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Italia República Italiana OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Italia República Italiana La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. JUNIO 2015 Capital: Roma (2.863.322 hab.) Italia Otras ciudades: Milán (1.324.169 hab.); Nápoles (989.111 hab.); Tu- rín (902.137 hab.); Palermo (678.492 hab.); Génova (596.958 hab.). Idioma: La lengua oficial en el conjunto del territorio nacional es el italiano. Son co-oficiales, en las regiones en las que se usan, el ale- SUIZA AUSTRIA mán (Trentino-Alto Adigio) y el francés (Valle de Aosta). También se hablan el esloveno (Trieste-Gorizia), el catalán (Alghero-Cerde- ña) y múltiples dialectos regionales. En 1999 se aprobó una ley de ESLOVENIA tutela de las minorías lingüísticas históricas. CROACIA Moneda: Euro. Religión: No existe religión oficial, pero la gran mayoría de la pobla- Génova ción es católica. FRANCIA BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA SAN MARINO Forma de Estado: República parlamentaria. Mar de Liguria División administrativa: Regiones (20 en total: Piamonte, Valle de Aosta, Lombardía, Trentino-Alto Adigio, Véneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giu- lia, Liguria, Emilia-Romaña, Toscana, Umbria, Marcas, Lazio, Abruz- zos, Molise, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicilia y Cerde- MONTENEGRO Roma ña), provincias (110) y municipios. Nº Residentes españoles: Circunscripción Consulado General Géno- va: 4.040; Circunscripción C.G. Milán: 10.903; Circunscripción C.G. Nápoles Nápoles: 2.657; Circunscripción C.G. Roma: 8.631; Total: 26.231 Mar Tirreno 1.2. Indicadores sociales Mar Jónico Densidad de población: 201 hab/km2 (ISTAT 2014) PIB per cápita: 26.600€ (precios corrientes, 2013) Esperanza de vida: 79,8 años para los hombres y 84,6 para las mu- jeres (ISTAT 2014) Crecimiento de la población: 0,4 ‰ (crecimiento vegetativo -1,4‰) ARGELIA (ISTAT 2014) TÚNEZ Mar Mediterráneo IDH (valor numérico/nº orden mundial): 0,872 (26º lugar en la clasi- ficación mundial, PNUD 2014) © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Tasa de natalidad: 8,4 ‰. (ISTAT 2014) Tasa de fertilidad: 1,39 (ISTAT 2014) Tasa de alfabetización: 99,2% (ISTAT 2013) 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Coeficiente GINI: 0,32 (EUROSTAT 2013) 1.1. Características generales 1.3. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto (2014) Nombre oficial: República Italiana DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL Superficie: 302.073 Km2 Agricultura y pesca 2,2% Límites: Italia se encuentra situada en el sur de Europa, en el centro Industria 23,4% del Mediterráneo. Forma una península que se extiende desde los Servicios 74,4% Alpes hasta las cercanías de la costa africana. Limita al norte con Francia, Suiza, Austria y Eslovenia. Población: 60.782.668 (ISTAT 1 enero 2014). 2 FICHA PAÍS ITALIA 1.4. Coyuntura económica Tribunal Supremo (Corte di Cassazione) Las principales instituciones políticas de las regiones son los Conse- PIB: 1.616.048 (millones €; precios corrientes 2014) jos, las Juntas y los Presidentes. Tasa crecimiento PIB en términos reales: -0,4 % (2014) Tasa de inflación: 0,2 (2014) 2.1 Política interior Tasa de paro: 12,9 % (Diciembre 2014) Balanza c/c: 31.200 (millones de euros) (Banca d’Italia 2014) Las últimas elecciones legislativas se celebraron en febrero de Superávit/Déficit del sector público (% PIB): -3% (2014) 2013. En la actualidad las principales fuerzas políticas en ambas cá- Deuda pública (%PIB): 132,1 % (Banca d’Italia 2014) maras son las siguientes (con indicación de su número de escaños): 1.5. Comercio exterior -Cámara de los Diputados (630 escaños en total): Partito Democrático (PD) (309); Movimento 5 Stelle (M5S) ESTRUCTURA DE LA BALANZA COMERCIAL (MILLONES € MISE.2014) (91); Forza Italia (FI) (70); Area Popolare (NCD-UDC) (33), Sinis- Exportaciones 397.996 (millones €) tra, Ecologia Libertà (SEL) (25), Scelta Civica (SC) (25) y Lega Importaciones 355.115 (millones €) Nord (17). Cobertura 112% -Senado (321 escaños en total) Partito Democrático (PD) (113); Forza Italia (FI) (58); Movi- 1.6. Distribución del comercio por países mento 5 Stelle (M5S) (36); Area Popolare (NCD-UDC) (36) y Lega Nord (12). PRINCIPALES CLIENTES (MISE 2014) Tras las elecciones de febrero de 2013, el Presidente Napoli- Alemania 12,6% tano encargó a Pier Luigi Bersani (PD), en tanto que vencedor Francia 10,6% de las mismas, la formación de Gobierno, pero sus intentos Estados Unidos 7,5% fueron infructuosos. Reino Unido 5,3% Suiza 4,8% Tras ser reelegido para un segundo mandato como Presidente de España 4,5% la República en abril de 2013, Napolitano procedió a nombrar ese mismo mes un gobierno de coalición Partito Democratico-Popolo PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES (MISE 2014) della Libertà (PDL)-Scelta Civica encabezado por el dirigente del Alemania 15,4% PD, Enrico Letta. En otoño de 2013 el PDL se escindió en dos: de un Francia 8,6% lado el Nuovo Centrodestra (NCD) -aglutinado en torno al entonces China 7,1% Vicepresidente del Consejo de Ministros, Angelino Alfano y al resto Países Bajos 5,5% de ministros del PDL presentes en el ejecutivo Letta- y de otro la España 4,8% reeditada Forza Italia (FI) liderada por Berlusconi. FI pasó a la opo- sición y el ejecutivo Letta contó en lo sucesivo con el apoyo de PD, 1.7. Distribución del comercio por productos SC, y NCD. A finales de 2013, el PD eligió como secretario general a Matteo Renzi, alcalde de Florencia. Las diferencias de criterio entre PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES % DEL TOTAL(2014) el nuevo secretario general y el jefe del ejecutivo se saldaron en fe- Maquinaria 18,6% brero de 2014 con el reemplazo de Letta por Renzi en la Presidencia Textiles 11,7% del Consejo de Ministros, en el que sigue habiendo representantes Metales de base y productos en metal 11,2% de los socios de coalición del PD (NCD y SC). Medios de transporte 10% Productos alimentarios, bebidas y tabaco 7,1% En las elecciones al parlamento europeo de mayo de 2014, las fuer- zas más votadas en Italia fueron el PD (40,8%), el M5S (21,1%) y FI PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES % DEL TOTAL(2014) (16,8%). Metales de base y productos en metal 10,1% Productos químicos 9,6% Giorgio Napolitano, que cuando accedió a ser reelegido a la Presi- Medios de transporte 9% dencia de la República anunció que no agotaría los 7 años de dura- Crudo 8,2% ción del mandato, presentó su dimisión en enero de 2015 una vez Productos alimentarios, bebidas y tabaco 8,1% concluido el semestre de presidencia de turno italiana del Conse- jo de la UE. El mismo mes el Parlamento eligió a Sergio Mattarella como nuevo Presidente de la República. 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA El actual gobierno ha lanzado un importante plan de reformas insti- tucionales. Entre las ya aprobadas cabe resaltar las de la legislación Italia es una república, desde que el 2 de junio de 1946 tuviera lugar laboral (conocida como “Jobs Act”) y de la electoral (“Italicum”). Aún el referéndum para elegir la forma del Estado. La actual Constitu- se encuentran en trámite parlamentario la reforma constitucional ción entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 1948. (modificación del Senado poniendo fin al bicameralismo perfecto, supresión de las provincias) y la de la Administración Pública. Principales instituciones: Presidencia de la República Instituciones del Estado y Miembros del Gobierno Consejo de Ministros Senado Presidente de la República: Sergio Mattarella (Febrero 2015) Cámara de los Diputados Presidente del Consejo de Ministros: Matteo Renzi (Febrero 2014) Tribunal Constitucional Presidente del Senado: Pietro Grasso (Marzo 2013) 3 FICHA PAÍS ITALIA Presidenta de la Cámara de los Diputados: Laura Boldrini (Marzo 2013) Ministros con cartera Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación Internacional: Paolo Gentiloni Ministro del Interior: Angelino Alfano Ministro de Justicia: Andrea Orlando Ministra de Defensa: Roberta Pinotti Ministro de Economía y Hacienda: Pier Carlo Padoan Ministra de Desarrollo Económico: Federica Guidi Ministro de Infraestructuras y Transportes: Graziano Delrio Ministro de Políticas Agrícolas, Alimentarias y Forestales: Maurizio Martina Ministro de Medio Ambiente y Tutela del Territorio y del Mar: Gian- luca Galletti Ministro de Trabajo y Políticas Sociales: Giuliano Poletti Ministra de Educación, Universidades e Investigación: Stefania El presidente del Gobierno saluda al primer ministro italiano, Matteo Renzi, en la Cumbre Giannini ASEM celebrado en Milán en octubre de 2014. FOTO EFE Ministro de Bienes y Actividades Culturales y Turismo: Dario Fran- ceschini Tras abandonar el Parlamento en 2008, en 2009 fue designado Ministra de Sanidad: Beatrice Lorenzin miembro del Consejo de Presidencia de la Justicia Administrativa del que luego pasaría a ser Vicepresidente. Ministros sin cartera En 2011 fue designado por el Parlamento magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional, cargo que ocupó hasta enero de 2015. Ministra para las Reformas Constitucionales y las Relaciones con el Parlamento: Maria Elena Boschi Elegido Presidente de la República el 31 de enero de 2015. Ministra para la Simplificación y la Administración Pública: Marian- na Madia Presidente del Consejo de Ministros, Matteo Renzi Datos biográficos Nació en Florencia el 11 de enero de 1975. Presidente de la República, Sergio Mattarella Licenciado en Derecho por la Universidad de Florencia en 1999. Nació en Palermo el 23 de julio de 1941. Se inició en política en el año 1996 en el Partido Popular de Italia, continuación de la Democracia Cristiana. En 1999 fue nombrado Licenciado en Derecho por la Universidad “La Sapienza” de Roma. Secretario Provincial. Ejerció la abogacía y ha sido profesor en la Universidad de Palermo En el 2001 fue nombrado coordinador de la coalición de centro- hasta 1983.
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