASY – and anyone else club room, but only u ALMOST EVERY predictions, gen- u FRANKLIN for most people who wished – put members could colonial home had eral information, published the first to get books, so in money to buy take them home. an almanac, which and witty say- novel printed in Ben set up a club more books. Fifty The club started in is a calendar book ings. Franklin’s America, Pamela, in which people people joined. 1731. It was the filled with advice Poor Richard’s by Samuel shared their books. Anyone could read first circulating for farmers. It Almanack was the Richardson. Each club member the books in the library in America. includes weather most popular.
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Scientist and Inventor BEN FRANKLIN studies electri- What made Ben Franklin, who had only cal attraction two years of schooling, a leading scien- and repulsion. tist of the 18th century? The answer is that he was curious. Ben couldn’t help wondering why things did what they did or how things worked. Gypsum is a chalklike substance found naturally in rocks. Ben saw that spreadin psu on a field ade rass grow greener. He suggested farmers put it on their crops. That’s why he gets credit or the idea o usin artificial er- tilizer – a substance added to soil to make plants grow bet- ter. He also was one of the first to fi ure out why so many printers, painters, and plumbers were getting sick. Be- cause of the tools of their trades, they were suffering from lead poisoning. Ben wanted to know why it took so much longer to sail from Britain to America than the other way around. So he talked to whaling captains from Nan- tucket, an island off Massachusetts. They told him about a rapid current that runs through the Atlantic Ocean. We now call it the Gulf Stream. Frank- lin decided to chart this current. On his many transatlantic crossings, he re- corded the water temperature several times a day. He discovered that “a stranger may know when he is in the Gulf Stream by the warmth of the wa- ter, which is much greater than that of the water on each side of it.”*
*From The Works of Benjamin Franklin by Jared Sparks. l FRANKLINIS Childs and Peterson, 1840. credited with inventing this Poor Richard says: odometer. When “No gains without attached to his pains.”* carriage, it showed how many miles *From Poor Richard’s Almanac by Benjamin Franklin. The U.S.C. Publishing Co., 1914. he had traveled.
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u BEN DESIGNED this generator (above), which THE ORIGINAL FRANKLIN THE COPYCAT FRANKLIN produced static electricity. It was u BENREALIZED the Pennsylvania a fireplace and a modified version manufactured that warming an fireplace. It was allowed heat to called the Franklin according to his entire room with an open iron box spread into a room stove. Versions of instructions. a fireplace was with air chambers more efficiently. A that stove can still “next to impos- on each side. scientist friend of be found in many sible.” His solution: The box fit into Franklin’s created homes today.
Franklin proved that darker cloth absorbed more heat than lighter cloth by performing a clever experiment on a sunny winter day. How do you think he did it?
AFTER BEN SAW A woven basket sprouting in a stream, he said, “That basket is alive!”* He then planted the sprouts. And so he is credited with bringing r FRANKLINCLAIMED weeping willow trees to the North to have devel- American continent. oped a smokeless *From Ben Franklin’s Almanac: Being a True Account of the Good Gentleman’s Life by Candace Fleming. candle. He also Simon & Schuster, 2003. invented a candle made from whale longer than ordi- dle left no grease oil. It burned nary candles. He spots when it brighter and lasted also said this can- dripped.
Ben_Franklin_8-9.indd 9 3/13/17 5:12 PM Franklin’s Kite Experiment Franklin is probably most famous for his le and felt an electrical shock. This proved kite experiment. As the story goes, he his theory that lightning was a form of and his son flew a silk kite on a long cord electricity. when the sky was full of black clouds. A Franklin was willing to risk a shock metal rod was tied to the kite. An iron to test for electricity. But he also knew key was attached to the end of the cord. enough to end the experiment before Franklin and his son tied a silk string to lightning struck. Franklin warned anyone the end of the cord, where the key was. who tried his experiment to stand at a win- They kept the silk dry and hung onto it. dow or in a doorway. He also told them to As storm clouds approached, the metal keep the silk cord dry and away from the rod drew electricity, which Franklin door or window frame. If the silk got wet, called “electric fire,” from them. When a lightning strike could be deadly. rain got the kite and the cord wet, that electricity was conducted (traveled) from the rod to the key. That’s because water is a good conductor of electricity. Franklin touched the key with his knuck-
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SEVERALPEOPLEIN various countries, including France, England, Russia, and Belgium, tried Ben’s experiment and were successful. But Professor Georg Wilhelm Richmann of Russia wasn’t so lucky. He was electrocuted and died in 1753.
Ben_Franklin_10-11.indd 11 3/13/17 5:13 PM 12 The Lightning Rod and Other Practical Inventions Ben Franklin made many wire attached to the rod discoveries about electrici- leads the lightning harm- ty. He is best known for lessly into the ground. In demonstrating the electri- the 1750s, lightning rods cal nature of lightning. went up everywhere, in- Franklin did not seek creasing Franklin’s reputa- knowledge for its own sake. tion. But Franklin made He thought it should serve little money from his inven- a useful purpose. The prac- tions. He didn’t patent tical product of his kite- them. A patent registers an and-key experiment was the invention with the govern- lightning rod – a pointed ment and gives the inventor iron rod that is raised above the right to earn money on a rooftop. During storms, it. Franklin let anyone copy the rod attracts lightning. A his inventions.
r BENINVENTED this chair in which the seat can be turned into a step- ladder. It made it easier for him to reach the top shelves in his library.
u FRANKLIN When touched, l BENDESIGNED invented a musical the wet rims this chair-desk instrument called produced soft, combination. It fea- the armonica. It warbling sounds. tures a “tabletop” was made of 37 Both Mozart and arm that can be glass bowls, which Beethoven wrote swung back out of rotated in a case music for it. the way when it filled with water. isn’t being used as a desk.
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u NOT EVERYONE approved of light- ning rods. Many people believed that lightning was a sign of God’s anger. They felt it was wrong to interfere with this expression of his will. Others worried ur BEN FOUND THAT glasses. So he that directing so he needed his read- invented bifocals. much electricity into ing glasses to see These were spec- the ground would his dinner plate. But tacles with half a cause earthquakes. he also found that reading-glass lens Some Bostonians he couldn’t see his mounted below blamed lightning dinner guests well half a lens for dis- Poor Richard says: rods for the earth- without his regular tance vision. “Well done is better quake that struck than well said.”* their city in 1755. *From Poor Richard’s Almanac by Benjamin Franklin. The U.S.C. Publishing Co., 1914.
Ben_Franklin_12-13.indd 13 3/13/17 5:15 PM 14 In 1751, he joined the Pennsylvania As- Patriot and Statesman sembly as one of the city’s representa- tives. There, he negotiated a major treaty Franklin wasn’t only a printer, a publish- (formal agreement) with Native Ameri- er, a writer, an inventor, and a scientist. cans. Later, he organized the defense of He was also one of this country’s greatest the Pennsylvania frontier. He also was leaders. In 1736, Franklin was made chosen to be colonel of Philadelphia’s mi- clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the litia regiment. In 1754, Ben drew up the colony’s governing body. He was elected first plan to unite the colonies under one to Philadelphia’s City Council in 1748. government. Although his plan was re-
r FORMOSTOFHIS life, Franklin’s America was 13 colonies ruled by Britain. In 1764, when he was a representative of Pennsylvania, Franklin went to England. He argued the Pennsylvania Assembly’s cause before the king. The assembly felt that the king’s rep- resentatives were causing the people of Pennsylvania great hardships. In 1774, Ben was criticized before the Privy Council (advisers to the king). He was fired from his job as deputy postmas- ter. During these years, he fought to keep peace, both in Britain and at home. d IN THE LATE the colonists pay r ON APRIL 18, 1760s, Parliament British taxes for 1775, British sent troops to this. But the colo- troops left Boston the New World nists had no say in to seize weapons to keep peace. It Parliament, which stored in Concord, demanded that led to the out- Massachusetts. cry, “No taxation Paul Revere and without represen- others spread the tation.” word: “The British are coming.” The next day, in nearby Lexington, the American Revolution began, with “the shot heard ’round the world.”
Ben_Franklin_14-15.indd 14 3/13/17 5:23 PM 15 jected by the colonial assemblies and by and even almanacs. The colonists felt the British Crown, it laid the foundation this was unfair, for what was to become the United States especially since they of America. had no representa- tive in the British Parliament, where Poor Richard says: the laws were made. “Early to bed and early to While in England, rise makes a man healthy, Franklin fought hard wealthy, and wise.”* u IN 1765, BRITAIN nists to buy stamps against the Stamp *From Poor Richard’s Almanac by Benjamin Franklin. passed the Stamp to put on newspa- Act. He helped get it The U.S.C. Publishing Co., 1914. Act. It forced colo- pers, magazines, repealed (ended).
u IN DECEMBER 1773, Patriots l FRANKLIN PLAYED – colonists a big part in the who supported Second Continental American indepen- Congress. He served dence – dumped on many commit- boatloads of tea tees during the into Boston Harbor. war. They included They were protest- the committee that ing Britain’s tax wrote the Declaration on tea and other of Independence, goods. This upris- the document that ing was called the explained why Boston Tea Party. America could Britain’s response no longer be tied was so harsh that to Britain. John the Patriots began Hancock was the first to arm themselves. person to sign the Declaration. Before Hancock signed the document, Ben said: “Gentlemen, we must all hang together, or else, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.”* *From Machinery Index, vol. XXVII, by Lester Gray French. Machinery Publications Corporation, 1921.
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AMERICA’S FRENCH The French fleet cut Next, a French army allies played a big off British general marched south with part in the Siege of Charles Cornwallis’s Washington’s troops Yorktown, the last army in Virginia to trap the British. major battle of the from other British Cornwallis soon Revolutionary War. forces in the North. surrendered. The Revolutionary War and Beyond After his return from England, urged Franklin to represent them Franklin was appointed a Pennsyl- in Paris. Although he was past 70 vania delegate – or representative years old and a widower, Ben sailed – to the Second Continental Con- to France. gress. This group had a huge job. The American cause was popular They had to hold the colonies to- in Paris. Volunteers crossed the gether. They also had to challenge tlantic to fi ht or the colonists the military power of Britain. Ben The French government also gave knew the only way the colonists the colonists secret loans to buy could win freedom from Britain guns. That was even before Frank- was if they got some help, and the lin was able to work out a formal only nation likely to help them was agreement with the French, which France, Britain’s enemy. Congress was signed in 1778.
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d IN PARIS, Franklin put aside the fine clothes he had worn in London. He dressed simply and carried a cane. Instead of a wig, he wore a fur cap (to cover a rash on his scalp). To the hen ran lin fi nall states, and the House French, he was the returned to Philadel- to represent the peo- perfect represen- tative of simple phia, he was almost ple). He also served as frontier people. They 80. Yet he still had president of the Penn- called him Le bon work to do. He chaired s l ania ociet or Quaker (the good Quaker), although the Supreme Executive Promoting the Aboli- Ben was no Quaker ouncil o enns l a tion o la er o e and barely religious. nia. He was a member of his last writings at- Meanwhile, fur hats, à la Franklin, of the Constitutional tacked the “detestable became all the rage. Convention, where he tra fi c in the odies devised the Great and the souls of Compromise, which men.”* Ben died in established two houses 1790 at the age of 84. of Congress (the Sen- *From Benjamin Franklin by Edwin S. Gaustad. Oxford University Press, 2006. ate to represent the Ben Franklin was quite a person. Ben at a Glance
l FRENCH SUPPORTERS Ben invents gave the Americans a The bifocals. fighting ship. To honor Revolutionary Franklin, they named War begins. it the Bonhomme Ben invents Ben is part of the Richard, which is how Ben invents the lightning committee that writes “Poor Richard” was Ben mar- the “Franklin rod. the Declaration of known in France. Ben Franklin ries Deborah stove.” Independence. is born. Read Ben is Ben is selected to appointed go to France to get postmaster French support for the general. Revolution. Ben sails for Ben performs Ben is appren- Ben publishes England to state his now- ticed to his the first edi- the complaints famous kite brother James. tion of Poor of many of the experiment. Richard’s colonies. Almanack.
r BEN FRANKLINWASBORNINTHISLITTLEHOUSE ON MILK STREETIN BOSTON. HISLIFE’SJOURNEY TOOKHIMALONG, LONG WAY FROM THERE.
Ben_Franklin_16-17.indd 17 3/13/17 5:25 PM 18 Activities CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW Imagine you’ve been granted an interview with Benjamin Franklin on his 80th birth- day. To prepare for the inter- view, you’ll want to do some background reading about Franklin. Review the infor- mation about him in this magazine. Then work with a partner. Write five interview questions you would like to ask. Make notes about what his answers might be. Then, take turns asking and answering the questions with your partner.
WRITE A SPEECH Suppose you are Benjamin Franklin. You’ve just been sent to try to persuade the French to enter into an alliance against the British. What will you say? What arguments will you put forward? How will you deliver them in a persuasive man- ner? Think about these questions as you review the information in this magazine. Then, write the speech you would give to the French. List the reasons you think they should enter into the American Revolution on the Patriots’ side. Be persuasive. The future may be at stake!
Ben_Franklin_18-19.indd 18 3/13/17 5:26 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES
Thomas Jefferson George Washington Declaration of Nicknamed the “Sage of Monticello,” A humble, modest, and kind man, Independence Thomas Jefferson was not only a wise George Washington probably didn’t It’s hard to believe that just over a and successful leader, he was also a strike many as a great military hero. thousand words could change world man of numerous talents, a lawyer, But his successes on the battlefield history, but one document – only farmer, architect, inventor, musi- were just as pivotal to the birth of our 1,337 words long – did just that. This cian – and most notably, writer of the nation as the years he served as our document’s ideas shook up the mighty Declaration of Independence. Uncover first president. Learn about the heroic British Empire. It launched a new Jefferson’s many achievements and and patriotic man who was America’s nation. And it is still greatly admired take a look at some of the contribu- first commander in chief. today. What is this document? It’s the tions he made to early America. Declaration of Independence.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
HSS 5.5 Students explain the causes of the American 5.6.2 Describe the contributions of France and other nations and of Revolution. individuals to the outcome of the Revolution (e.g., Benjamin Franklin’s negotiations with the French, the French navy, the Treaty of Paris, The Understand how political, religious, and economic ideas and 5.5.1 Netherlands, Russia, the Marquis Marie Joseph de Lafayette, Tadeusz interests brought about the Revolution (e.g., resistance to imperial pol- Ko´sciuszko, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben). icy, the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, taxes on tea, Coercive Acts). 5.5.3 Understand the people and events associated with the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence and the document’s significance, including the key political concepts it embodies, the ori- Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: gins of those concepts, and its role in severing ties with Great Britain. Chronological and Spatial Thinking 5.5.4 Describe the views, lives, and impact of key individuals during 1. Students place key events and people of the historical era they are this period (e.g., King George III, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, studying in a chronological sequence and within a spatial context; George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams). they interpret time lines. HSS 5.6 Students understand the course and consequences of 4. Students use map and globe skills to determine the absolute loca- the American Revolution. tions of places and interpret information available through a map’s or globe’s legend, scale, and symbolic representations.
Ben_Franklin_18-19.indd 19 3/13/17 5:26 PM hmhco.com
EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon PROOFREADER: Patricia Fogarty ART DIRECTION: op ins au ann FACT-CHECKER: Amy Handy, ro el esi n Patricia Fogarty DESIGNERS: an ro n d a el David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR: ra othner u hes PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes lisa eth or an heila ar iento ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine
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