Martin Sispera: Crowdfunding Jako Forma Finančního Zprostředkování

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Martin Sispera: Crowdfunding Jako Forma Finančního Zprostředkování Masarykova univerzita Ekonomicko-správní fakulta Studijní obor: Finance a právo CROWDFUNDING JAKO FORMA FINANČNÍHO ZPROSTŘEDKOVÁNÍ Crowdfunding as a form of financial intermediation Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Autor: Oleg DEEV Martin ŠIŠPERA Victoria, 2016 Jméno a příjmení autora: Martin Šišpera Název diplomové práce: Crowdfunding jako forma finančního zprostředkování Název práce v angličtině: Crowdfunding as a form of financial intermediation Katedra: financí Vedoucí diplomové práce: Oleg Deev Rok obhajoby: 2016 Anotace Předmětem bakalářské práce „Crowdfunding jako forma finančního zprostředkování“ je představení konceptu crowdfundingu a analýza úspěšnosti crowdfundingových platforem. První část práce definuje crowdfunding, jeho principy, typy, funkce, právní úpravu, výhody a nevýhody. Dále je proveden rozbor crowdfundingových platforem podle znaků finančních zprostředkovatelů. Práce pokračuje statistickou analýzou úspěšnosti crowdfundingových platforem. Poslední část obsahuje hodnocení a doporučení pro investory a případné zájemce o financování projektu pomocí crowdfundingu. Annotation The goal of the submitted thesis: “Crowdfunding as a form of financial intermediation” is to present the concept of crowdfunding and to analyze the success of crowdfunding platforms. The first part defines crowdfunding, its principles, models, functions, legislature, benefits and drawbacks. Consequently, the crowdfunding platforms are analyzed in terms of financial intermediaries. The next part continues with statistical analysis of success of crowdfunding platforms. The final part is dedicated to evaluation and recommendations for investors or potential applicants interested in funding through crowdfunding. Klíčová slova Finanční zprostředkování, financování, crowdfunding, crowdfundingové platformy, míra úspěšnosti, podílový crowdfunding, dluhový crowdfunding, dárcovský crowdfunding, odměnový crowdfunding Keywords Financial intermediation, funding, crowdfunding, crowdfunding platforms, success rate, equity-based crowdfunding, debt-based crowdfunding, donation-based crowdfunding, reward- based crowdfunding Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci Crowdfunding jako forma finančního zprostředkování vypracoval samostatně pod vedením Olega Deeva a uvedl v ní všechny použité literární a jiné odborné zdroje v souladu s právními předpisy, vnitřními předpisy Masarykovy univerzity a vnitřními akty řízení Masarykovy univerzity a Ekonomicko-správní fakulty MU. V Brně dne 22. dubna 2016 vlastnoruční podpis autora Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval Olegu Deevovi za vedení, návrhy, cenné připomínky a odborné rady, kterými přispěl k vypracování této bakalářské práce, a především za jeho ochotu konzultovat práci ze zahraničí. Dále děkuji celé své rodině a přítelkyni za trpělivost a podporu po celou dobu mých studií, zejména pak během psaní této práce. V neposlední řadě také všem přátelům a spolužákům za jejich podporu a cenné rady. Obsah Úvod ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1 Podstata finančního zprostředkování ............................................................................................. 15 1.1 Způsoby finančního zprostředkování ..................................................................................... 15 1.2 Funkce finančních zprostředkovatelů .................................................................................... 17 1.3 Typy finančních zprostředkovatelů ........................................................................................ 21 2 Teoretické pojetí a vývoj crowdfundingu ...................................................................................... 23 2.1 Princip crowdfundingu ........................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Historický vývoj crowdfundingu ........................................................................................... 26 2.3 Typy crowdfundingových platforem ...................................................................................... 28 2.4 Legislativní rámec crowdfundingu ........................................................................................ 33 2.5 Výhody a nevýhody crowdfundingu ...................................................................................... 37 3 Ohodnocení crowdfundingu jako formy finančního zprostředkování ........................................... 41 4 Analýza faktorů úspěšnosti crowdfundingových platforem ........................................................... 47 4.1 Sběr dat .................................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Metodologie ........................................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Výsledky empirického modelování ........................................................................................ 59 4.4 Možná rozšíření a omezení studie .......................................................................................... 66 Závěr ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJŮ: ...................................................................................................... 71 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ ........................................................................................................................... 85 SEZNAM TABULEK ............................................................................................................................ 85 SEZNAM GRAFŮ ................................................................................................................................. 85 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ............................................................................................................................ 85 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ................................................................................................................................ 86 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH NA CD................................................................................................................... 86 Úvod V České Republice je crowdfunding relativně novinkou a teprve postupně se dostává na zpravodajské portály. Obecně se o crowdfundigu začalo více mluvit po americké hypoteční krizi, jež vyústila v celosvětovou finanční krizi. Následně se crowdfunding začal jevit jako alternativní nástroj k získání finančních prostředků pro různé podnikatelské a jiné aktivity. Z těchto předložených důvodů a z mého vlastního zájmu, kdy jsem v létě 2012 pomáhal hudební skupině mých přátel získat peníze na vydání alba a crowdfunding se jevil jako jedna z možností pro realizaci, jsem se poprvé seznámil s fenoménem crowdfunding. Následně jsem si crowdfunding vybral jako téma mé bakalářské práce: „Crowdfunding jako forma finančního zprostředkování.“ Crowdfunding již několikrát pomohl k vytvoření zajímavých projektů, sloužícím dobrým věcem, talentovaným hudebníkům, kreativním umělcům, vynálezcům či cestovatelům. O tématu jsem si rozšířil znalosti v rámci mého výměnného studijního pobytu ve Francii, kdy jsem absolvoval kurz Management Information Systems. V rámci kurzu jsme probírali alternativní metody financování, vhodné zejména pro inovativní projekty. Podobný kurz jsem navštěvoval i na University of Victoria v Kanadě. Cílem práce je ohodnocení crowdfundingu jako formy finančního zprostředkování a provedení analýzy faktorů úspěšností crowdfundingových platforem. Tato práce bude obsahovat dvě výzkumné otázky. První otázkou této práce bude zjistit, zda je crowdfunding formou za finančního zprostředkování? Druhá výzkumná otázka se zabývá, na čem zaleží úspěšnost crowdfundingových platforem – finančních zprostředkovatelů? Dílčím cílem této práce je představení si rysů charakteristických pro finanční zprostředkovatele, které následně využijeme k zodpovězení první výzkumné otázky. Dalším dílčím cílem je teoretické představení si crowdfundingu a zejména pak jeho právní úpravy. K zodpovězení první otázky si stanovíme kritéria typická pro finanční zprostředkovatele, které následně zkusíme aplikovat na crowdfunding. K zodpovězení druhé otázky sestavíme databázi z údajů crowdfundingových platforem, které následně otestujeme pomocí lineárního regresního modelu v programu Gretl. Celá práce bude rozdělena do 4 kapitol. V první kapitole se budeme zabývat finančními zprostředkovateli. Nejprve si vysvětlíme pojem finančního zprostředkovatele a různé způsoby financování, typické funkce pro finanční zprostředkovatele a nakonec se seznámíme i s jednotlivými typy. V druhé kapitole se zaměříme na crowdfunding. Nejdříve si vysvětlíme co je to crowdfunding a jak funguje. Dále se budeme zabývat jednotlivými typy 13 crowdfundingu a legislativou v českém a kanadském prostředí. V závěru kapitoly si představíme výhody a nevýhody. Ve třetí kapitole se pokusíme odpovědět na první výzkumnou otázku. Čtvrtá kapitola se bude zabývat sestavováním databáze a testováním předpokladů pro lineární regresní analýzu. V této kapitole si také představíme výsledky výzkumu a zaměříme se na hodnocení a doporučení pro investory, či případné zájemce o vytvoření projektu. 14 1 Podstata finančního zprostředkování Pro financování svých nových strategických záměrů, expanzi společnosti či při zrodu nového podnikatelského záměru potřebuje
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