La Mobilité Urbaine À Marrakech : Enjeux Et Perspectives Abdelghani Nakhli

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La Mobilité Urbaine À Marrakech : Enjeux Et Perspectives Abdelghani Nakhli La mobilité urbaine à Marrakech : enjeux et perspectives Abdelghani Nakhli To cite this version: Abdelghani Nakhli. La mobilité urbaine à Marrakech : enjeux et perspectives. Géographie. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015BOR30007. tel-01216638 HAL Id: tel-01216638 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01216638 Submitted on 16 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Bordeaux Montaigne Ecole Doctorale Montaigne Humanités (ED 480) Thèse de Doctorat en Géographie UMR 5115 – LAM La mobilité urbaine à Marrakech : enjeux et perspectives présentée et soutenue publiquement le 24 mars 2015 par Abdelghani NAKHLI sous la direction : Jean-Claude BRUNEAU () et codirection : François BART Membres du Jury : M. François BART, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Bordeaux Montaigne. M. Michel LESOURD, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Rouen. Rapporteur. M. Jean-Luc PIERMAY, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Strasbourg. Rapporteur. M. Bernard CALAS, Professeur de géographie, université Bordeaux Montaigne. M. Patrice PERROGON, Expert, entreprise EREA, Bordeaux. 1 2 Université Bordeaux Montaigne Ecole Doctorale Montaigne Humanités (ED 480) Thèse de Doctorat en Géographie UMR 5115 – LAM La mobilité urbaine à Marrakech : enjeux et perspectives présentée et soutenue publiquement le 24 mars 2015 par Abdelghani NAKHLI sous la direction : Jean-Claude BRUNEAU () et codirection : François BART Membres du Jury : M. François BART, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Bordeaux Montaigne. M. Michel LESOURD, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Rouen. Rapporteur. M. Jean-Luc PIERMAY, Professeur émérite de géographie, université Strasbourg. Rapporteur. M. Bernard CALAS, Professeur de géographie, université Bordeaux Montaigne. M. Patrice PERROGON, Expert, entreprise EREA, Bordeaux. 3 AVANT-PROPOS Architecte de formation, je travaille actuellement à Marrakech. Après plusieurs années d’études en France, je redécouvre celle que les Marocains appellent la Ville rouge, la Ville ocre ou encore la Perle du sud. La ville a changé. En moins de cent ans, Marrakech est passée du statut de ville à celui de métropole urbaine. Marrakech connaît les problèmes de congestion urbaine, de pollution et de mobilité auxquels les villes de près d’un million d’habitants se trouvent souvent confrontées. Plusieurs approches ont été menées concernant la mobilité urbaine de Marrakech, que ce soit par les collectivités, l’agence urbaine ou les bureaux d’études. Malgré quelques améliorations, aucune réelle stratégie de déplacements urbains n’a encore vu le jour. Plusieurs problèmes persistent : stationnement, circulation, nuisances etc. Ces questionnements méritent notre attention. Cet ouvrage apparaît donc comme une synthèse réalisée sur la mobilité urbaine de Marrakech et propose des pistes de réflexion afin d’améliorer la qualité du réseau urbain et de répondre aux problèmes posés par les déplacements urbains. Ce travail de réflexion s’est déroulé en parallèle d’activités professionnelles d’architecture. Les contraintes de temps et d’accès aux documents concernant la mobilité à Marrakech ont constitué les inconvénients majeurs de cette recherche. Parmi les satisfactions apportées par ce travail de thèse, le fait d’apporter un travail de synthèse et des pistes de réflexion sur la mobilité en tant que chercheur et architecte, dans l’espoir de nourrir un meilleur travail de cohésion entre tous les acteurs de l’urbain à Marrakech. 4 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie monsieur François BART, mon codirecteur de thèse et professeur émérite de géographie de l’Université Bordeaux Montaigne, pour son aide précieuse et son dynamisme. Je le remercie de m’avoir aidé à structurer ce travail et à l’améliorer. Je remercie Feu monsieur Jean-Claude BRUNEAU, professeur des Universités, pour son soutien et ses conseils, qui a d'abord dirigé ma thèse. Ce travail de thèse m’a permis de connaître un homme très bien et très généreux ainsi qu’un professeur attentif et bienveillant doté d’un grand savoir. Je lui dédie ce travail. A sa mémoire. Je remercie également toute la famille de Feu monsieur Jean-Claude BRUNEAU, à savoir madame Tina BRUNEAU ainsi que Christian, Olivier, Eric, Marc et Sébastien, pour leur soutien. Mes remerciements s’adressent à madame Marie-Louise PENIN, cartographe-infographiste, pour ses suggestions afin d’améliorer la réalisation des cartes de géographie. Je remercie madame Marie-Bernadette DARIGNAC, webmaster, ainsi qu’Emmanuelle USSELMANN, de m’avoir accordé quelques heures pour l’explication de l’utilisation de la feuille de style. Je remercie Isabelle NARDIN, ingénieur-urbaniste, pour le temps qu’elle a consacré à la relecture de ma thèse et pour son enthousiasme concernant mon travail. Je salue sa compétence et son expérience dans le domaine de l’aménagement. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi à mon ami, le docteur Bertrand LAUGERI, pour son dynamisme et ses encouragements. Je remercie également mon ami Omar CHENOUR pour son soutien. Enfin, je remercie mes frères et sœurs pour leur solidarité. Je remercie mes parents pour leur soutien et pour être toujours à mes côtés pendant les moments difficiles. Leurs encouragements m’ont aidé à faire aboutir ce travail de recherche. 5 SOMMAIRE AVANT-PROPOS ...................................................................................................................................... 4 REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 5 SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION GENERALE .................................................................................................................... 7 PARTIE I. LA MOBILITE URBAINE A MARRAKECH : DIAGNOSTIC URBAIN CONCERNANT LE CONCEPT DES DEPLACEMENTS. ........................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPITRE I. Le concept de mobilité urbaine. ................................................................................... 15 CHAPITRE II. Généralités sur les déplacements et les infrastructures .............................................. 40 PARTIE II. LA MOBILITE URBAINE A MARRAKECH : LA GESTION DES DEPLACEMENTS EST DIFFICILE. 113 CHAPITRE III. Marrakech et les enjeux de la mobilité urbaine........................................................ 114 CHAPITRE IV. Les stratégies que Marrakech a mis en place ........................................................... 166 PARTIE III. LA MOBILITE URBAINE A MARRAKECH : COMMENT ENVISAGER UN AVENIR MEILLEUR ?195 CHAPITRE V. Des méthodes efficaces pour gérer la mobilité urbaine ............................................ 196 CHAPITRE VI. Comment devenir une ville positive ? ...................................................................... 228 CONCLUSION GENERALE .................................................................................................................... 281 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .................................................................................................................................. 288 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................. 299 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 305 TABLE DES MATIERES ......................................................................................................................... 334 6 INTRODUCTION GENERALE CADRES THEORIQUES ET ENJEUX DE LA RECHERCHE Travaillant en tant qu’architecte-urbaniste à Marrakech, je me suis interrogé de savoir comment améliorer la mobilité urbaine dans la ville. En effet, pour une personne qui connaît l’aménagement du territoire, ce problème de mobilité urbaine que connaît Marrakech est une évidence. J’ai donc choisi d’aborder la thématique de la mobilité urbaine sous l’angle de l’aménagement urbain. En effet, pour répondre aux diverses questions de la mobilité urbaine, il est nécessaire de repenser le territoire de façon globale tout en agissant au niveau local. Ce travail de recherche apparaît donc comme un premier pas dans ce domaine afin de souligner les problèmes existants et d’y apporter des éléments de réponse pertinents. Il s’agit d’un premier axe de travail de recherche, essentiel pour l’aménagement présent et futur de la ville afin que les personnes qui ont une conscience professionnelle en tirent profit pour amener la ville de Marrakech vers un meilleur avenir. La situation à Marrakech est réellement critique. Les problèmes de congestion, d’insécurité, de pollution, de stationnement et de voirie sont plus que préoccupants puisque rien ne semble s’améliorer dans la ville. Bien que les collectivités soient conscientes des problématiques
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