La Diversité Taxonomique Et Des Traits Fonctionnels Des Abeilles Sauvages Dans Deux Villes Canadiennes

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La Diversité Taxonomique Et Des Traits Fonctionnels Des Abeilles Sauvages Dans Deux Villes Canadiennes La diversité taxonomique et des traits fonctionnels des abeilles sauvages dans deux villes canadiennes Mémoire Étienne Normandin-Leclerc Maîtrise en biologie végétale Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Étienne Normandin-Leclerc, 2017 La diversité taxonomique et des traits fonctionnels des abeilles sauvages dans deux villes canadiennes Mémoire Étienne Normandin-Leclerc Sous la direction de : Valérie Fournier, directrice de recherche Résumé L'urbanisation est l'activité humaine qui contribue le plus à la perte d'habitats résultant à l'extirpation d'une grande quantité d'espèces localement. Les abeilles sauvages sont les pollinisateurs les plus répandus, mais encore trop peu est connu sur la manière dont les communautés d’abeilles sont affectées par l’urbanisation et les types d’espaces verts qui favorisent leur conservation. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué la diversité taxonomique et la diversité des traits fonctionnels des abeilles sauvages dans deux villes, Québec et Montréal, et trois habitats urbains (cimetières, jardins communautaires et parcs). Nos résultats révèlent que ces villes abritent des communautés très diverses d’abeilles, mais auraient aussi un impact sur la structure et la dynamique des communautés en soutenant des espèces abondantes et exotiques. L’analyse de la diversité des traits fonctionnels a démontré que l’agriculture urbaine peut contribuer de manière substantielle à la présence de communautés d’abeilles aux traits fonctionnels diversifiés et vraisemblablement au service de pollinisation urbain. III Abstract Urbanization is one of the most pervasive anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat losses and extirpation of numerous species. Wild bees are the most widespread pollinators, but little information is known on how their communities are affected by urbanization and which kinds of urban green spaces are contributing to their conservation in cities. In this study we evaluated the taxonomic and the functional trait diversity of wild bees in two canadian cities and in three urban habitats. Our results demonstrated that cities can sustain a highly diverse community of wild bees, but also impact their community structure and dynamics by harbouring abundant and exotic species. Results on functional trait diversity showed that urban agriculture could contribute substantially to the provision of functionally diverse bee communities and possibly to urban pollination services. IV Table des matières Résumé ....................................................................................................................................III Abstract .................................................................................................................................. IV Table des matières ................................................................................................................... V Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................. VII Liste des figures .................................................................................................................... VIII Remerciement ......................................................................................................................... X Avant‐Propos .......................................................................................................................... XI Introduction générale ............................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : État des connaissances ........................................................................................... 2 1.1 L'importance des abeilles .............................................................................................................3 1.2 Pertes et déclin des abeilles .........................................................................................................3 1.3 L'urbanisation ..............................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 Effets des habitats urbains sur la biodiversité ............................................................................. 4 1.3.2 L'effet de l'urbanisation sur les communautés d'insectes ........................................................... 5 1.4 La prévalence des espèces exotiques ou introduites ....................................................................6 1.5 Les espèces synanthropiques .......................................................................................................7 1.6 L'impact de l'urbanisation sur les abeilles ....................................................................................8 1.6.1 Ressources en pollen et nectar .................................................................................................... 8 1.6.2 Sites de niches .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.6.3 Richesse et abondance des abeilles en milieu urbain .................................................................. 9 1.7 Groupes fonctionnels – Composition des communautés ............................................................ 10 1.7.1 Nicheurs de sol ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.7.2 Nicheurs de cavités ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.7.3 Les Halictidés .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.7.4 Les bourdons .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.7.5 Les cleptoparasites ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.7.6 Spécialistes ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.8 Les types d’espaces verts en ville ............................................................................................... 12 1.8.1 Les cimetières ............................................................................................................................. 12 1.8.2 Les jardins ................................................................................................................................... 13 1.8.3 Les parcs ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1.9 L'approche des traits écologiques .............................................................................................. 13 1.10 L’agriculture urbaine ................................................................................................................ 14 1.11 Objectifs et hypothèses de recherche ....................................................................................... 15 1.11.1 Objectif général ........................................................................................................................ 15 1.11.2 Objectif 1 .................................................................................................................................. 15 V 1.11.3 Objectif 2 .................................................................................................................................. 16 1.12 Approche méthodologique ...................................................................................................... 16 Chapitre II : Taxonomic and functional trait diversity of wild bees in different urban settings 17 Résumé ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 20 Material and Methods ..................................................................................................................... 22 Study design ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Wild bee sampling ............................................................................................................................... 22 Data analyses .................................................................................................................................. 23 Species accumulation curves ............................................................................................................... 23 ANOVA and Welch’s t‐test .................................................................................................................. 24 Heat map graphic ................................................................................................................................ 24 Analysis of species evenness among sites and habitats ...................................................................... 24 Inter‐annual variation in bee community structure ...........................................................................
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